Science 7

NOTES
Noted by:
Noelle Trisha Caimoy
Grade 8 - STE

Science 7 Notes, Pages 1 of 22

 First Quarter (Chemistry)
Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass; divided into 2
types, the pure substances and mixtures.
Atom – the smallest particle, always in constant motion called the
Brownian Movement, which was discovered by Sir Robert
Brown, the botanist who also discovered pollen grains through
a microscope.
Molecules – combination of two or more atoms, e.g. O 2 (Oxygen gas),
H2O (water), CO2 (carbon dioxide).
Cohesion – an action wherein similar molecules stick together.
Adhesion - one kind of molecule sticks to another molecule.
Mass – the unchangeable measure of the amount of matter in a
body.
Weight - the measure of gravity on a matter that changes.
Inertia - Newton’s First Law of Motion that states the tendency of an
object to remain at rest when at rest or to remain in motion
when in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
Density - the measure of how compact a substance is.
Elements - made up of atom or atoms of the sane kind; the simplest
and unique type of matter which cannot be divided into
components; no elements have the same set of properties; some
are metals, non-metals, and metalloids.
Compounds - combination of two or more elements; can be broken
down into components through chemical processes; has unique
properties; some are acids, bases and salts.
Pure Substances – homogeneous, meaning they have uniform
composition and their appearances are the same all
throughout; they are solutions; in high temperatures, they are
Science 7 Notes, Pages 2 of 22
 sharp and fixed, in low temperatures, they melt completely
within a short time.
Mixtures – heterogeneous, meaning they don’t have uniform
composition and their appearance are not the same all
throughout; some are colloids, suspensions, and coarse
mixtures; in high temperatures, they are different at different
times, in low temperatures, they melt but there are some
portions that doesn’t seem to melt.
Ways of Separating Mixtures
1. Physical Manipulation
- separation using a scooping material or picking.
2. Magnetism
- separation of metals from non-metals with the use of
magnets.
3. Filtration
- separation of insoluble solids using filter paper.
4. Decantation
- separation of large particles of insoluble solid from the
liquid mixture.
5. Evaporation
- separation of soluble solid from the liquid component of the
solution by evaporating liquid substance.

Science 7 Notes, Pages 3 of 22

 Second Quarter (Biology)
Biology – from the Greek words bio (life) and logos (study of); study
of life and living organisms.
Microscope – a tool used for viewing tiny organisms that can’t be
seen by the naked eye; one of the early microscopes were
invented by Antony von Leeuwenhoek.
Parts of the Microscope:
1. Ocular Eyepiece
- has a magnifying power of 10x and 15x.
2. Coarse and Fine Adjustment Knob
3. Draw and Body Tube
4. Revolving Nosepiece
5. Stage
6. Stage Clip
7. Condenser
8. Mirror
9. Base
10. Arm
11. Pillar
12. Dust Shield
13. Inclination Joint
14. Glass Slide
15. Cover Slip
16. Objectives
- Scanner, 3x, 4x, and 5x
- Low Power Objective (LPO), 10x and 12x
Science 7 Notes, Pages 4 of 22
 - High Power Objective (HPO), 40x and 43x
- Oil Immersion Objective (OIO), 97x and 100x
Formula for Identifying the Magnification of the Specimen:
Mag. of Specimen = (Mag. of Eyepiece) × (Mag. of Objective)
Ex. (10x) × (40x) = 400x

Levels of Biological Relationship:

Cell – the basic units of life.
Tissues – collections of cells that work together in multicellular
organisms to form larger body structures that are able to carry
out the functions of living things.
Organs – structures in the body that are made of tissues and
perform a specific function.
Organ Systems – groups of organs that work together to perform a
function in the body.
Organism – a basic living thing, e.g. humans.
Population – group of organisms of the same species living in the
same place.
Community – different species living in an area.
Ecosystem – a geographic area where plants, animals, and other
organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to
form a bubble of life.
Cell Parts and Functions:
Cell Membrane – separates and protect the cell from its
environment.
Cell Wall – supports, protects, and gives form to the cell.

