MR5103 SENSORS AND SIGNAL

CONDITIONING

ASSIGNMENT – I

SIVAMANIKUMAR R
M.E. MECHATRONICS
2022608028
SENSOR:[1]
❖ Sensor or Transducer is a device which provides a usable output
in response to the specified measurement.
❖ Sensor is a device that receives a stimulus and responds with an
electrical signal.

SENSOR CLASSIFICATION:[1][2]
Direct Sensor:
❖ Direct sensor (stimulus converted to electrical signal)

Complex Sensor:
❖ Complex sensor (sensor may incorporate several transducers to
convert stimulus to electrical signal)

Passive Sensor:
❖ A passive sensor does not need any additional energy source and
directly generates an electric signal in response to an external
stimulus; that is, the input stimulus energy is converted by the
sensor into the output signal.

Example:
 A Piezoelectric Sensor requires no external voltage or
current source, they are able to generate an output signal from the
strain applied. This makes them a popular choice for many
applications. The use of them is growing significantly throughout
different industries and they are sometimes incorporated into
other sensors.

Piezoelectric Sensor

Active Sensor:
❖ The active sensors require external power for their operation,
which is called an excitation signal. That signal is modified by
the sensor to produce the output signal.

Example:
An accelerometer sensor is a tool that measures the
acceleration of any body or object in its instantaneous rest frame.
It is not a coordinate acceleration. Accelerometer sensors are used
in many ways, such as in many electronic devices, smartphones,
and wearable devices, etc.

Accelerometer sensor
Absolute Sensor:
❖ An absolute sensor detects a stimulus in reference to an absolute
physical scale that is independent on the measurement conditions.

Example:
Thermistors are a type of semiconductor that react like
a resistor sensitive to temperature - meaning they have greater
resistance than conducting materials, but lower resistance than
insulating materials. To establish a temperature measurement, the
measured value of a thermistor's electrical resistance can be
correlated to the temperature of the environment in which that
thermistor has been situated.

10K Thermistor Sensor

Relative Sensor:
❖ A relative sensor produces a signal that relates to some special
case.

Example:
 A thermocouple is a device for measuring temperature.
It comprises two dissimilar metallic wires joined together to form
a junction. When the junction is heated or cooled, a small voltage
is generated in the electrical circuit of the thermocouple which
can be measured, and this corresponds to temperature.

Temperature Thermocouple Sensor, 220 V

Contact Sensors:
❖ Non-contact sensors detect or measure a physical property with
making direct contact with the target.

Example:
A strain gauge is a sensor whose measured electrical
resistance varies with changes in strain. Strain is the deformation
or displacement of material that results from an applied stress.

BF350 High Precision Resistance Strain Gauge

Non-contact sensors:
❖ Non-contact sensors detect or measure a physical property
without making direct contact with the target, the object that is
being monitored or measured.

Example:
An Ultrasonic Sensor is a non-contact type device that
can be used to measure distance as well as velocity of an object.
An Ultrasonic Sensor works based on the properties of the sound
waves with frequency greater than that of the human audible
range. Using the time of flight of the sound wave, an Ultrasonic
Sensor can measure the distance of the object (similar to
SONAR). The Doppler Shift property of the sound wave is used
to measure the velocity of an object.

Sensor Manufacturers:[3]
Rockwell Automation [4]

Rockwell Automation reported the fiscal year 2019 global sales at

US$6.69 billion. Headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Rockwell
Automation specializes in -

▪ Advanced Process Control

▪ Condition Monitoring and I/O
 ▪ Distributed Control Systems
▪ Drives
▪ Drive systems
▪ FactoryTalk Software
▪ Human Machine Interface
▪ Industrial Control Products
▪ Industrial Network Products
▪ Industrial Sensors
▪ Motion Control
▪ Motor Control Centers
▪ Programmable Controllers
▪ Safety Components
▪ Safety Instrumented Systems
▪ Training

The services offered by the company are asset management consulting,

repair, and remote support centers and training.

They provide reliable, flexible, high-performance sensors and

switches. they offer one of the broadest lines in the industry
including proximity and photoelectric sensors, limit switches and
safety switches, and RFID and operator safety devices.

Presence sensing devices:

Their presence sensing devices detect the distance, absence, or

presence of an object. They offer a wide range of sensing devices
to solve our application needs.
Photoelectric sensors use a beam of light to detect the presence or
absence of an object. This technology is an ideal alternative to
inductive proximity sensors when we require long sensing
distances or when the item, we want to sense is non-metal. Their
photoelectric sensors satisfy applications found in many
industries, such as material handling, packaging, food processing,
and transportation. For our specialized applications that require a
non-standard connector or cable, we can customize the sensor
connections.

