HEATING VENTILATING AIR

CONDITIONING COOLING
 1 METABOLISM

2 THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM AND COMFORT

HEAT AND
MOISTURE IN THE 3
REGULATION OF THE THERMAL
ENVIRONMENT
ATMOSPHERE 4 CRITERIA FOR THERMAL COMFORT
AND HUMAN
5 INDOOR HUMIDITY IN WINTER
COMFORT
6

2
Metabolism
HEAT AND MOISTURE IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND HUMAN COMFORT

Food taken into the body may be thought of as fuel that

is subject to a low – grade burning process sufficient to
maintain a body temperature of 98.6 F (37C). There is
a wide variation in metabolism rates, dependent on
physical activity. For an average size man, the met unit
corresponds approximately to 360 British Thermal units
per hour (Btuh); women tend to have maximum levels
about 30 % lower.
3
 Thermal Equilibrium and Comfort
HEAT AND MOISTURE IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND HUMAN COMFORT

1 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURROUNDING AIR.

• It becomes apparent that the thermal

environment may be regulated to permit as 2 MEAN RADIANT TEMPREATURE OF THE SURROUNDING SURFACE.
easy and comfortable rate of loss for the heat
that is generated by humans for any given
activity to avoid body chill in one case and 3 THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF THE AIR.
heavy respiration in the other.
• The term Environmental comfort has taken on
a board meaning. They include items such as 4 MOOD OF THE AIR.

aesthetics and acoustics. Factors that can be

controlled by air – conditioning systems
include: 5 ODORS AND DUST.

4
 Regulation of the thermal environment
HEAT AND MOISTURE IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND HUMAN COMFORT

Heat loss by convection. Differential between the

average skin and clothing temperature and the room air
temperature is usually about 10F at any selected air
temperature in a space, with fixed air motion. Air
particles in contact with the body, are warmed. They
become less dense and rise, to be replaced by cooler
particles that follow in turn. If the air temperature rises
as a result of this, the optimum, then the selected
temperature must be restored within limits of 1 to 2
degrees. In the cold season, this may be done by
controls that reduce the output of the heating system.
In mild weather cool outdoor air may be introduced. In
summer, mechanical cooling may be necessary. The
most recent standards call for a temperature related to
the activity but not to the season. For this reason, year
- room air conditioning is essential under conditions of
dense occupancy and significant activity.
5
 Regulation of the thermal environment
HEAT AND MOISTURE IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND HUMAN COMFORT

Heat loss by radiation is the transmission of

energy through the air from the warmer human
body or its clothing to the cooler surfaces that are
“seen” by the warmer sources. This expression is
chosen to emphasize that the energy cannot go
around corners or be affected by air motion. The
surface temperature of the human body and its
clothing less to MRT of the surrounding surfaces is
the determining differential in this radiant
transmission.
6
 Regulation of the thermal environment
HEAT AND MOISTURE IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND HUMAN COMFORT

Mean radiant temperature MRT, reflecting the

thermal nature of people’s indoor surrounding
environment is usually between 70 and 80 F. since
either is less than the usual average of skin and
clothing temperature of about 85 , heat radiates
from the body to its surroundings. In the (winter) cold
condition as illustrated.
The use of circulated air bring several advantages to
occupied rooms. The motion tends to unify the
thermal conditions necessary for comfort. Also as air
gently passes the occupants. It carries away
accumulated warm air and the humidity given off by
the body. This results in a feeling of freshness, and
comfort by assuring uniform conditions in the space
by clearing out stuffy spots.
7
 A. RELATIVELY STILL AIR

