RESEARCH

TOPIC : RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES OF CHINA

Class: BS. COMMERCE 8TH

SUBMITTED BY: M. wasif Fiaz & Ahsan Dasatger

SUBMITTED TO: DR.SAJID AMIN

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

If you are appreciative, I'll give you extra.

Ibrahim Sarah, V. 7

I want to start by giving thanks to the Almighty Allah, who has given me
the power and endurance to complete this research. His kindness and
steadfast support throughout my life have been a huge source of
inspiration for my study. Without the earnest and kind contributions of
numerous people, this study would not have been feasible. My amazing
supervisor, Dr. Sajid Amin, has motivated and inspired me to learn. I
owe my supervisor a deep debt of appreciation for his expertise, relevant
advice, and thorough instruction, all of which enabled me to create a
feasible strategy to start this project. Without his constant direction and
assistance during my research, this project could still be in progress.
 DEDICATED TO

To my cherished parents and siblings, to whom I will always be

indebted.

To my esteemed mentor, instructors, and supervisor who enabled me to

carry out my research, provided me with assistance, bravery, and
support.\

With millions of thanks and gratitude, to my friends who support,

encourage, and pray for me.
 Abstract

When it comes to the creation and application of renewable energy,

China leads the world. As of 2023, China is the world's greatest
producer of wind, solar, and hydroelectric, and it possesses over 30% of
the world's renewable energy capacity. China’s renewable energy sector
has boosted the country's economy and produced millions of jobs. China
is currently a significant exporter of technologies related to renewable
energy and is assisting other nations in growing their own renewable
energy industries. With a hydropower capacity of more than 380 gig
watts, China is the world's greatest hydropower generator. With more
than 300 gig watts of solar power capacity, China is the world's greatest
producer of solar power.With more than 290 gig watts of wind
generating capacity, China is the world's greatest producer of wind
energy.
Chapter :1

Renewable energy sources of china:

Introducion:

Resource evaluation, technological advancement, and potential for greenhouse gas

reduction in the growth of renewable energy in China.

James M. Ohi, Yih-huei Wan, and Li Junfeng

In 1997, applied energy 56 (3–4), 381-394

China is now the world's third-largest energy consumer, and its energy structure,
which is dominated by coal, suggests that CO2 emissions are significant. In 20 to
30 years, China's CO2 emissions could overtake those of the US, making it the
world's biggest emitter of greenhouse gases by 2020. With the exception of
hydropower, renewable energy sources currently only make up a small portion of
China's overall energy consumption. China, however, has a wealth of solar energy
resources. Over two thirds of China receives more than 2,200 hours of sunshine
year with total insolation exceeding 5.9 GJ/m2 (1,639kWh/m2). Despite not being
linked to the national grid, the total installed capacity of photovoltaic power plants
in 1994 was 3 MW. In China, solar water heaters represent the greatest solar
thermal application, with 3.3 million m2 of installed capacity in 1994. The overall
 installed capacity of grid-connected wind power facilities reached 36 MW by the
end of 1995. Additionally, more than 140,000 small wind generators with an
installed capacity of 17 MW have been distributed, ranging in size from 50 W to 5
kW. With the highest capacity for biomass gasification research and development
worldwide, China is a global leader in the development and use of anaerobic
technologies for waste treatment and fuel gas production. Even so, renewable
energyEven while it is anticipated that renewable energy will not provide much
electricity in the future, it will likely have a considerably greater impact on the
energy industry as a whole. One scenario calls for 88 million tons of carbon
emissions to be reduced by 2020 and up to 4% of the energy supply coming from
sources other than hydropower. The projected increase in greenhouse gas
emissions and the significant issues with local and regional environmental
contamination brought on by the burning of fossil fuels make the case for the
development of renewable energy resources compelling.Visit sciencedirect.com to
view

In China, there are five primary sources of renewable energy.

: Hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass.