Their inductive proximity sensors detect metal objects without

touching them. This technology is used in applications where the
metal object to be detected is within an inch or two of the sensor
face. Their sensors can be used in light-duty packaging applications
and the punishing environments on automotive welding equipment
or the harsh washdowns in food processing plants.

Their ultrasonic sensors are self-contained solid-state devices

designed for non-contact sensing of solid and liquid objects. For
many applications, such as monitoring the level of water in a tank,
ultrasonic technology lets a single device to do a job that would
otherwise require multiple sensors.

Capacitive Proximity Sensors have an adjustable sensing distance and

are ideal for applications that can be challenging for other sensing
technologies. Capacitive sensors can detect non-metal solids and
liquids in addition to standard metal targets. They can even sense the
presence of some targets through certain other materials, making them
an ideal choice in those applications where other technologies cannot
be used.

Industry is evolving and consumer expectations for personalization

have resulted in demand for greater product variability, ultimately
driving a need for more flexible manufacturing adapting to changing
products or conditions. The Swift-E reconfigurable 3D sensor is an
ideal solution for a wide range of industrial applications.

Condition Sensing Devices:

Their condition sensing devices communicate process variable

information to automatically sequence equipment or provide a
signal to operators for manual operation. Featuring
electromechanical and solid-state solutions, their condition sensors
can lower your total operating costs by helping to improve
processes and systems, reduce downtime, protect expensive
equipment and safeguard operators.

Their pressure sensors include rugged, industrial-grade,

electromechanical pressure controls as well as solid-state pressure
switches for any application.

Their temperature sensors and process controllers offer quick setup

and provide precise temperature management and control for a
variety of applications.
Their Level Sensors are heavy-duty industrial control devices.
They open and close contacts in response to changes in liquid level.
Level sensors are available in five different styles with both motor
and pilot duty contact ratings.

Speed Sensing Switches provide an electrical contact signal at a

determined speed for plugging, anti-plugging, speed sensing, and
direction of rotation.

Encoders:

Encoders can electronically monitor the position of a rotating shaft.

High performing machines depend on accurate, reliable motion
feedback to operate at their full potential. These encoders can
complete your motion systems with feature-rich options that speed
integration, improve safety, and increase flexibility. When
efficiency and longevity matter, their absolute encoders allow us to
deploy machines with confidence.

Their incremental optical encoders provide high-resolution

feedback and easily interface with external electronics to determine
accurate position, speed, and direction.

STMicroelectronics [5]

STMicroelectronics is the multinational electronics and semiconductor

manufacturer with annual revenue of US$9.66 billion. Headquartered
in Geneva, Switzerland, ST is a leading supplier of many of the main
technologies going into the next generations of consumer devices:
 ▪ Microcontrollers for low and ultra-low power processing
▪ Secure solutions
▪ Industrial Sensors and Actuators
▪ Connectivity
▪ Conditioning and Protection
▪ Motor Control
▪ Power & Energy Management

MEMS and Sensors

ST offers the widest range of MEMS and sensors covering a full

spectrum of applications from low-power devices for IoT and battery-
operated applications to high-end devices for accurate navigation and
positioning, Industry 4.0, augmented virtual reality components and
smartphones.

For Industry 4.0, ST provides a complete range of products suitable to

be applied in early failure detection and predictive
maintenance systems where vibration, temperature, pressure, sound
and acoustics analysis are needed.

The benefit of our 10 years longevity program is also available

for Automotive- and Industrial-grade devices as well for fitness and
medical applications

Accelerometers:

Accelerometers measure linear acceleration and are also used for other
purposes such as inclination and vibration measurement.

ST state-of-the-art 3-axis MEMS accelerometers include general-

purpose sensors, application-specific sensors, and sensors with an
embedded machine learning core.

For automotive applications, the ST portfolio offers extended

temperature range and AEC-Q100 qualified accelerometers such as
the AIS32x family.
Devices for industrial applications include IISxxx family products,
which are part of the ST longevity program that guarantees
production for at least ten years from their launch date.

• General-purpose sensors
• Application-specific sensors
• Sensors with embedded machine learning core.

Automotive 6-axis inertial module (IMU):

The ASM330LHH is a system-in-package featuring a 3D digital
accelerometer and a 3D digital gyroscope with an extended
temperature range up to +105 °C. It is designed to address automotive
non-safety and sensor-assisted applications like dead reckoning and
sensor fusion.

