Well Equipment

1. Casing
2. Tubing
3. Well Head
4. Christmas Tree
5. Completion Equipment.
Capital Well Equipment

1. Casing
2. Tubing
3. Well Head
4. Christmas Tree
5. Completion Equipment.
In drilling Industry the terms tubular refers to Casing and
Tubing.
Casing:
is a steel lining run into the wellbore and cemented in place to
give permanent protection from contaminating fluids, provide
pressure tightness and prevent wellbore collapse.
Tubing:
is a temporary, replaceable pipeline used to convey produced
fluids from the reservoir or injected fluids into it.
1. Casing
After drilling to a specified depth, the casing is lowered into the well and cemented
in place.
This is done with successively smaller casing until the total depth (TD) is reached
and the entire hole is cased off.
Each size of casing string is designed to fulfill one or more of the following
functions:
•Isolate weak or unconsolidated surface formations and prevent washouts

•Isolate overpressures or reactive formations

•Isolate contaminating or corrosive fluids

•Provide a strong lining to control well pressures (including gas lift)

•Provide a smooth internal bore for installing production equipment.

Casing Configuration
Casing Pipe
 2. Tubing
Tubing is run from near the top of the producing zones to the wellhead to
provide a controlled passageway for produced or injected fluids.
Since well performance may require some remedial action at an unspecified
future date, the tubing is not cemented in place, thus allowing its removal for
work over etc.
The important functions of tubing are:

•To act as a pressure-tight competent pipe line for production of hydrocarbons or

injection of fluids.
•To protect production casing from erosive and corrosive fluids.
•To optimize production flow rates
•To provide a smooth bore for running and installation of down hole devices.
Tubing pipe
 3. Well Head

Well Head function is:

•To suspend and seal the various casing strings and production
tubing with in the well bore.

•To provide access to the annular space between successive

strings of casing and between casing and tubing.

•To provide a connection to install the BOP (Blow Out

Preventer) and Christmas tree.
 |X treee

|THS (Tubing Head Spool)

CHS (Casing Head Spool)

CHS (Casing Head Spool)

CHH
Casing Head Housing
 X tree

THS
Tubing Head Sp[ool

CHS
Caing Head Sp[ool

CHH
Casing Head Housing
Well Head Component Hanger

1. Casing Head Housing/Spools.

2. Hanger.
3. Seal Assembly.
4. Well Head Connection

Hanger Seal
Casing
3.1. Casing Head Housing/Spool

The major components of wellheads are casing/tubing head

housings and spools.
Their functions are to:

•provide a connection to each casing string in turn as the well progresses

•provide the facility to suspend the subsequent: casing strings
•provide communication with the annulus between the two strings via side
outlets.
The first component of a wellhead to be installed is a casing head
housing (CHH).
It is attached to the first string of casing that will permanently support
the weight of the next casing string and/or upon which a blowout
preventer will be mounted.
 3.2. Hanger

Hangers are attached to the top end of the strings of casing and tubing and
fit inside the appropriate housing or spool.
Their function is to support the weight of the string they are
attached to and to ensure that there is a pressure seal between the inside of
the string and the outside.
Hanger Seal

Hanger

Casing
 3.3. Seal Assembly

Seal systems are the means of accomplishing the pressure seals

between the casing and the casing head housing/spool.

The seals incorporated into the hanger are often known as

primary seals to distinguish them from the "Secondary
Seals", described on the following page, which fit around the
top of the mandrellcasing stub. The function of a primary
seal in hanger systems is twofold:
Secondary Seal

Primary seal
 3.4. Connections

Flanged type connection

 Clamp on
type connection
Quick type Connection
 4. Christmas Tree

The Christmas tree is defined as the cross-over between

the wellhead casing and the flow line.

This comprises all the equipment from and including the

wellhead connection through to and including the
downstream flange of the choke.

The Xmas Tree provides the means of :

isolating the reservoir from the environment during both normal
operations and emergency shut down.
The tree consists of a series of valves and related instrumentation that provides
the interface between the reservoir,
completion and through to the production facilities.
There are many other aspects to the purpose of the Christmas tree such as:

•To provide a pressure tight barrier between the reservoir and

surface.
•A method that allows controlled production or injection.
•To kill the well prior to work over operations or maintenance.
•A system that permits the deployment of intervention work
strings.
Christmas Tree
Christmas Tree Components

1. Tree cap
2. Swab Valve
3. Lower Master Valve (LMV).
4. Upper Master Valve (UMV).
5. Kill Wing.
6. Flow Wing (Production Wing).
7. Choke Valve.
 Flow Wing
Kill Wing
Lower Master Valve (LMV)
To shut off well flow in the event of a
leaking UMV or the connection between
them.
It can also be used as a barrier in well
isolation work or repair in downstream
equipment.
Upper Master Valve (UMV)
Thevalve should be capable of cutting
7/32" braided wireline if it is designated in
company policy as a wireline cutting valve.
The valve can be activated hydraulically or
pneumatically.
The UMV is a surface safety system valve
and is normally connected to an emergency
shut-down (ESD) system.
Flow Wing Valve (FWV) / Production Wing
Valve (PWV)
The FWV permits the passage of well fluids to the
choke. This valve can be operated manually
or automatically depending on whether it is to be
included in the ESD system.
Kill Wing Valve (KWV) Tree Cap
The KWV permits entry of kill fluid
into the completion string and also
for pressure equalization across tree
valves, i.e. during wire line
operations.
It is usually operated manually.

Swab Valve (SV)

The SV permits vertical entry into the
well for well servicing operations such
as wireline, electricline and coiled
tubing.
This valve (often referred to as the
lubricator valve) is operated manually
and is the uppermost
valve on the Christmas tree.
Choke Valve
It is Located on the flow line side.
This valve is used to restrict, control or regulate the flow of hydrocarbons to the
production facilities or injection into the well.
This valve can be manual or automatic and may be of a fixed (positive) or
adjustable valve choke type.
It is the only valve on the tree that is designed and used to control flow.
All other main valves are invariably gate valve types, although needle valves are
used on instrumentation lines.
Tree Cap
This provides the connection above the swab valve for the vertical well
servicing equipment such as a wireline lubricator system, injector head and
rod BPV lubricator.
The Tree Cap normally has a quick union type connection and is capable of
supporting the lubricator stresses encountered in well servicing operations.

During normal production, the cap has a plug in situ with a threaded part to
accommodate a needle valve pressure gauge.
This gauge is used for periodic monitoring of trapped pressure above the swab
valve, and hence swab valve integrity.
The needle valve is used to bleed off trapped pressure above the swab before
removing the plug.
Well Head Installation

Movie
5. Completion

Tubing
Sub-Surface safety Valve.
Packer.
Accessories:
•Slide side door.
•Side pocket mandrel.
•Nipples to accommodate flow control device.
•WEG (wire Line entry guide).
•Anchore Latche.
•Polished Bore Receptacle (PBR).
•LE 22.
•Expansion tubing.