AM WIs ang

Answers to selected exercises from Lecture 1

1 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑝 > 0 ∞⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑞 > 1

1⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑝 = 0⁡⁡ 𝑛
lim⁡ ={ lim 𝑞 = { 1⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑞 = 1 ⁡⁡
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑝 𝑛→∞
∞⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑝 < 0 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡|𝑞| < 1
𝑛
𝑎 > 0,⁡⁡⁡ lim √𝑎 = 1 lim 𝑛√𝑛 = 1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
𝐴 𝑎𝑛
lim (1 + ) = 𝑒𝐴
𝑎𝑛 →∞ 𝑎𝑛

0 
, ,  − , 0  , 1 , 0 0 ,  0
0 
1 1 1 
= 0, + = , − = −, (0+ ) = 0, + = , −  = 0
 0 0 0

0. Write out the indicated terms of the sequences

2 2 2𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1
𝑎)⁡𝑎2 = = ;⁡⁡𝑎2𝑛+1 = = =
2∙2+3 7 2(2𝑛 + 1) + 3 4𝑛 + 2 + 3 4𝑛 + 5

√22 + 2 + 1 √6 + 1 √(2𝑛)2 + 2𝑛 + 1 √4𝑛2 + 2𝑛 + 1

𝑏)⁡𝑎2 = = ⁡⁡ ;⁡⁡𝑎2𝑛 = =
2∙2 2∙2 2(2𝑛) 4𝑛

𝑐)⁡𝑎3 = 𝑎2+1 = (2 + 10)! = 12!⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎(𝑚−1)+1 = (𝑚 − 1 + 10)! = (𝑚 + 9)!

𝑛+2
𝑑)⁡𝑎𝑘−1 = (𝑘 + 1)𝑘 ⁡;⁡𝑎4 = 𝑎5−1 (5 + 1)5 = 65 ;⁡⁡⁡𝑎1+𝑛⁡ = 𝑎(𝑛+2)−1 = ((𝑛 + 2) + 1)
= (𝑛 + 3)𝑛+2 .
22𝑛+2 22(𝑛−1)+2 22𝑛 24𝑛
𝑔)⁡𝑎𝑛+1 = ⁡;⁡⁡⁡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎(𝑛−1)+1 = = ⁡, 𝑎2𝑛 =
𝑛+2 (𝑛 − 1) + 2 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1

𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏) (𝒏 − 𝟐)(𝒏 − 𝟑) (𝒏 − 𝟑)(𝒏 − 𝟒)

𝒉)⁡⁡𝒂𝒏+𝟐 = ;⁡⁡𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂(𝒏−𝟐)+𝟐 = ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡, ⁡⁡𝒂𝒏−𝟏 = .
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟐

1. Find the limits

(√𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 𝑛) ′ ′ ⁡1
𝑏)⁡ lim | 𝑛 𝑡𝑜⁡𝑡ℎ𝑒⁡⁡ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡⁡⁡𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛⁡𝑡ℎ𝑒⁡𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟⁡𝑖𝑠⁡𝑛 2 ⁡|
𝑛→∞ (√𝑛 + 1 + 1)

⁡√𝑛⁡⁡⁡(√𝑛 + 1 + √𝑛)
= lim =∞
𝑛→∞ 1 1
√𝑛⁡⁡⁡(√1 + 𝑛 + )
√𝑛

1
 𝑛−1 𝜋 𝑛−1
𝑐)⁡ lim arcsin ( ) = arcsin 1 = ⁡⁡⁡⁡because⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ lim =1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1 2 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 1
𝜋
arctan 𝑛! arctan ∞
𝑑)⁡ lim ⁡[ = 2]=0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 1 ∞ ∞

(
e) lim k + 1 − k − 1 = lim ) ( )(
k +1 − k −1 k +1 + k −1 )
= lim
k + 1 − (k − 1)
=
k → k → (k +1 + k −1 ) k → (
k +1 + k −1 )
k +1− k +1 2
= lim = lim = 0 , the denominator tends to ∞,
k →
( )
k + 1 + k − 1 k → ( k +1 + k −1 )
3𝑛 3𝑛(√𝑛2 − 𝑛 + √𝑛2 + 𝑛)
𝑓)⁡ lim = lim =
𝑛→∞ √𝑛2 − 𝑛 − √𝑛2 + 𝑛 𝑛→∞ (√𝑛2 − 𝑛 − √𝑛2 + 𝑛)(√𝑛2 − 𝑛 + √𝑛2 + 𝑛)

