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    33 views44 pages

    Perspective Drawing by Ernest Norling - Compress

    Uploaded by

    zahragodeyni

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    of 44
    Do. env OF THIS BOOK IS TO DISSOLVE THE FEARS OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH PERSPECTIVE DRAWING —— AND TO FURNISH A WORKING KNOWLEDGE OF THE SUBJECT. » » =» s « ss SIMPLE OBJECTS HAVE BEEN CHOSEN AND SIMPLE DIAGRAMS HAVE BEEN USED JO SHOW HOW IT IS DONE AND WHY ANY PERSON WHO STUDIES THIS BOOK CAREFULLY WILL FIND, TO HI SURPRISE, THAT IT HAS GIVEN HIM WHAT HE NEEDS TO TURN OUT A GOOD PERSPECTIVE DRAWING: VERY TRULY YOURS, Py ped usin ns Pe a PERSPECTIVE MAKES NG We ARE DRAWING Vy SOL e : THE PLAN—THEN THE DRAWING IN. DIMENGION. A Been OR A DIAGRAM IQ FLA A PERQPECTIVE DRAW- ING APPEARS SOLID. % IT IGN'T HARD TO DRAW A BOX LAT IN A BOX IN DIFFERENT POSITIONS— —OR THE GIDE VIEW OF A LAZY CAT Now HERE Is Wo AN EASY WAY TO MAKE PERSPECTIVE DRAWINGS OF THE CAT —— JugT PUT THE CAT IN AN IMAGINARY BOX. WILL FIND THAT MANY THINGS CAN BE EASILY DRAWN, IN PERQPECTIVE BY PLACING THEM IN BOXES. IE THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE BOX IS CORRECT THE THING INSIDE WILL BE BASED ON ACCURACY. BEFORE DRAWING A BOX LET US INVESTIGATE THE EYE LEVEL THIS IC THE PICTURE THAT ARTIST WANT TO PAINT HEIGHT OF ARTISTS EVEO FROM / THIS IS WHERE THE ARTIST SEES THE HORIZON ON HIS CANVAS. PA Fs A CHILD@ TYE LEVEL THE FINISHED PICTURE THE ARTIST, IF HE Wied 3, CAN TURN TO. ANY DIREC- TONS NORTE ae ST OREN, WILL ST wave AT HIQ EYE LEVEL. NO MATTER HOW HIGH HE GETS UIS PICTURE WILL LOOK LIKE THIS AND FROM THE GROUND — — ON HIS PICTURE WILL LOOK THIS WAY HE FINDS THAT IN BOTH INSTANCES THE HORIZON IS LEVEL WITH HIS EYES. HE DRAWS IT AS A STRAIGHT LINE ACROSS His PICTURE AND- (a THE VANISHING POINT THESE LINES ARE PARALLEL THEY ARE SHOWN HERE _IN THE PICTURE THE POINT WHERE THEY COME TOGETHER ON THE HORIZON IS.... g es HE IS > DRAWING A PARALLEL LINE— DRAWN THEY WILL = COME TOGETHER AS ON THE PICTURE AT THE SAME VANISH! PARALLEL ate WHEN YOU ARE DRIVING ON THE HIGHWAY NOTICE THE DICTURE THERE Ig A STRAIGHT AHEAD. DIP_IN THE THE HIGHWAY, THE FENCES, THE HIGHWAY TELEPHONE LINES —ALL GO TO ONE VANISHING POINT. THE SOLDIER DO TOO. IF YOu CAN DRAW ONE SOLDIER MR You. CAN DRAW ~ Lune of soe DIERS AND THE VANISHING POINT I9 ON THE HORIZON AT YOUR OWN EYE LEVEL. a t ee HAS IT@ OWN AND EACH SET OF if or VANIQHING DOINT ee PARALLEL LINEO— [4 8 fo Ip THis |S THE SAME ROOM WE HAVE FOUND BOXES USEFUL AIDS IN DRAWING SO_NOW LET US LEARN HOW TO ARN DRAW THEM q@ va SKETCH THE BOX AS CAREFULLY Ag You CAN — JUST AQ YOU