Book Geo Summary Form Four 2023

BOOK SUMMARY GEOGRAPHY FORM FOUR
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO THE ARAB COUNTRIES
✓ League of Arab States, is a voluntary union of Arab countries in the Northern Africa, Western Africa,
Eastern Africa and Western Asia.
✓ The establishment of Arab League was on 22 March 1945 in Cairo, initially with six members the Arab
League: Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria and Yemen. Currently, the League has 22
members. Other members are Libya (1953), Sudan (1956), Tunisia and Morocco (1958), Kuwait (1961),
Algeria (1962), Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (1971), Mauritania (1973), Somalia
(1974), the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO; 1976), Djibouti (1977), and Comoros (1993). British
proposed the Arab League in 1942 to defeat Axis power.
✓ The Four Objectives of the Arab League Countries:
1. Consolidating relations among Arab countries.
2. Safeguarding the independence of member states.
3. Coordinating the plans and policies among member states.
4. Enhancing cooperation in economic, cultural, social, health.
5. Looking into the Arab states' interests and affairs in general.
✓ In The structure of the Arab League :The highest body of the league is the Council, representatives from
member states, foreign ministers. Foreign ministers select the Secretary-General of the Arab which run day-
to day work. The council meets twice a year in March and September.
✓ Strategic location: is a place that numerous countries across the world can easily access by land or water
to trade valuable resources.
✓ The strategic location of Arab Countries.
The Arab world connects three continents Asia, Africa and Europe. Also Arab world is surrounded by
important bodies of water. Arab world is a source of oil.
Geographic location extends between 20 S and 37030’N and longitude 600E and 170W. where Comoros extend
between latitudes 110S and 130S and longitude between 430E and 470E
✓ Strait is a natural narrow channel that connects two bodies of water.
✓ Canal is a man made waterway built to improve shipping.
✓ Arab league composes 22 countries
✓ Somalia has the longest coastline in Arab league.
✓ The boundaries of Arab World are
1. The Atlantic ocean in the west.
2. Iran and Arabian Gulf in the east.
3. Turkey and Mediterranean Sea in the North.
4. Central Africa, Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea in the South.
✓ The three importances of Geographical location the Arab World.
1. Its birth place of ancient civilization and 3 precious religion.
2. It overlooks important seas and oceans.
3. Enjoys various economic resources.
1 Ayub Abdalle Book-summary.geo@2023

✓ The following
straits and canals in
their locations.
1. The strait of
Hormuz links
Persian/Arabian Gulf
and Arabian sea
2. The Suez Canal
links Mediterranean
Sea and Red Sea
3. The strait of
Gibraltar links
Mediterranean Sea and
Atlantic Ocean
4. The strait of Bab-
AL Mandab links Gulf
of Aden and Red Sea
✓ Population is all the inhabitants of a particular place or a country.
✓ The total population across all countries of Arab world is about 424 million.
✓ Egypt is most populous in Arab (100million), and Comoros is least populous (888,000 people).
✓ The Population of the Arab World is changing: Arab population now accounts for 5.6 % of global
population, with 80% of that population concentrated in 8 countries: Egypt, Algeria, Sudan, Iraq, Morocco,
Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Syria.
A. Between 1990 and 2019:
✓ Infant mortality rate declined from 58 per 1000 to 26.1 per 1000 live.
✓ Life expectancy increased from 64.4 to 71.8 years.
✓ Fertility rates declined from 5.2 to 3.2 births per women b/w 1990 and 2018.
✓ A Population pattern: are the individuals of the population distributed in different parts of the country.
✓ The population pattern in the Arab World.
A. Rural population: 43% Arabs occupying land cultivation, animal farming
B. Urban population: 55% Arab occupying banks, medical, education service, trade
C. Nomadic Population: 2% Arab rearing livestock, moving from one place to other.
✓ Migration is the movement of people from one place to another with aims of setting.
✓ Refugee is someone who has been forced to leave their country due to conflicts.
✓ The main causes of Migration and displacement in Arab region are Economic, social, political
environment and conflict related challenges.
✓ The destination countries of migrants and displaced people are Europe and Gulf community countries
(GCC).
✓ Population density: is the number of people per square kilometer.
✓ Population density of Arab is about 29.8 person per square kilometer.
✓ Population composition divides population according to the age like
1. Children who are below 15 years old (45%)
2. Elderly who are 65 years and over (4%)
3. Middle group between 15 – 64 years (51%)
✓ Economy: is a relationship between production, trade and money supply in a particular country.
✓ Food security exists when all people have physical, social and economic access to enough, safe and
nutritious food to suit their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life at all times.
✓ The factors influences the economy of the Arab countries are
A. Natural resources C. Human resources
B. Fertile soil, moderate climates and flowing D. Political stability and peace’s
rivers
✓ The activities people do to obtain their own food are

A. Agriculture C. Fishing
B.Animal rearing D. Oil and minerals.
✓ The challenges that face food production in Arab States are
A. Low rainfall C. Droughts
B. Desertification
✓ Food is not secure in the Arab World.
✓ Oil is expensive like the gold.
CHAPTER 2: PHOTOGRAPH AND MAP INTERPRETATION
✓ A photograph: is an image of an object, scene or person which is recorded by a camera or a

sensitive film and then printed on paper.
✓ The types of photographs: A. Ground photographs B. Aerial photographs
✓ Each type of photograph is taken.
A. Ground photograph: are photographs that are taken with camera at the same level as the object.
They can be
I. Ground close up: are taken from the ground with camera focused on one particular object.
II. Ground general view photograph: taken from the ground with camera focused on general.
III. Ground Oblique photographs: are taken when photographer is standing on elevated
ground.
B. Aerial photograph: are taken from the air by using aircraft. They can be
I. Aerial oblique: are taken from air with camera tilted towards the ground.
II. Vertical aerial photographs: are taken from air with camera directly above the object.
✓ Th parts of photograph are: three parts both horizontally and vertically.
✓ The vertical and horizontal parts of the photograph.
I. Horizontally can be foreground, middle ground and back ground.
II. Vertically can be left, middle and right
✓ The uses of photograph.
A. Provides more information about the area than the map.
B. Photograph can work instead of map
C. Not necessary to have trained eyes to recognize features.
D. Photograph are used to store information for future use.
✓ Four disadvantages of a photograph.
A. Photographs are generally expensive except black and white.
B. Some objects may not be clear and lead wrong interpretation.
C. Vertical aerial photographs are difficult to interpret
✓ Photograph interpretation: is the process of interpreting, measuring, translating and describing
the meaning of things in image
✓ Four things that involve to the interpretation of photographs.
A. Determining the title: this can be determined by carefully studying the photograph. This
information is contained in foreground, middle ground, and background & it can help determining
title.
B. Determining time: which can be
I. Morning: The shadow of an object is on the western side as the sun rises from the east.
II. Afternoon: The shadow lies in the eastern side because the sun sets on the west
III. Noon: The shadow lies around the object.
C. Determining direction: If a photograph shows trees whose shadow is on the right and was taken
in the morning the photographer’s direction is south. If the shadow is pointed at you and photo
was taken in afternoon (the sun was in the west) then the camera was facing westwards.
D. Determining Season: Dry season (sky is clear, vegetation is dry, harvesting), Wet season
(clouds rain, vegetation is lush, plant flowers).
✓ Study the photograph below carefully and respond to the followed questions
A. Identify the economic activity taking place in photograph. Livestock rearing