3𝑛(√𝑛2 − 𝑛 + √𝑛2 + 𝑛) 3𝑛(√𝑛2 − 𝑛 + √𝑛2 + 𝑛)

lim = lim =−∞
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2 − 𝑛 − 𝑛2 − 𝑛 𝑛→∞ −2𝑛
6𝑘 5𝑘
𝐢)⁡ lim (7𝑘 − 6𝑘 − 5𝑘 ) = lim 7𝑘 (1 − 𝑘 − 𝑘 ) = ∞
𝑘→∞ 𝑘→∞ 7 7

4 5
2𝑛4 − 2𝑛 + 1
𝐣)⁡⁡ lim ln(2𝑛 − 2𝑛 + 1) − ln(𝑛 − 2𝑛 + 1) = lim ln 5
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 − 2𝑛 + 1
4
2𝑛 − 2𝑛 + 1
= ln (⁡ lim 5 ⁡)⁡[ln 0] = −∞
n→∞ 𝑛 − 2𝑛 + 1

2. Find the limits of the following sequences

8
3 ∙ 23𝑛−2 − 8 3 ∙ 8𝑛 ∙ 14 − 8 8𝑛 (3 ∙ 14 − 8𝑛 ) 3
𝑎) lim 𝑛+1 = lim 𝑛 = lim =
𝑛→∞ 8 + 16 𝑛→∞ 8 ∙ 8 + 16 𝑛→∞ 16 32
8𝑛 ⁡(8 + 8𝑛 )
1
(𝑛4 + 4)𝑛! + (𝑛 − 1)! 𝑛! [(𝑛4 + 4) + ]
𝑐) lim = lim 𝑛 =∞
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 ∙ (𝑛 + 1)! 𝑛→∞ 𝑛! ∙ 𝑛 ∙ (𝑛 + 1)

3. Use the Squeeze Principle to find the limits lim 𝑎𝑛 :

𝑛→∞

Squeeze Principle
Assume that for some⁡𝑛 > 𝑛0 with 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑏𝑛 ≤ 𝑐𝑛 and lim 𝑎𝑛 = lim 𝑐𝑛 = 𝑞 :
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
then: ⁡ lim 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑞.
𝑛→∞

𝒏
√4𝑛 +5𝑛 ⁡
⁡𝑎)⁡⁡ lim 𝒏 ⁡⁡⁡⁡numerator⁡and⁡denominator⁡separately⁡⁡⁡
𝑛→∞ √6𝑛 +7𝑛
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏.⁡⁡⁡ √5𝑛 ≤ √4𝑛 + 5𝑛 ≤ √5𝑛 + 5𝑛 = √2 ∙ 5𝑛 → 5
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟐.⁡⁡⁡ √7𝑛 ≤ √6𝑛 + 7𝑛 ≤ √7𝑛 + 7𝑛 = √2 ∙ 7𝑛 → 7

2
 𝒏
√4𝑛 + 5𝑛 5
lim =
𝑛→∞ 𝒏√6𝑛 + 7𝑛 7
𝒏 𝒏
b) lim √5𝑛+2 + 23𝑛−1 + 3𝑛+2 = lim √52 5𝑛 + 2−1 8𝑛 + 32 3𝑛 :
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

right inequality:
𝒏 𝒏 𝑛
√52 5𝑛 + 2−1 8𝑛 + 32 3𝑛 ≤ √52 8𝑛 + 2−1 8𝑛 + 32 8𝑛 ≤ 𝒏√8𝑛 (52 + 1 + 32 ) = 8⁡ √35 → ⁡8
𝑛⁡→⁡∞

left inequality:
𝑛 𝒏 𝒏
8← ⁡ 8⁡ √2−1 = √2−1 8𝑛 ≤ √52 5𝑛 + 2−1 8𝑛 + 32 3𝑛
𝑛⁡→∞

𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
𝑘 𝑘
𝑐)⁡ lim √𝑘 2 + 𝑘 :⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡1⁡⁡ ← ⁡ √𝑘 2 ⁡ ≤ ⁡⁡ √𝑘 2 + 𝑘 ⁡ ≤ √𝑘 2 + 𝑘 2 = √2 √𝑘 2 → ⁡1
𝑘→∞ 𝑘⁡→∞ 𝑘⁡→⁡∞