SEE IT. YOU_KNOW THAT ALL PARALLEL EDGES EXTEND TO A VANICHING- POINT — SO TAKE THE SKETCH VANIGLING POINT 2) AND DRAW STRAIGHT LINES FROM THESE EDGES. CORRECT THE DRAWING S80 THE LINEQ MEET AT ONE POINT. lo ARTER ONE OF THE VANISHING POINTS HAG BEEN FOUND, THE REOT 1@ EAgy. A SNAPSHOT OR & PICTURE FROM A- MAGAZINE THE HORIZON MUST BE LEVEL AND IT MUST PASS THROUGH THAT POINT. SO DRAW THE HORIZON LINE THROUGH THE PoINT AND ACROSS THE PAPER. qe PACTE IT ON A LARGE SHEET OF PAPER— EXTEND THE PERSPECTIVE LINES THE TWO POINTS AND THE HORIZON CAN BE LOCATED. THE OTHER PARALLEL LINES OF THE BOX CAN NOW BE EXTENDED. THEY SHOULD MEET ON THI LINE. THIG GIVES US _THE OTHER VANISHING POINT FOR THE BOX. ee THE PERPENDICULAR LINES A DO NOT COME TOGETHER. THEY HAVE NO VANISHING POINT. Fe BOK IS. BELOW THE EVE LEVEL (OR HORIZON LINE) YOU WILL SEE IT'S TOD SS IE THE 80x IS x ABOVE THE EYE ; - LEVEL YOU WiLL TABLES ARE SEEN “SEE _ITS UNDER- WITH THE EYE- SIDE YOU SEE NEITHER TOP NOR BOTTOM JF THE BOX IS AT EYE LEVEL BELOW YOUR EYE SMALL THINGS ARE USUALLY ie ( a. YY ARE SELDOM am WITH. THE EYE-LEVEL BELOW SS HIGH OBJECTS ARE SHOWN ABOVE EYE LEVEL SMALL CHILDREN a SEE THEM AT EVE-LEVEL BIG THINGS AREY AT EYE LEVEL 12 HIGH THINGS AS SEEN ABOVE -e=—=—“T ae THE EYE LEVEL Se — a, < eee = tn< ’ SMALL THINGS AS SEEN BELOW EYE ROUND CAI NS. 7 COME. IN- SQUARE a ‘BOXES YOU CAN MAKE A PERSPECTIVE DRAWING OF YOUR OWN _ROOM FIRST DRAW AN OPEN BOX, WITH VANISHING POINTS 1 YE LEVEL TWO NEXT REMOVE THE SIDES NEAREST TO YOU-THIS LEAVES A CORNER _IN_YOUR ROOM. (LET US DRAW IT LARGER TOR FURNITURE ADD “—~~_BOXES_WITH VANISHING ~~~ POINTS AT EYE SS ee - — you CAN MAKE A. PERSPECTIVE DRAWING ON A WINDOW PANE WITH A GREASE PENCIL BY LOOKING THROUGH A HOLE AND TRACING WHAT YOU SEE. | THE HOLE IS YouREYE LEVEL’ AND IT IS THE SAME HEIGHT AS THE XHORIZON LINES THE WINDOW PANE IS THE ‘pic- TURE PLANE’ AND THE SPOT ON THE FLOOR BELOW YOU IS YOUR "QTATION POINT EVE LEVEL, PICTURE R PLANE AND OBJECT STATION POINT ON THE FLOOR BACK TO THE ‘OUTDOOR’ ARTIST. HE Too HAS A PICTURE Reree DLANE, A QTATION POINT, ee A HORIZON AND EYE LEVEL THE VANISHING POINTS ARE SOMEWHERE ON THE HORIZON LINE - BUT: WHERE LOCATING THE VANIGHING POINT? HERE IS THE ARTIOT AGAIN DRAWING A BOX WE ARE LOOKING STRAIGHT DOWN ON HIM. HE 19 STANDING ON HIG STATION POINT AND HE If DRAW ING ON A TRANSPARENT PICTURE PLANE. WE ARE LOOKING DOWN ON IT@ TOP EDGE. NOY I GREER I a POINT ON HIG LORI- x av ue ZON_ LINE HE WILL PARALLEL | HAVE TO LOOK IN THE LINES. DIRECTION PARALLEL oO JO THE SIDES OF THE BOX. \ Ne fr * PA | PARALLEL LINES |S Bea is AND = Ig ee oo wr aw iout NG PONT ae DRAWING SS. HE WAg TURNED IM THE BOX SO THE