Calculus WIs

Answers to selected exercises from 03_HW

1. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, lim 𝑔(𝑥) = ∞, what, if anything, can be said about
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

0 ∞
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒: , , ∞ − ∞, 0 ⋅ ∞, 1∞ , 00 , ∞0 .
0 ∞

1 1 1
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒. 𝑔. ∶ = 0, +
= +∞, = −∞,
∞ 0 0−
∞
(0+ )∞ = 0, = ∞, ∞−∞ = 0
0+

𝑎) lim [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] [0 + ∞] = ∞

𝑥→𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) 0 1
𝑏) lim [ ] = [0 ⋅ ] = [ 0 ∙ 0 ] = 0
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) ∞ ∞
𝑐) lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) [ (0+ )∞ ] = 0
𝑥→𝑎
1 ∞ 1 1
because the right-hand limit (0+ )∞ = (∞) = ∞∞ = ∞ = 0 or

+ ∞ +
(0+ )∞ = 𝑒 ln (0 ) = 𝑒 ∞∙ln 0 = 𝑒 ∞∙(−∞) = 0. The left-hand limit 0− is not taken into account
as it is not in the natural domain of 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) .
𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑑) lim (2 + 𝑓(𝑥)) [ (2 + 0)∞ = 2∞ ] = ∞
𝑥→𝑎

𝑒) lim 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) [ 0 ∙ ∞] indeterminate 𝑓) lim 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) [ ∞0 ] indeterminate,

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
1 1 1 1 1 1
ℎ) lim [ ]=0 𝑖) lim [ ] does not exist: = ∞, = −∞
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) ∞ 𝑥→𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 0 0+ 0−
𝑓(𝑥)
i) 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 and lim 𝑥−3 = 𝑎, 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅. Find 𝑓(3).
𝑥→3
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
ans. It is only possible if 𝑓(3) = 0. If 𝑓(3) ≠ 0, then lim =[ ] ∉ 𝑅.
𝑥→3 𝑥−3 0
𝑓(𝑥)−4
j) lim = 3, then lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 7.
𝑥→3 𝑥−2 𝑥→3

2. Calculate the limits at infinity

𝑎) lim (𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 3)
𝑥→∞

2 3
lim (𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 3)[∞ − ∞] = lim 𝑥 3 (1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 )= lim 𝑥 3 (1 − 0 + 0) = ∞
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞

𝑏) lim (𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 3)
𝑥→−∞

lim (𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 3)[∞ + ∞ + 3] = ∞
𝑥→−∞

1
𝑐) lim (𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 1)
𝑥→−∞
1 2 1
lim (𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 1) = lim 𝑥 5 (1 +
− 2 + 5) = − ∞
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
√ 2
𝑔) lim ( 𝑥 + 𝑥) [∞ − ∞] = lim (−𝑥 + 𝑥) = 0
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→∞

3 1
ℎ) lim (√𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥) = lim |𝑥| (√1 + + − 1) [∞ ⋅ 0] = 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠𝑛′ 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ? ? ?
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥2

(√𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥)(√𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥)
lim (√𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥) [∞ − ∞] = lim =
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ (√𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥)
1
(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 2 ) (3𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 (3 + 𝑥 ) 3
lim = lim = lim =
𝑥→∞ (√𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥) 𝑥→∞ (√𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥) 𝑥→∞ 3 1 2
𝑥 (√1 + 𝑥 + 2 + 1)
𝑥
𝑖) lim (√𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 + 𝑥)
𝑥→−∞
To factor out a negative '-x' remember that '−𝑥 = √𝑥 2 '

(√𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 + 𝑥)(√𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 − 𝑥)
lim (√𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 + 𝑥) [∞ − ∞] = lim =
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞ (√𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 − 𝑥)
5
(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 − 𝑥 2 ) (4𝑥 + 5) 𝑥 (4 + 𝑥 )
lim = lim = lim
𝑥→−∞ (√𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 − 𝑥) 𝑥→−∞ (√𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 − 𝑥) 𝑥→−∞ 4 5
−𝑥 (√1 + 𝑥 + 2 + 1)
𝑥
5
(4 + 𝑥) 4
= lim =− = −2
𝑥→−∞ 4 5 1+1
− (√1 + 𝑥 + 2 + 1)
𝑥

