STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY FINALS
REVIEWER
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
a.k.a GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION
-NORMAL CURVE OR BELL CURVE
PROPERTIES OF NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION
1. The graph is a continuous curve and has
a domain -∞ < X < ∞.
2. 2. The graph is asymptotic to the x-axis.
The value of the variable gets closer and
closer but will never be equal to 0.
3. The highest point on the curve occurs at
x = μ (mean).
4. The curve is symmetrical about the
mean.
5. The total area in the normal distribution
under the curve is equal to 1.
6. In general, the graph of a normal
distribution is a bell-shaped curve with
two inflection points.
7. Every normal curve corresponds to the
“empirical rule” (also called the 68 - 95 -
99.7% rule)
PROBABILITY NOTATION UNDER
NORMAL CURVE
• are commonly used to express a lengthy
idea into symbols concerning the normal
curve.
• The probability of Z having a value that
is area under the curve.
CASE I P ( z < a) this notation represents the
idea stating the probability that the z-value is
below a, less than a, to the left of a, at most a
CASE II P ( z> a) this notation represents the
idea stating the probability that the z-value is
above a, greater than a, to the right of a, at least a
CASE III P (a < z < b) this notation represents
the idea stating the probability that the z-value is
between a and b, above a and b, between a and b
CASE IV P (a > z > b) = 0 this notation
represents the idea stating the probability that the
z-value is less than a but greater than b, below a
but above b
This notation indicates that a z-value is equal to
exactly one point on the curve. With that single
point, a line can be drawn signifying the
probability can be below or above it. That is why,
for a z-value to be exactly equal to a value its
probability is equal to 0
ACTIVITY
1. Find the proportion of the area between z
= -1.25 and 2.19, this can be expressed as
P (-1.25 < Z < 2.19), read as the
probability that Z is greater than -1.25 but
less than 2.19.
2. Compute the probability using the
standard normal curve.
a. P(Z < 1.67) = ______________
b. P (-2 < z <1) = ______________
c. P (z > -1.5) = ______________
d. P (z > 3) = ______________
Z- SCORE
• a.k.a STANDARD SCORE
• The number of STANDARD
DEVIATION
• A raw score (X) is away from the mean
RAW SCORE
• The actual data value
Given a normal random variable X with mean (μ)
and standrad deviation (σ ), each value of x of the
variable can be transformed into z-scores using
the formula,
z = x− μ
σ
where z = z- score or standard score
x = observed value
μ = mean
= standard deviation
The area of the region under the normal
curve represents the probability or percentage
or proportion of a given measurement value.
ACTIVITY
1. In Mrs. Shirley’s science class, a student
gained a score of 46. What is the z-value
of hisscore if test result has population
mean 45 with standard deviation of 2?
2. Leslie got a score of 68 in an
examination she participated. What is
the corresponding z-value of her score if
the result has mean = 75 and standard
deviation= 5
 3. A random variable X has a mean of 6
and a standard deviation of 2. Find the
corresponding z-score for x = 11.
4. The scores in the summative test of 11-
STEM B are normally distributed with
a mean of 65 and a standard deviation of
12. Find the probability that some
students got a score below 40.
APPLICATIONS OF THE NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION (WORD PROBLEMS)
1. Suppose the current annual salary of
all teachers in the United States have
a normal distribution with a mean of
51000 dollars and a standard
deviation of 6000 dollars. Find the
probability that the annual salary of
a randomly selected teacher would
be between 42000 and 65000.
2. The life span of scientific calculator
has a normal distribution with a
mean of 58 months and a standard
deviation of 10 months. The
company gives a warranty of 36
months to replace any defective
calculator with a new one. Suppose
the company makes 1 million
calculators per year, how many
calculators may be replaced?
PERCENTILE
• any set of measurements which Step 4: Get the average of the two z-score
may be arranged in ascending or values.
descending order. ÿ = 1.28 + 1.292= 1.285
• also a measure of relative
standing and The 90th percentile is z=1.285
• a descriptive measure of the
relationship of data to the rest of the
SAMPLING
measurements.
• The selection of a subject in a
population in order to represent the
EXAMPLE: whole population..
Find the 90th percentile of a normal curve. • a group containing elements of anything
you want to study, such as objects,
Solution: events, organizations, countries, species,
Step 1: Rewrite the given percentile rank as organisms, etc.
probability. • population is BIGGER THAN sample
90th percentile in probability is 90% or
0.90 in decimal form.
Step 2: Draw the Normal Curve.
In the given example, we must locate the area
which is NOT GREATER than a certain point. It
means that we have to find a value of z at this
point. The probability is 0.90, meaning the area
bounded by the curve is 0.90. Given that the
probability below z equals 0 is 0.50 then we just
add 0.40 to make it 0.90.
Step 3: Find the z-score value in the adopted
z-score table.
We must find the area equal to 0.40. If there is
no exact area equal to 0.40, then get two
values above and below of 0.40 and interpolate.
In this case, the closest values are:
0.3997 → z = 1.28
0.4015 → z = 1.29