B. Type of photograph shown: - Ground photograph
C. At what time was the photograph was taken. - Noon
D. Part of photograph where a water source is found:- Background
E. Describe factors favouring the economic activity identified above. –Rain, pasture, market,
transport
F. Explain problems facing to the above economic activity.--- lack of rain, lack of pasture, lack of
market, lack of transport
G. Giving reasons for your answer, tell an example of area in Somalia where this photograph could
have been taken from. Mudug region because the place seems to be semi-desert areas.
✓ Contour: is the line on the map to join all places of the same height.
✓ The gradient of the land surface is known as slope.
✓ The main types of slopes.
A. Gentle Slope: is one in which the terrain (land) does not steeply rise or fall. Contours are far apart
B. Steep slope: where grounds abruptly rise or lowers. Contours are close together
C. Even slope: identified by evenly spaced contour.
D. Uneven slopes: shown by unevenly spaced contours.
E. Concave slopes: curved inward. At the top contours are close, at the bottom they are widely apart.
F. Convex slopes: curved outward. Contours are close together at bottom and widely apart at the
top.
✓ Gradient: is an expression of the change in elevation over the distance covered along the surface.
✓ The uses of gradient.
A. Agriculture/irrigation
B. Construction of infrastructure
C. Establishment of HEP station

D. Geology
✓ Gradient = Difference in height(rise) /Horizontal distance (run).
✓ Calculate the gradient of the following contour.
Gradient= Difference in height/ horizontal distance.

Vertical height= contour x – contour y= 380m -300m= 80
Horizontal distance= 3km= (change km into meter by multiplying 1000m/km)= 3km ×1000m/km=
3000m
80𝑚 1
Gradient= V/H= =
3000𝑚 38
Gradient= V/H Vertical height= Contour d – contour c= 350m -200m = 150m

Horizontal distance= 12cm × 600,000=7200,000 cm (change cm into meter by dividing 100cm/m)=
7200,000𝑐𝑚
100𝑐𝑚/𝑚
= 72000m
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 150𝑚 1
Gradient=
𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
= =
72000𝑚 480
✓ The railways station (A) is at the point 50 meters above sea level. The next railway station
(B) is at the point 250meters above sea level. The distance between railway station A to
railway station B is 10km. calculate the gradient.
Gradient= Vertical height/ horizontal distance.
Vertical height= Station B – Station A= 250m -50m= 200m
Horizontal distance=10km=(change km into meter by multiplying 1000m/km)= 10km × 1000m/km=
10,000m
Gradient=
= 10,000𝑚
=
50
✓ A road is built across a slope of a mountain range. The highest point of the road is marked
1020m, and the lowest point of road is 620m. the distance of two points is 4km. calculate the
gradient.
Gradient= Vertical height/ horizontal distance.

Vertical height= Highest Road – lowest road = 1020m -620m= 400m

Horizontal distance= 4km=(change km into meter by multiplying 1000m/km)= 4km ×1000m/km=
4000m
Gradient= = =
𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 4000𝑚 10
Gradient= V/H Vertical height= Contour B – contour A= 900m -300m = 600m

Horizontal distance= 12cm × 80,000=960,000 cm(change cm into meter by dividing 100cm/m)=
960,000cm/100cm/m= 9600m
Gradient= V/H= 600m/9600m = 1/16

Gradient= = =
𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 9600𝑚 16
✓ Calculate the gradient from Point A to Point B.
Gradient= Vertical/Horizontal Vertical height= Contour B – contour A= 300m -0m = 300m

Horizontal distance= 10cm × 500,000=5000,000 cm (change cm into meter by dividing 100cm/m)
5000,000𝑐𝑚
= = 50,000m
100𝑐𝑚/𝑚
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 300𝑚 1 1
Gradient=
= =
50,000𝑚 166.6
= 167
✓ Calculate the gradient from point C to point D

Gradient= Vertical/Horizontal Vertical height= Contour D – contour C= 250m -50m = 200m
Horizontal distance= 8cm × 500,000=4000,000 cm (change cm into meter by dividing 100cm/m) =
4000,000𝑐𝑚
100𝑐𝑚/𝑚
= 40,000m
Gradient= = = 200
𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 40,000𝑚
✓ Calculate the gradient points from point A to point B. and From Point C to point D

✓ Gradient of point A to Point B

Gradient= Vertical/Horizontal Vertical height= Contour B – contour A= 300m -0m = 300m
Horizontal distance= 10km= (change km into meter by multiplying 1000m/km)=
10km × 1000m/km=10,000 m
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 300𝑚 1 1
Gradient=
= 10,000𝑚
= 33.3 = 33
✓ Gradient of point C to Point D

Gradient= Vertical/Horizontal Vertical height= Contour C – contour D= 250m -50m = 200m
Horizontal distance= 8km= (change km into meter by multiplying 1000m/km)=
8km × 1000m/km=8,000 m
Gradient=
= 8,000𝑚
= 40
✓ Intervisibility: is the ability to recognize a point on the ground from another point.
✓ Cross-section is a line of drawn on a piece of paper showing the nature of relief of the particular
area.
✓ Explain any steps followed to draw a cross-section.
A. Join point A to B using pencil.
B. Take piece of paper of reasonable size and fold it into two parts
C. Place the edge of the paper along the line joining A to B
D. Mark points A and B on the piece of paper
E. Connect the dots and the cross section with smooth line.
Chapter Assessment: Circle the correct answer

PART ONE: CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1. What type of landform is this?

a) plain b) plateau c) mountain
2. What type of farming is this?

a) subsistence b) commercial c) none
3. What type of animal farming is this?

a) traditional b) exotic c) mixed
4. What type of climate is this? a)

a) Mediterranean b)equatorial c) Savana

5. What type of transport is this?

a) Water b) land c) air
6. What stage of river is this?

a) Youthful b) mature c)old age
7. What type of climate is this?

a) Wet b) dry c) earth
8. What type of vehicle is this?

a) Tanker b) Passenger c) cargo
9. What type of machinery is this?

a) Tractor b) lifter c) caterpillar
10. What type of settlement is this?

a) Rural b) urban c) village
11. What type of soil is this?

a) Sand b) clay c) loamy
12. What type of forest is this?

a) Deciduous b) Coniferous c) Tropical Rainforest
13. What type of landform is this?

a) hilly b) plain c) plateau
14. What type of livestock farming is this?

a) Ranching b) diary c) traditional
15. What type of climate is this?

a) Wet b) dry c) harvesting
PART TWO: Answer following questions in the space provided
1. If H is 6000 m; F is 200 mm, find photo scale
Flying height(H)= 6000m (change meter into millimeter by multiplying 1000mm/m)=
6000m×1000mm/m= 6000,000mm
Focal length (F)= 200mm
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝐹) 200𝑚𝑚 1
Photo scale= = = 30,000
𝐹𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝐻) 6000,000𝑚𝑚
2. If Map Scale is 1/100,000; Map Distance is 5cm; Photo Distance is 10cm; find Photo Scale

𝑃ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 10𝑐𝑚 1 2 1 2 1
Photo scale = × 𝑚𝑎𝑝 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒= × = × = =
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 5𝑐𝑚 100,000 1 100,000 100,000 50,000
3. If Photo distance is 4cm and ground distance is 1km; find Photo Scale
Photo scale= Photo distance/ ground distance
Ground distance = 1km= (change km into centimeter by multiplying 100,000cm/km)= 100,000cm
𝑃ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 4𝑐𝑚 1
Photo scale = = = 25,000
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 100,000𝑐𝑚
4. If a photograph is taken within the tropics; sun is on the left and shadow on the right;
cameraman faces south; what time of day is it?
✓ The time is morning
5. Match words in column A to correct answer in column B
COLUMN A COLUMN B Alpha-Numeric
1. Activity of youthful valley is a. Savanna 5

climate
2. Activity of old age valley is b. Tropical 4
desert
climate
3. Activity of mature valley c. Erosion 1
4. Tropical rainforest relates to d. Deposition 2
5. Tropical grassland relates to e. Suspension 3
6. Scrubland vegetation relates to Equatorialf.

