OLYMPIAD CHALLENGER

Carbon and Its Compounds

One Shot Lecture

By: SUNIL BHAIYA

1. Facts About Carbon

2. Introduction to Covalent Bond

3. Properties of Covalent Compound

4. Versatile Nature of Carbon

5. Introduction to Saturated and Unsaturated

Hydrocarbons
6. Functional Group, IUPAC Nomenclature and
Homologous Series
7. Isomers 8. Chemical Properties of Carbon

9. Important Carbon Compounds – Ethanol and

Ethanoic Acid
10. Esterification, Saponification and Soap Action
 Marks Matrix

Types of Question Marks

MCQ 1*1 = 1
Long Answer Question 1*5 = 5
Total Marks 6
Facts About Carbon
Facts about Carbon

(i) Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in

the earth’s crust.

(ii) Earth’s crust has .02% carbon in form of

minerals like carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, coal
and petroleum.

(iii) Carbon is present in atmosphere primarily in the

form of carbon dioxide. Its concentration is 0.03%.

(iv) The shells of aquatic animals are made from

calcium carbonate.
Introduction to
Covalent Bond
Concept of Covalency
 Covalency
Element Atomic or Number of Element Atomic or Number of
proton number electrons proton number electrons
Hydrogen 1 1 Hydrogen 1 1
 Covalency
Element Atomic or Number of Element Atomic or Number of
proton number electrons proton number electrons
Oxygen 8 8 Oxygen 8 8
 Covalency
Element Atomic or Number of Element Atomic or Number of
proton number electrons proton number electrons
Nitrogen 7 7 Nitrogen 7 7
 Give a Thought

- Due to small size of carbon, 6

Why carbon cannot gain 4 protons can’t hold 10 electrons.
electrons? - Repulsion between electrons
increases.

- Not energetically feasible.

- C4+ is unstable as it has six protons Why carbon cannot lose 4 electrons?
in its nucleus holding on to just two
electrons.
Yes or No

A carbon atom can share all its 4 electrons with other carbon
atom to become stable!
Properties of Covalent
Compounds
 Made From Molecules

Physical State Solid, Liquid and Gas

Electrical Poor conductors of

Conductivity electricity

Solubility Generally soluble in organic

solvents and insoluble in
water.
Exceptions: Sugar in water
Melting and Boiling Point Low

Is the covalent bond a weaker bond?

Versatile Nature of
Carbon
Versatile Nature of C

(i) Each –C atom shares 4 electrons to attain stable

noble gas configuration. It shows tetravalency
and –C atom is tetravalent.

(ii) Carbon atom links with another carbon atoms to

form long, branched and closed carbon rings. This
self-linking property is known as catenation.

(iii) Carbon has a tendency to form multiple bonds

like single, double and triple with different
elements.
Give a Thought

Why carbon shows catenation to the maximum extent?

Carbon shows catenation to the maximum extent

because of its small size. This enables the nucleus to
hold on to the shared pairs of electrons strongly. The
bonds formed by elements having bigger atoms are
much weaker.
Introduction to
Saturated and
Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons
 Introduction to Saturated and
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
Alkane Alkene Alkyne

General formula
(Defined for one double
and triple bond in a
hydrocarbon)
Covalent bond between
–C atoms

Type of hydrocarbon

Suffix added
What is Saturated and Unsaturated?

Saturated Hydrocarbon: Carbon atoms are saturated with

maximum number of hydrogen atoms due to which no
multiple bonds (double/triple) are present between
carbon atoms.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: Carbon atoms are not
saturated with maximum number of hydrogen atoms due
to which multiple bonds (double/triple) are present
between carbon atoms.
 Root Word + Suffix

The first member of alkene and

alkyne family is ethene and ethyne
because minimum 2 C atoms are
required for a double/triple covalent
bond.
 Trick to Calculate Covalent Bonds

Alkanes

Alkenes

Alkynes
 Straight Chain Hydrocarbons

In straight chains of hydrocarbons, carbon is attached to either one

or two other C atoms.
 Branch Chain Hydrocarbons

In branched chain hydrocarbons, carbon is attached to either one,

two or more than two other C atoms.
 Cyclic Chain Hydrocarbons

Saturated Cylic Carbon Unsaturated Cylic Carbon

Compounds Compounds

General Formula
 Structure of Cyclic Chain Hydrocarbons
Cyclopropane Polygon
Formula

Cyclopropene

Cyclopropyne
Structure of Sulphur (S8)
Structure of Benzene
Ab Yeh Batao!

