Arrange the following terms from greatest to least (1-14) according

from the Geologic Time

Century Hour

Day Minute

Decade Month

Eon Period

Epoch Second

Era Year

Week Millennium

Ask the students: Which is the longest division in the Geologic Time
Lesson 1
Introduction to
Life Science
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

1. Explain the evolving concept of life based on

emerging piece of evidence;

2. Describe the classic experiments that model conditions which

may have enabled the first forms to evolve;

3. Describe seven emergent properties associated with life;

4. Describe how unifying themes in the study of life show the

connections among living things and how they interact with
each other and with their environment.
Concept of
Life
Introduction
• The term Biology was derived from bios (referring to
life) and logos (meaning study). Literally therefore, it
means the study of life.
• All living things are made of cells. Some organisms
are unicellular and consist of only a single cell that
carries out all life processes.
• Other organisms are multicellular and are composed
of many cells which perform specialized and specific
functions.
 7 Characteristics of Life
1. Response to Stimuli
– is the ability of
living things to react to
the factors of the
environment such as
life, temperature,
pressure, chemicals
and gravity.
7 Characteristics of Life
2. Metabolism – refers
to the sum total of the
chemical reactions taking
place in an organisms.
2 types of Metabolism
7 Characteristics of Life
3. Reproduction – is the ability of living things
to produce new individuals closely resembling them.
7 Characteristics of Life
4. Growth and Development - means have a
capacity to grow and to develop. They either
grow new parts or increase in size.
7 Characteristics of Life
5. Homeostasis - is maintaining a specific internal
environment. Organisms maintain the right pH, temperature
and electrolyte concentration among others to survive. Not
being able to regulate the internal environment would lead
to death.
7 Characteristics of Life
6. Adaptation – is one of the organisms’ means to
survive. Living organisms over the course of time have
adapted to various changing environmental conditions.
7 Characteristics of Life
7. Cellular Organization – Living organism is
composed of cells which are also composed of
organelles and their organelles such as the cell
membrane is again composed of
macromolecules and these macromolecules
such as fats is composed of atoms such as
carbon, hydrogen and other.
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Activity 1: The Characteristics of Life
Directions: Identify what characteristics of life
shown in each of the following picture and
describe each characteristic based on what is
shown in the picture.
1. Characteristics of Life
____________________________
__
Description:
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2. Characteristics of Life
____________________________
__ Description:
____________________
____________________
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3. Characteristics of Life
____________________________
__ Description:
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
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4. Characteristics of Life
____________________________
__ Description:
____________________
____________________
____________________
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5. Characteristics of Life
____________________________
__ Description:
____________________
____________________
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Debate
• Debate about the status of Virus as
living or non-living form.
Lesson 3

