TRIANGLES

Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
PROPERTIES OF SHAPES

N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
There are five types of triangle, as described in figure

rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
All triangles have three sides and the sum of the angles in any triangle is 180°

Rev.00| Pag.111
GEOMETRY
SHAPE
 TRIANGLES
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
PROPERTIES OF SHAPES

N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
There are five types of triangle, as described in figure

rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
All triangles have three sides and the sum of the angles in any triangle is 180°

Rev.00| Pag.112
GEOMETRY
SHAPE
 equally
SQUARE
Al

RECTANGLE
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
FOUR SIDED FIGURES

is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
PROPERTIES OF SHAPES

is 90°. The diagonals are equal and bisect each other.

N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. S
There are six types of four sided shapes

ol
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
diagonals are equal and bisect each other. This means they divide each other
The square has four sides of equal length. Each of the interior angles is 90°. The

The rectangle has two pairs of opposite and equal sides. Each of the interior angles

Rev.00| Pag.113
GEOMETRY
SHAPE
 RHOMBUS
Al

TRAPEZIUM
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e

PARALLELOGRAM
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n

are not equal in length.

bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
The diagonals bisect each other
The diagonals bisect each other

pr loa Unl e c d b tra

io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
PROPERTIES OF SHAPES

N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
This shape has one pair of opposite sides that are parallel to each other

ith be
ou
t
The rhombus has four sides of equal length. The diagonals are not equal in length.

The parallelogram has two pairs of opposite, equal and parallel sides. The diagonals

Rev.00| Pag.114
GEOMETRY
SHAPE
MATHEMATICS GEOMETRY
GRAPHS

or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag

ith be
S

rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T

t
ou
w y
in en T S
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS

ig t-A
T y, i me tion des ex

pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
Graphs and charts are pictorial presentations of data, equations and formulas

N any is d a v rk a rty

of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr

,
Sa n nt
ol
en r us ted nsi tra re
Through their use, the relationship between two or more quantities may be more

em o ta co s, t a

w
re ed e s e aw en
clearly understood

.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
Graphs show certain conditions or relationships at a glance that might require

te b e w rig o
rit , pu oth nts py g d
considerable time to ascertain from the same information in a written description or

r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
table pr loa Unl e c d b tra

m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d

INTERPRETING GRAPHS AND CHARTS

te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta

The words graph and chart are synonymous. Aviation maintenance technicians are
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co

more concerned with reading and interpreting the information presented on graphs
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati

and charts than they are in actually constructing them

co tel ny Th form

n
n
pi lec un e
li
Al
in A

Rev.00| Pag.115
MATHEMATICS GEOMETRY
GRAPHS

or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag

ith be
S

rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T

t
ou
w y
in en T S
INTERPRETING GRAPHS AND CHARTS

ig t-A
T y, i me tion des ex

pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
N any is d a v rk a rty

of
h d a e
The type of graph in figure is commonly used. It presents two different but related

ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr

,
variables to be considered by the user

Sa n nt
ol
en r us ted nsi tra re
This particular graph is useful in

em o ta co s, t a

w
re ed e s e aw en
analyzing the decrease in engine

.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
power as altitude increases.

te b e w rig o
rit , pu oth nts py g d
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
One variable, altitude, is presented on
pr loa Unl e c d b tra

m
the horizontal axis. It increases as one
e s
w ts. f th ct thi

moves to the right

do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine

-The other variable, the percent of sea

bu e ed a ta

level power, is presented on the

tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co

vertical axis. It increases as one moves

, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati

up the axis
co tel ny Th form

n
n
pi lec un e
li
Al

-The line is drawn on the graph in the

precise position that shows the
in A

relationship between these two

variable Rev.00| Pag.116
 Al

movements
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s

scales at the edge of the graph

pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m
graph is shown in figure and is called a nomogram

h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. S
GRAPHS WITH MORE THAN TWO VARIABLES

ol
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
horizontal or vertically until all the known variables have been included in the

-The value of the unknown variable should be able to be read off of one of the
When interpreting this type of graph, start with the known variables and move
A graph or chart with more than two variables may be encountered. This type of

Rev.00| Pag.117
GRAPHS
GEOMETRY
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. S
GRAPHS WITH MORE THAN TWO VARIABLES

ol
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.118
GRAPHS
GEOMETRY
MATHEMATICS GEOMETRY
COORDINATE

or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag

ith be
S

rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T

t
ou
w y
in en T S
CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

ig t-A
T y, i me tion des ex

pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
A rectangular coordinate system, known as the Cartesian Coordinate System, is

N any is d a v rk a rty

of
used to define the plane, that is, to create the space for a graph

h d a e
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr

,
Sa n nt
ol
en r us ted nsi tra re
em o ta co s, t a

w
- It consists of two intersecting axes at right angles to each other

re ed e s e aw en

.
- The x axis is horizontal and the y axis is vertical

ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
- The point where the axes intersect is called the Origin

te b e w rig o
rit , pu oth nts py g d
- Each axis is calibrated in even increments, but the axes do not have to be

r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
marked in the same increments as each other

m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in

To locate a point on the coordinate system, an ordered pair is required

d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co

- This consists of two values presented as (x, y).

, d al uth nt on

- The first value is located horizontally along the x axis.

ed tu a co ati
co tel ny Th form

- The second value is located vertically along the y axis

n
pi lec un e
li
Al
in A

Rev.00| Pag.119
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.120
GEOMETRY
COORDINATE