4
climate
6. List any four evidences that can identify a commercial crop farming from subsistence
agriculture
✓ Presence of cash crops in big area.
✓ Modern farming methods
✓ Facilities for collecting produce
✓ Presence of feeder routes in the farm
7. Match crop in column A to the suitable soil in column B
Crops - A Soils - B Alpha-Numeric
1. Cotton a. Loamy soil Black soil
2. Coconut b. Acidic soils Sandy soil
3. Fruits c. Clay soil Acidic soil
4. Coffee d. Black soil Loamy soil
5. Rice e. Sandy soil Clay soil

Part (C): Photo and map interpretation: Carefully study following slope AB and answer related
questions if following facts are given: HS: 1/50,000; VS: 1/10,000; Map distance from A to B is 30
cm 22m
1. What is the vertical interval of slope AB? -
✓ The vertical interval of slope AB is 100m
2. (a) What type of slope is this?
✓ Concave
(b) How do you know? Support your answer with possible reason.
✓ Because the contours are wide apart at the bottom and close at the top.
CHAPTER 3: AGRICULTURE
✓ Agriculture: is cultivation of crops and rearing animals, for both subsistence and commercial
✓ Two activities people used to obtain their food in the past were Hunting and Gathering
✓ The reasons facilitated agricultural beginning were
A. Rich fertile soil. B. Moderate climate and C. Diseases kill animals.
✓ The main types of agriculture.
1. Arable farming
2. Animal farming
3. Mixed farming
Farming
Arable Animal Mixed

farming farming farimg
Subsistence Commercial Pasatorali Dairy Beef

farming fariming sm Farming farming
Intensive Extensive
farming Farming
Shifting Rotational
Permenent Nomadic Sedentary
cultivation bush follow animal Transhuman
cultivation animal
farming ce
farming
1. Arable Farming: is the cultivation of crops. This type of arable farming can be divided into
A) Subsistence arable farming: growing food for self-feeding.
There are sub-divisions of subsistence farming:
i) Shifting Cultivation: is shifting from one area of land to another.

CHARACTERISTICS ADVANTAGES OF SHIFTING DISADVANTAGES SHIFTING

Migrates another land More crops can be harvested Soil erosion and deforestation
Lands are tiny Ashes from burning help fertility Fire kills wild animals.
Little attention Food supply is secured Low product due to small land
Basic tools for cultivating Use simple tools & family labour Burning destroys the ozone layer
ii)Rotational bush fallowing: farmers split their land into divisions and split zones are cultivated,
iii) Permanent/sedentary cultivation: is farming where the farmer is permanently based in one location.
B) Commercial Arable Farming: This is cultivating crops or rearing livestock for sale. It can be
i) Extensive commercial farming: This refers to the cultivation of crops on a large area of land.
ii) Intensive commercial farming: refers to the cultivation of crops on small area of land.
Intensive: is cultivation of small land Extensive: is cultivation of large land for sale
High labour force. Small labour force.
Supply per unit area is high. Supply per unit area is low.
A small land area is cultivated. Large land is cultivated.
High capital expenses. Low capital expenses.
More fertilizers can be used. Fewer fertilizers can be used.
2. Animal farming: is the keeping/rearing domestic animals like goats, cattle, camel, sheep. They can be
I) Pastoralism: is the rearing of animals like cattle, goats, sheep and camels for subsistence
purposes.
There are three forms of pastoralism:
A) Nomadic pastoralism: move from one place to another in search of food and water.
Characteristics of Nomadic Problems of nomadic Measure improving nomadic
keep a large number of animals A lack of water and pasture To start cultivation grass
They breed without supervision Pests and Diseases wells, dams, & other water-supply
Not raised for profit lack of market To control pests and diseases
Animals are symbol of wealth
B) Sedentary pastoralism: a farmer keeps animals while residing permanently in one location.
C) Transhumance pastoralism: is a form of pastoralism based on a seasonal migration.
II) Dairy farming: This is the rearing animals like cattle for milk and milk products.
Characteristics dairy farming: Intensive farms, climate is too damp, Near towns, refrigerator
ships
III) Beef farming: This is the rearing of animals especially cattle for meat production.
Characteristics beef farming: flat lands with grass, temperature of 280C, rainfall of 750mm,
water sites like permanent rivers
3. Mixed Farming: is the cultivation of crops and rearing of animals together on the same land.
Characteristics of mixed farming: intensive and generally specialized, provides greater security,
Wheat, barley, oats and corn, cattle and sheep are common, crop rotation is common.
✓ The factors influence to agriculture.
A. Physical factors: Moderate temperature, rainfall, relief and fertile soil encourage agriculture.
B. Biological factors: Weeds, insects and diseases discourages agriculture.
C. Human and Economic factors: Enough Capital, transportation and communication and stable
political encourages agriculture.
✓ Cereals Crops: Cereals crops are plants that are grown to produce grains for food.

I. Maize: Temperature 20-250C, growing days for 150-210 days, rainfall 600-1000mm, well-drained
soil.
II. Sorghum: Temperature 25-300C, growing days of 90-120days, rainfall 500-1000mm, well-
drained soil.
✓ the type of plant of groundnut and sesame and 3 growing conditions for both
i) Ground nuts is oil seeds indigenous to south America.
Growing conditions: Temperature 260C, growing days 4-5month, rainfall 500mm.
ii) Sesame Seed is hardy plant which was recorded Assyrians back 3000 B.C.
Growing conditions- temperature b/w 21-250C, Growing days for 4-5months, rainfall 500mm
✓ Ranching is keeping herds of animals like on large land.
✓ Why ranching should be encouraged among pastoral communities in East Africa.
To reduce migration of pastoral people
✓ Plantation agriculture: is a big farm in which single crops grown eg: cotton farm
Chapter Assessment
Exercise 1 Multiple Choice Questions: circle the correct answer
1. Extensive farming implies all these aspects except.
A. High yield per hectare. B. High yield per man. C. High income per farm.
2. The farm that grows wheat and barley are called
A. A farm with arable land B. A farm with a variety of crops C. A farm in country side
3. Rearing of animals on a farm is called
A. An arable farm. B. A mixed farm. C. A pastoral farm.
4. Which of the following is a human factor affecting farming?
A. Climate. B. Relief. C. Soil. D. Labour supply.
5. Why is it important for farmers to rotate their crops?
A. To provide a diverse range of foods for people to eat
B. Maintaining soil fertility
C. To adapt to the changes in rainfall over the course of the year.
D. To adapt to the changes in temperature over the course of the year.
6. What does commercial agriculture involve?
A. Producing enough food to survive on. B. Producing surplus food to sell.
C. Little machinery. D. Produce food to feed family.
7. What are subsistence farmers?
A. Farming for sale. B. Farming to send food to market. C. Farming as a hobby.
D. Farming to feed yourself and your family.
8. What is one benefit of organic farming?
A. Farmers get paid more. B. Using fertilizers to enrich the soil. C. The crops look better.
D. The produce contains fewer chemicals.
✓ Mutliple Choice Questions: 1.A 2. A 3.C 4.D 5.B 6.B 7.D 8.D

CHAPTER 4: MINING AND MINERALS
✓ Mining is the process of extracting minerals from the earth.

