DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARIÑAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

FLUID MACHINERY
MODULE 2

BY:

ENGR. EDARDO L. ALASCO

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

II. MODULE 2 – TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD

2.1 GOSPEL READING

2.2 INTRODUCTION

2.3 TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

2.4 TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD

2.4.1 TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD DERIVATION

2.4.2 EXTRNAL HEAD REQUIRED FOR PUMP

2.4.3 THEORETICAL POWER OF PUMP

2.4.4 BRAKEPOWER OF PUMP

 2.1 GOSPEL READING

Let us put ourselves in the presence of God..

In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit..

Proverbs 2:6 and 10, “For the Lord gives wisdom, and from His mouth come

knowledge and understanding. For wisdom will enter your heart, and knowledge

will be pleasant to your soul”

St. John Baptist de la Salle..pray for us.. Live Jesus in our hearts..Forever

2.2 INTRODUCTION

The total dynamic head of a water system must be considered when determining the

size of pumping equipment to be installed. It determines the various head losses that

the pump must overcome.

Total dynamic head = elevation head + friction head loss + pressure head.

A. Elevation head - is the vertical distance which the water must be pumped. It is the

elevation difference in feet between the pumping level in the well and the pressure tank.

B. Friction head loss is the loss of pressure due to the flow of water through pipe

and fittings. Determine diameter, length, and type of pipe material through which the

water flows from the well to the pressure tank. Using the pump flow rate as determined

from the Residential Unit Method or Fixture Method, refer to Friction Loss Charts and

Resistance of Valves and Fittings to Flow of Fluids to determine friction head loss due

to pipe and fittings. Friction loss can be overcome by using a larger pipe size or
changing piping materials. (Note: In small water systems with few fittings, the head loss

due to the fittings may be disregarded.)

C. Pressure head - is the maximum operating pressure of the water system

converted from pressure (psi) to feet of head. If the pressure switch setting is 30-50 psi,

then the maximum pressure is 50 psi. Convert psi to feet of head using the following

conversion: 1psi = 2.31 feet of head. Therefore, pressure head equals maximum

operating pressure x 2.31 feet.

Reference

http://www.raincollectionsupplies.com/v/vspfiles/assets/images/tdh%20explanati

on.pdf

2.3 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By the end of this course, students are expected to:

TLO1. Understand the total dynamic head of any fluid device.

TLO2. Formulate the total dynamic head of any set up of fluid device.

TLO3. Evaluate the performance of pump in terms of the computed total dynamic

head.
 2.4 Total Dynamic Head, H

2.4.1 Total dynamic head, H – is head corresponding to the energy input to the

system or is the total equivalent height that a fluid is to be pumped, taking into account

friction losses in the pipe.

From the First Law of Thermodynamics, steady flow, open system: for 1 mass

m ( 𝑈1 ) + m ( 𝑃1 𝑣1) + m 𝐸𝐾1 + m 𝐸𝑃1 + Q + W = m ( 𝑈2 ) + m ( 𝑃2 𝑣2 ) + m 𝐸𝐾2

+ m 𝐸𝑃2

𝑃1 𝑃1
assuming: 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 and 𝑃1 𝑣1 =
𝜌1
= 𝜌

𝑃2 𝑃2
Q=0 𝑃2 𝑣2 = =
𝜌2 𝜌

𝜌1 = 𝜌2

m ( 𝑃1 𝑣1) + m 𝐸𝐾1 + m 𝐸𝑃1 + Q + W = m ( 𝑈2 ) + m ( 𝑃2 𝑣2 ) + m 𝐸𝐾2 + m 𝐸𝑃2

𝑚 𝑃1 𝑚 𝑚 𝑃2 𝑚
+ 𝑉12 + mg𝑧1 + W = + 𝑉22 + mg𝑧2
𝜌 2 𝜌 2
 𝑚 (𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) 𝑚
W= + (𝑉22 - 𝑉12 ) + mg (𝑧2 - 𝑧1 )
𝜌 2

divide both equation by mg,

𝑊 (𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) 1
= + (𝑉22 - 𝑉12 ) + (𝑧2 - 𝑧1 )
𝑚𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

𝑊
Recall: = H
𝑚𝑔

𝑊 𝐹𝑠 𝑃𝐴𝑠 𝑃𝑉 𝑃𝑣 𝑃 𝑃
= = = = = = = H
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 𝑔 𝜌𝑔 ɤ

hence,

(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) 1
H= + (𝑉22 - 𝑉12 ) + (𝑧2 - 𝑧1 )
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) 1
H= + (𝑉22 - 𝑉12 ) + (𝑧2 - 𝑧1 )
ɤ 2𝑔

H = ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑣 + Δz

and considering the friction head loss

H = 𝒉𝒔 + 𝒉𝒗 + Δz + 𝒉𝒇

(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )
where: static head, 𝒉𝒔 = = utilized in overcoming
ɤ
frictional and other resistance to the flow of fluid.