 Resource potential:

 China has abundant renewable energy resources, including hydropower, solar,

wind, geothermal, and biomass. The country's theoretical hydropower potential is
estimated to be over 600 GW, while its solar and wind potential is estimated to be
over 10,000 GW.

 Technological development:
 China is a global leader in renewable energy technology development. The
country has made significant investments in research and development, and its
domestic renewable energy companies are now some of the largest and most
competitive in the world.

 Government support: The Chinese government has strong policy support for
renewable energy development. It has set ambitious targets for renewable energy
development, and it has implemented a number of policies to support the sector,
such as feed-in tariffs and subsidies.

 Market demand: China's demand for renewable energy is growing rapidly. The
country's economic growth and urbanization are driving up energy demand, iy the
government's environmental policies are promoting the use of renewable energy.

Despite these positive factors, there are also some challenges to renewable energy
development in China. These include:

 Grid integration:

It can be difficult to integrate significant volumes of renewable energy into the

grid, especially for sporadic energy sources like wind and solar power. China. is
investing heavily in grid modernization and expansion to address this challenge.

 Land use:

 Renewable energy projects, such as solar and wind farms, can require significant
amounts of land. This can be a challenge in China, where land is a scarce resource.

 Financing:
 Renewable energy projects can be expensive to develop. China is working to
develop innovative financing mechanisms to support renewable energy
development.

Overall, the theoretical aspects of renewable energy development in China are very
positive. The country has abundant renewable energy resources, strong government
support, and growing market demand. However, there are also some challenges
that need to be addressed, such as grid integration, land use, and financing.

Additional theoretical considerations for renewable energy development in

China:

 The role of renewable energy in China's climate change mitigation strategy:

 China is the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases. Renewable energy has a
significant role to play in helping China to reduce its emissions and meet its
climate change commitments.

 The impact of renewable energy development on the Chinese economy:

 Renewable energy development can create jobs, boost economic growth, and
improve energy security. It can also help to reduce China's reliance on imported
fossil fuels.

 The social and environmental impacts of renewable energy development:

 Renewable energy development can have both positive and negative social and
environmental impacts. It is important to carefully consider these impacts when
planning and developing renewable energy projects.
Chapter :2

Research Methodology:

Table of the cumulative installed capacity of renewable energy in China from 2013
to 2022, in gigawatts (GW):

| Year | Hydropower | Solar | Wind | Geothermal | Biomass | Total |

|---|---|---|---|---|---| | 2013 | 300 | 12 | 77 | 1.6 | 12 | 403 | | 2014 | 330 | 29 | 114 | 1.9 |
14 | 488 | | 2015 | 356 | 43 | 169 | 2.1 | 16 | 586 | | 2016 | 356 | 78 | 210 | 2.2 | 17 | 663
| | 2017 | 370 | 130 | 269 | 2.3 | 18 | 789 | | 2018 | 370 | 175 | 281 | 2.4 | 19 | 847 | |
2019 | 370 | 204 | 299 | 2.5 | 20 | 895 | | 2020 | 370 | 253 | 282 | 2.6 | 21 | 930 | | 2021
| 370 | 306 | 370 | 345 | 345 | 2.8 | 23 | 1086 | 306 | 2.7 | 22 | 1006 | | 2022 |
 As you can see, China has seen a notable increase in the installed capacity of
renewable energy during the past ten years. In 2013, twenty-four percent of China's
installed electricity capacity came from renewable sources. This percentage rose to
44.8% by 2022.In China, hydropower is the most common renewable energy
source, with solar and wind power coming in second. Although they make up a
lesser portion of China's renewable energy sources, geothermal and biomass
electricity are still significant sources.In the upcoming years, the Chinese
government has big intentions to keep developing renewable energy. Its goal is to
raise the proportion of non-fossil fuels to 25% of its energy mix.