ST's MEMS automotive sensors are developed on the same technology

platform used for high-volume MEMS at the core of many industrial
and consumer applications.

eCompasses:

ST’s eCompasses include combo solutions built around a 3-axis digital

accelerometer with a 3-axis digital magnetic sensor in a single LGA
package, as well as standalone 3-axis digital magnetic sensors for
designing solutions where the magnetic sensor must be located in a
specific position on a printed circuit board.

ST's analog and digital gyroscopes offer superior stability over time
and temperature, with a resolution lower than 0.01 dps/√Hz for zero-
rate level. This guarantees the level of accuracy required by the most
advanced motion-based applications.
3-axis gyroscopes with 1 structure sensing:

These 3-axis gyroscopes have a single sensing structure for motion

measurement along all three orthogonal axes, while other solutions on
the market rely on two or three independent structures.

Digital humidity and temperature sensor:

ST’s digital humidity and temperature sensor is based on a planar

capacitance technology that integrates the temperature and humidity
sensors in the sensing element.

Using our extensive experience in reading small capacitance variations

in accelerometers and gyroscopes, ST has developed a differential
capacitance sensing element that, when combined with the temperature
sensor, provides the relative humidity.

iNEMO inertial modules:

iNEMO inertial modules integrate complementary sensors in

compact, robust, and easy-to-assemble inertial measurement units
(IMU).

iNEMO system-in-packages (SiP) combine an accelerometer and a

gyroscope in a monolithic 6-axis solution.

ST’s Infrared sensors (IR sensors) have been designed to accurately

detect object movements and sense human presence by measuring the
IR radiation of objects within their field of view.

There are several different technologies to support IR-based sensors,

and ST offers the TMOS IR sensor solution to detect human or object
presence and movement detection with high accuracy and low-power
consumption, directly with a digital interface.

MEMS microphone:
A MEMS microphone is an electro-acoustic transducer housing a
sensor (MEMS) and an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
in a single package.

The sensor converts variable incoming sound pressure to capacitance

variations that the ASIC transforms into analog or digital output. The
acoustic wave enters the microphone through a sound inlet in the top
or bottom of the package, hence the top or bottom port nomenclature.

Pressure sensors:

ST pressure sensors find applications in many fields,

including personal electronics, wearables, industrial, and automotive
applications. They enable accurate floor detection, enhanced location-
based services, precise dead-reckoning calculations, advanced weather
monitoring, and accurate water-depth sensing.
Customers can choose from the barometer or waterproof pressure
sensor families, depending on the targeted application and external
conditions.

Proximity Sensors:

ST has introduced a new generation of high-performance proximity

and ranging sensors, based on FlightSense™ Time-of-Flight (ToF)
technology.
FlightSense™ products are packaged in “all-in-one” miniature module
which contain the laser driver and emitter as well as the Single Photon
Avalanche Diode (SPAD) light receiver that gives ST’s sensors
their unrivaled ranging speed and reliability.

Temperature sensor:

ST’s temperature sensor portfolio includes both analog and digital

temperature sensor ICs. Both types are suitable for a wide range of
applications including industrial, consumer, portable, medical, home
appliances and computer market segments, thanks to their
high accuracy and low-power consumption.

The analog temperature sensors feature low power consumption, good

linearity, and accuracy as high as ± 0.5 ºC flat across the whole
temperature operating range as wide as –55 to +130 °C and up to 200
°C (non-continuous).

The digital temperature sensors feature low power consumption as low

as 20 µA with up to 12-bit resolution able to digitize temperatures to a
resolution up to 0.0625 °C to ensure high accuracy flat across the whole
operating range as wide as –55 to +125 °C.

The T-Plus MEMS sensor:

ST’s high-performance temperature sensor technology merges with

a unique portfolio of motion and environmental detectors delivering
new integrated solutions. The T-Plus MEMS sensor family supports
the new demanding requirements for an extended temperature
operating range coming from innovative applications from wearables,
handhelds and IoT devices to health and industrial applications.
First Sensor [6]

Headquartered in Germany, First Sensor is one of the world's leading

suppliers in the field of sensor systems with annual revenue of EUR
155.1 million. Both standardized and tailor-made sensor solutions are
developed and manufactured by First Sensor for applications in the
Medical, Industrial, and Mobility growth markets. For the detection of
radiation, light, pressure, flow, level, and acceleration, high-quality,
customer-specific sensor solutions are developed and manufactured by
First Sensor. Some of the sensor products produced by First Sensor are
-