𝑛 𝑛
𝑑)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ lim √4𝑛 + 5 ⋅ 32𝑛 + 2𝑛+1 = lim √4𝑛 + 5 ⋅ 9𝑛 + 2 ⋅ 2𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
9 = √9𝑛 ≤ √4𝑛 + 5 ⋅ 9𝑛 + 2 ⋅ 2𝑛 ≤ ⁡ √9𝑛 + 5 ⋅ 9𝑛 + 2 ⋅ 9𝑛 = √8 ⋅ 9𝑛 → 9

𝑘 sin(𝑘!) 𝑘 ⋅ (−1) 𝑘 sin(𝑘!) 𝑘⋅1

𝑒)⁡ lim ⁡ 2 : ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡0⁡⁡ ← ⁡ 2 ⁡ ≤ ⁡⁡ 2 ⁡≤⁡ 2 ⁡→ ⁡0
𝑘→∞ 𝑘 + 1 𝑘⁡→∞ 𝑘 + 1 𝑘 +1 𝑘 + 1 𝑘⁡→⁡∞

4𝑛 + (−1)𝑛 ⁡2𝑛 1 4𝑛 − ⁡ 2𝑛 4𝑛 + (−1)𝑛 ⁡2𝑛 4𝑛 + ⁡ 2𝑛 1

𝑓)⁡ lim ⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ⁡⁡ ← ⁡ ⁡ ≤ ⁡ ⁡ ≤ ⁡ ⁡ → ⁡
𝑛→∞ 3 ⋅ 4𝑛 + 1 3 𝑛⁡→∞ 3 ⋅ 4𝑛 + 1 3 ⋅ 4𝑛 + 1 3 ⋅ 4𝑛 + 1 𝑛⁡→⁡∞ 3

2𝑛2 + sin(𝑛!) 2 2𝑛2 − 1 2𝑛2 + sin(𝑛!)⁡ 2𝑛2 + 1 2

𝑔)⁡ lim ⁡ 2 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ⁡⁡ ← ⁡ 2 ⁡≤⁡ 2 ⁡≤⁡ 2 ⁡→ ⁡
𝑛→∞ 3𝑛 − 4 cos(𝑛!) 3 𝑛⁡→∞ 3𝑛 + 4 3𝑛 − 4 cos(𝑛!) 3𝑛 − 4 𝑛⁡→⁡∞ 3

5𝑛 + (−2)𝑛 5𝑛 − 2𝑛 5𝑛 + (−2)𝑛 5𝑛 + 2𝑛
ℎ)⁡⁡ lim ; ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡∞⁡ ← ≤ ≤ ⁡⁡ ⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡∞⁡
𝑛→∞ 3𝑛 + 4 𝑛→∞ 3𝑛 + 4 3𝑛 + 4 3𝑛 + 4 𝑛→⁡∞

𝑛 sin(𝑛2 ) − 𝑛3 −𝑛 − 𝑛3 𝑛 sin(𝑛2 ) − 𝑛3 𝑛 − 𝑛3
𝑖)⁡⁡ lim ;⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡−∞⁡ ← ≤ ≤ ⁡⁡ ⁡⁡ → ⁡ −∞⁡
𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 1 𝑛+1 𝑛 + 1 𝑛→⁡∞

𝑗)⁡ lim (𝑛2 + 2𝑛 cos 𝑛); ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡∞⁡ ← 𝑛2 − 2𝑛 ≤ 𝑛2 + 2𝑛 cos 𝑛 ≤ 𝑛2 + 2𝑛⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ → ⁡∞⁡

𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→⁡∞

𝑛+1
𝑘 ∗ )⁡⁡ lim √3𝑛 + 4𝑛+1 ⁡;⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑛→∞