B. AIR IN MOTION

Regulation of the thermal environment

The rate of circulation relates principally to the heat to be carried to or from the room and
it generally results in air speeds that lie between 70 and 10 feet per minute (fpm). In
setting dry – bulb standards it is usual to take into account the slightly cooling effect of
moving air.
 CRITERIA FOR THERMAL COMFORT
ASHRAE standard 90 – 75 was adopted by the American Society of
Heating, refrigerating and air conditioning engineers in1975 with energy
conservation as its principal theme. Indoor design Conditions
Winter (cold December) Summer
72 F (22 C) dry bulb. Up to 78% F (25.5C) dry bulb where
30% maximum relative comfort air conditioning is
humidity if humidification is required or used.
provided.
INDOOR HUMIDITY IN WINTER
For many reasons other than thermal comfort. The RH should not fall below 20% one of
these reasons is that humidity has a strong effect on the wood of furniture, panelling
and other interior equipment and finishes. The shrinkage of wood lateral to the
direction of the grain often results in unsightly cracks and the loosening of furniture
joints. Another reason is that skin becomes rough and dry in low humidities.
Without humidification, the RH in houses is generally low in winter, but seldom below
20%. The RH is found to be 30 or 30%. Architects sometimes feels that humidification to
raise the RH above these levels in winter in undesirable for two reasons.
a. Condensation on glass, especially on single glass, can occur. Introducing
heat below the glass reduces this possibility but there are practical limits to
be humidity that can be tolerated by cold surfaces.
b. The second reason is that vapour barriers, despite efforts towards the best
workmanship, are not always completely impervious. Vapour pressure at the
higher humidity levels often causes moisture to get through barriers and
condense within exterior walls in winter.
INDOOR HUMIDITY IN WINTER
Modern houses are increasingly air tight and the moisture produced by domestic
operations is usually retained in the building to afford a reasonable humidity. This is
emphasized by the fact that exhaust fans are often used in bathrooms while showering.
Their purpose being to reduce concentrations of moisture that cause copious
condensation or mirrors and other glass surfaces.
Moisture Production for various Domestic Operations
INDOOR HUMIDITY IN WINTER
The Power of PowerPoint | thepopp.com 13
SOLAR ENERGY AND
ENERGY
CONVERSATION
Solar power
has many attractions. It produces
neither pollution not radioactivity. It
is inexhaustible; the sun is expected
to burn with undiminished
brightness for billion of years.
There are two ways of heating or cooling a
building utilizing the solar heat.

1. The " PASSIVE" Solar design is so called

because it employs no sophisticated
collectors and no expensive technology to
harness the sun's energy.
2. The "ACTIVE" SYSTEMS require
expensive and energy
consuming equipment to
operate Electric water heaters
and air conditioners.
Solar energy
systems normally
consist of the
following
components:
Glass
easily transmits short-
wave radiation, which
means that it possess
little interference to
incoming solar energy. but
it is a very poor
transmitter of long wave
radiation; acts as a heat
trap.
The heat from solar energy can
be used to cool buildings, using
the absorption cooling principle
operative in gas-fired
refrigerators
Solar collector
panels
normally are integral
parts of a building's
roof or wall surfaces,
and therefore
strongly influence the
building's overall
form.
Venetian Blind Solar
Control/
Collector Device
Positions
HEAT STORAGE
BIOSPHERE
A Biosphere is an integration
of a house, a greenhouse, a
solar heater, and a solar still.
This was conceptualized by
physicist Day Chahroudi. The
space between the solar
collector and the heat storage
wall is large enough to be
used tor growing food
SOLAR HOT WATER (SHW)
 HEATING
COOLING
VENTILATION
1 . ENERGY SOURCES

a.) Natural Materials

Wood can be a renewable

energy source as a product or
by-product of the proper
management of our forests.
b.) Fossil Fuels:
Gas, oil and coal
These fuels are the sources
where the greatest change in
availability and use is most
evident.
C.) Hydroelectric power
Within limits this could be
considered a renewable
source
d.) Nuclear Plants
However, environmentalists, and the
general public, largely oppose the
rapid increase in nuclear
installations. Fusion looms as a
future possibility.
e.) The Heat Pump
This popular energy saver is not
new. Developed many years
ago, it was not frequently
adopted during the years that
provided us with cheap energy
sources.
f.) Solar Energy
The use of Solar energy is our great
hope for the future. For houses,
where the energy demand for
heating is relatively light, it can
replace 40% to 60% of the energy
required for a season's heating.
g.) Geothermal Energy
The earth's crust is must thinner
than most of us realize. Whether or
not the enormous heat of the earth's
center can be trapped and utilized
on a large scale is not yet
established. Steam can be piped
from a geothermal plant at 6 70 °F,
7 500 ft. below the surface.
h.) Trash
Type of trash from incinerators
has a heating value of 8,500
Btu/lb. This value is 58% of the
comparative value of anthracite
coal.
2. ENERGY REQUIREMENTS for Heating
Commercial and Institutional
buildings