▪ optical
 ▪ radiation
▪ pressure
▪ level
▪ flow
▪ inertial sensors
▪ cameras
▪ power semiconductors
▪ IMS
▪ Systems for ADAS

NXP Semiconductors [7]

NXP Semiconductors reported annual revenue of US$9.41 billion in

2018. Headquartered in Eindhoven, Netherlands, NXP Semiconductors
is the leading semiconductor supplier for the automotive, secure
identification, and digital networking industries. Based on the
identification, security, networking, automotive, analog signal,
radiofrequency, and power management expertise, NXP
Semiconductors provides mixed signals and standard products. NXP
specializes in products for the automotive, wired and wireless
infrastructure, identification, industrial, consumer, and lightning,
mobile and computing applications. Types of products produced by
NXP Semiconductors are -
 ▪ Audio
▪ Interfaces
▪ Peripherals and logic
▪ Power Management
▪ Industrial Sensors
▪ RF
▪ RFID/NFC
▪ Security and Authentication'
▪ Wireless Connectivity

Accelerometers:
Pressure Sensors:

Magnetic Sensors:
I2C Digital Temperature Sensors:

Bosch Sensortec [8][9]

Bosch with annual revenue of EUR 78.5 billion. Bosch Sensortec is

headquartered in Germany. The company develops and markets a broad
portfolio of MEMS sensors and solutions for applications in
smartphones, AR/VR devices, tablets, smart homes, wearables, drones,
robots, and the Internet of Things. The product portfolio includes
motion sensors such as -

▪ Gyroscopes
▪ Magnetometers
▪ 3-axis accelerometers
▪ Integrated 6- and 9-axis sensors
▪ Smart and also environmental sensors for measuring barometric
pressure, humidity, temperature, and gases.

A comprehensive variety of software and tools and optical

microsystems are also offered by Bosch Sensortec.

Accelerometers:

Bosch Sensortec has specifically designed the 3-axis accelerometer

family for low-power applications optimized for devices such as
smartphones and wearables. Accelerometers measure the change of
linear motion by applying the sensing principle of capacitive detection.
All accelerometers are available in small and thin LGA packages. The
interrupt feature of the sensors offers an additional special advantage
for mobile applications such as a battery saving mode or free-fall
detection. The sensing principle of all MEMS sensors in this category
is capacitive detection.
Gyroscope:

The BMG250 is an ultra-small, digital 3-axis gyroscope sensor.

BMG250 provides a precise low-noise angular rate (gyroscopic)
measurement at market leading low power consumption. The BMG250
is optimized for image stabilization duties in parallel to standard user
interface applications. The BMG250 has been designed for low power,
high precision multi-axis UI applications parallel to optical or
electronic image stabilization (OIS & EIS) for special use cases in
mobile phones, tablets, camera modules and head-mounted devices.

Magnetometer:

The low-power, low-noise BMM150 is a 3-axis digital geomagnetic

sensor that perfectly matches the requirements of compass applications.
By means of sensor data fusion software tailored to the hardware, the
BMM150 provides absolute spatial orientation and motion vectors with
high accuracy and dynamics. The BMM150 is also especially suited for
supporting drones in accurate heading. The BMM150 can be used
together with an inertial measurement unit consisting of a 3-axis
accelerometer and a 3-axis gyroscope such as Bosch Sensortec’s
BMI055.
A powerful combination: IMUs

Bosch Sensortec optimizes its IMUs (Inertial Measurement Units) for

advanced smartphones, wearables, AR and VR, drones, gaming and
robots applications. They are designed to provide maximum flexibility
to customers.

Environmental sensors :

➢ Pressure sensors
➢ Humidity sensors
➢ Gas sensors

Smart sensor systems:

➢ Sensor nodes
➢ Programmable sensor systems
➢ AI sensor systems
Optical microsystems:

The Bosch Smartglasses Light Drive provides a complete, ready-to-use

solution for smaller, lighter, more stylish smartglasses. The solution is
also compatible with curved and corrective lenses. This all-in-one
smartglasses system delivers a highly intuitive user experience as a
convenient display extension, providing an alternative to smartphone
or smartwatch screen checking.