✓ A mineral is a valuable or useful naturally occurring substance in the ground.
✓ The two types of minerals.
A. Metallic minerals: contain metallic elements. metallic minerals include:
o Ferrous minerals: are minerals that include iron.
o Nonferrous minerals: are minerals that does not contain iron eg: gold, copper, silver, lead, tin,
aluminum, copper, etc.
B. Non-metallic minerals: are minerals with no metal components, eg: nitrates, potash, graphite,
mica, coal, petroleum, natural gas
✓ How metallic minerals occur in the earth’s crust.
A. Lodes: Large metallic minerals solidified in the earth’s crust.
B. Veins: are thin layer of metallic minerals solidified in the earth’s crust
C. Reefs: lodes and veins exposed to the surface by erosion.
D. Layers or beds: Minerals form accumulated organic or inorganic material, such as coal and
halite.
E. Alluvial (Placers): metallic minerals in the base and side of rivers.
✓ Five factors that influence mining minerals
A. The size of the deposit E. Availability of advanced technology
B. Mining methods F. Capital
C. Nature of transport systems G. Government policy
D. Value of the mineral
✓ Problems associated with the mining industry.
A. Small deposits E. Lack of technology
B. Hard mining methods F. Inadequate capital
C. Poor transport system G. Insufficient power supply
D. Price fluctuation (lack of value) H. Lack of suitable outlet
✓ The most mining centers in the world have developed today, Because they earn a lot of money
from mining and the employment opportunities were increased.
✓ The three methods of mining minerals.
A. Opencast mining: is used when mineral deposits near the earth’s surface. Eg: bitumen, clay, coal,
copper, coquina, diamonds, iron, gold, etc.
B. Dredging (adit): is used when the mineral deposit is in the valley sides. Eg: diamond, gold,
platinum, magnetite, rutile, monazite, cassiterite, etc.
C. Shaft mining (underground mining): used to extract minerals lie very deep below the earth’s
surface (about 400 meter deep). eg - gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin,
✓ The five significances of mining to Puntland.
A. Source of employment opportunities E. Development of towns:
B. Provision of social services F. Development of skills
C. Improving the standard of living G. Earn foreign exchange
D. Development of transport links and
infrastructures
✓ Major minerals in Somalia are:
A. Salt: water from ocean is kept in evaporation bond, where high temperature causes to
evaporate leaving behind salts.
B. Gypsum is mined from El-bur and it’s used for “fire-pot and ash-tray”.
C. Alluvial soil is used in making materials like cooking and fire pot.
D. Fossil Fuels.

✓ Somalia oil is not extracted yet because lack of capital, lack of technology, lack of security.
✓ Dereliction The land which has been abandoned after mineral resources have been exhausted.
✓ The effects of dereliction on the environment.
A. Ugliness D. Soil erosion
B. Health hazard E. Loss of biodiversity
C. Loss of productivity
MCQ – circle the correct answer

1. Which of the following is NOT a non-metallic mineral?
A. Potash B. Graphite C. Sulphur D. Asbestos
2. In which of the following does a mineral not occur?
A. Lode B. Reef C. Placer D. Overburden
3. What is the name of the mineral from which aluminium is made?
A. Pyrites B. Bauxite C. Cassiterite D. Graphite
4. Which of the following is not relevant to the smelting of aluminium?
A. Bauxite is brought from the tropics to temperate countries usually for smelling
B. Large amounts of electricity is needed
C. It is usually carried out at HEP stations
D. It is usually carried out on coalfield
5. Which of these statements best describes the meaning of placer deposits?
A. Particles of metallic mineral occurring in a mass of rock
B. Concentrations of water deposited metallic mineral particles located in sedimentary rocks
C. Mineral particles located in river deposits
D. Deposits of gold particles in river alluviums
6. Two important non-metallic minerals used in the manufacture of materials for protection against
fierce heat are
A. mica and potash B. Asbestos and graphite C. Graphite and mica D. Asbestos and mica
7. The electrical industry uses several different metals but the most important of these is …
A. Steel B. Copper C. Tin D. Aluminium
Section 1: Multiple Choice Questions

1. D 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. B

CHAPTER 5: FOREST AND FORESTRY
✓ A forest is a large area of land that covered by trees.

✓ A forestry is the science of developing and protecting trees.
✓ The any three forested areas in Somalia.
A. Wind ward of Goles mountains in the north.
B. Hawd region along the border with Ethiopia.
C. Rivers Juba and Shabelle river areas
✓ The major types of forests.
A. Natural forests: grow by natural means of seed dispersal.
B. Semi-natural: are forests recovering from interference of man.
C. Planted/cultivated forests: are forests planted by man.
✓ The factors influencing the distribution of natural forests.
A. Altitude and slope: trees grows stop above 3500m, trees grow in wind ward slope
B. Aspect: forest grows in sun facing slope C. Precipitation: enough of 1200mm.
D. Temperature: enough to above 60C E. Soil factor F. Human activities: deforestation
✓ Why forests are so important to man.
A. Forests prevent soil erosion. F. Some trees have medical value:
B. Forest provides wood fuel G. Forests are important in the
C. Modify the climate. regulation of carbon and introducing
D. Forests attract tourists. oxygen.
E. Timber is used in buildings and
constructions.
✓ The problems facing forests in Somalia.
A. Hardwood is used for making furniture.
B. Trees are widely used as firewood especially in natural areas.
C. Droughts can kill trees.
D. Pests and diseases also can wipe out whole tree species.
E. Soil erosion
✓ Conservation of forests: is the protection of forests against destruction, while
✓ Forest management: is effective planning and control of forests and forest resources.
✓ Measures of forest management and conservation.
A. Reforestation and afforestation.
B. Carrying out public campaigns on the importance of forests.
C. Use of alternative sources of energy e.g. sun, wind,
D. Improvement on cutting trees
E. Control of pests and diseases which affect trees.
✓ Afforestation is planting new trees in an area.
✓ Reforestation is planting trees in the area where the trees cut down.
✓ Deforestation means clearing trees without replacing them.
✓ The effects of deforestation are
A. Increased droughts: E. Lower water table
B. Increased global warming F. Increased desertification:
C. Extreme temperature G. Increased soil erosion
D. Loss of tourists