3. The “e limit”:

2𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 ∞ 2𝑥 + 5 − 6 3𝑥 −6 3𝑥
𝑎) lim ( ) [1 ] = lim [ ] = lim [1 + ]
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 + 5
3𝑥
−6 (2𝑥+5) 2𝑥+5 3
= lim [1 + ] = 𝑒 −6⋅ 2 = 𝑒 −9
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 + 5

4. The "multiply by conjugate limit"

𝑥 0 𝑥(√𝑥 2 + 9 + 3) 𝑥(√𝑥 2 + 9 + 3)
𝑎) lim [ ] = lim = lim =
𝑥→0+ √𝑥 2 + 9 − 3 0 𝑥→0+ (√𝑥 2 + 9 − 3)(√𝑥 2 + 9 + 3) 𝑥→0+ 𝑥2 + 9 − 9

𝑥(√𝑥 2 + 9 + 3) (√𝑥 2 + 9 + 3) 6
lim = lim [ +] = ∞
𝑥→0+ 𝑥2 𝑥→0+ 𝑥 0

2
 0𝑥 𝑥(√𝑥 2 + 9 + 3) 𝑥(√𝑥 2 + 9 + 3)
𝑏) lim [ ] = lim = lim =
𝑥→0− √𝑥 2 + 9 − 3 0 𝑥→0− (√𝑥 2 + 9 − 3)(√𝑥 2 + 9 + 3) 𝑥→0− 𝑥2 + 9 − 9

𝑥(√𝑥 2 + 9 + 3) 0 (√𝑥 2 + 9 + 3) 6
lim− [ ] = lim [ − ] = −∞
𝑥→0 𝑥2 0 𝑥→0− 𝑥 0

√𝑥 − 5 0 √𝑥 − 5 1
𝑑) lim [ ] = lim =
𝑥→25 𝑥 − 25 0 𝑥→25 (√𝑥 − 5)(√𝑥 + 5) 10

𝑥 + √𝑥
𝑒) lim+
𝑥→0 𝑥 − √𝑥

𝑥 + √𝑥 0 √𝑥 ⋅ (√𝑥 + 1)
lim+ [ ] = lim+ = −1
𝑥→0 𝑥 − √𝑥 0 𝑥→0 √𝑥 ⋅ (√𝑥 − 1)

5. Calculate the right- or left-hand limits:

2𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 3 − 6𝑥
𝑎) lim+
𝑥→0 𝑥5 + 𝑥2
6
2𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 0 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥) 1
lim [ ] = lim+ = −∞ [ = +∞]
𝑥→0+ 𝑥5 + 𝑥2 0 𝑥→0 𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 + 1) 0+

2𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 3 − 6𝑥
𝑏) lim−
𝑥→0 𝑥5 + 𝑥2
6
2𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 0 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥) 1
lim [ ] = lim− =∞ [ = −∞]
𝑥→0− 𝑥5 + 𝑥2 0 𝑥→0 𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 + 1) 0−