Science 7 Notes, Pages 5 of 22

Nucleus – controls the activities of the cell and stores the DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid).
Cytoplasm – a complex substance consisting of various organelles.
Organelles:
Chloroplasts harvest the energy of sunlight and convert it to
chemical energy.
Cytoskeleton is the framework that supports the cell.
Ribosomes serve as sites for the assembly of proteins.
Mitochondria act as the powerhouse of the cell.
Golgi bodies serve as centers for packaging and storing materials in
the cells.
Endoplasmic reticulum processes and transports substances
throughout the cell.
Lysosomes are sac-like structures that break down food products
and old cell parts.
Vacuoles are also sac-like structures where water and food
materials are stored.

The Comparison Between Plant and Animal Cell

Plant Cell Animal Cell
Shape Square or Irregular or round
rectangular
Size 10-100 10-30 micrometers
micrometers
Nucleus Lies on one side Lies in the center
Vacuole Few or single, Usually numerous
centrally
Science 7 Notes, Pages 6 of 22
 positioned
Mode of nutrition Primarily Heterotrophic
autotrophic

Microorganism
 a word that came from the Greek prefix mikros (small), and
organismos (organism).
 classified into two major groups, the prokaryotes (no true
nucleus), and the eukaryotes (containing true nucleus)
 seen under the microscope

Bacteria
 single-celled organisms
 Archaebacteria, found in a habitat where little life can survive.
 Eubacteria, prokaryotic microorganisms consisting of a single
cell lacking a nucleus and containing DNA; a single circular
chromosome divided into three groups, the heterotrophs, the
photosynthetic bacteria, and the chemosynthetic autotrophs.
 Some bacteria are bacilli (rod-shaped), some are cocci
(spherical), and some are spirilla (corkscrew or spiral-shaped)
 They can break down the nutrients in dead matter, providing
nutrients for other organisms.
 Responsible for the production of cheese and yogurt.
 They can remove waste products and poison from water.
 Some can make their own food and convert nitrogen into a form
that plants can use.
 Pathogens are the disease-causing bacteria.
Fungi

Science 7 Notes, Pages 7 of 22

  Generally known as the Earth’s decomposers, but not
considered as plants.
 Nonmotile heterotrophic eukaryotes that contain cell walls.
 Some are multicellular (ex. moulds) while others are unicellular
(ex. yeasts) and microscopic.
 Some are parasites living on plants or animals.
 Others obtain food by digesting the dead remains of other
organisms.
 Decomposes organic matter into raw materials using their
exoskeleton.
 Absorbs nutrients from decaying matter.
 Some can be served as food.
 Causes ringworm infections, athlete’s food, spoilage of food, and
mouldy bread.
 Some are parasites.

Protists
 Mostly single-celled microscopic organisms.
 Usually live in ponds, rivers, ocean, and deep soil
 Trypanosoma Protozoa causes Chagas disease and sleeping
sickness.
 Guardia Protozoa causes giardasis.
 Plasmodium Protozoa causes malaria.
Types of Protists
1. Animal-like Protists (Protozoa)
- They are mostly heterotrophs, ex. amoeba, flagellates,
ciliates, and sporozoans.
2. Fungus-like Protists
- Also heterotrophs, but produced by forming spores, ex.
slime moulds and water moulds.
Science 7 Notes, Pages 8 of 22
 3. Plant-like Protists (Algae)
- Autotrophic, ex. red, green, brown, fire, golden-brown, and
yellow algae.
Algae
 Exists in oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds, brackish waters, and
snow.
 Has a variety of colours, but they are usually green.
 They are eukaryotic and photosynthetic organisms.
5 Major Groups of Algae
1. Euglenoids
- Some of them are autotrophic and they are found in
freshwater.
2. Green Algae
- Contains chloroplasts with chlorophyll A and B.
3. Brown Algae
- Most of them contains the pigment fucoxanthin.
- They are autotrophic and multicellular.
4. Red Algae
- Contains Phycoerythin, mostly marine.
5. Golden Algae
- They contain either a yellow pigment called xantophyll or
an orange pigment called carotene, and they are
unicellular.