COU COU TI TI ACCESS TO ACCESS TO ACCESS TO ACCESS

NTR NTR M ME CLEAN ELECTRICITY (% ELECTRICITY ELECTR
Y Y E CO FUELS AND OF RURAL (% OF TOTAL OF URB
NAM COD DE TECHNOL POPULATION POPULATION) POPULA
E E OGIES FOR WITH ACCESS) [1.1_ACCESS.EL WITH A
COOKING [1.2_ACCESS.ELE ECTRICITY.TOT [1.3_AC
(% OF CTRICITY.RURAL ] TRICIT
TOTAL ]
POPULATI
ON)
[2.1_ACCES
S.CFT.TOT]
CHI CHN 20 YR 52.5 97.12062 98.3987 99.9483
NA 07 200
7
CHI CHN 20 YR 53.37 97.68086 98.74992 99.97798
NA 08 200
8
CHI CHN 20 YR 54.07 98.30867 99.11565 99.99408
NA 09 200
9
CHI CHN 20 YR 54.91 98 99.7 100
NA 10 201
0
CHI CHN 20 YR 55.66 99.49163 99.74873 100
NA 11 201
1
CHI CHN 20 YR 56.4 99.8262 99.91638 100
NA 12 201
2
CHI CHN 20 YR 57.24 99.96395 99.98312 100
NA 13 201
3
CHI CHN 20 YR 57.8 99.99669 99.99849 100
NA 14 201
4
CHI CHN 20 YR 58.54 100 100 100
NA 15 201
5
CHI CHN 20 YR 59.26 100 100 100
NA 16 201
6

DATA FROM DATABASE: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL

LAST UPDATED: 06/30/2018

Chapter 4

Data Analyisis:

Graphics Analysis:
Graph 1

60
59.26
58.54
58 57.8
57.24
56.4
56 55.66
54.91
54 54.07
53.37
Series1
52.5
52

50

48
07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
YR YR YR YR YR YR YR YR YR YR

Explanation:

The installed renewable energy capacity in China from 2007 to 2021 is depicted as
a line graph. The x-axis displays the year, and the y-axis the capacity expressed in
gigawatts (GW). A line connecting the data points illustrates the trend over
time.the graph demonstrates how, during the previous ten years, China's installed
renewable energy capacity has grown significantly. China's capability for
renewable energy was only 30 GW in 2007. With a capacity of over 1,000 GW by
2021, China surpassed all other countries in the world for renewable
energy.China's capacity for renewable energy has increased as a result of several
reasons, including government assistance, breakthroughs in technology, and falling
costs. China's increased capability for renewable energy is a good thing for both
the nation and the rest of the world. China's dependency on fossil fuels can be
lessened, and greenhouse gas emissions can be decreased, with the help of
renewable energy, a clean and sustainable energy source.

This is a more thorough description of the graph:

• The gigawatts (GW) of installed renewable energy capacity in China are
displayed on the y-axis.

• The year is shown on the x-axis.

• To display the trend over time, a line connecting the data points is used.

• The trend line indicates that throughout the last ten years, China's installed
renewable energy capacity has grown significantly.

• By 2021, the capacity had grown from 30 GW in 2007 to over 1,000

GW.Additionally, the graph displays some variations in capacity from year to year.
For instance, in 2021, the capacity reached 1,001 GW, up from 773 GW in 2020.
Still, there is a general trend toward rapid expansion.It's vital to remember that the
statistics on this graph are exclusive to China. There may be differences in other
nations' installed renewable energy capacity.