Acoustic microsystems:

MEMS microspeakers:

The Bosch Sensortec MEMS microspeakers provide a small, energy-

efficient and easily scalable solution for wireless earphones and
hearables and guarantees the best sound. Thanks to the patented and
exclusively licensed Nanoscopic Electrostatic Drive (NED) technology
of Fraunhofer IPMS, the sound is not generated with a membrane, but
inside a silicon chip.
Texas Instruments [10]
Headquartered in Dallas, Texas, Texas Instruments (TI), reported
annual revenue of US$14.961 billion. Texas Instruments focuses on
developing analog chips and embedded processors. TI's breakthroughs
in analog and embedded processing semiconductors help companies
produce innovative, differentiated applications. The company's
technologies are at work in every type of electronic system in markets
that include:

▪ Industrial
▪ Automotive
▪ Personal Electronics
▪ Communication Equipment
▪ Enterprise Systems

TI designs, manufactures, tests and sells semiconductors. From robots

to refrigerators, from drones to door locks, the company's products
include -

▪ Analog
▪ Embedded Processing
▪ DLP Technology
▪ Education Technology

Humidity sensors:

Optimize efficiency and extend system lifetime with humidity sensors

Magnetic sensors:

Low-power, highly reliable, cost-optimized solutions for magnetic

position and current sensing

➢ Hall-effect current sensors

➢ Linear Hall-effect sensors

➢ Hall-effect latches & switches

➢ Multi-axis linear & angle position sensors

mmWave radar sensors:

Making mmWave radar attainable for new and existing industrial and
automotive applications with our broad portfolio of 60- and 77-GHz
devices

➢ Automotive mmWave radar sensors

➢ Industrial mmWave radar sensors

Specialty sensors:
Specialty sensors to solve unique system design challenges

➢ Ambient light sensors

➢ Inductive sensor AFEs

➢ Time of flight (ToF) sensors

➢ Ultrasonic sensor AFEs

Temperature sensors:
Accurate temperature sensors for reliable monitoring and protection

➢ Analog temperature sensors

➢ Digital temperature sensors

➢ Temperature switches

➢ Thermistors
Honeywell International [10]

Honeywell International whose headquarters is in North Carolina,

United States reported annual revenue of US$41.802 billion.
Commercial and consumer products, engineering services, and
aerospace systems are offered by Honeywell.

The company's product range includes -

• fans, heaters, thermostats, ceiling fans

• air coolers and air conditioners, LED light bulbs & fixtures
• humidifiers, air purifiers, dehumidifiers, humidifier, and air
purifier filters, furnace HVAC filters, commercial air filters
• cameras, smart home, safes & door locks
• light switch timers, shredders, door chimes
• water alarms, security, and floodlights, portable and standby
generators
• RTS transfer switches, maintenance kits
• eye, hearing, head & face, fall, personal, respiratory protection
• electronic & media air cleaners, water coolers
• boots (work, women's, sports & outdoors, and kids)

Aero & Transportation Sensing:

Healthcare Sensing:

Sensors are taking over the medical industry. Rising healthcare costs
and an aging population are driving the need for advanced applications
in medical diagnosis and treatment.
Industrial Sensing:

From the factory floor to the furthest distribution center, Honeywell

sensors, switches, interfaces, and custom assemblies offer unmatched
value down the line — powerful solutions for any industrial need.
Logistics Sensing:

Honeywell Advanced Sensing Technologies offers complete solutions

for access control, retail, healthcare, transportation & logistics,
warehouse & distribution and hospitality.

TE Connectivity [12]

Their technologies enable measurement capabilities such as pressure,

temperature, position, vibration, photonics, force, and humidity.
TE Connectivity offers an unmatched portfolio of intelligent and
efficient sensors across patient monitoring and treatment and industrial
automation applications. Browse from our portfolio to find the suitable
sensor to create a safer, more productive, and reliable future together.
Reference:

[1] Handbook of modern sensors Fifth Edition – Jacob

Fraden.
[2] https://www.electronicshub.org/different-types-sensors/.
[3] https://www.plantautomation-technology.com/articles/top-
10-global-manufacturers-and-suppliers-of-industrial-sensors.
[4] https://www.rockwellautomation.com/en-us/sales/partner-
locator.html.
[5] https://www.st.com/en/mems-and-
sensors/accelerometers.html#.
[6] https://www.nxp.com/.
[7] https://www.first-sensor.com/
[8]https://in.rsdelivers.com/productlist/search?query=Bosch%
20Sensortec&familyId=9114.
[9] https://www.bosch-sensortec.com/products/.
[10] https://www.ti.com/sensors/products.html.
[11] https://www.honeywell.com/us/en.
[12] https://www.te.com/usa-en/products/sensors.html.