WEEK 5

C E L L U L A R R E S P I R AT I O N

1. Define cellular respiration.

2. Identify and describe the
OBJECTIVES chemical reactions that
power cellular respiration.

2
LIFE IS WORK! Light energy

• Sun: ultimate source of energy

• Photosynthesis: takes light E
ECOSYSTEM

and converts it to food,

autotrophs Photosynthesis
in chloroplasts
• Cellular Respiration: uses the CO2 + H2O
Organic
molecules + O2

food energy and converts it to Cellular respiration

in mitochondria
ATP, autotrophs and
heterotrophs
• Generates ATP & Releases
heat
ATP
• Excess free energy results in powers most cellular work
growth & storage
Heat
energy
B R E AT H I N G V E R S U S C E L L U L A R
R E S P I R AT I O N

• Breathing: physical process that allows animals

and humans to meet gases in the air.

• Cellular respiration: chemical process that

releases energy from organic compounds (food),
gradually converting it into energy that is stored in
ATP molecules
C O R R E L AT I O N B E T W E E N A C A M P F I R E A N D
C E L L U L A R R E S P I R AT I O N

• Analyzing a campfire can clarify

your understanding of cellular
respiration.
• A campfire breaks chemical bonds in
wood, releasing stored energy as
light and heat
• Cellular respiration breaks chemical
bonds in glucose, releasing stored
energy and transferring some to 36-
38 ATP; some energy is lost as heat.
 CHEMICAL PATHWAYS
☼ Food is the raw material that provides
the energy for your body to function
☼ Cells use food to synthesize new
molecules to carry out their life processes
• Cells do not BURN glucose; they slowly release energy from it and other food
compounds through several pathways (processes)
• 1st pathway → glycolysis: releases only a small amount of energy (2 net ATP)
• Aerobic Respiration- If oxygen present, it will lead to two other
pathways that release a lot of energy: Krebs cycle & Electron Transport
Chain
• Anaerobic Respiration- If oxygen absent glycolysis is followed by a
different pathway: Alcoholic Fermentation or Lactic Acid Fermentation
MITOCHONDRIA
 REDOX REACTIONS
Oxidation  Reduction
 Loss of electrons  Gain of electrons

Reducing Agent  Oxidizing Agent (electron

(electron donor) acceptor)
 Oxygen: the final electron
 Glucose
acceptor!
 Oxidized in steps using a
 Oxygen is strongly
coenzyme (NAD+) and
electronegative, as the e -
hydrogen atoms to strip the leaves glucose, & goes to
electrons from glucose &
oxygen, free E is released
release E
becomes oxidized

becomes reduced
N A D + ENERGY HARVEST AND THE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)
• Glucose is broken down in • NAD+ - nicotinamide adenine
a series of steps to slowly dinucleotide is a coenzyme that
harvest the free energy transports electrons from glucose
to the electron transport chain to
from “falling” electrons make ATP
more efficiently
• NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+
• The e- travel with a H + (remove a pair of H atoms from
• The H+ ‘s ride along on food molecule, oxidized)
NAD+ • NADH Carries electrons to the
ETC (electron transport chain) to
release free energy
What is the process of
glycolysis????
 GLYCOLYSIS
• Process takes place in the cytosol of the cytoplasm
outside of mitochondria; coverts glucose with the help of
2 ATP molecules and eventually releases 4 ATP
molecules; for a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.
G LY C O LY S I S : B R E A K I N G G L U C O S E I N T O T W O
3 - C P Y R U VAT E M O L E C U L E S
• Substrate Level Phosphorylation
• small amounts of ATP, made by
transferring P group from substrate to
ADP
• Occurs in the cytosol
• Used in fermentation and respiration,
ancient process
• Converts glucose (6C) → 2
pyruvate (3C) (pyruvic acid)
• Uses 2 ATP – energy investment
• Produces 4 ATP + 2 NADH –
energy payoff
• NET production = 2 ATP + 2 NADH
AT P & N A D H
PRODUCTION
I N G LY C O LY S I S
Step 1: breaks 1 molecule of glucose in
half, producing 2 molecules of pyruvic
acid (a 3-carbon compound) 2 ATP
used up
Step 2: 2 NAD+ ;electron carrier accepts 2 NADH become
& 2 H+ 2 ADP
4 high-energy electrons transfers them
produced
to 2 NADH molecules and 2 H+ thus
passing the energy stored in the glucose
4 ATP
Step 3: 4 ADP added producing 4 ATP produced
Net gain =
2 ATP
Step 4: 2 remaining pyruvic acids enter
Krebs Cycle in presence of oxygen; IF
no oxygen another pathway is followed
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
B E T W E E N G LY C O LY S I S A N D C I T R I C A C I D C Y C L E
• Most of glucose energy is stored in Pyruvate
• Pyruvate’s carboxyl group (already oxidized) broken off and released as
CO2 WASTE!
• Follow the Carbon : Now the 2 C fragment is oxidized (e - removed)
and the e- are transferred to NAD +
• Enzyme conversion of remaining C to acetyl CoA

http://access.mmhs.ca/docs/Science/MMHS%20Web%20Folder/Kamla/conversiona.jpg
Or the making of energy with out oxygen
• If no oxygen is available, cells can obtain energy through
the process of anaerobic respiration.
• A common anaerobic process is fermentation.
• Fermentation is not an efficient process and results in the
formation of far fewer ATP molecules than aerobic
respiration.
There are two primary fermentation processes:
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
2. Alcohol Fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation occurs when oxygen is not
available.
For example, in muscle tissues during rapid and vigorous
exercise, muscle cells may be depleted of oxygen. They
then switch from respiration to fermentation.
The Pyruvic acid formed during Glycolysis each gain a hydrogen
from NADH.
The new hydrogen turn the Pyruvate into lactic acid and energy is
released (which is used to form ATP).