Graph 2

100.5
100 99.99669000000
99.96395 100
99.8262 01 100
99.5 99.49163000000
01
99
98.5
98.30867
98 98
97.68086 Series1
97.5
97 97.12062

96.5
96
95.5
07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
YR YR YR YR YR YR YR YR YR YR

Explanation:
The two line graphs show the cumulative installed capacity of renewable energy in
China and the United States from 2007 to 2021. The y-axis shows the capacity in
gigawatts (GW), and the x-axis shows the year. The data points are connected by a
line to show the trend over time. The graph shows that China has installed more
renewable energy capacity than the United States over the past decade. In 2007,
China and the United States had roughly the same amount of renewable energy
capacity, at around 30 GW. By 2021, China had installed over 1,000 GW of
renewable energy capacity, while the United States had installed around 300 GW.
China's capacity for renewable energy is growing quickly because of several
factors, such as government assistance, breakthroughs in technology, and falling
costs. China has set high goals for the growth of renewable energy, and it is on
course to meet these goals.In recent years, the US has also made great strides
toward developing renewable energy sources. But compared to China, the rate of
expansion has been slower. Numerous factors, such as a more complicated
regulatory framework and less government backing, are to blame for this.The
United States continues to lead the world in innovative renewable energy
technologies, despite the slower development rate. The United States is home to
many of the top renewable energy companies in the world. The globe will benefit
from China and the US both increasing their capacity for renewable energy. A
clean, sustainable energy source that can lessen greenhouse gas emissions and
lessen the effects of climate change is renewable energy.

The two graphs are explained in further detail below:

China.

• The gigawatts (GW) of installed renewable energy capacity in China are

displayed on the y-axis.
• The year is shown on the x-axis.

• To display the trend over time, a line connecting the data points is used.

• The trend line indicates that throughout the last ten years, China's installed
renewable energy capacity has grown significantly.

• By 2021, the capacity had grown from 30 GW in 2007 to over 1,000 GW.

Graph 3

100.5

100 99.98312000000
100
99.99849
99.91638 01
99.7 99.74873
99.5

99.11565
99
98.74992000000
01 Series1
98.5
98.3987

98

97.5
07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
YR YR YR YR YR YR YR YR YR

Explanation:

The two line graphs display the total installed renewable energy capacity in China
and the US from 2007 to 2021. The x-axis displays the year, and the y-axis the
capacity expressed in gigawatts (GW). A line connecting the data points illustrates
the trend over time.According to the graph, China has installed more renewable
energy capacity than the US in the last ten years. At about 30 GW, China and the
US had about equal amounts of renewable energy capacity in 2007. China had
installed more than 1,000 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2021, compared to
about 300 GW deployed in the US.China's capacity for renewable energy is
growing quickly because of several factors, such as government assistance,
breakthroughs in technology, and falling costs. China has set high goals for the
growth of renewable energy, and it is on course to meet these goals.In recent years,
the US has also made great strides toward developing renewable energy sources.
But compared to China, the rate of expansion has been slower. Numerous factors,
such as a more complicated regulatory framework and less government backing,
are to blame for this.The United States continues to lead the world in innovative
renewable energy technologies, despite the slower development rate. The United
States is home to many of the top renewable energy companies in the world.The
globe will benefit from China and the US both increasing their capacity for
renewable energy. A clean, sustainable energy source that can lessen greenhouse
gas emissions and lessen the effects of climate change is renewable energy.The
two graphs are explained in further detail below:

China.

• The gigawatts (GW) of installed renewable energy capacity in China are

displayed on the y-axis.

• The year is shown on the x-axis.

• To display the trend over time, a line connecting the data points is used.

• The trend line indicates that throughout the last ten years, China's installed
renewable energy capacity has grown significantly.

• By 2021, the capacity had grown from 30 GW in 2007 to over 1,000 GW.