THE DRAWING, USI c VANISHING POINT 1S ONS VANISHING PO! , STRAIGHT AHEAD fH 16 AND 9O WE EIND THE VANISHING POINTS SIMPLY BY POINTING IN THE SAME DIRECTION AS THE SIDEG OF THE BOX. THE DRAWING LIES BETWEEN TuCSE TWO POINTS ON THE PICTURE PLANE. OFTEN WE FIND THAT ONE OF THE VANIGHING POINTS I9 CLEAR_OFE THE DRAWING BOARD. A LONG RULER AND A PIN WILL BE A GREAT HELP VANISHING- POINTS SHOULD BE PLACED FAR APART—LIKE THIS SPACING WITH VANISHING POINTS TOO CLOSE < 7. GY Soya y any p THIS WAY AND NOT THIS WAY wile SPACING MAKES GOOD DRAWING SS CLOSE SPACING \ SSS THE AIRPLANE LOOKS Lop-sibeD \8 AND POORLY DRAWN, 18 WE ARE READY TO MAKE A TRUE PERSPECTIVE DRAWING THIS (@ THE Top VIEW (THE PLAN) OF A BOX. THIS 19 THE SIDE VIEW (THE SIDE_ ELEVATION) OF THE SAME BOX. WE WISH TO MAKE A DRAWING OF THE BOx— LOOKING AT IT CORNERWISE. SO WE STAND AWAY FROM IT AT ANY DISTANCE WE PLEASE AND MAKE A DOT AT OUR STATION POINT. “A equine” CORNER (90°) \ NOW WE DRAW THE LINE WHICH REPRESENTS THE PICTURE PLANE REST- ING UPRIGHT AGAINST THE CORNER OF THE PLAN a LIKE This/ Ir THE BOX COULD BE PLACED ON THE PLAN IT WOULD LOOK LIKE Tus. WE WOULD LOOK AT IT EROM A POSITION DIRECTLY ABOVE THE STATION DONT AT ANY, CONVENIENT HEIGHT. (THE HEAVY BLACK ‘LINE AT THE CORNER Ney BOX I9 ITO TRUE UEIGuT ON THE PICTURE ll TE THE VANICUING POINTe BY RUNNING EVE TO WE LOCA LINES FROM THE THE PICTURE PLANE, PARALLEL TO TUE GIDEQ of THE BOX. 20 —_— WE ARE MAKING THE DRAWING ON THE DICTURE PLANE, WE WANT IT FOR CONVENIENCE TO LIE FLAT ON THE TABLE TOR, OR GROUND TO DO THI WE QLIDE Ir—— AS SHOWN TOWARD UG INTO THE OPEN SPACE BETWEEN THE STATION DOINT AND THE PLAN. VANISHING POINTS COME FORWARD Too. RUNNING LINES FROM THE EYE TO “THE PICTURE PLANE, PARALLEL TO THE SIDES OF THE Box. 21 WE LOCATE THE VANISHING POINTS BY. AND SO WE HAVE THE fe iat PLAN ARRANGED LIKE THIC - ON THE TOP OF THE TABLE. STATION POINT: Wy THE PICTURE DLANE LINE en Pi a write Io gE DeTANCE TEP BACK FROM THE RIGHT VB BOX IN ORDER To DRAW IT. ev 4d 2 THE HORIZON LINE Lerrvr Ny ap eIGuT OF THE EYE 2 FROM THE GROUND TRUE HET . 2 =<" ape al OF THE i f= ELEVATION =| pS GROUND LINE Ha SIDE ELEVATION SiTe THE STATION POINT ON GROUND LINE HERE IS THE TYPICAL PERSPECTIVE PLAN WITH THE PARTS NAMED. NOTICE THAT THE VANICHING POINTS ARE TRANSFERRED TO_THE HORIZON LINE WHICH I NOW LYING ON THE GROUND THEIR DISTANCE APART REMAINS UNCHANGED. THE DRAWING OF THE SIDE ELEVATION I@ PLACED ON THE GROUND LINE. HERE IT I¢ UcED FOR THE UP AND DOWN OR HEIGHT MEASUREMENTS. 