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ME201 Combustion
ME201 Combustion
Combustion Stoichiometry
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels & Combustion ME 201 (2012) 1 / 14 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels & Combustion ME 201 (2012) 2 / 14
Mole fraction of fuel in stoic fuel-air mixture Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
1
Ys =
1 + 4.76as (a) When an endothermic process occurs in
Mass fraction of fuel in stoic fuel-air mixture an adiabatic system, temperature falls;
φ ≡ fuel-air equivalence ratio, simply equivalence ratio (c) When an endothermic process occurs in a
λ ≡ relative air-fuel ratio or excess-air factor diathermic container, energy enters as
heat from the surroundings, and the
(A/F )s (F /A)a < 1 : lean mixture
−1 system remains at the same temperature;
φ=λ = = : φ= = 1 : stoichiometric mix.
(A/F )a (F /A)s (d) if the process is exothermic, then energy
> 1 : rich mixture
leaves as heat, and the process is
Major products of lean combustion are H2 O, CO2 , O2 and N2 ; isothermal.
while, for rich combustion these are H2 O, CO2 , CO, H2 and N2 .
T306
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels & Combustion ME 201 (2012) 3 / 14 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels & Combustion ME 201 (2012) 4 / 14
Combustion Basics Combustion Basics
Reactants
U
or
H
Products
−(U )V,To
or
−(H)P,To
To T
T296 d001
The heating value is the heat release per unit mass of the fuel
initially at 25o C reacts completely with oxygen (or air) and the
products are returned to 25o C. T308
T307
Heating value at constant pressure ≡ QHV ,P = −(∆H )P ,To Constant Pressure Flame
Heating value at constant volume ≡ QHV ,V = −(∆U )V ,To Constant Volume Bomb Calorimeter Calorimeter
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels & Combustion ME 201 (2012) 5 / 14 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels & Combustion ME 201 (2012) 6 / 14
Reactants
U
or
H
Products
or URo = Uprod (Tad , V = constant)
URo HRo
Heat of Formation & Combustion Fuels in vapour form and enthalpy of vaporization:
Name Formula hfo (MJ/kmol) hfg (MJ/kmol)
The enthalpy of formation of a Methanol CH3 OH -201.17 37.92
compound represents the amount of Ethanol C2 H5 OH -234.81 42.34
energy absorbed or released as the Gasoline C7 H17 -267.12 38.15
component is formed from its stable Iso-Octane C8 H18 -224.14 35.11
T302
elements during a steady-flow process Diesel C14.4 H24.9 -100.00 74.08
at a specified state.
Gaseous fuels/species:
The enthalpy of combustion Gas H2 N2 O2 CO2 CH4
represents the amount of energy o
hf (MJ/kmol) 0.0 0.0 0.0 -393.52 -74.85
released as a fuel is burned during a
steady-flow process at a specified
T303 state. Water:
hfo = -241.83 MJ/kmol
X X
Heating Value = |hc | = |HP − HR | = | ni Hi − ni Hi | hfg = 44.02 MJ/kmol = 2.445 MJ/kg
P R
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels & Combustion ME 201 (2012) 9 / 14 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels & Combustion ME 201 (2012) 10 / 14
Fuels
T300
Most liquid hydrocarbon fuels are obtained from crude oil by distillation
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels & Combustion ME 201 (2012) 11 / 14 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels & Combustion ME 201 (2012) 12 / 14
Fuels Fuels
T301
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels & Combustion ME 201 (2012) 13 / 14 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels & Combustion ME 201 (2012) 14 / 14