Theories on
the Origin
of Life
Biology
❏ a science that deals with all forms of life,
including their classification, physiology,
chemistry, and interactions.
❏ The term was introduced in Germany in 1800
and popularized by the French naturalist
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck as a means of
encompassing the growing number of
disciplines involved with the study of living
forms
Special Creation Theory
• Many people believe that everything in this
world was created by a Supreme being and
with Him nothing is impossible. It was
narrated in Genesis 1:1-28, 2:1-4 of Bible.
 Spontaneous Generation
1. Francesco Redi – put a piece of snake meat, a fish, and a
slice of veal in flasks, covered these with Muslim cloth, and
waited to see if maggots would develop into meat. That
maggots grew only if the flies laid on their eggs on it.
 Spontaneous Generation
2. Lazzaro Spallanzani – observed that meat juices were
boiled for three-quarters of an hour and then sealed, no life
developed.
 Spontaneous Generation
3. Louis Pasteur – devised a culture flask which admitted
through a curved tube any bacteria contained in the air and
settled on their own weight in the curve of tube. No life
appeared in the flask.
Biogenetic Theory
•The invention of the
microscope and advances in
science made it clear that
living things created other
living things. When
the egg and the sperm cell
unite, they form a zygote. This
zygote would then develop
into an organism.
Microorganisms like bacteria
can give rise to many more
bacteria.
Primordial Soup Theory
● According to primordial soup theory
proposed by Alexander Oparin and John
Haldane, life started in a primordial soup
of organic molecules.
● Some form of energy from lightning
combined with the chemicals in the
atmosphere to make the building blocks
of protein known as the amino acids.
Coacervate theory
● it is expressed by the Russian biochemist A.I.
Oparin in 1936 suggesting that the origin of life
was preceded by the formation of mixed colloidal
units called coacervates.
● These are particles composed of two or more
colloids which might be protein, lipid or nucleic
acid.
● He proposed that while these molecules were not
living, they behaved like biological systems in the
ancient seas.
● They were subject to natural selection in terms of
constant size and chemical properties, there was
a selective accumulation of material and they
reproduced by fragmentation.
Beneath the Ice
• Billion years ago, Earth’s oceans were
covered with ice. This ice may have been
hundreds of meters thick, mainly due to the sun
being much less fierce than it is nowadays. This
theory contends that ice may have protected the
compounds, allowing them to interact and, thereby,
creating life.
Electric Spark
• It has been proven that electricity can produce simple
sugars and amino acids from simple elements in the
atmosphere. This leads to the
theory that lightning may have been responsible for the
origins of life, primarily by striking through rich volcanic
clouds.
Panspermia (Cosmozoic theory)
● Cosmozoic Theory (Panspermia Theory) – the idea proposed
by Richter in 1865 and supported by Arrhenius (1908).
● According to this theory, life has reached the planet Earth
from other heavenly bodies such as meteorites, in the form of
highly resistant spores of some microorganisms.
● The spores of some microorganisms are called cosmozoa or
panspermia because they are preserved inside meteorites
coming to the earth from the outer space.
● These meteorites struck the barren earth to release the
cosmozoa and they developed into different creatures on the
earth.
Panspermia (Cosmozoic theory)
Panspermia is the
proposal that life on
Earth began from
rocks, and other debris
from impacts, in the
form of highly resistant
spores (cosmozoa)
such as meteorite.
Submarine Hydrothermal Vents
• Submarine
hydrothermal vents
contain vast and
diverse ecosystems.
The nutrient-rich
environment filled
with reactive gases
and catalysts, creates
a habitat teeming
with life.
Hylomorphism
• Everything in the universe is composed
of matter with soul means life. There are
three kinds of soul – vegetative, animal
and rational soul.
Miller-Urey experiment
•Stanley Miller and Harold Urey conducted an experiment
to simulate the early conditions of the earth that could
have generated the first organic
molecule.
Miller-Urey hypothesis. The first hypothesis
where lightning could have operated the
synthesis reactions in the Earth’s early
atmosphere was tested by in 1953.
It provided the first evidence that organic
molecules needed for life could be formed from
inorganic components.
Some scientists support the RNA world
hypothesis, which suggests that the first life was
self-replicating RNA
Endosymbiotic theory
• Some of the
prokaryotes entered
the ancestral eukaryotes
and dwell inside and
became a part of the
eukaryotic cell.
 Fossil Evidence

● Fossil evidence indicates that life on Earth

appeared about 3.5 billion years ago in the
oceans
● Micro fossils contain the remains of tiny plants
and animals
● Provided protection from Ultraviolet (UV) rays
● Allowed multidirectional movement
● Served as a medium for essential chemical
reactions.
● Anaerobic (absences of oxygen) prokaryotes
Early forms of life
● The first forms of life are believed to have
appeared some 3.5 billion years ago.
● Photosynthetic organisms are organisms who
make their own food by utilizing the energy from
the sun and the carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere. The process of photosynthesis
produced more oxygen that changed the Earth’s
early atmosphere, allowed oxygen-breathing
organisms to exist.
● Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are the first
photosynthetic organisms to form
Organic Monomers
● Chemists thought that organic molecules were
only made by living organisms and it possessed
a special vital force.
● But in the early 1900, a chemist was able to
make urea the organic molecule found in urine.
Then another was able to synthesized and
amino acid called alanine.
● The synthesis of these molecules showed the
possibility that organic molecules can be formed
synthetically.
Organic Monomers
In the present, there are three (3) main
hypotheses that explain the mechanism
on how the
organic monomers came about in early
Earth. These mechanisms are not
mutually exclusive and
might have set off simultaneously
contributing to the formation of the
simple organic compounds in
Earth’s early seas—where early life
could have started
 Activity3 : Know It!(The Origin of Theories of Life
Directions: IDENTIFICATION: Identify the concept asked.
Choose your answer from the box below.
______1. Considered as the first photosynthetic organisms to
form.
______2. The fossils contain the remains of tiny plants and
animals.
______3. This is the Science that deals with all forms of life.
______4. This theory proposed that life started in a primordial
soup of organic molecules.
______5. These are particles composed of two or more colloids
which might be protein, lipid or nucleic acid.

Biology Charles Darwin Cyanobacteria Coacervates

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck Microfossils Primordial soup theory
Photosynthetic organisms Photosynthesis Vital force
 ______6. These are organisms who can convert energy
from the sun and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to
food.
_____7. This process allowed aerobic organisms to exist.
_____8. The Scientist who proposed that organisms
evolved over time to adapt to their environment to survive.
_____ 9. The Scientists who popularized the term Biology.
_____ 10. The special force that was once thought
possessed by living things so they can make organic
molecules.

Biology Charles Darwin Cyanobacteria Coacervates

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck Microfossils Primordial soup theory
Photosynthetic organisms Photosynthesis Vital force