Al

li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
can be employed if appropriate

T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
Volume is the amount of space within an object

or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
spaces and cubic meters for larger spaces, however any distance measuring unit
Volume is expressed in cubic units. Cubic centimeters are typically used for small

Rev.00| Pag.61
GEOMETRY
ARITHMETIC
MATHEMATICS ARITHMETIC
WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENT

or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag

ith be
S

rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T

t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
T y, i me tion des ex

pa ts
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
The ISO publishes documents that provide extensive detail on the application of

N any is d a v rk a rty

of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
SI units. ICAO, the International Civil Aviation Organization, maintains liaison with

t f ed in de de pr

,
Sa n nt
ol
the ISO regarding the standardized application of SI units in aviation

en r us ted nsi tra re

em o ta co s, t a

w
re ed e s e aw en

.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
-ICAO publishes ANNEX 5 - Units of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground

te b e w rig o
rit , pu oth nts py g d
Operations to guide aviation organizations and individuals in the use of SI, the

r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
standardized system of weights and measures in aviation
pr loa Unl e c d b tra

m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in

-The metric system is formalized in SI (the International System of Units) which is

d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine

the official system of weights and measure of ICAO, the International Civil
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co

Aviation Organization
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati
co tel ny Th form

n
n
pi lec un e
li
Al
in A

Rev.00| Pag.62
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
Conversion table from IMPERIAL SYSTE TO SI(METRIC)

ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.63
GEOMETRY
ARITHMETIC
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
ALGEBRA
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.64
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
rules for operating with numbers

io de es on y in
in place of the letters and symbols
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
numbers and show relationships between them

or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
-A variable is the name given to a value or number that is not yet known

ith be
-In algebra, formulas and equations are written with numbers, letters and

ou
t
Arithmetic uses numbers, while Algebra uses letters or symbols to represent

symbols. Known number values are substituted into the formulas and equations
-Algebra extends the concepts of arithmetic so that it is possible to generalize the

Rev.00| Pag.65
ALGEBRA
INTRODUCTION
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
(a – c)

em o ta co s, t a
Example:

en r us ted nsi tra re

coefficient of y

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
When a number appears in front of a letter or variable, it is known as a
coefficient. In the terms listed above, 4 is the coefficient of x and 3 is the
In algebra, like terms have the same value. If a variable is described as x, then
every time x appears in an expression or equation, it will have the same value
In the expression v + 4x – 3y + (a – c) there are 4 terms, namely v, 4x, 3y and

Rev.00| Pag.66
ALGEBRA
INTRODUCTION
 - Addition:
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co

property of addition:
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
a + b = c --> 1 + 2 = 3

ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
a + b = b + a à1 + 2 = 2 + 1

T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
EVALUATING SIMPLE ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
they are added, subtracted, multiplied or divided

pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
When solving algebraic equations, the rules described for adding,

- Addition is commutative. This means that the order in which terms are
In fact, algebra is a way of generalizing what happens to numbers when
subtracting, multiplying, and dividing whole numbers and fractions apply.

added does not change the sum. The following illustrates the commutative

Rev.00| Pag.67
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
Addition is also associative

w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
are added first before adding the third term:

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m
3+3=1+5 =6

h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
a
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) à(1 + 2) + 3 = 1 + (2 + 3)

pa ts
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
Completing the addition in the brackets first, this becomes:
the order in which the terms are added. The following illustrates the

ou
t
associative property of addition. Brackets are used to define which terms
When more than two terms are added, the sum is the same regardless of

Rev.00| Pag.68
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
 :
Al
li
-Subtraction

in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d

the same difference as y - x.

do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
-Subtraction is not commutative

pr loa Unl e c d b tra

io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
c-b=a à3-2=1

If x = 5 and y = 3, then,

N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
x - y = 2, (5 - 3) = 2 but y - x = -2, (3 - 5) = -2

e co ext ight ag
the terms. The result or difference is expressed with an "=" sign

or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
By substituting numbers for the letters x and y, we can show how this is true
As with numbers, when subtracting algebraic terms, a "-" sign is used between

It definitely matters which term is subtracted from the other. x - y may not have

Rev.00| Pag.69
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
MATHEMATICS ALGEBRA
OPERATION

or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag

ith be
S

rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T
To make subtraction more flexible, subtraction of terms can be thought of as

t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
T y, i me tion des ex
addition of a negative or opposite value. For example, a - b = c can be

pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
manipulated so that the subtraction becomes addition of a negative number:

ex w o io n o
N any is d a v rk a rty

of
a - b = a + (-b) and a + b - c = a + b + (-c)

h d a e
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr

,
Sa n nt
ol
en r us ted nsi tra re
em o ta co s, t a

w
Thus, the commutative property of addition applies:

re ed e s e aw en

.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
a - b = (-b) + a

te b e w rig o
rit , pu oth nts py g d
-If a = 7 and b = 5, substitution of these values for a and b gives the following

r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
result:
pr loa Unl e c d b tra

m
7 - 5 = (-5) + 7, 7 - 5 = 2 and (-5) + 7 = 2
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta

Similarly, thinking of a term that is being subtracted as the addition of the same
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co

term with the opposite sign allows the use of the associative property of
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati

addition:
co tel ny Th form

(a - b) - c = a + ((-b) + (-c))
n
pi lec un e
li
Al
in A

Rev.00| Pag.70