Reproduction
 The ability of a organism to produce new individuals.
Sexual Reproduction
 This is a mode of reproduction wherein two parents that
reproduce reproductive cells called gametes are involved.

Science 7 Notes, Pages 9 of 22

  The division of sex and body cells are called meiosis and
mitosis, respectively.
 Gametes have two types, the egg cell (female) and sperm cell
(male).
 Traits are varied in the offspring.
 The union of the egg and sperm cell (fertilization) leads to the
formation of a fertilised egg (zygote).
 If the sperm and egg cells are released into an external
environment, this is called external fertilisation.
3 Types of Embryo Development
1. Oviparous
- The egg is laid and developed by the egg yolk.
2. Ovoviviparous
- Embryos develop in eggs that remain in the mother’s body
until they’re ready to hatch.
3. Viviparous
- Development of the embryo inside the mother’s body.
Asexual Reproduction
 The creation of a new organism from a single parent without
combination of gametes.

The Flower and its Reproductive Structure

Flower – reproductive system of flowering plants
Sterile/Non-essential Parts:
 Calyx – collection of sepals
 Corolla – collection of petals
 Receptacle – part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower
are attached.
Science 7 Notes, Pages 10 of 22
Essential Parts (Female)
 Pistil – ovule producer of a flower
 Ovary – ovule processor
 Stigma – pollen receiver during pollination
 Style – narrow, elongated extension of the ovary that bears the
stigma.
Essential Parts (Male)
 Stamen – fertilising organ of a flower
 Anther – part of the stamen that contains pollen
 Filament – slender part of a stamen that supports the anther.

Third Quarter (Physics)

Motion – the continuous change in position with respect to a
reference point in a particular time interval.
Distance – the length of the entire path that the object travelled and
is defined as measurement of length only.

Science 7 Notes, Pages 11 of 22

Displacement – the shortest distance between the object’s two
positions, such as the distance between its point of origin and
its point of destination, no matter what path it took to get to
that destination and is defined as measurement of length plus
direction.
Speed – the distance travelled divided by the travel time, has no
direction, expressed in terms of miles per hour (mi/h),
kilometers per hour (km/h), or meter per second (m/s).
Velocity – speed with direction, uses displacement.
Suppose you take 0.5 hour to travel from home to school, use
the equation below to solve for your average speed and velocity.
For the average speed: For the average velocity:
Given: Given:
Distance (d): 3 km Distance (d): 2 km
Time (t): 0.5 h Time (t): 0.5 h
Speed (v): ? Velocity (v): ?

Formula: Formula:
distance (d) displacement ( d )
speed (v)= velocity ( v ) =
time(t) time ( t )

Solution: Solution:
3 km 2km , East
v= v=
0.5 h 0.5 h

Answer: v = 6 km/h Answer: v = 4 km, East

A change in velocity happens when there is a change in

magnitude (speed), direction of motion, or both.
Average and Instantaneous Speed
Average speed is the total distance travelled divided by the total
time of travel, while instantaneous speed is the speed at an instant
in time.
Science 7 Notes, Pages 12 of 22
 A vehicle has a speedometer that tells the speed in an instant or
at that moment in time. As the vehicle travels along a busy street, it
can be noticed that the speedometer may read 30 km/h. It may
change to 65 km/h as it passes an open free highway and zero when
it stops. During the entire trip, the vehicle travels at different
speeds.
Average and Instantaneous Velocity
When you ride a vehicle, it is not only the speed that changes
but also its direction. A vehicle may travel North, East, West, or
South. Average velocity is the total displacement (final position -
initial position) travelled divided by the total time of travel.
Instantaneous velocity is the velocity of an object at an instant time.
Constant Motion
Constant motion refers to an object moving with constant speed
or velocity. To make them constant, they should be the same. When
the distance is constant, the relationship between time and speed is
inversely proportional. When the time is constant, the relationship
between time and speed is directly proportional.