Chapter assessment
MCQ – Circle the correct answer
1. Which is the most serious problem that forests face in Puntland?
A. Human abuse B. Diseases and insect pests C. Droughts D. People do not
understand importance of forests
2. Which one of the following is the largest consequence from forest destruction?
A. Climate change B. Land deterioration C. Lack of animal’s habitat D. Overgrazing
3. Which of the following trees produces aromatic (sweet smelling) resins/gum?
A. Bamboo B. Myrrh C. Mahogany D. Teak
4. Which type of forest contains trees which are used for making papers?
A.Deciduous B. Tropical rainforest/equatorial C. Coniferous D. Mediterranean
5. Why is it difficult to exploit the trees of tropical rainforest?
A. The trees are surrounded by thick thorny undergrowth
B. The trees are mainly hardwoods
C. They are always pure stands
D. The tree species are very mixed
6. All of the following trees are deciduous EXCET
A. Acacia B. Teak C. Myrrh D. Spruce
7. In which of the following countries is the production of hardwood timber more important than the
production of softwood timber?
A. CIS B. North America C. Africa D. Norway
8. Lumbering in the coniferous forests of Canada is made easy by all of the following factors EXCEPT
A. The forests have very little undergrowths
B. Transporting the felled trees to the saw mills is cheap
C. Large numbers of trees of same type grow close together
D. The trees are softwoods and are easy to fell
9. Which one of the following countries is the largest exporter of the softwood timber and wood pulp?
A. The UK B. Canada C. Norway D. The USA
10. Wood pulp mills are usually located near to
A. A supply of cheap electric power. B. Paper mills. C. Plentiful supply of
water.
D. A supply of cheap electric power and Plentiful supply of water.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. D 7. C
8. B 9. B 10. B

CHAPTER 6: FISHING AND FISHERY
✓ Fishing: is the science of rearing fish and other aquatic animals

✓ Fishing: is a catching of fish and other aquatic animals for food and commercials.
✓ Fishery: is a place where fish are reared for commercial.
✓ Aquatic animals: include fish, lobester, whales
✓ Factors influencing of fishing:
1. Physical factors which can be
A. Presence of plankton (fish food) B. Relief (mountains) C. Climatic condition
D. Converge of warm and cold currents
2. Human Factors
E. Labour availability F. Ready market G. Fish eating culture
H. Transportation I. Capital
✓ Types of Fishes: can be 1. Pelagic fish 2. Demersal fish 3. Fresh water 4. Anadromous fish
1. Pelagic fish: are fishes found near to the surface. Eg: tuna, sharks, hammerhead, Solomon etc
2. Demersal fish: are fishes found bottom (30-50m). eg: halibut, haddock, cod
3. Fresh Fish: are fishes living naturally or artificially reared in lakes, ponds and rivers. Eg: Tilapia, catfish
4. Anadromous/migratory fish: are fish that migrate from sea to fresh water. Eg: Solomon, smelt, shad
✓ Methods of fishing: can be two types 1. Traditional methods 2. Modern methods
1. Traditional Methods: are used simple hand-made equipment and practiced in Africa.
✓ Traditional methods: include Basket, barrier method, arrows, hooks, use of lamp and net.
I. Basket: Bait is placed within Basket with a cone mouth. Fish runs to bait & is
trapped.
II. Harpooning (arrows): is used sharpened arrow to stick fish
Figure 1: Basket III. Hook and line: is a piece of curved metal with are used to catch fish
IV. Barrier methods: Consist stick are put down to sea to catch fish
V. Use of lamp and net
Figure 2: Harpooning
Figure 3: Hook and line Figure 4: Use of net and lamp
2. Modern Methods: include Trawling, drift, long-line fishing, purse-seining
I. Trawling: is used to catch fish in deep sea (demersal fish). The net is
attached to fishing ship called a trawler. The upper part of trawl net mouth is
kept open by flouts.
II. Drift Netting: is where vertical net hang in the water few meters below
Figure 1: Trawel net the water surface. When fish swim toward the net, the fish gills caught by
holes of net. This method is used to catch pelagic fish.
III. Purse-seining: is bag shaped may be up to one kilometer in length used
to catch pelagic and anadromous/ migratory fish.
Figure 2: Drift netting
IV. Long-line fishing: is the use of long line with baited hooks into the
water. Hooks with bait caught fish
Figure 3: Purse-seining
Figure 4: Long-line fishing
✓ Three major fishing ground in Somalia

A. Indian ocean (Ras kambone, Kismayo, Merca. Muqdisho, Adale, eyl, Obia
B. Gulf of Aden (Bosaso, benderbaila, laskoray, Berbera, zaila, Iskushuban etc)
C. Rivers (Jubba and Shabella)
✓ Major fishing Grounds in the World
1. The Atlantic Fishing Grounds:

I. N.W. Atlantic Fishing Ground: Located North America east coast. Eg: cod herring, lobster are
caught
II. N.E Atlantic Fishing Grounds: Locate the western coast of Europe eg: France, Germany,
Denmark.
Fish caught are herring, mackerel and cod.
III. N.W Africa: located along the coastland of Mauritania
IV. S.W Africa: located in cape province of South Africa
2. Pacific Fishing Ground
I. N.E Pacific Fishing Grounds: located along West of North America eg: California, Alaska to
British Columbia, Oregon. Salmon fish is caugt.
II. N.W. Pacific Fishing Ground: Located on the coast of North-east Asia, eg: China, Japan,
Malaysia
Salmon, Mackerel, cod, sardines fsh are caught
✓ Factors contributed to development of fishing in Atlantic and pacific oceans are: rich plankton,
cold and warm currents meet, large labour, advanced technology, fish eating culture, ready markets
✓ Somalia Fishing Grounds: are Indian ocean, Gulf of Aden, and rivers Jubba and Shabelle.
✓ The sector of fishing remains undeveloped due to lack skill fishermen, lack of tools and capital.
✓ Importances of Fishing to National growth
1. Creates employment opportunity 5. Fish provide protein food
2. Source of income 6. Encourage development of industry
3. Facilitate transport and communication 7. Develop town settlements
4. Develop tourism 8. Diversification of economy
✓ Problems facing fishing in Somalia and their solutions
1. Low level of technology---------Solution------- Improvement of technology
2. Lack of capital-------------------- Solution--------Burrowing more capital (money)
3. Low markets--------------------Solution----------Looking for external markets
4. Poor transport system--------Solution---------Promoting transport system
5. Poor government support to fishing----Solution---Government must support to fisherman
6. Over fishing due to high population-----Solution---Prohibiting overfishing

7. High temperature and saline reduces fish----Solution---Encourage Fish farming bonds to increase fish
8. Lack of labour with skills-------Solution----- training more skilled labour
Chapter assessment
MCQ – Circle the correct answer:
1. Which one of the following country has longer coastline than others?
A) Sudan. B) Eritrea. C) Algeria. D) Somalia.
2. Overfishing means catching.
A) More large fish than small fish. B) More fish than the number replaced by natural means.
C) Fish larger than the standard size. D) Fish caught outside the international fishing limits.
3. Pollution affects fish by causing them to.
A) Die. B) Store poisonous in their body fat. C) Become a health hazard.
D) Accumulate chemicals such as mercury and chromium in their respiratory channels.
4. Improvements in efficiency have been brought about by the use of all following EXCEPT.
A) Radio weather forecasting. B) Refrigeration. C) Motorized boats. D) Overfishing.
5. Which one of the following conditions is more closely related to the location of the major fishing
grounds than any of the others?
A) Indented coasts. B) Large coastal populations. C) Meeting warm and cold currents.
D) Shallow water.
6. All of the following countries are major exporters of fish products EXCEPT.
A) Iceland. B) Japan. C) Afghanistan. D) Norway.
7. Which one pair of the following factors most helps to account for the large number of fish in the
waters around NW Europe?
A) Strong westerly winds and often turbulent seas.
B) The meetings of warm and cool currents near the shallow epi-continental waters.
C) The high latitude and the abundance of plankton.
D) Low salinity of the water and low water temperature.
8. All of the following may favour the development of a fishing industry EXCEPT.
A) The meeting of warm and cold currents.
B) An indented coastline providing save hardboards.
C) A fertile coastal plain providing a plentiful food supply.
D) A shallow continental shelf encouraging plankton growth.
1. D 2. D 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. C 7. C
8. C

