Al

li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w , of
ig t-A
This is summarized in the follow figure:

gl h no N n r T
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
quadrant, x-coordinates are positive and y-coordinates negative.

or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
positive, in the second quadrant x-coordinates are negative and y-coordinates
positive, in the third quadrant both coordinates are negative and in the fourth
The large roman numerals in the diagram label the four quadrants of the graph.
These labels are not normally shown. In the first quadrant, both coordinates are

Rev.00| Pag.121
GEOMETRY
COORDINATE
MATHEMATICS GEOMETRY
FUNCTION

or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag

ith be
S

rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T

t
ou
w y
in en T S
GRAPHS OF EQUATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

ig t-A
T y, i me tion des ex

pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
N any is d a v rk a rty

of
h d a e
The graph of an equation is made up of the set of points where the equation is

ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr

,
true. Rectangular axes are used. Solving a two variable equation by giving one of

Sa n nt
ol
en r us ted nsi tra re
em o ta co s, t a

w
the variables a series of values results in ordered pairs that can be plotted

re ed e s e aw en

.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
FUNCTION

te b e w rig o
rit , pu oth nts py g d
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
A function relates an input to an output. It can be said that a function defines the

m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi

relationship between the input (usually x) and the output (usually y). In
do gh o ote in

mathematics we say y is a function of x

d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co

-What this means is that we have an equation that links x and y, and when we
, d al uth nt on

choose a value of x we can find the value of y

ed tu a co ati
co tel ny Th form

n
n
pi lec un e
li
Al
in A

Rev.00| Pag.122
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
FUNCTIONS

en r us ted nsi tra re

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
Two very common functions are shown in the table below

ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.123
GEOMETRY
FUNCTION
 Example:
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta y = 4 x + 2, for -3 ≤ x ≤ 3
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n
Draw a graph of the function:

e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Create a table and plot the points on a graph

en r us ted nsi tra re

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w , o ig t-A
LINEAR FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS

gl h no N n r T f
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.124
GEOMETRY
FUNCTION
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
SLOPE OF A LINE

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
of the graph

N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
with respect to x.

T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
graph is increasing or decreasing.

ith be
ou
t
When dealing with straight line graphs we

-The slope gives us a value on how fast the

are often interested in the slope or gradient

-It gives us a value for how fast y is changing

Rev.00| Pag.125
GEOMETRY
FUNCTION
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
The general form of a quadratic function is:

re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
If a is positive the graph has a minimum point.
t f ed in de de pr
If a is negative the graph has a maximum point.
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

N any is d a v rk a rty
For a quadratic function of the form y = ax^2 + bx + c

ex w o io n o
Quadratic graphs cross the x-axis no more than twice.
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.126
GEOMETRY
FUNCTION
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.127
GEOMETRY
FUNCTION
 triangle.
Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
angles, and metro, which means measure

e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Trigonometry is the study of the relationship between the angles and sides of a

The word trigonometry comes from the Greek trigonon, which means three

Rev.00| Pag.128
TRIGONOMETRIC
GEOMETRY
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
the opposite side

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
labeled with a capital letter.
RIGHT TRIANGLES, SIDES AND ANGLES

Sa n nt
w , of
ig t-A
referred to as the hypotenuse

gl h no N n r T
. S
labeled with a lower case letter

ol
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
therefore referred to as the adjacent side

ith be
ou
t
-Side b is next to, or adjacent to, angle A and is
angle C is a 90° angle. Notice that each angle is
The triangle in figure is a right triangle because

-Side c is always across from the right angle and is

Across from each angle is a corresponding side, each

-Side a is opposite from angle A, and is referred to as

Rev.00| Pag.129
TRIGONOMETRIC
GEOMETRY
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi cosine (cos), and tangent (tan
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
are the same. These ratios are known as functions.

ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
RELATIONSHIPS, SINE, COSINE AND TANGENT

e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
The relationships or ratios between the sides are the same as long as the angles

The three primary trigonometric functions and their abbreviations are: sine (sin),

Rev.00| Pag.130
TRIGONOMETRIC
GEOMETRY