𝑛+1
𝑛+11 𝑛+1
⁡⁡⁡4 = √4𝑛+1 ≤ √ ⋅ 3𝑛+1 + 4𝑛+1 ≤ √4𝑛+1 + 4𝑛+1 ⁡⁡ → ⁡4
3 𝑛→⁡∞

𝑛+1
𝑙 ∗ )⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ lim √2𝑛 + 3;⁡
𝑛→∞
𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1
1← √𝑛 + 1 ≤ √2𝑛 + 3 = √2𝑛 + 2 + 1 = √2(𝑛 + 1) + 1 ≤ √3(𝑛 + 1) ⁡ → ⁡1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→⁡∞

3
4. Find the limits (hint: the ‘e’ limit)
2𝑛 − 5 5𝑛
𝑎)⁡⁡ lim ( ) ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑⁡𝐼⁡
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛 + 7

5 5𝑛
5 5𝑛
5 5𝑛
2𝑛 (1 − 2𝑛) (1 − 2𝑛) lim (1 − 2𝑛)
= lim [ ] = lim [ ] = 𝑛→∞ =
𝑛→∞ 7 𝑛→∞ 7 7 5𝑛
2𝑛 (1 + 2𝑛) (1 + 2𝑛) lim (1 + 2𝑛)
𝑛→∞

−25
𝑒 2 −25 35
−
= 35 =𝑒 2 2 = 𝑒 −30
𝑒2

3𝑛 + 2 3𝑛+1
𝑏)⁡⁡ lim ( ) ⁡⁡𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑⁡𝐼𝐼⁡
𝑛→∞ 3𝑛 − 3

3𝑛 + 2 3𝑛+1 3𝑛 − 3 + 5 3𝑛+1 5
lim ( ) = lim ( ) = lim (1 + )3𝑛+1 =
𝑛→∞ 3𝑛 − 3 𝑛→∞ 3𝑛 − 3 𝑛→∞ 3𝑛 − 3
3𝑛+1 3𝑛+1
(3𝑛−3)⁡⋅ 3𝑛−3 3𝑛−3
5 3𝑛−3 5
= lim (1 + ) = lim ⁡((1 + ) ) = (𝑒 5 )1 = 𝑒 5 .
𝑛→∞ 3𝑛 − 3 𝑛→∞ 3𝑛 − 3

3𝑛 + 1
note⁡that:⁡⁡ lim =1
𝑛→∞ 3𝑛 − 3

3𝑛2 +2𝑛−3 3𝑛2 +2𝑛−3 3𝑛 2 +2𝑛−3

3𝑛2 + 2 3𝑛2 − 3 + 5 5
𝑐)⁡ lim ( 2 ) = lim ( ) = lim (1 + 2 ) =
𝑛→∞ 3𝑛 − 3 𝑛→∞ 3𝑛2 − 3 𝑛→∞ 3𝑛 − 3

3𝑛2 +2𝑛−3
3𝑛2 −3 3𝑛2 −3
5 3𝑛2 + 2𝑛 − 3
lim [(1 + 2
) ] = 𝑒 5 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡since⁡⁡⁡⁡ lim =1
𝑛→∞ 3𝑛 − 3 𝑛→∞ 3𝑛2 − 3
𝑛+1 1 1 𝑛
e)* lim 𝑛[ln(𝑛 + 1) − ln 𝑛] = lim ⁡𝑛 ln = lim ⁡𝑛 ln(1 + 𝑛) = lim ln ⁡(1 + 𝑛) = ln 𝑒 = 1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
𝑛2 +𝑛
𝑛3
∙3𝑛
𝑛3
∗ 1 1 3𝑛 𝑛2 +𝑛 𝑛2 +𝑛
𝑓) ⁡⁡ lim (1 + 𝑛 + 𝑛2 ) = lim [(1 + ) ] = 𝑒3
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛3

1 𝑛 1
𝑔)∗ ⁡ lim (0.99 + 𝑛) = 0⁡⁡⁡𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒:⁡ lim (0.99 + 𝑛) = 0,99⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡and⁡⁡ lim ⁡(0.99)𝑛 = 0.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