22 HERES AN EASY WAY TO REMEMBER THE LAYOUT FOR A PERQPECTIVE DRAWING FIRST —THE PLAN DD NEXT —THE LINE WHERE THE PICTURE PLANE RESTS \ THIRD —THE LINE SHOWING- THE DISTANCE FROM PLAN TO STATION POINT FOURTH — LOCATE VANISHING POINTS ON THE PICTURE PLANE LINE. FIFTH — PLACE HORIZON LINE AND BASE LINE ANY CONVENIENT PLACE BELOW THE PICTURE | PLANE LINE. Le LOCATE THE VANISHING POINTS, ALSO PLACE THE SIDE ELEVATION ON THE BASE LINE HERE WE HAVE THE PERSPECTIVE LAYOUT WE ARE NOW READY FOR THE PROJECTION = THE HEAVY BLACK LINE wy FORME THE CORNER OF A WALL THAT EXTENDS INTO THE DISTANCE. THE WALL, LIKE THE RAILROAD TRACK, DICAPPEARG AT_THE VANISHING POINTS ON THE HORIZON. THE WALL 19 THE HEIGHT OF THE BOX, —IT I@ MADE BY DRAWING FOUR LINES FROM THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF THE HEAVY LINE OUT TO THE VANISHING POINTS, Now ALL WE HAVE TO DO Ig To CUT THE TWO WALLQ OFE AT THE PRODER LENGTH 90 AQ TO MAKE TWO SIDES OF THE Box. LET@ 9EE HOw ITS DONE q 24 4 Station Pow WE ARE STANDING AT THE STATION_POINT LOOKING AT THE PLAN. EROM HERE WE LOOK ALONG _A STRAIGHT LINE TO A POINT AT THE CORNER OF THE PLAN. THIG LINE PASSES THROUGH THE PICTURE PLANE AT THE POINT INDICATED BY THE ARROW. THERE ARE TWO OF THESE POINTS, ONE FOR EACH CORNER. NOW THE BOX AS WE SEE IT ON THE PICTURE PLANE LIES IN THE SPACE BETWEEN THE ARROWS. IT IQ NO WIDER THAN THIQ SPACE. SQ LINES FROM THE POINTS, DRAWN STRAIGHT DOWN, CUT THE WALLO OFE AT THE RIGHT WIDTH. WE Now HAVE TWO GIDEG OF THE BOX DRAWN IN PERSPECTIVE. LINES FROM THE CORNERS AND 'B’ TO THE VANISHING POINTS COMPLETE THE BOX. 25 NOW WE CAN MAKE A PERSPECTIVE DRAWING OF A HOUSE FROM PLAN AND ELEVATION. mame You CAN Now MAKE A DEROPUCTIVE DRAWING OF YOUR OWN HOME FROM THE BLUE- ke a PRINTS AND FROM ANY VIEWPOINT /~ WALK AROUND Your {uOUCE. MAKE & DRAWING EROM ANY -3pOT FROM ANY PLAN JHE PLAN THE PLAN PLACED ON THE BOTTOM OF AN IMAGINARY BOX. Dire Plane die THE PLANE |S SEEN / $/ FROM BELOW — PLACE / i! THE UORIZON LINE OW THE GROUND 7 / THE ELEVATION I9 ON THE fe SIDE OF THE BOX (USED FOR THE HEIGHT MEAQUREMENTS, IT CAN FACE EITHER DIRECTION) A PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION OF A JET PLANE DRAWN . FROM A PLAN AND A SIDE ELEVATION oF ANOTHER METHOD/ fs EIROT—QTAND BACK AND 3S LOOK AT THE HOUSE EROM ~ THE VIEWPOINT 3.R_ DRAW THE PERSPECTIVE TRIANGLE. see Ground Line 9 NEXT —DRAW A GROUND LINE AND ON IT PLACE -” THE ‘GIDE ELEVATION! PUT IN THE HORIZON LINE, THROUGH ANY POINT ON THE GROUND DRAW A PERPENDICU- LAR LINE. SCALE OFF FOOT LENGTHS ON THE LINES START- ING FROM THIS POINT. FIND THE ULIGHT ON THE [ ——— MEASURING LINE 7 AND EXTEND TO THE VANISHING POINTS ON THE HORIZON. WITH A COMPASS USE THE TWO Xf PP pH emzon VANISHING POINTS AG CIRCLE, t seve CENTERS AND DRAW ARCS FROM S8.R TO THE HORIZON. FINISH BY MEASURING THE HOUSE (8 FT. x IG ET.) AND