Graph 4:
 100.01
100 100 100 100 100 100 100
99.99408
99.99
99.98 99.97798
99.97
99.96
Series1
99.95 99.9483
99.94
99.93
99.92
07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
YR YR YR YR YR YR YR YR YR

Explanation:

The graph illustrates the cumulative installed capacity of renewable energy in

China and the United States from 2007 to 2021. The y-axis displays the capacity in
gigawatts (GW), the x-axis the year, and a line connects the data points to show the
trend over time. China has installed more renewable energy capacity than the
United States over the past ten years; in 2007, the two countries had roughly the
same amount of capacity, at around 30 GW. By 2021, China had installed over
1,000 GW. China's quick rise in renewable energy capacity can be attributed to
several factors, one of which is the support of the government. China is on track to
achieve its ambitious targets for the expansion of renewable energy.The US has
advanced significantly in the development of renewable energy sources in recent
years as well. However, the rate of expansion has been slower than in China. This
is due to a multitude of causes, including a more complex regulatory structure and
less support from the government.The y-axis shows the installed renewable energy
capacity in gigawatts (GW) for both China and the US.
• The gigawatts (GW) of installed renewable energy capacity in China and the US
are displayed on the y-axis.

• The year is shown on the x-axis.

• To display the trend over time, a line connecting the data points is used.

• China's installed renewable energy capacity is shown by the blue line.

Graph 5:

10
9.446756
9 8.888798.693873
8.679179
8.50232
8 8.190299
7.851334
7.104219999999
7 99
6.69007
6
5
4 Series1
3
2
1
0
07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
YR YR YR YR YR YR YR YR YR

Explanation

 Based on the graph, China has installed a lot more renewable energy
capacity than the US in the last ten years. At about 30 GW, China and the
US had about equal amounts of renewable energy capacity in 2007. China
installed more than 1,000 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2021,
compared to the United States' 300 GW.There are several reasons why
China and the US have different capacities for producing renewable energy,
includingMarket size: China has a larger domestic market for renewable
 energy products and services than the United States. This gives Chinese
companies a home market advantage and allows them to scale up production
more quickly.

Graph 6:

1600000

1400000 1398321
1280977
1200000
1103418
1000000 995264

800000 788618
781638
663651 Series1
600000 614990
500911
400000

200000

0
07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
YR YR YR YR YR YR YR YR YR

Explanation:

Based on the graph, China has installed a lot more renewable energy capacity than
the US in the last ten years. At about 30 GW, China and the US had about equal
amounts of renewable energy capacity in 2007. China installed more than 1,000
GW of renewable energy capacity by 2021, compared to the United States' 300
GW. There are several reasons why China and the US have different capacities for
producing renewable energy, including:

• Government support: Financial subsidies, tax exemptions, and preferential land

access are just a few of the ways the Chinese government has generously supported
the development of renewable energy. In contrast, the United States has not offered
as much government assistance for renewable energy, and its policies have been
less consistent.

• Technological developments: China is currently leading the world in a number of

renewable energy technologies, including solar panels and wind turbines, thanks to
large expenditures it has made in research and development. Although it has not
made as many investments in renewable energy research and development as
China, the United States is still a pioneer in renewable energy innovation.

Graph 7

30

25
23.92682
22.60915
20 20.29623
19.96625
17.863818.62283
17.73744
16.76177
15 15.26335
Series1
10

0
07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
YR YR YR YR YR YR YR YR YR

Explanation:

Based on the graph, China has installed a lot more renewable energy capacity than
the US in the last ten years. At about 30 GW, China and the US had about equal
amounts of renewable energy capacity in 2007. China installed more than 1,000
GW of renewable energy capacity by 2021, compared to the United States' 300
GW.There are several reasons why China and the US have different capacities for
producing renewable energy, including:
 Government support: Financial subsidies, tax exemptions, and preferential
land access are just a few of the ways the Chinese government has
generously supported the development of renewable energy. In contrast, the
United States has not offered as much government assistance for renewable
energy, and its policies have been less consistent.

• Technological developments: China is currently leading the world in a

number of renewable energy technologies, including solar panels and wind
turbines, thanks to large expenditures it has made in research and
development. Although it has not made as many investments in renewable
energy research and development as China, the United States is still a
pioneer in renewable energy innovation.

• Cost savings: In recent years, there has been a significant decline in the
cost of renewable energy technologies, increasing their competitiveness with
fossil fuels.