1
𝑐) lim+ 2𝑥
𝑥→0

1
lim+ 2𝑥 [2∞ ] = ∞
𝑥→0

1
𝑑) lim− 2𝑥
𝑥→0

1 1
lim− 2𝑥 [2−∞ = ]=0
𝑥→0 2∞

1
From c) and d) it can be concluded that the limit lim 2𝑥 does not exist.
𝑥→0

3
 1
𝑒) lim− 2𝑥−3 like d)
𝑥→3

1 1
lim− 2𝑥−3 [2−∞ = ]=0
𝑥→3 2∞

1 𝜋
𝑓) lim− arctan ( ) = arctan −∞ = − .
𝑥→0 𝑥 2

1 𝜋
𝑔) lim− arctan ( ) =
𝑥→0 𝑥2 2

6. The “sinx/x limit“:

sin 3𝑥 0 3 ∙ sin 3𝑥 3
𝑎) lim [ ] = lim =
𝑥→0 5𝑥 0 𝑥→0 5 ∙ 3𝑥 5

sin 2𝑥
𝑏) lim
sin 2𝑥 0
[ ] = lim 2𝑥 2𝑥 = 2
𝑥→0 sin 7𝑥 0 𝑥→0 sin 7𝑥 7
7𝑥 7𝑥
sin 7𝑥
tan 7𝑥 0 sin 7𝑥 cos 6𝑥 ⋅ 7𝑥 cos 6𝑥 7
𝑐) lim [ ] = lim ⋅ = lim 7𝑥 ⋅ =
𝑥→0 tan 6𝑥 0 𝑥→0 cos 7𝑥 sin 6𝑥 𝑥→0 cos 7𝑥 sin 6𝑥 6
6𝑥 ⋅ 6𝑥
(𝑥 − 5) 0 𝑡 = 3(𝑥 − 5) 𝑡 1
𝑑) lim [ ]=| | = lim =
𝑥→5 sin(3(𝑥 − 5)) 0 𝑡→0 𝑡→0 3 ∙ sin(𝑡) 3

sin[(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)]

sin(𝑥 2 − 4) 0 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) ∙
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑔) lim [ ] = lim =
𝑥→2 sin(𝑥 − 2) 0 𝑥→2 sin(𝑥 − 2)
(𝑥 − 2) ∙
(𝑥 − 2)

= lim (𝑥 + 2) = 4
𝑥→2

sin (2 sin 5𝑥) 0 𝑡 = sin 5𝑥 sin (2𝑡) 2

𝑖) lim [ ]=| | = lim ⋅ =2
𝑥→0 sin 5𝑥 0 𝑡→0 𝑡→0 2𝑡 1

7. Show that the following limit does not exist (hint: use two sequences or RH / LH limits):
|𝑥|
𝑎) lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑥
|𝑥| =1 𝑔𝑑𝑦 𝑥 > 0
𝑥
= {𝑥
𝑥 = −1 𝑔𝑑𝑦 𝑥 < 0
𝑥

4
 |𝑥|
lim+ = lim+ 1 = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0
|𝑥|
lim = lim+ −1 = −1
𝑥→0− 𝑥 𝑥→0

|𝑥|
The right- left-hand limits are not equal, so the limit lim does not exist.
𝑥→0 𝑥

1
𝑏) lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 − 1

1 1 1
lim+ = lim [ ] = +∞,
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑥→1+ (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 0+
𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑥 − 1 > 0 and 𝑥 + 1 > 0 for 𝑥 > 1.
1 1 1
lim− 2 = lim− [ − ] = −∞,
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥→1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 0
𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑥 − 1 < 0 and 𝑥 + 1 > 0 for 𝑥 < 1.
1
𝑒) lim 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥→0

Right- and left-hand limits

1 1
lim+ 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑒 0+ = 𝑒 +∞ ] = +∞,
𝑥→0

1 1 1
lim− 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑒 0− = 𝑒 −∞ = ] = 0,
𝑥→0 𝑒∞

Different one sided limits, no limit.

𝜋 1
𝑑) lim ( − arctan )
𝑥→0 2 𝑥
𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
lim+ ( − arctan ) [ − arctan ( ∞)] = − = 0
𝑥→0 2 𝑥 2 2 2

𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
lim− ( − arctan ) [ − arctan(−∞)] = + = 𝜋
𝑥→0 2 𝑥 2 2 2

Left and right hand limits are not equal, the limit does not exist.

8. Determine whether the following functions are continuous

Function f is continuous at x0 iff :

lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥→𝑥0
A function is continuous in its domain when it is continuous in all its points.

sin 𝑥
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥
2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0

The function is an elementary function in 𝑅\ {0} , so x0 = 0

5
𝑓(0) = 2

sin 𝑥
lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

sin 𝑥
lim ≠ 𝑓(0)
𝑥→0 𝑥
The function is not continuous.

𝑥
|𝑥|
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑏) 𝑓(𝑥) = {
5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0
The function is an elementary function in 𝑅\ {0} , so x0 = 0.

