Al

li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Examples:

en r us ted nsi tra re

•3 × −6 = −18

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
positive and a negative number is always negative

m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w , of
ig t-A
•3 × 6 = 18, −3 × 6 = −18, −3 × −6 = 18,

gl h no N n r T
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
MULTIPLICATION OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBERS

rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
•The product of two negative numbers is always positive. The product of a

ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.21
ARITHMETIC
SIGNED NUMBERS OPERATION
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
number is always negative.
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o

−6 ÷ −3 = 2
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Examples:

en r us ted nsi tra re

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
6 ÷ 3 = 2 −6 ÷ 3 = −2,

ex w o io n o
6 ÷ −3 = −2

t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
DIVISION OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBERS

in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
negative numbers is always positive. The quotient of a positive and negative
•The quotient of two positive numbers is always positive. The quotient of two

Rev.00| Pag.22
ARITHMETIC
SIGNED NUMBERS OPERATION
MATHEMATICS ARITHMETIC
FRACTION

or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag

ith be
S

rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T

t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
FRACTION

T y, i me tion des ex

pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
A fraction represents part of something, or, part of a whole thing. Anything can

ex w o io n o
N any is d a v rk a rty
be divided into equal parts. We can refer to the number of these equal parts

of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
when we are expressing how much of the whole item we are talking about.

t f ed in de de pr

,
Sa n nt
ol
en r us ted nsi tra re
em o ta co s, t a

w
re ed e s e aw en

.
Examples:

ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
The capacity of a fuel tank is 4 metric tons of fuel. If we divide the fuel tank into

te b e w rig o
rit , pu oth nts py g d
4 equal parts (4 metric tons ÷ 4), each part has a capacity of 1 metric ton of fuel

r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
pr loa Unl e c d b tra

m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi

We use fractions to express how much of the whole tank capacity to which we
do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d

are referring
te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n

If one of the equal parts of the tank is filled with fuel, the tank has 1 metric ton
is pr or en co
, d al uth nt on

of fuel in it. A fraction that expresses this states the amount we are talking about
ed tu a co ati

compared to the total capacity of the tank.

co tel ny Th form

n
n
pi lec un e
li
Al

This is written as follows: 1/4

in A

Rev.00| Pag.23
MATHEMATICS ARITHMETIC
FRACTION

or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag

ith be
S

rt, ma gl
•The bottom number represents the number of equal parts into which a whole

a
gl h no N n r T

t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
item has been divided. It is called the denominator

T y, i me tion des ex

pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
N any is d a v rk a rty

of
h d a e
•The top number represents the specific amount of the whole item about which

ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr

,
we are concerned. It is called the numerator

Sa n nt
ol
en r us ted nsi tra re
em o ta co s, t a

w
re ed e s e aw en

.
ag h is l b t l m
•The line between the numerator and the denominator is a division line. It shows

n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
rit , pu oth nts py g d
that the numerator is divided by the denominator

r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
EXAMPLES OF FRACTION
pr loa Unl e c d b tra

m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati
co tel ny Th form

The denominator of a fraction cannot be 0. This would be like saying the whole item
n
pi lec un e
li

we are talking about has been divided into 0 pieces.

Al
in A

Rev.00| Pag.24
MATHEMATICS ARITHMETIC
FRACTION

or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag

ith be
S

rt, ma gl
A proper fraction has a smaller numerator than the denominator

a
gl h no N n r T

t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
T y, i me tion des ex

pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
1/4, 1/2, 3/16, and 7/8 are all examples of proper fractions

ex w o io n o
N any is d a v rk a rty

of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr

,
Sa n nt
ol
An improper fraction is a fraction in which the numerator is equal to or larger

en r us ted nsi tra re

em o ta co s, t a

w
than the denominator.

re ed e s e aw en

.
ag h is l b t l m
4/4, 9/8, 26/21, and 3/2 are all examples of improper fractions

n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
rit , pu oth nts py g d
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
A whole number and a fraction together are known as a mixed number.
pr loa Unl e c d b tra

m
e s
Manipulating mixed numbers is discussed in greater detail in the next section of
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in

this chapter.
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine

11/2, 51/4, 103/4, and 81/8 are all examples of mixed numbers
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati

Fractions can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided. But to do so, certain
co tel ny Th form

rules must be applied to arrive at the correct result

n
pi lec un e
li
Al
in A

Rev.00| Pag.25
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co

above to find the LCD.

tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
converted so that they have the same denominator.

N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
•When adding and subtracting fractions, the lowest, or least common

rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
same. If the denominators are not the same initially, the fractions can be

ou
t
is the same as the LCM. We can therefore use either of the methods shown
To add or subtract fractions, the fractions must have a common denominator;

denominator (LCD) is often used because it often simplifies the answer. The LCD
that is, the denominators of the fractions to be added or subtracted must be the

Rev.00| Pag.26
LCD
ARITHMETIC
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
used as common denominators as well
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en

simple
em o ta co s, t a
Example:

en r us ted nsi tra re

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
both 5 and 10 and it is the smallest

Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
To add 1/5 + 1/10 the LCD can be found as follows:

List the multiples of 10 ¦ 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, etc…

in en T S
List the multiples of 5 ¦ 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, etc…

pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Note that 20 and 30 are also common to each list of multiples. These could be
Choose the smallest multiple common to each list. 10 is a multiple common to

But the least common denominator, 10, is usually chosen to keep the numbers

Rev.00| Pag.27
LCD
ARITHMETIC
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
REDUCING FRACTION

t-A a cu la d f N
they can both be divided by 2

T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w , of
ig t-A
out of the numerator and denominator

gl h no N n r T
. ol S
That is, they cannot be divided by the same number (or factor)

e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
A fraction needs to be reduced when it is not in "lowest terms." Lowest terms

For example, when both the numerator and denominator are even numbers,
means that the numerator and denominator do not have any factors in common.

To reduce a fraction, determine what the common factor(s) are and divide these

Rev.00| Pag.28
ARITHMETIC
REDUCING FRACTION
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
Example:

em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
MIXED NUMBERS

ro in t re m op
m h d a e
equivalent to 15 fifths

N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
written as improper fractions

t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
The number 3(4/5) represents 3 full parts and four fifths; Three full parts is
A mixed number is a combination of a whole number and a fraction, and can be

Rev.00| Pag.29
MIXED NUMBERS
ARITHMETIC
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine

So the question becomes:

d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
Exerciseà Find the value of:

w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
-Change each fraction so that its denominator is 30

N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS

e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
-The LCD in this case is 30 (list the multiples of 5, 6 and 10 if necessary).

ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.30
FRACTION ALGEBRA
ARITHMETIC