Dense human occupancy often

provides body heat that is much
more than that required to heat a
space, even in critically cold
weather.
3. COMBUSTION, CHIMNEYS AND FUEL
STORAGE

As fuels burn to produce heat, they

require oxygen to support the
combustion. Since oxygen is only
about 1/5 of the volume of air,
reasonably large rates of air flow are
required.
 Warm Air Heating
Fresh air may be introduced to reduce odors and to make up
the air exhausted by fans in kitchen, laundries and bathrooms.
Central cooling can be incorporated or introduced if ducts are
designed originally for this cooling sometimes calls for greater
rates of air circulation.
Humidification may be achieved by humidifier in the air stream
and, if cooling is included in the design.
High grills pick up the warmer air for recooling at the equipment.
Motor and Blower must be powerful enough to overcome the
friction of air against metal and both the supply and return duct
system as well as the friction of air flowing through the furnace,
filters, registers, and grills.
 SOME SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Furnace- A typical embraces within its housing the fan

(blower), motor, filters, oil burner and heat- transfer
surfaces.
DUCTS- constructed of sheet metal or glass fiber-
either round or rectangular. Ductwork will conduct
noise unless the following suggestions are followed:
1 . Do not place the blower too close to a return grill.
2. Select quiet motors and cushioned mountings.
3. Do not permit connection or contact of conduits or
water piping with the blower housing.
4. Use canvas-asbestos flexible connection between
bonnet and ductwork.
 Damper Splitter dampers are used where branch
ducts leave the larger Trunk ducts. Each riser can have
its flow controlled by an adjustable damper in the
basement at the foot of the riser. labels should
indicate the room's served.
Regesters A common method is to provide vanes that
divert the air half to the right and half to the left.
When a supply register is in the corner of a room, it is
best practice for the vanes to deflect all the air in one
direction, away from the corner.
CONTROLS- The burner is started and stopped by a
thermostat, which is place in or near the living room
at a thermally stable location that is protected from
cold drafts, direct sunlight, and the warming effects or
nearby warm air registers.
 5. RESOURCEFULNESS IN THE DESIGN OF WARM AIR SYSTEMS

Flexibility and imagination are the key qualities in selecting and developing any mechanical or electrical system. In
the years ahead, frequent changes are always expected.
In 1961's the basement began to disappear. Subslab
perimeter systems were popular for basementless
houses. In general, the above features were retained
and air was delivered upward across glass, to be taken
back at high-return grills.
In the 1970's oil and gas became scarse. The adoption of electricity
resulted in numerous changes. Necessities such as combustion,
chimneys and fuel storage became nonessential.
There are no fixed rules about designs. The principles of efficiency,
comfort, cost and conformity to the architectural design are
paramount.
Heat
Cooling
Ventilation
 Hot water and steam boilers:
ELECTRIC BOILERS

For hot water heating are of high capacity output. Electric steam boilers are also commonly used in large
buildings.
 Hot water and steam boilers:
COAL-FIRED STEAM BOILER

As less polluting use of coal is achieved, a return of this variation of equipment is seen.
 Heating cooling ventilation:
HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEMS

Hot water heating systems are built around the premise of radiant heat. Water is heated by a boiler and
circulated throughout a building usually homes, through a series of pipes that heat radiators that give off heat.
The heat transfers to the air in the room.
 HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEMS
A. CIRCUIT TYPES

There are four (4} principal methods of arranging the piping for the circulation of hot water to the heating
elements located in the spaces to be heated.
 Circuit types
1 . SERIES PERIMETER LOOP

This series loop system usually run at the perimeter of the house. The water flows to and through each
baseboard or in tube in turn. Obviously the water at the end of the circuit is a little cooler. Values at each heating
element are not possible since any value would shut off the entire loop. Adjustment is by a damper at each
baseboard, which reduces the natural convection of air over the fins. For long runs or lengths of water circuit, the
pipe size can be increased.
 Circuit types
2. One-Pipe System

This is a very popular choice. Special fittings, act to divert part of the flow into each baseboard. A value may be
used at each one to allow for reduced heat or a complete ~hut-off to conserve energy, an advantage that the loop
system does not provide. However, this one pipe system uses a little more piping and is thus not as economical
to install as the loop system in which piping is minimal.
 Circuit types
3. Two-Pipe Reverse-Return