DRAWING LINES EROM © AND @ TO WHERE “THOSE MEASUREMENTS COME ON THE GROUND LINE. DRAW UPRIGHT | LINES WHERE THEY CROSS { et —~ THREE KINDS OF PERSPECTIVE A ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE IS DRAWN AS IF WE WERE DRAWING x . A RAILROAD TRACK, r * HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE We ARE FAMILIAR WITH TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE. THREE POINT PERSPECTIVE 1S USED WHEN LOOK- ING DOWN —OR UP. (PACING OF POINTS SHOULD BE WIDER THAN THI DIA- GRAM SHOWS) ONE -DO} PERQPECTIVE \ | LOOKING DOWN | We peRspedrive\ LOOKING \ UP (THREE POINTS ARE USED) \ UP-END THE TIMBER AND FRAME THEM— DRAWING: THE CIRCLE IN PERSPECTIVE I9 AN ELLIPSE Sy a CUBE (SIDE VIEW) » SW DRAW THE DIAGONALS ON . THE SIDE VIEW. THEY ose ted croge AT THE CENTER AT 4 POINTS OF THE CIRCLE. DRAW 5 lb? THE CIRCLE. A CYLINDER IC LIKE A PAIR OF WHEELS ON AN AXEL. ALWAYS DRAW THE LONG LINE OF THE ELLIPSE — (CALLED THE JOR AXIQ) — 90 IT MAKES A A RIGHT ANGLE WITH THE AXLE. y 31 @ Fic : | DIVIDING A CIRCLE IN PERSPECTIVE > a EIRST YOU DRAW THE CLOCK IN PER SPECTIVE. DRAW A SQUARE WHICH RE- PRESENTS THE DIAL THE LOCATION OF THE ELLIPSE CAN BE FOUND WHERE IT TOUCHES THE SQUARE AT 12, 3, 6 AND 9 OCLOCK. ane ‘ SOME \. SHORTCUTS TuIe GEAR Hig NOW TO FIND THE TWELVE COCs SS us a ? LOCATION OF 4 THE HOURS. 6 © FIRgT — DRAW LINES STRAIGHT OUT EROM THE CENTER OF THE /( CLOCK AND FROM "12 AND 6’ > THEN FILL THE SPAcE / i 2 WITH A COMPASS CIRCLE AND LOCATE THE— Nar vo tee N\A Hours *i2" To *6! NX - x Te tn pe VANISHING POINT \ FOR THE CLOCK » 80 FIRGT YOU DRAW HALE WE GEAR WITH A COMPASS WE MAKE LINES FOeINS NeW DONT NOW You DRAW LINES Ao SHOWN EROM THE PLAN TD THE CORRESPONDING POINTS ON THE WHEEL, SS oe HERE ARE SOME MORE SAMPLES: (ae THE SIDE OF A BOX CAN BE DIVIDED _INTO EQUAL HORIZON- TAL PARTS. DRAW A DIAGONAL AND NOTE WHERE IT CROSSES THE HORIZONTAL LINES. _ LINES DRAWN_UPRIGHT THROUGH THESE POINTS WILL DIVIDE THE AREA INTO THE SAME NUMBER OF UPRIGHT PARTS. aes Se e| THE SAME METHOD ~——_ | CAN BE USED WHEN THE SIDE OF THE BOX If DRAWN IN PERSPEC- TIVE. THE UPRIGUT DIVISIONS ARE_IN CORRECT LOCATION AND IN CORRECT PERSPECTIVE. — oor SOM, WE NOW KNOW HOW TO DRAW THE ERONT OE A BUILDING— IN PERSPECTIVE. ; DRAW THE LOWER PART AS IE IT WERE A BOX TEORE | WHEN THE SPACINGS fren AS SHOWN ERE. op (pm = : i rH Tay IT worKe_ouT SS LIKE a. Chi at THIS” Sa AND NOW A CHECKERBOARD ————_—___—_——- FIND THE CENTER TO FIND THE PERSPECTIVE CENTER OF THE SIDES OF THE BOX: DRAW DIAGONAL LINES FROM THE CORNERS, THEY INTERSECT AT THE CENTER. chimney Px THE DOOR Is IN. THE CENTER OF THE BUILDING-

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