𝑓(0) = 5
𝑥
lim |𝑥| does not exist:.
𝑥→0

𝑥 𝑥
lim = lim = 1
𝑥→0+ |𝑥| 𝑥→0+ 𝑥

𝑥 𝑥
lim = lim = −1
𝑥→0− |𝑥| 𝑥→0+ −𝑥

The function is not continuous

1
𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑐) 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0

6
The function is an elementary function in 𝑅\ {0}, so x0 = 0, 𝑓(0) = 0

1
lim 𝑥 sin =0
𝑥→0 𝑥
1
0 ← −𝑥 ≤ 𝑥 sin ≤𝑥→0
𝑥
The function is continuous.

9. Find the values of parameters 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅, such that the function is continuous in its domain

sin(𝑥 − 2)
𝑎 𝑥<2
𝑥−2
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
arctg ( ) 𝑥≥2
{ 2
The function is an elementary function in 𝑅\ {0} , so 𝑥0 = 2
𝜋
𝑓(2) = arctan1 =
4
𝑥 𝜋
lim+ (arctan ) = arctg1 =
𝑥→2 2 4
sin(𝑥 − 2)
lim− (𝑎 )=𝑎
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
𝜋
For the function to be continuous 𝑎 = 4 .

10. Find the values of parameters ’a’ and ‘b’ such that the function is continuous in its domain
𝜋
−2 sin 𝑥 𝑥 ≤ −2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏, −2<𝑥< 2
𝜋
{cos 𝑥 2
≤ 𝑥

7
 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
The function is an elementary function in 𝑅\{− 2 , 2 } , x0 = − 2 , x0 = 2

𝜋
1. Continuity at x0 = − 2

𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 (− ) = −2 sin (− ) = (−2) ∙ (−1) = 2
2 2
𝜋
lim𝜋 (−2 sin 𝑥) = −2 sin (− ) = (−2) ∙ (−1) = 2
𝑥→− − 2
2

lim (asin 𝑥 + 𝑏) = −𝑎 + 𝑏
𝜋
𝑥→− +
2

For the function to be continuous : −𝑎 + 𝑏 = 2

𝜋
2. Continuity at x0 = 2

𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 ( ) = cos ( ) = 0
2 2
𝜋
lim
𝜋
(cos 𝑥) = cos ( ) = 0
𝑥→ + 2
2

lim (asin 𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 𝑏
𝜋
𝑥→ −
2

For the function to be continuous 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0

So:

−𝑎 + 𝑏 = 2
{
𝑎+𝑏 =0
The function is continuous for 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = 1.
1
𝑎 + arctg (𝑥−1) 𝑥<1
𝜋
𝑏) 𝑓(𝑥) = , 1≤𝑥<2
2
𝑏 + ln(𝑥 − 1) 2≤𝑥
{
The function is an elementary function in 𝑅\{1, 2} , so x0 = 1, x0 = 2.
1. x0 = 1
𝜋
𝑓(1) = 2

1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
lim− (𝑎 + arctan )=𝑎− ; lim+ ( ) =
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 2 𝑥→1 2 2
𝜋 𝜋
For the function to be continuous 𝑎 − 2 = 2 , so 𝑎 = 𝜋

2. x0 = 2

𝑓(2) = 𝑏 + ln(2 − 1) = 𝑏 + 0 = 𝑏
8
 𝜋 𝜋
lim ( ) = ; lim (𝑏 + ln(𝑥 − 1)) = 𝑏 + ln(2 − 1) = 𝑏 + 0 = 𝑏
𝑥→2− 2 2 𝑥→2+

𝜋
For the function to be continuous at 2 : 𝑏 = 2 . ANS: The function is continuous for 𝑎 =
𝜋
𝜋, 𝑏 = 2

11. Match each function in (a) - ( f ) with its graph (labelled I-IV). Give reasons for your
choices.
1 x 1
(a) f ( x) = , (b) f ( x) = , (c ) f ( x) = ,
x −1 x −1 ( x − 1) 2
1 x x
(d ) f ( x) = 2 , (e) f ( x) = , (f) f ( x) = 2 ,
x −1 ( x − 1) 2 x −1