(𝑉22 − 𝑉21 )
velocity head, 𝒉𝒗 = = utilized in creating and
2𝑔
maintaining the velocity of fluid.

elevation head, Δz = utilized in creating and maintaining

the height or depth of fluid.
total friction head loss, 𝒉𝒇
 2.4.2 External Head Required for Pump.

Consider the pump installation:

Using Bernoulli’s equation, consider pt. A to pt. B and the datum is at the
pump centerline.

𝐻𝐴 + H = 𝐻𝐵 + ℎ𝑓𝐴 →𝐵

H = 𝐻𝐵 - 𝐻𝐴 + ℎ𝑓𝐴 →𝐵

𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐴2
and 𝐻𝐴 = + + 𝑍𝐴
ɤ 2𝑔

Note:

1. Negative sign is used if pt. A is below the pump centerline(datum line)

2. Positive sign is used if pt. A is above the pump centerline (datum line)
 𝑃𝐵 𝑉𝐵2
and 𝐻𝐵 = + + 𝑍𝐵
ɤ 2𝑔

𝑃𝐴 is atmospheric pressure if the source is open to the atmosphere = 0

𝑃𝐵 is atmospheric pressure if the discharge reservoir is open to the atmosphere = 0

𝑉𝐴 and 𝑉𝐵 are surface velocity and is consider to be negligible = 0

and ℎ𝑓𝐴 →𝐵 = head loss from pt. A to pt.B

hence,

H = ( 𝒁𝑩 - 𝒁𝑨 ) + 𝒉𝒇𝑨 →𝑩

Note:

1. The datum line is the centerline of the pump. Vertical distances below the datum

line has a negative (-) sign.

2. The reference pressure is the atmospheric pressure. Pressure above the

atmospheric pressure has a positive (+) sign and negative (-) for vacuum.

3. All losses of head due to friction, turbulence, etc in the suction line have

negative (-) sign and all losses due to friction, turbulence, etc in the discharge line

has positive (+) sign.

4. 𝑍𝐴 is called static suction head when pt. A is above the pump centerline and

𝑍𝐴 is called static suction lift if pt. A is below the pump centerline.

2.4.3 Theoretical Power of a Pump, P = power delivered to the water/ power

delivered by pump

P=QɤH

where: Q = volumetric flow rate

ɤ = specific weight of fluid

H = total dynamic head

2.4.4 Brakepower of a Pump, 𝑷′ = power input to the pump

𝑷
𝑛𝑃 = x 100%
𝑷′

𝑷
𝑃′ = 𝒏𝑷

where: 𝑛𝑃 = pump efficiency

 𝑙𝑖
Example 1. What power is required to pump 40 of water through a 100 mm pipe from
𝑠

a pump to a point 10 m above. Assume a pump efficiency of 65%. Determine the

pressure intensities at pt.1 and pt.2. Neglect losses.

Solution:

𝑷
a). 𝑃′ =
𝒏𝑷

and P = Q ɤ H

and H = 𝐻𝐵 - 𝐻𝐴 + ℎ𝑓𝐴 →𝐵

H = 𝐻𝐵 - 𝐻𝐴 + ℎ𝑓𝐴 →𝐵

H = 𝐻𝐵 - 𝐻𝐴

H = ( 𝑍𝐵 - 𝑍𝐴 )

and 𝑍𝐵 = 10 – 3 = 7 m

𝑧𝐴 = – 3 m

so that, H = 7 – (– 3) = 10 m

therefore,
 𝑚3 𝐾𝑁
P = 0.040 (9.81 )(10 m) = 3.924 𝐾𝑁𝑠 𝑚 = 3.924 𝐾𝐽 = 3.924 KW
𝑠 𝑚3 𝑠

𝟑.𝟗𝟐𝟒
and 𝑃′ = = 6.037 KW Ans.
𝟎.𝟎.𝟔𝟓

b) consider pt. A to pt. 1

𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐴2 𝑃1 𝑉12
+ + 𝑍𝐴 = + + 𝑍1 + ℎ𝑓𝐴 →1
ɤ 2𝑔 ɤ 2𝑔

𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐴2 𝑃1 𝑉12
ɤ
+ 2𝑔
+ 𝑍𝐴 = ɤ
+ 2𝑔
+ 𝑍1 + ℎ𝑓𝐴 →1

𝑃1 𝑉12
= 𝑍𝐴 -
ɤ 2𝑔

solving for 𝑉1 ,

Q=VA

𝑚3
𝑄 0.040 𝒎
𝑠
V= = 𝛱 = 5.1
𝐴 ( 0.1)2 𝑚2 𝒔
4

so that,

𝑚2
𝑃1 (5.1)2
𝑠2
= −3𝑚 − 𝑚
ɤ (2) 9.81 2
𝑠

𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝑁
𝑃1 = - 4.33 m (9.81 𝑚3 ) = - 42.44 𝑚2 = - 42.44 KPa Ans.