Acceleration
 The rate of change in velocity.
Formula:
change∈ velocity final velocity−initial velocity
acceleration ( a )= =
change ∈time final time−initial time

Example:
Given: Vf = 160 m/s, Vi = 5 m/s, t = 15 secs

Science 7 Notes, Pages 13 of 22

 Formula:
final velocity−initial velocity
a=
time

Solution:
160 m/ s−5 m/s 155 m/s 2
a= = =10.3 m/s
15 secs 15 secs

Ticker-Tape Chart
A common way to analyze the motion of objects is through the
use of a ticker-tape diagram or simply known as tape which is
produced by a ticker-tape timer. A ticker-tape timer records the time
of motion and distance travelled by a moving body. A paper tape is
placed under a carbon disc beneath the clapper of the timer. As the
body moves, it pulls the paper tape with it. When the timer is
switched on, the clapper moves up and down regularly and strikes
the carbon disc. Dots are then printed on the moving paper tape
beneath the carbon disc.

Waves
 a periodic disturbance that moves away from a source and
carries energy with it and causes motion.
Types of Waves
Waves can be classified according to the direction of motion of
the vibrating particles with respect to the direction in which the
waves travel.

Transverse Waves

Science 7 Notes, Pages 14 of 22

  Individual segments of a rope vibrates perpendicular to the
direction in which the waves travel.
Longitudinal Waves
 Each portion of a coil spring is alternatively compressed and
extended.
Surface Waves
 A combination of transverse and longitudinal wave, wherein
each water molecules move in a circular pattern as the waves
pass by.
When waves pass by, the particles vibrate alternately to
transport the energy of the wave.
Parts of Waves
For the Transverse Wave:
1. Rest Position - The broken line which is drawn through the
center of the diagram.
2. Crest – the highest point of the wave.
3. Trough – the lowest point of a wave.
For the Longitudinal Wave:
1. Compression – a point where the coils are close together or
has the maximum density.
2. Rarefaction – a point in the spring where the coils are spread
out or has the minimum density.
Characteristics of Waves
Wavelength (λ) – the length of one complete wave that can be
measured as the distance from a crest to another crest or from
a trough to another trough. Expressed in meters (m).
Amplitude (A) – the height of a wave and the description of the
energy carried by a wave. Expressed in meters (m).
Science 7 Notes, Pages 15 of 22
Period (T) – the time. Expressed in seconds (s).
Frequency (f) – the number of waves passing a point in a second.
Expressed in Hertz (Hz).
Formulae:
Period: Frequency: Wavelength: Wave Speed:

1 1 v v = λf
T= f= λ=
f T f

Wave Propagation Process

Mechanical waves requires the disturbance of some physical
medium to be able to propagate. With mechanical waves, what we
interpret as a wave corresponds to the propagation of a disturbance
through a medium.
Meanwhile, electromagnetic waves do mot require disturbance
of some media to propagate.
Below are the examples of mechanical and electromagnetic
waves.

Mechanical Waves Electromagnetic Waves

Sound waves Rope Radio waves Light
Coil spring Water Infrared Ultraviolet Rays
Seismic waves

Sound Waves
 A mechanical and longitudinal wave that is caused by vibration
or repeated motion.
 A distorted sound is called noise.
Science 7 Notes, Pages 16 of 22
  A special, pleasant sound is called music.

Characteristics of Sound
1. Pitch – frequency. Expressed in Hertz (Hz).
2. Loudness – amplitude. Measured through an oscilloscope and
is expressed in decibels (dB).
3. Timbre – source of the sound, tone quality.

Audible Ultrasonic Infrasonic

20 Hz – 20,000 Hz More than 20,000 Hz Less than 20 Hz
Human Hearing Threshold of Threshold of Pain
Hearing - 0 dB 120 dB

Light
 An electromagnetic and transverse wave that has constant
speed, travels in a straight line, in a vacuum, and is faster than
sound. Expressed in Candela (C).
Characteristics of Waves (Light)
1. Wavelength (λ) – meters (m)
2. Amplitude (A) – meters (m)
3. Frequency (f) – Hertz (Hz)
4. Period (T) – speed of light (c)
Characteristics of Light – the colour and intensity/brightness.
Natures of Light (Dual) – light behaves like a particle and a wave.
Dispersion – separation of light into different colours, with red being
the coldest colour and blue being the hottest colour for stars.