ANS:: a − IV, b − III, c − II, d − VI, e − I, f − V

12. Find all the asymptotes of the following functions:

Slant and horizontal asymptotes can be determined from the same formulas.
The line y = m x + b, is slant asymptote when 𝑚 ≠ 0 and a horizontal asymptote
y = b, ( m = 0) if the following limits exist and are finite
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑚 = lim , 𝑚 = lim
𝑥→±∞ 𝑥 𝑥→±∞ 𝑥

𝑘 = lim [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑚𝑥] 𝑘 = lim [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑚𝑥]

𝑥→±∞ 𝑥→−∞

ANS:
𝑎) 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 1𝑏) 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 1 𝑐) 𝑥 = −√2 𝑥 = √2 , 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡: 𝑦 = 𝑥
1 1
𝑑) 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 =𝑥−3 𝑒) 𝑦 = 𝑥 + ; 𝑦 = −𝑥 − ; 𝑥 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 → 1+ ,
2 2
𝑓) 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 = −1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 → −1− , 𝑥 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 → 1+
𝜋 𝜋
𝑔) 𝑦 = − 𝑥 − 1, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 → −∞ ; 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 → ∞
2 2
9
Detailed solutions below:
1
𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥) = ; 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅\{−1,1}
𝑥2 −1
Vertical asymptotes (we check at end-points, here at -1 and 1):
1
lim = +∞
𝑥→−1− 𝑥 2−1
1
lim 2 = −∞
𝑥→−1+ 𝑥 − 1

1
lim 2 = −∞
𝑥→1− 𝑥 − 1

1
lim 2 =+
𝑥→1+ 𝑥 − 1

Vertical asymptotes: 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −1.

Horizontal asymptotes:
at − ∞:
1
lim =0
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 2 −1
at +∞:
1
lim =0
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 2 −1
The horizontal asymptote at +∞ and − ∞ is 𝑦 = 0.
𝑥2
𝑏) 𝑓(𝑥) = ; 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅\{−1,1}
𝑥2 − 1
Vertical asymptotes (we check at end-points, here at -1 and 1):
𝑥2
lim = +∞
𝑥→−1− 𝑥 2 − 1

𝑥2
lim = −∞
𝑥→−1+ 𝑥 2 − 1

𝑥2
lim = −∞
𝑥→1− 𝑥 2 − 1

𝑥2
lim = +∞
𝑥→1+ 𝑥 2 − 1

Vertical asymptotes 𝑥 = 1 oraz 𝑥 = −1.

Horizontal asymptotes:
at − ∞:
𝑥2
𝑚 = lim =0
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)
10
at + ∞:
𝑥2
𝑚 = lim =0
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)

The horizontal asymptote at +∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − ∞ is 𝑦 = 1.

𝑥4
𝑑) 𝑓(𝑥) = ; 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅\{−1}
(1 + 𝑥)3
Vertical asymptotes (we check at end-points, here at -1):
𝑥4
lim = −∞
𝑥→−1− (1 + 𝑥)3

𝑥4
lim = +∞
𝑥→−1+ (1 + 𝑥)3

Vertical asymptote 𝑥 = −1
Slant asymptotes:
𝑎𝑡 − ∞
𝑥4
(1 + 𝑥)3 𝑥3
𝑚 = lim = lim =1
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 𝑥→−∞ (1 + 𝑥)3

𝑥4 𝑥 4 − 𝑥(1 + 𝑥)3 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥
𝑘 = lim [ − 𝑥] = lim [ ] = lim [ ]=
𝑥→−∞ (1 + 𝑥)3 𝑥→−∞ (1 + 𝑥)3 𝑥→−∞ (1 + 𝑥)3
−3𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 −𝑥
lim [ (1+𝑥)3
] = −3.
𝑥→−∞

𝑎𝑡 + ∞
𝑥4
(1 + 𝑥)3 𝑥3
𝑚 = lim = lim =1
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 𝑥→+∞ (1 + 𝑥)3

𝑥4 𝑥 4 − 𝑥(1 + 𝑥)3 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥
𝑘 = lim [ − 1𝑥] = lim [ ] = lim [ ]=
𝑥→+∞ (1 + 𝑥)3 𝑥→+∞ (1 + 𝑥)3 𝑥→+∞ (1 + 𝑥)3
−3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥
lim [ ] = −3
𝑥→+∞ (1 + 𝑥)3
Slant asymptote 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3.