Is there any difference between benzene and cyclohexene?

 Functional Group,
IUPAC Nomenclature
and Homologous Series
 Heteroatom/Functional Group

Hydrogen atom/atoms can be replaced by any other elements like Cl, S, N,

O and provides completely different properties.
Heteroatom/Functional Group

Prefix/Suffix
IUPAC Nomenclature of Basic Organic
Compounds
 Homologous Series

Is there any common difference between the successive members of the

same family?
Homologous Series
Isomers
The phenomena of having two or more different structures having
different properties but same molecular formula is known as
isomerism.

Isomers

Constitutional Stereo
(Structural) (Spatial)

Chain

Position
 Chain Isomers

Molecular Formula

Functional Group

Main Chain -C atoms

 Chain Isomers

Molecular Formula

Functional Group

Main Chain -C atoms

 Position Isomers

Molecular Formula

Functional Group

Main Chain -C atoms

Position of
Functional Group
Chemical Properties of
Carbon
 Oxidation Reaction

Oxidation is a process in which oxygen is added and hydrogen is

removed.
In other words, the substance that is oxidised has loss of electrons.

Oxidant/Oxidising Agent
 Oxidation Reaction

There are some oxidising agents which are used with organic
compounds like:
Acidified K2Cr2O7
Alkaline KMnO4

Why these mediums?

 Oxidation Reaction

When alcohols are heated in the presence of oxidizing agents like

acidified K2Cr2O7 or alkaline KMnO4 they are converted to
carboxylic acids.
Give a Thought

Is this correct to say burning of wood or combustion of wood?

Give a Thought

Is this correct to say burning of charcoal?

 Combustion Reaction

Combustion is a chemical reaction in which a substance reacts

with oxygen to produce heat and light energy along with different
products.

On the Basis of Type of Light Energy

Flame Burning Smouldering Glow

Substance converts Flameless form

into vapours of combustion
Combustion Reaction
Combustion Reaction

Types of flames – On the basis of

amount of light produced
Addition Reaction

When an unsaturated hydrocarbon combines with (hydrogen,

bromine, etc.) to give a single product in the presence of a
catalyst.
Addition Reaction

When vegetable oil is heated in the presence of hydrogen and

catalysts like Ni/Pd/Pt at 473 K then vanaspati ghee is formed.
Substitution Reaction

One atom or group of atoms is displaced by another atom or

group of atoms without any change in the rest of the molecule.

Alkanes are also known as __________.

Substitution Reaction
 Important Carbon
Compounds – Ethanol
and Ethanoic Acid
 Physical Properties of Ethanol and
Ethanoic Acid

Physical Property Ethanol Ethanoic Acid

Physical State, M.P. and Liquid, -114 ° C and 78 ° C Liquid, 17 ° C and 118 ° C
B.P.
Smell and Taste Sweet smell and burning taste Pungent smell and sour
taste
Solubility in Water Miscible in water in all Miscible in water in all
proportions proportions
Some Important Terminologies
of Ethanol

__ ethanol + __ water __ ethanol

Ethanol + Blue dye +

Methanol/Pyridine/Copper
sulphate
 Reaction with Na
Reaction with O2

Chemical Properties of Ethanol

Conc. Sulphuric
Acidified K2Cr2O7
acid, 443 K
Alkaline KMnO4
Uses of Ethanol
Glacial Acetic Acid

When acetic acid is cooled below 17 degree

Celsius, it forms glacier-like crystals and
hence known as glacial acetic acid.
Acetic acid turns red litmus to blue or blue litmus to
red?!
Chemical Properties of
Ethanoic Acid
Uses of Ethanoic Acid
 Esterification,
Saponification and Soap
Action
Esterification Reaction
Esterification Reaction
Esterification Reaction
Esterification Reaction
 Acidic Hydrolysis of Ester/
Reverse of Esterification Reaction
Alkaline Hydrolysis of Ester/
Saponification Reaction
Cleansing Agents
Structure of a Soap Molecule
Structure of a Soap Molecule
Cleansing Action of Soap
How Cluster Maintains it Structure?
 Advantages of Detergent Over Soap

(a) Soaps do not work well with hard water.

(b) Detergents can be used in acidic medium

but soaps cannot be.
 Advantages of Detergent Over Soap

(a) Soaps are 100% biodegradable while detergents are not.