Glucose → Pyruvic acid → Lactic acid + energy

•The process of lactic acid fermentation replaces the
process of aerobic respiration so that the cell can have a
continual source of energy, even in the absence of
oxygen.
•However, this shift is only temporary, and cells need
oxygen for sustained activity.
•When you exercise
vigorously Lactic acid
builds up in the tissue
causing a burning, painful
sensation.
•You must breath in more
Oxygen to replenish the
O2 in your muscles.
Alcohol fermentation occurs in yeasts and some
bacteria.
Pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis is broken down
to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide and is released
(which is used to form ATP).
In Fermentation the Pyruvate made during Glycolysis loses
another carbon making carbon dioxide.

The two sets of carbons left each gain a hydrogen from NADH.
This turns the two carbon chains into Ethyl Alcohol.

Glucose → Pyruvic acid → alcohol + carbon dioxide + energy

• Fermentation is used in food production.

– Yogurt - Soy Sauce

– Cheese - Vinegar
– Bread - Olives/Pickles

– Beer/ Meade - Wine/ Ale

– Sauerkraut - Malt
Let’s look at the
pathway that follows
gycolysis with the
presence of oxygen…..
aerobic respiration
STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
C 6 H 1 2 O 6 + O 2 → 6 C O 2 + 6 H 2 O + AT P
Cytosol Glycolysis 2 ATP

Oxidize Glucose Make Pyruvate

Citric Acid Cycle (aka Krebs Cycle)

2 ATP
Mitochondrial matrix
Oxidize Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA Regenerate C molecules, give off CO2

Oxidative Phosphorylation (aka Electron Transport)

32 ATP
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
Chemiosmosis ATP Synthesis
Fig. 9-6-3

Electrons Electrons carried

carried via NADH and
via NADH FADH2

Oxidative
Glycolysis Citric phosphorylation:
acid electron transport
Glucose Pyruvate cycle and
chemiosmosis

Mitochondrion
Cytosol

ATP ATP ATP

Substrate-level Substrate-level Oxidative

phosphorylation phosphorylation phosphorylation
CITRIC ACID CYCLE – KREBS CYCLE
C O M P L E T E E N E R G Y- Y I E L D I N G O X I D AT I O N O F O R G A N I C M O L E C U L E S

• Substrate Level
Phosphorylation
• Small amounts of ATP
• Occurs in the Mitochondrial
Matrix
• Converts 2 Acetyl CoA → 6
NADH, 2 FADH 2, 2 ATP and
4CO2
• The CAC must turn twice for
each molecule of glucose

http://drchadedwards.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/krebs_cycle1.gif
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
• Oxidative Phosphorylation
• lots of ATP
• Electrons from food carried in
NADH & FADH2 move down ETC
& release energy
• Electroneg. Oxygen pulls e -
• Occurs in the inner mitochondrial
membrane
• Electrons stored in NADH and
FADH2 from glycolysis and the CAC
are transported to the ETC where ~
32 ATP are created
• NADH + FADH 2 + O2 → ATP + H 2O

http://www.molvray.com/sf/exobio/images/electron_chain.jpg
 CHEMIOSMOSIS & ELECTRON
TRANSPORT
• Proteins carry electrons
through the ETC while H +
pumps (oxidizing NADH to
NAD+) pump H+ out into the
cristae
• The H+’s create an
electrochemical gradient
• As H+’s pass through the
enzyme ATP synthase, ATP
is made powered by flow of
H+ across the membrane
 Complete the table
Process Location Input Output
1. Glycolysis

2. Pyruvate → Acetyl
CoA

3. Citric Acid Cycle

(Kreb’s)

4. Electron Transport
Chain (ETC)

TOTAL # of ATPs
36
 Process Where? Phosphorylation Input Output
1. Glycolysis Cytosol Substrate Level 2 ATP + 4 ATP + 2
Glucose NADH + 2
pyruvate

2. Pyruvate → Mitochondrial N/A 2 pyruvate 2 CO2 + 2

Acetyl CoA Matrix NADH + 2
Acetyl CoA

3. Citric Acid Mitochondrial Substrate Level 2 Acetyl 6 NADH +

Cycle (Kreb’s) Matrix CoA 2 FADH2 +
2 ATP +
4CO2
4. Electron Inner Oxidative 10 NADH + ~ 32-34
Transport Chain Mitochondrial 2 FADH2 + ATP + H2O
(ETC) Membrane O2

TOTAL Cytosol + N/A Glucose + H2O + CO2

Mitochondria O2 + 36 -38
ATP