1
𝑓) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 2 −1 ; 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅\{−1, 1}
End-point at 𝑥0 = −1
1
lim 𝑒 𝑥 2 −1 = ∞
𝑥→−1−
1
lim 𝑒 𝑥 2 −1 = 0
𝑥→−1+

11
 1
lim 𝑒 𝑥 2 −1 = 0
𝑥→1−
1
lim 𝑒 𝑥 2 −1 = ∞
𝑥→1+

Left−, Right − Hand vertical asympotes at 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 1.

Horizontal asymptote 𝑦 = 1 at ± ∞.
𝑥2
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 1
𝑥−1
𝑗) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐷𝑓 = (−∞, 1) ∪ [1, ∞)
ln 𝑥
{ 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 1
End-point −∞:
𝑥2 ∞ 𝑥2 𝑥
lim [ ] = lim = lim = −∞, 𝑛𝑜 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒,
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 − 1 −∞ 𝑥→−∞ 1 𝑥→−∞ 1
𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 ) (1 − 𝑥 )

𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑎 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒.

𝑥2 ∞ 𝑥2 1
𝑚 = lim [ ] = lim = lim =1
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) −∞ 𝑥→−∞ 2 1 𝑥→−∞ 1
𝑥 (1 − 𝑥) (1 − 𝑥)

𝑥2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥
𝑘 = lim − 𝑥 = lim = lim =1
𝑥→−∞ (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥→−∞ (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥→−∞ (𝑥 − 1)

The slant asymptote at −∞ is 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1.

End-point 1− :
𝑥2 1
lim− [ − ] = −∞ , 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 0

End-point 1+ :
ln 𝑥 0
lim+ [ ] = 0, 𝑛𝑜 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒
𝑥→1 𝑥 1
End-point +∞:
1
ln 𝑥 ∞ 𝐻
lim [ ] = lim 𝑥 = 0, ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑦𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 ∞ 𝑥→∞ 1

ln(𝑥 − 3)
𝑙) ((𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 5) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−4
𝑒 −1
Domain for ln(𝑥 − 3): 𝑥 − 3 > 0 ⇔ 𝑥 > 3.
Domain for 𝑒 𝑥−4 − 1:
𝑒 𝑥−4 − 1 ≠ 0 ⇔ 𝑒 𝑥−4 ≠ 1 ⇔ 𝑒 𝑥−4 ≠ 𝑒 0 ⇔ 𝑥 − 4 ≠ 0 ⇔ 𝑥 ≠ 4
Domain of 𝑓(𝑥): 𝐷𝑓 = (3, 4) ∪ (4, ∞)
End-point: 3+ :

12
 ln(𝑥 − 3) −∞
lim+ [ ] = ∞, 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 − ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑥 = 3.
𝑥→3 𝑒 𝑥−4 − 1 𝑒 −1 − 1
End-point: 4− :
1
ln(𝑥 − 3) 0 𝐻 1
lim− 𝑥−4 [ ] = lim− 𝑥−43 [ ] = 1, 𝑛𝑜 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒.
𝑥 −
𝑥→4 𝑒 −1 0 𝑥→4 𝑒 1

End-point: 4+ :
1
ln(𝑥 − 3) 0 𝐻 1
lim+ 𝑥−4 [ ] = lim+ 𝑥−43 [ ] = 1, 𝑛𝑜 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒.
𝑥 −
𝑥→4 𝑒 −1 0 𝑥→4 𝑒 1

End-point: ∞:
1
ln(𝑥 − 3) ∞ 𝐻 ∞ 1 1 1
lim 𝑥−4 [ ] = lim 𝑥−43 [ ] = lim
𝑥 −
𝑥−4
[ ] = 0,
𝑥→∞ 𝑒 −1 ∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑒 ∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 − 3 𝑒 ∞
ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑦 = 0.

13