It doesn't matter which side of the fence

you get off on sometimes. What matters

most is getting off. You cannot make
progress without making decisions.
Jim Rohn
Matter and Energy
Matter
--- is anything or an object that
has mass and volume (takes up space). It
can be a solid, liquid or gas.
 Classification of matter based on the state
1) Solid
--- is compact, has definite shape and volume

2)Liquid
--- particles are far apart, definite volume and takes the
shape of the container

3) Gas
--- particles are far apart, no definite shape and
volume
 Classification of matter based on the composition
I. Pure substance
--- made up of only one particular kind of matter

a) Element
--- simplest form of matter and cannot be decomposed into
simpler ones

2) Compound
--- made up of two or more elements chemically combined
in definite proportions or exact ratios

II. Mixture
--- made up of two or more substances physically
combined in variable proportions
Most Abundant Elements of Life

Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur

CHNOPS
Law on Conservation of Matter/Energy
--- matter can neither be created nor destroyed but can
only be transformed from one form to another.

Law on Conservation of Mass

``` the mass before the reaction is the same after the
reaction, thus it is conserved.
Energy
ability to do work or to transfer heat

Energy comes in many forms

Potential energy is stored energy

Example:
battery inside the gadgets, LPG

Kinetic energy is the energy in motion

Example:
plug the battery
light the stove
https://www.google.com/search?q=forms+of+energy&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH833PH833&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=_3NOEzqBOd-
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kTXll3DbimmdQD4lr7WuaIMFhYODw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia47uC443rAhXUBIgKHTaYCUEQ_h0wAnoECAgQCA#imgrc=52HGZsE5pFxFYM
 Electro Magnetic Spectrum

A diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum, showing various properties across the range of frequencies and wavelengths
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum#/media/File:EM_Spectrum_Properties_edit.svg
Chemical bond
--- forces of attraction which holds together
the electron of the atom/s in a molecule

1) ionic
– transfer of electron from a metal to
a nonmetal

2) covalent
– sharing of electron between two
or more nonmetals
Molecule

1) diatomic – N2, H2, O2, Cl2, F2, Br2, I2

2) compound – HCl, NaCl, H2O, C6H12O6, HC2H3O2

2.1) Inorganic
– compounds that does not contain carbon and are
coming from non living organism
a) acid has H+ ion and can be easily given up to water
example: HCl – hydrochloric acid
H2C2O4 – oxalic acid
HC2H3O2 – acetic acid
H2CO3 – carbonic acid
b) base or alkaline substances has OH- ion or those that
easily bonds with H+
example: NaOH – sodium hydroxide
KOH – potassium hydroxide
Acidic:
meat, poultry, fish, dairy, eggs, grains, alcohol

Neutral:
natural fats, starches, and sugars

Alkaline:
fruits, nuts, legumes, and vegetables
 The pH scale

Alkaline solutions has

a pH of higher than 7.

Acidic solutions has a pH

lower than 7

Figure 2.5, page 30, Principles of Environmental Science, 4 th edition Cunningham, W.P. and Cunningham, M.A.
2.1) Organic
– compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
and oxygen and are coming from living organisms

Major Categories of Organic Compounds or Biomolecules

1) Lipids
2) Carbohydrates
3) Proteins
4) Nucleotides
1) Lipids
-- heterogeneous molecules of fats and oils mainly of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen which serves as the core of cell membranes and
other structures. The basic structure is a chain of carbon atoms with
attached hydrogen atoms. Likewise it can store a high energy and are
insoluble in water.

Encyclopædia Britannica
Examples:
butter, vegetable oil, cholesterol
and other steroids, waxes,
phospholipids, and fat-soluble
vitamins A, D, E, and K).
2) Carbohydrates
Also known as “carbs”, “ saccharide” has the basic
structure of carbon atoms with OH- replacing some of the H
atom in the basic structure . They are the major source of
energy and fuel human’s kidney, heart, muscles and central
nervous system.

https://www.biology-pages.info/C/Carbohydrates.html
 "Glucose, C6H12O6 a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is the most
important carbohydrate in biology. Cell use it as a source of energy and is a
metabolic intermediate.
Fructose - (C6H12O6) or fruit sugar, is a simple monosaccharide found in
many plants. Most fructose can be commercially produced as a component of high
fructose corn syrup. It is used in food manufacturing because it is cheap and
effective as a flavoring and preservative.
Sucrose (C12H22O11) - is the organic compound commonly known as table
sugar and sometimes called saccharose. The sucrose molecule is a disaccharide
composed of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose.
 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_03_02_02.jpg

Glucose and galactose are stereoisomers (have atoms bonded

together in the same order, but differently arranged in space). They differ
in their stereochemistry at carbon 4.
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose and galactose (has
the same atoms, but bonded together in a different order).
3) Proteins
Proteins are macromolecules
formed by chains of subunits called
amino acids. A total of 20 different
amino acids exist in proteins and
hundreds to thousands of these amino
acids are attached to each other in long
chains to form a protein. It is
responsible in identifying disease – https://di.uq.edu.au/community-and-alumni/sparq-ed/sparq-ed-services/proteins

causing microbes, muscle movement,

transporting oxygen to cells and
regulate cell activity.
4) Nucleotides
A nucleotide is the basic
building block of nucleic
acids. They are the signaling
molecules, they carry
information between cells,
tissues and organs as well as
sources of intracellular energy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide#/media/File:DAMP_
chemical_structure.svg
Components of Nucleotide which is a sugar molecule

RNA - ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in

all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger
carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the
synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA
rather than DNA carries the genetic information.
https://www.google.com/search?q=dna&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH833PH833&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=PEv8BF9EL8uxwM%252CjcsMFpB
tgXaRxM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kSXvZgJJdNTLexU4sr6zfC6g2zg5w&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3s5OhjYbrAhWQvZQKHdJWCQIQ_h0wAHoECAMQBA&biw=1366&bih=625#i
mgrc=PEv8BF9EL8uxwM
 Difference of DNA and RNA

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Difference_DNA_RNA-EN.svg
THANK YOU!
REFERENCES:

Cunningham , W.P., Cunningham, M.A. (2007). Principles of Environmental Science:

Inquiry and Applications, 4th edition, Mc Graw-Hill Education

https://www.britannica.com/science/lipid

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161547

https://www.biology-pages.info/C/Carbohydrates.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum#/media/File:EM_Spectrum_Prop
erties_edit.svg
https://www.worldofmolecules.com/3D/what-is-the-difference-between-sucrose-and-
fructose.html

https://www.google.com/search?q=forms+of+energy&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH833PH833&tbm
=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=_3NOEzqBOd-
zPM%252Cy6YPy_skxaH76M%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kTXll3DbimmdQD4lr7WuaIMFhYODw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia47uC443rAhXUBIgKHTa
YCUEQ_h0wAnoECAgQCA#imgrc=52HGZsE5pFxFYM