CHAPTER 7: INDUSTRY AND INDUSTRIALIZATION

✓ Manufacturing: is process of converting raw materials into finished or usable goods.
✓ Factory: is building where goods are manufactured or assembled mainly by machine.
✓ Industry: is any economic activity which people produce goods and service to satisfy their needs.
✓ Industrialization: is process which country established manufacturing industries.
✓ Types of industries: are primary, secondary and tertiary industry.
1. Primary (extractive) industry: mainly involves to the extraction of natural resources or

raw-materials from earth. Eg: agriculture, fishing, mining, livestock.
2. Secondary (manufacturing) industry: involve changing raw-materials from primary
industry into finished goods.
Secondary industry can be 2 types: Heavy industry and Light industry
A. Heavy secondary industry: is large scale industry that manufactures heavy and bulk
products. Eg: car, ship, air plane industries
B. Light secondary industry: are industries that involve manufacturing light item or
products eg: food, electric, cosmetic industries
3. Tertiary industry: are industries that don’t produce tangible goods but produce services.
Eg: hotels, health, transportation, telecommunication.
✓ The differences between Primary, and tertiary industries
Primary industry Secondary industry Tertiary industry
Consists agricultural industry Consists manufacturing industry Consists of service industry
Primary supplied of raw materials Convert one good to another Help primary & secondary industry
Traditional methods are employed Advanced method are employed More advanced methods
Large number of employers Small & efficient large organized Employers are growing rapidly
✓ Factory influencing industry: all these factors increase to industries
1. Presence of vast land 5. Presence of abundant raw materials
2. Availability of power and fuel 6. Availability of enough capital
3. Favorable government policy 7. Labour forces
4. Presence of technology
✓ Problems Facing Industry
1. Absence of vast land 5. Absence of abundant raw materials
2. Lack of power and fuel 6. Lack of enough capital
3. Un- Favorable government policy 7. Lack of Labour forces
4. Absence of technology
✓ Solution to problems facing industry
1. Improvement of land 3. Encouraging favorable government policy
2. Improving to power and fuel 4. Promoting/encouraging of technology

✓ Industries in Somali are

1. Agricultural manufacturing industries: which can be
A. Agricultural food processing industries: concering with transforming of agricultural products
such milk, meat, fishing into directly useful to man. Eg: state-owned sugar plant at jowhar, fish-
canning in laskorey, beef canning in Kismayo,
B. Agricultural non-food processing industries: eg: leather and shoe factory in Muqdisho, cotton and
textile factory in Muqdisho, Cigrattes and matches in Muqdisho.
2. Non agricultural manufacturing industries: are industries that manufacture non-agricultural
products. Eg: cement industry in Berbera, Pharmaceutical industry in Muqdisho, Oil/petro factory in
Muqdisho.
✓ Cottage industry: are industry involved in making products in homes using hand and simple tools eg:
tailors.
✓ Characteristics of cottage industry
A. Local available materials are used C. small capital is invested
B. Sold locally D. Hand and simple tools
✓ Examples of cottage industry:
A. Pottery: clay and flower are made. Eg: in Beledweyne, jowhar, Merca
B. Wood & Stone carving: involves carving wood and stone into animal, human & other shapes.
C. Weaving: produces baskets, mats and fish traps. These practiced in coastal areas.
D. Technical industries (farsamada gacanta): are the most common and popular cottage industries which
made shoe repair, tailors, carpenters, watch repairs, berberas.
✓ Importances of cottage industries:
A. Generate less expensive goods. C. Create employment opportunities
B. Uses local raw materials D. Source of foreign exchange
✓ Importances of Manufacturing industries
A. Promote infrastructure development eg: road E. Create employment opportunities
B. Source of revenue to government F. Source of income for local people
C. Provision of goods G. Led to development of urban centers
D. Diversification of economy H. Promote international trade & market
Chapter assessment
MCQ- circle the correct answer
1. Is any form of economic activities through which people produce goods and services to satisfy human
needs
a) Industry b) Industrialization c) factory
2. Which of these is NOT a reason for the decline in employment in primary and secondary industries in
Somalia?
A. Workforce becoming less skilled B. Mechanization of industry
C. Raw materials becoming less accessible
3. The following is NOT an industrial location of industry EXCEPT
A. Climate B. Power supply C. Raw materials D. Climate
4. What is secondary industry?
A. When a farm or factory is making a loss and has to shut down
B. When natural resources are processed and turned into a product
C. When a company is not making enough profit
5. The process by which row materials are changed in consumable or usable.
A. Factory B. Manufacturing C. industrialization
6. Secondary industries also known as

A. Extractive industries B. Manufacturing industries C. Service industries
7. Tertiary activity refers to employment in:
A. Extractive industries B. Service industries C. Employment industries
8. What types of raw materials are needed for footloose industries?
A. Coal and iron ore B. Crops and cattle C. Very few
9. Traditionally, where were the key industrial areas in Somalia?
A. Lower Shebelle B. Banadir Region C. North-west Region
10. the Industries involved in making products particularly in homes using hands and simple tools
A. primary B. industry C. cottage
1. A 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. B 7. B
8. C 9. B 10. C
CHAPTER 8: TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION
✓ Transport: is the movement of people and goods by land, water or air from one place to another.
✓ Three types or modes of transport: 1. Land 2. Water 3. Air
1. Land transport: involves movement of people and good on the surface of the earth.
Land transport can be Human, animal, roads, railways, pipeline transport.
I. Human transport: refers to the movement of the people from one place to other carrying light goods
on their backs, hands, head and shoulder.
ADVANTAGES OF HUMAN TRANSPORT DISADVANTAGES OF HUMAN TRANSPORT
A. Cheap A. Slow
B. Safer B. Dependence on person physical
C. Available all times C. Not carry heavy goods
D. Not pollute environment D. Not travel for long distance
II. Animal Transport: is where animals used to transport goods. Eg: Camel, Donkey
ADVANTAGES OF ANIMAL TRANSPORT DISADVANTAGES OF ANIMAL TRANSPORT
A. Faster than human A. Carry little goods according to cars

B. Transport heavy goods B. Need to eat and rest

C. Travel long distance. C. Effect disease and wild animals
D. Not pollute environment D. Can not move in night
III. Road transport: is a path that connected 2 or more location, vehicles used road.
ADVANTAGES OF ROAD TRANSPORT DISADVANTAGES OF ROAD TRANSPORT
A. Open any time A. Prone to accident
B. Faster B. Effect weather like rain
C. Road construction is cheap C. Need high energy
D. Flexible D. Causes traffic jam
IV. Railways transport: is type of transport that uses train.
ADVANTAGES OF RAILWAYS DISADVANTAGES OF RAILWAYS
A. Provide toilet A. Construction cost is high
B. Safer B. Not available at any time
C. Cheaper C. Not flexible
D. Less traffic jam D. 2 railways cannot run at same time
V. Pipelines: are type of transport mainly used for liquid through a pipes.
ADVANTAGES OF PIPELINE DISADVANTAGES OF PIPELINES
A. Cheaper A. Building is expensive
B. Safer B. Used only liquid
C. Not influenced by climate C. Leaks occur
D. Not pollute to environment D. Carry fixed capacity
2. Water Transport: is the movement of people and goods over the water.
Water transport: can be two types Inalnd and Marine
A. Inland waterways: is the movement of people and goods over the lakes, rivers, & canals.
B. Marine waterways: is the carriage of goods and people over the oceans and seas.
ADVANTAGES OF WATER TRANSPORT DISADVANTAGES OF WATER TRANSPORT
A. Natural routes A. Use more time
B. Large goods can be transported B. Can use wrong or indirect routes
C. No jam C. Storms and ice interfere the movement
D. Cheaper than land D. Can not available to any place
3. Air Transport: is the carriage of people, goods or service from one place to another through air.
ADVANTAGES OF WATER TRANSPORT DISADVANTAGES OF WATER TRANSPORT
A. Faster than all others A. Require high skills
B. Less damage B. Expensive
C. No waste of time C. Carrying less
D. More comfortable D. Effect weather
✓ Communication: is the process of transferring information between individual or group of people.