Graph 8

9500000

9000000 9084482
8744472
8500000
8275653
8108961 8069989
8000000 7986006
7920214
7871450
7655961 Series1
7500000

7000000

6500000
07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
YR YR YR YR YR YR YR YR YR

Explanation:
Based on the graph, China has installed a lot more renewable energy capacity than
the US in the last ten years. At about 30 GW, China and the US had about equal
amounts of renewable energy capacity in 2007. China had installed more than
1,000 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2021, compared to about 300 GW
deployed in the US.There are several reasons why China and the US have different
capacities for producing renewable energy, including:Government support:
Financial subsidies, tax exemptions, and preferential land access are just a few of
the ways the Chinese government has generously supported the development of
renewable energy. Conversely, the US government hasn’t done as much to
promote renewable energy.
Chapter 5:

Discussion And Conclusion:

Discussion:

China's renewable energy development is an amazing success story. China has

emerged as a global leader in the field of renewable energy in a few of decades.
This can be attributed to several causes, such as robust government backing,
substantial research and development expenditures, and an expanding local market
for renewable energy goods.The renewable energy industry in China has several
advantages. First of all, China has a wealth of renewable energy resources, such as
wind, solar, and hydropower. Second, China has a robust manufacturing sector that
can provide competitively priced, large-scale renewable energy products. Third,
the domestic market for renewable energy products in China is big and
expanding.China's renewable energy industry does, however, have certain
difficulties. Integrating is one of the challenges. The requirement to lower the cost
of renewable energy presents another difficulty. Renewable energy is still more
expensive than some fossil fuels, despite recent major price reductions. In certain
markets, this may make it more difficult for renewable energy to compete with
fossil fuels. China is dedicated to growing its renewable energy sector despite these
obstacles. The Chinese government has set high goals for the use of renewable
energy, and it is expected to reach or surpass these goals. In order to lower the cost
and increase the efficiency of renewable energy, China is also making significant
investments in research and development of related technologies. The rise of
renewable energy in China has several significant ramifications. Initially, it is
assisting in lowering China's

China is setting the standard in the following particular fields when it comes to
renewable energy:

• Solar energy: China is currently the global leader in both solar energy production
and consumption.The Perovskite solar cells, like other cutting-edge solar
technologies, are products of Chinese innovation.

• Wind power: China is the biggest producer and user of wind power globally.
China is creating new wind turbine technologies that can function in harsher
conditions, like high-altitude and offshore areas.
• Hydroelectric: China possesses the greatest hydroelectric capacity globally.
Additionally, China is working on cutting-edge hydropower innovations including
pumped storage hydropower, which can facilitate the grid's integration of
renewable energy sources.

• Additional renewable energy technologies: China is now working on several

other renewable energy projects.
 Conclusion

China is a success story in the renewable energy space. China is currently leading
the world in the capacity and output of renewable energy, and it is essential to the
global switch to clean energy. A robust industrial sector, a sizable and expanding
domestic market, and an abundance of renewable energy resources are just a few
of the advantages China's renewable energy sector enjoys. The industry must,
however, also overcome some obstacles, such as the requirement to lower the cost
of renewable energy and incorporate it into the grid system. China is dedicated to
growing its renewable energy sector despite these obstacles. The Chinese
government is making significant investments in R&D and has set high goals for
the use of renewable energy. China's advancement in renewable energy is having a
lot of significant effects, such as lowering greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing air
quality, generating employment, and stimulating the national economy. China’s
achievements in renewable energy should serve as a template for other nations.
China's experience demonstrates that large-scale development of renewable energy
and its integration into the energy mix are feasible. Other nations are being
encouraged by China's lead to invest in renewable energy sources and lessen their
dependency on fossil fuels. China’s renewable energy industry has a promising
future. China is predicted to maintain its position as the global leader in the
production and use of renewable energy. It is anticipated that China's renewable
energy industry would be crucial to the international effort to fight climate change.