Science 7 Notes, Pages 17 of 22

 The relationship between the frequency (f) and energy (E) of
light is directly proportional, while the relationship between the
wavelength (λ) and the frequency (f) is inversely proportional.

Heat
 A form of energy that always moves from one object to another
(if and only if there is difference in temperature between two
objects), from high temperatures (hot) to low temperatures
(cold); an energy in transit.
Conductor – a material that allows heat and electricity to transfer,
but not all of them conduct heat equally.
Insulator - a material that allows heat and electricity to transfer,
but conducts them poorly.
Methods of Heat Transfer
1. Conduction
- Transfer of heat through direct contact between objects.
- Occurs mostly in solids, but sometimes in liquids and
gases.
2. Convection
- Heat transfers by the actual movement of fluids such as
liquids or gases from one place to another.
3. Radiation
- Transfer of heat through electromagnetic (EM) waves.
- Emits, sends out, releases, or spreadsheet outward from a
source.
- Occur through materials, empty space, or vacuum.
- Has no direct contact and doesn’t require a medium.

Science 7 Notes, Pages 18 of 22

Electricity
 Also known as electric energy, originates from motion of
charges.
Electrical Charge – a property of matter that creates a force
between objects.
Objects are charged by subatomic particles, protons, electrons,
and neutrons. Only electrons can be transferred, since they are
outside, while protons and electrons cannot be transferred.

The Law of Charges states that the force of attraction pulls

objects together if they have opposite charges, while the force of
repulsion pushes objects apart due to similar charges.
The Law of the Conservation of Charges states that charges
can’t be created nor destroyed, but can be transferred, but the total
charge in a system must remain constant.
We will know if an object gains or loses electrons through
triboelectric series, which is an arrangement of
materials/substances according to their ability to gain or lose
electrons.
Methods of Charging
1. Friction
- By rubbing 2 different materials, electrons move from one
object to another. It gives positive charge to a substance
that loses electrons and gives negative charge to the
substance that gains electrons.
2. Conduction
- This action happens when electrons are passed from one
object to another by direct contact.
3. Induction

Science 7 Notes, Pages 19 of 22

 - This action can happen without actual contact with any
other charged object; creates temporary and opposite
charge because of electrons moving within the object,
causing the closest side oppositely charged.
Scalar Quantity – magnitude without direction (speed and distance)
Vector Quantity – magnitude with direction (velocity, displacement,
acceleration)

Fourth Quarter (Geology)

Coordinate System
 A method of identifying the location of a point on the Earth
given two numbers.
Landmasses
 Refer to the total area of a country orbgeographical region which
includes supercontinents, continents, and islands.
Landmasses Definition
Supercontinent A grouping of formerly dispersed
spread continents.
Continents Mainly surrounded by seas and
usually consisting of various
countries.
Island An area of land smallest than a
continents and entirely
surrounded by water.
Science 7 Notes, Pages 20 of 22
 Lake A body of stagnant water
surrounded by land.
River A natural and free-flowing body
of water.
Canal A passage of water and
transports ships and boats.

Bodies of Water
 Refers to oceans, seas, lakes, and smaller pools of water such
as ponds, stagnant water, and puddles.
Classification of the Bodies of Definition
Water
Ocean A continuous body of salts water
that covered more than 70% of
the Earth’s surface.
Sea Smaller than the ocean and is
usually located where land and
ocean meet.

Energy Resources
The year-round warning temperature and availability of water
depende on our geographic location. The typical climate and geologic
conditions also provide several possibilities to get clean and cheap
energy.
Below are the examples of energy resources:
1. Solar Energy
- The cleanest and most abundant renewable energy source
that comes from the sun and is covered to electrical energy
using solar panels.

Science 7 Notes, Pages 21 of 22

Science 7 Notes, Pages 22 of 22