✓ Types of communication are: 1. Oral 2. Written 3. Visual communication
1. Oral communication: involves communication of people through face to face, telephone, radio.

2. Written communication: involves transmission of message in written form eg: letters

3. Visual communication: involves passing information through films, graphs eg: tv
✓ Factors influencing transport and communication:
1. Physical factor eg: land scape, earth movements, and climate
2. Political factor. Eg: political stability
3. Economic factor. Eg: availability of capital, resources, supply and demend, transport network
4. Government policy: eg: In China prohibits Google.
✓ Problems facing transport and communication and their Possible solutions
1. Scarcity of capital------solution-------Borrowing money
2. Remoteness ------------Solution--------- Development of economic activity in remote areas
3. Political conflict-------Solution----------Diplomatic means
4. Climatic conditions----Solution----- Establishment of metrological/climate station to get information
5. Variation in language----Solution-----Promoting adult of education
6. Natural physical barrier-----Solution---- construction of possible road
Importances of Transport Importances of Communication
1. Trade development 1. Help industry to know where raw materials available
2. Infrastructure development 2. Keeps update to the current situation
3. Promotion of industries 3. Permits different citizens to contact
4. Opens remote areas 4. Allow people to share their ideas and values
5. Increase government revenue 5. Communication creates development.
Chapter assessment
Exercise 1: MCQ – circle the correct answer
1. Transport is the physical carriage and movement of goods and people by air, land, and water from one
place to another
a) Communication b) Transportation c) Information d) industrialization
2. The following are the main types of transportation except
a) sea transport b) Land transport c) Water transport d) Air transport
3. The transport of goods using human muscle power, in the form of walking, running, and swimming
a) Human portage b) Animals Transport c) Pipeline transport d) Air transport
4. The following are the types of land transportation except
a) Human portage b) Animals Transport c) Pipeline transport d) Air transport
5. The water canal which connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea
a) Suez canal b) Panama canal c) Grand canal d) Hormuz canal
6. What was the most popular way of transportation?
a. Planes b) Railways c) Boats d) Buses
7. Which one of the following is not the main type of communication?
A. Oral b) Written c) Audio d) Signals
8. The process of transmitting or exchanging information among the people.
A. Transport b) Communication c) industry d) A & B
9. Sending a message using a combination of sound, signs and pictures is called
A. Verbal b) Written c) Audio-visual d) Non-verbal
10. Type of transport involves the use of aircraft such as airplanes, helicopters and ballons is known as
A. Seas transport b) Land transport c) water transport d) Air transport
Section 1: Multiple Choice Question
1. B 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. D 9. C 10. D
CHAPTER 9: ENERGY
✓ Energy: is the power or fuel used to run a machine or assist human production.
✓ Types of Energy: are two types 1. Renewable source (inexhaustible) 2. Non-renewable sources
1. Renewable sources of energy: are sources of energy that can be renewed or can be used again and
again like Hydro-electric power, Solar power, Wind power
I. Hydro-electric power: is a form of energy that generates from water in motion.
Factors effecting Hydro-electric power: are regular water, large volume of water, steep gradient.
ADVANTAGES OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER
A. Free energy A. Dams are very expensive to build
B. No pollution B. Dams are threat to animals
C. Water can keep C. Location of dam can be challenge
D. H.E.P can build quickly D. Quality and quantity of water can impact
II. Solar Energy: Is power generated from the sun.

❖ Solar energy is produced by using panels and mirrors to collect solar energy.
❖ Types of Solar Energy: 1. Photo-Voltic solar 2. Solar thermal 3. Passive solar energy
1. Photo voltic energy: generate electricity by photo-voltic cells
2. Solar thermal energy: used to heat water by solar thermal collector
3. Passive solar energy: derived directly from the sunlight.
ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR POWER DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR POWER
A. Free energy A. Does not work in night
B. Not pollute to environment B. Expensive to build solar station
C. Sources of vitamin D C. un-reliable to climate like cloud
D. Helps rain formation D. Quality and quantity of water can impact
2. Non-Renewable Sources of Energy: is a source of energy which eventually run out.

Non-renewable sources of energy include petroleum, Natural Gas, Nuclear power (Uranium)
I. Petroleum: is naturally occurring liquid that can be found deep rocks. Also known as crude oil.
✓ Petroleum forms when: large amount of organic matter from organism form buried quickly.
And then chemical reaction converts.
✓ Crude oil use for light engines, vehicles, airplanes, lubricants, Bitumen for road construction
ADVANTAGES OF PETROLEUM DISADVANTAGES OF PETROLEUM
A. Widely used A. Dirty source
B. Can be stored B. Exhaustible source
C. Easily transported C. Expensive
D. Petroleum wax can be used as candle D. Contribution global warming
II. Natural Gas: normally found on the top layer of crude oil and sometimes it may occur alone.
Natural Gas: used for cooking, industrial uses, electric generation.
ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL GAS DISADVANTAGES OF NATURAL GAS
A. Clean source A. Exhaustible source
B. Simple to use B. Very flammable, easy to catch fire
C. Cheap to transport C. Pollute agents

D. Not impact to weather D.
III. Nuclear Power (Uranium): is form of thermal electric power provided by uranium atom.
Nuclear power is produced: when a neutron collides with an atom of uranium in the reactor, the nucleus of atom
splits and great heat and more neutrons are released.
ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER DISADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER
A. Produce inexpensive electricity A. Extremely dangerous
B. Produce tiny quantity of garbage B. Need a lot of money to keep safe
C. Is dependable source of energy C. Nuclear power accidents is more
✓ Differences between Renewable sources and Non-renewable sources of energy

ADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE SOURCES DISADVANTAGES OF NON-RENEWABLE
A. Can be renewed (used again and again) A. Can not be renewed
B. Free B. Not free
C. Not pollute to environment C. Pollute environment
D. In-exhaustible D. Exhaustible
E. Not effect by human activities E. Effect by human Activities
F. eg: Solar, H.E.P, wind F. eg: Petroleum, uranium, coal
DIS-ADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE ADVANTAGES OF NON-RENEWABLE
A. Effect by the climate eg: cloud, wind A. Not effect by the climate
B. Not produce enough energy B. Produce enough energy
C. Expensive to build power station C. Cheap to build power station
D. Can not be stored D. Can be stored for long time
E. Can not be transported for long distance E. Can be transported for long distances
✓ Energy Crisis: is situation where demand for fuel exceeded supply. Energy crisis is shortage of energy
✓ Causes of Energy crisis:
1. Increase oil prices 2. Reduction of oil reserves 3. Reduction of wood fuel
4. Economic and political sanctions 5. Over dependence of oil production
✓ Effect of rising oil price on economy:
1. Lead high cost of production 2. increase transportation costs
3. Slow industrial growth 4. Disastrous to agriculture
✓ Energy management: is the process of effectively planning and controlling use of energy.
✓ Measures for energy management:
1. Controlling importation of huge engines
2. to educate people importances of energy conservation
3. Encouraging large people to take public transportation
4. Afforestation and re-afforestation programs.
✓ Energy conservation: making most efficient use of energy in order to avoid waste.
✓ Measures of Energy conservation
1.Turning off electric while not in use. 2. Proper vehicles uses
3. promoting public transportation 4. Promoting use of renewable sources like wind
Exercise 1
1. Most energy sources are used to give us

A. Food and water B. Electricity and fuel C. Heat and water D. Heat and fuel
2. Renewable energy is energy that
A. Can be reused over and over. B. Can be used up completely.
C. Can be changed into a new energy. D. Cannot be destroyed.