solving for 𝑃2 , consider pt. 2 to pt. B

𝑃2 𝑉22 𝑃𝐵 𝑉𝐵2
+ + 𝑍2 = + + 𝑍𝐵 + ℎ𝑓2 →1
ɤ 2𝑔 ɤ 2𝑔
 𝑃2 𝑉22 𝑃𝐵 𝑉𝐵2
+ + 𝑍2 = + + 𝑍𝐵 + ℎ𝑓2 →1
ɤ 2𝑔 ɤ 2𝑔

𝒎
and 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 5.1
𝒔

𝑃2 𝑉22
= 𝑍𝐵 -
ɤ 2𝑔

𝑚2
𝑃2 (5.1)2
𝑠2
= 7m- 𝑚
ɤ (2) 9.81 2
𝑠

𝐾𝑁
𝑃2 = 5.67 m (9.81 𝐾𝑁
𝑚3
) = 55.62 2 = 55.62 KPa Ans.
𝑚

Example 2. A pump draws water from reservoir A and lifts it to reservoir B as shown in

the figure. The loss of head from A to 1 is four times the velocity head in the 150 mm

pipe and loss of head from 2 to B is 15 times the velocity head in the 100 mm pipe. The

𝑙𝑖
pump discharge rate is 50 . Determine the following:
𝑠

a) pump head

b) pump theoretical power

c) pump brakepower if the pump efficiency is 40%

d) pressure head at pt.1

e) pressure head at pt.2

Solution:

a) H = 𝐻𝐵 - 𝐻𝐴 + ℎ𝑓𝐴 →𝐵

H = ( 𝑍𝐵 - 𝑍𝐴 ) + ℎ𝑓𝐴 →𝐵

and 𝒉𝒇𝑨 →𝑩 = ℎ𝑓𝐴 →1 + ℎ𝑓2 →𝐵

𝑉12
and ℎ𝑓𝐴 →1 = 4 ( )
2𝑔

solving for 𝑉1 ,

Q = 𝐴1 𝑉1

𝑚3
𝑄 0.050 𝑚
𝑠
𝑉1 = = 𝛱 = 2.831
𝐴1 ( 0.150)2 𝑚2 𝑠
4

𝑚2
(2.831)2
𝑠2
ℎ𝑓𝐴 →1 = 4 [ 𝑚 ] = 1.632 m
2( 9.81 2 )
𝑠

𝑉22
and ℎ𝑓2 →𝐵 = 15 ( )
2𝑔

solving for 𝑉2 ,
 Q = 𝐴2 𝑉2

𝑚3
𝑄 0.050 𝑚
𝑠
𝑉2 = = 𝛱 = 6.37
𝐴2 ( 0.10)2 𝑚2 𝑠
4

𝑚2
(6.37 )2
𝑠2
ℎ𝑓2 →𝐵 = 15 [ 𝑚 ] = 31.02 m
2( 9.81 2 )
𝑠

therefore, 𝒉𝒇𝑨 →𝑩 = 1.632 + 31.02 m = 32.652 m

and H = ( 𝑍𝐵 - 𝑍𝐴 ) + ℎ𝑓𝐴 →𝐵

H = (36 – 6) + 32.652 = 62.652 m Ans.

b) P=QɤH

𝑚3 𝐾𝑁
P = 0.050 (9.81 )(62.652 m) = 30.731 𝐾𝑁𝑠 𝑚 = 30.731 𝐾𝐽 = 30.731 KW Ans.
𝑠 𝑚3 𝑠

𝑷
c) 𝑛𝑃 = x 100%
𝑷′

𝑷 30.731
𝑃′ = = = 76.83 KW Ans.
𝒏𝑷 0.40

d) consider pt.A to pt, 1

𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐴2 𝑃1 𝑉12
+ + 𝑍𝐴 = ɤ
+ + 𝑍1 + ℎ𝑓𝐴 →1
ɤ 2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐴2 𝑃1 𝑉12
+ + 𝑍𝐴 = + + 𝑍1 + ℎ𝑓𝐴 →1
ɤ 2𝑔 ɤ 2𝑔

𝑃1 𝑉2
= 𝑍𝐴 - 2𝑔1 - ℎ𝑓𝐴 →1
ɤ

𝑚2
𝑃1 (2.831)2
𝑠2
=6m- 𝑚 - 1.632 m
ɤ 2( 9.81 2 )
𝑠
 𝑃1
= 3.96 m Ans.
ɤ

e) consider pt.2 to pt, B

𝑃2 𝑉22 𝑃𝐵 𝑉𝐵2
+ + 𝑍2 = + + 𝑍𝐵 + ℎ𝑓2 →𝐵
ɤ 2𝑔 ɤ 2𝑔

𝑃2 𝑉22 𝑃𝐵 𝑉𝐵2
+ + 𝑍2 = + + 𝑍𝐵 + ℎ𝑓2 →𝐵
ɤ 2𝑔 ɤ 2𝑔

𝑃2 𝑉2
= 𝑍𝐵 - 2𝑔2 + ℎ𝑓2 →𝐵
ɤ

𝑚2
𝑃2 (6.37 )2
𝑠2
= 36 m - 𝑚 + 31.02 m
ɤ 2( 9.81 2 )
𝑠

𝑃2
= 64.952 m Ans.
ɤ