3. Non-renewable energy is energy that
A. Can be used over and over. B. Can be used up completely.
C. Cannot be changed into a new energy. D. Can be destroyed.
4. Solar energy is
A. Light energy from the sun used to make fuel for cars.
B. Heat energy from the sun used to make light bulbs.
C. Light energy from the sun use to make electricity.
D. Light energy from the sun used to make heat.
5. Solar energy is
A. Renewable. B. Non-renewable. C. Both A & B
6. Hydropower is
A. Energy from moving water, such as flowing through a dam.
B. Energy from hot water, like hot springs.
C. Energy from wind. such as using wind turbines.
D. Energy from oil, such as burning gasoline in cars.
7. Nuclear energy is
A. Making electricity from the fission of atoms. B. Making electricity from sunlight.
C. Making electricity from the energy of the heat inside the earth.
D. Getting energy from fossil fuels dug or pumped from the ground.
8. Energy from flowing water is
A. Hydropower B. Flow power C. Geo flow power D. Wind power
9. Energy from moving air is called
A. Solar power b. Hydropower C. Wind power d. Aeropower
10. A mixture of gas moving air is called
A. Coal b. Natural gas C. Petroleum d. Geothermal
11. Which is a list of fossil fuels?
A. Natural gas, petroleum, coal b. Petroleum, geothermal, wind C.
Biomass, natural gas, petroleum d. Coal, obsidian, petroleum
12. Which a list of renewable resources?
A. Petroleum, geothermal, wind B. Biomass, geothermal, hydropower
C. Natural gas, wind, biomass D. Hydropower, solar, coal
13. What is the meaning of non-renewable?
A. A resource that is replaced at the same rate that it is being used.
B. it is resources that pollutes
C. It is a resource that is formed at a rate that is much slower than the rate at which it is being used.
D. It is a resource that is made by humans.
Section 1: Multiple Choice Question
1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. B
11. A 12.B 13.B

SHORT MEMORIZING POINTS
✓ The common importances/significances, factors influencing, problems facing and their solutions to
some human geography activities like (Mining & minerals, fishing &fishery, industry and transport &
commun)
IMPORTANCE FACTORS INFLUENCING PROBLEMS FACING SOLUTIONS

1. Sources employment 1. Capital/investment 1. Lack of capital 1. Encourage
investment
2. Sources of income 2. Labor and their skill 2. Lack of labor and 2. Training more labor
poor skill
3. Improve standard of life 3. Technology 3. Poor technology 3. Improvement
technology
4. Development of 4. Market 4. Lack of ready market 4. Creating market
settlement
5. Development of other 5. Natural resources 5.Scarcity of natural 5. Looking substitute
industry resource resources
6. Government policy 6. Strict government 6. Flexible government
policy policy
7. Transport and 7. Poor transport and 7. Improved transport
communication communication and communication
✓ The common importances/significances, factors influencing, problems facing and their solutions to
some chapter’s like (Agriculture, forest and forestry,)
IMPORTANCE FACTORS INFLUENCING Problems facing Solution
1. Sources of employment 1. Climate (Temperature and 1. Harsh climate 1. Using greenhouse and
rain) irrigation
2. Source of income to 2. Soil 2. Poor soil fertility 2. Increasing soil fertility
government and soil erosion
3. Improve standard of life 3. Relief 3. High relief 3. Terracing and contour
4. Development of 4. Economic factor 4. Poor economy 4. Encouraging economy
settlement
5. Development of other 5. Human activities 5. Negative human 5. Positive human
industry activities activities (afforestation,
(overgrazing, re-afforestation)
deforestation)
6. Pests and disease 6. Pests and 6. Controlling pests and
6. Sources of medicine disease disease
7. Sources of food 7. Political stability 7. Conflicts and 7. Conflict resolution
tribes
8. Transport and 8. Poor transport 8. Improving transport
communication

Book Geo Summary Form Four 2023

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BOOK SUMMARY GEOGRAPHY FORM FOUR

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO THE ARAB COUNTRIES

1 Ayub Abdalle Book-summary.geo@2023

✓ The activities people do to obtain their own food are

CHAPTER 2: PHOTOGRAPH AND MAP INTERPRETATION

✓ A photograph: is an image of an object, scene or person which is recorded by a camera or a

A. Identify the economic activity taking place in photograph. Livestock rearing

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Gradient= Difference in height/ horizontal distance.

✓ Calculate the gradient of the following contour.

Gradient= V/H Vertical height= Contour d – contour c= 350m -200m = 150m

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Vertical height= Highest Road – lowest road = 1020m -620m= 400m

✓ Calculate the gradient of the following contour.

Gradient= V/H Vertical height= Contour B – contour A= 900m -300m = 600m

Gradient= V/H= 600m/9600m = 1/16

✓ Calculate the gradient from Point A to Point B.

Gradient= Vertical/Horizontal Vertical height= Contour B – contour A= 300m -0m = 300m

✓ Calculate the gradient from point C to point D

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✓ Gradient of point A to Point B

✓ Gradient of point C to Point D

Chapter Assessment: Circle the correct answer

1. What type of landform is this?

2. What type of farming is this?

3. What type of animal farming is this?

4. What type of climate is this? a)

7 Ayub Abdalle Book-summary.geo@2023

5. What type of transport is this?

6. What stage of river is this?

7. What type of climate is this?

8. What type of vehicle is this?

9. What type of machinery is this?

10. What type of settlement is this?

11. What type of soil is this?

12. What type of forest is this?

13. What type of landform is this?

14. What type of livestock farming is this?

15. What type of climate is this?

8 Ayub Abdalle Book-summary.geo@2023

1. Activity of youthful valley is a. Savanna 5

4. Tropical rainforest relates to d. Deposition 2

5. Tropical grassland relates to e. Suspension 3

6. Scrubland vegetation relates to Equatorialf.

1. Cotton a. Loamy soil Black soil

2. Coconut b. Acidic soils Sandy soil

3. Fruits c. Clay soil Acidic soil

4. Coffee d. Black soil Loamy soil

5. Rice e. Sandy soil Clay soil

9 Ayub Abdalle Book-summary.geo@2023

Arable Animal Mixed

Subsistence Commercial Pasatorali Dairy Beef

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CHARACTERISTICS ADVANTAGES OF SHIFTING DISADVANTAGES SHIFTING

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CHAPTER 4: MINING AND MINERALS

✓ Mining is the process of extracting minerals from the earth.

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MCQ – circle the correct answer

Section 1: Multiple Choice Questions

14 Ayub Abdalle Book-summary.geo@2023