Considered the classic method, though not too often employed and indeed
not always necessary. Water nearly at boiler temperature is supplied to
each baseboard without being cooled by passing through a previous
baseboard as in ( 11 or accepting the cooler return water as in {21 equal
friction, resulting in equal flow, is achieved through all baseboards Nos. 1 to
5, by reversing the return instead of running it directly back to the boiler.
This equality is affected by equal lengths of water flow through any
baseboard together with its lengths of supply and return main. More pipe is
required for this than for system (1) and {2).
 Circuit types
4. Two-Pipe. Direct Return

(Not Favoured, Unequal Distribution)

This system is not favoured because the path of water through baseboard No. 1 is much shorter than that
through the others, especially No. 5 baseboard No. 5 could easily be undesirably cool, since it is short-circuited by
the others.
 HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEMS
B. SPECIAL FITTINGS

Special fitting for one-pipe systems. Venturi-type jet tee used here. In the return branch connection to the main it
induces flow through the convector by retarding the flow to force water into the supply branch and producing a
jet to reduce the pressure in the main following the return branch.
 HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEMS
C. AIR VENTS AND WATER DRAINS

Except for the necessary air cushion in the upper part

of the compression tank above the boiler, air must not
be allowed to accumulate at high points in the piping or
at the convector branches. These air vents relieve these
possible air pockets. which would otherwise make the
system air-bound and inoperative.
If a system is to be drained and left idle in a cold house,
water trapped in low points could freeze and burst the
tubing or piping. Operable drain values must be
provided at such locations and, of course, at the bottom
of the boiler.
 HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEMS
D. HYDRONIC AND ELECTRICAL
CONTROLS
Hot Water heating systems are fully automatic and operate as controlled by methods described in the figure.
Makeup water is added as required, the air level in the tank is regulated by the air control, fittings, and the
circulator and burner operate as controlled by the aquastat and thermostat. If the air vents in the piping are not
automatic they will require periodic manual "bleeding" of unwanted air.
LEGEND
A. Compression Tank- Accommodates the expansion of the water in the
system.
B. Air Control Fittings- Vent out unwanted air in the boiler and maintain the
level in the compression tank.
C. Pressure Relief Valve- Usually set for 30 psi. Initial cold pressure about 1 2
psi relieves excessive system pressure
D. Oil Burner-Responds to acquastat or thermoastat.
E. Stack Temperature Control- Senses stack temperature and stops oil injection
if ignition has not occured.
F. Drain Valve-At low point in the water system.
G. Aquastat-Maintains temperature of boiler water by starting the oil burner
when temperature of water drops below the acquastat' s setting set at 1 80 °F.
H. Remote Switch-At a safe distance from the boiler so that the plant can be
turned off in case of Trouble during which the boiler cannot be approached.
I. Junction Box and Relays-General control center.
J. Thermostat-When the room temperature drops below its setting, it turns on both the oil fire and the
circulating pump.
K. Electrical Power Source-Operator from a separate individual circuit at the power panel.
L. Hot Water Supply-Copper Tubing to convectors or baseboards.
M. Hot Water Return-Copper Tubing from convectors or baseboards.
N. Draft Adjuster-Regulates the draft (combustion air) over the fire.
0. House Cold Water Main-From which water is fed automatically into boiler. P. Flow Control Valves-Prevent
Casual flow of water by gravity when the circulator is not running. •
Q. Temperature/Pressure Gauge-Indicates water temperature and pressure. Sometimes supplemented by
immersion tnermometers in supply and return mains.
R. Pressure Reducing Valve-Admits water into the system when the pressure there drops below about 12 psi.
Has a built-in check valve to prevent backflow of boiler water into the water main.
S. Shutoff Valves-Normally open. Can be closed to isolate the system and permit servicing of components.
T. Circulator-Centrifugal circulating pump that moves the water through the tubing and heating elements.
 HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEMS
E. CIRCULATING PUMP

A centrifugal pump is selected to overcome the friction-of-flow in the piping and fittings and to deliver water at a
rate sufficient to offset the hourly heat loss of the house or buildings
 FIREPLACES

A home without a fireplace does seem to lack something a certain something, that is the heart of the home.
There is always an element of security in known you could have a fire if necessary. Although fireplaces are no
longer necessary for survival, a working fireplace with a cheerful fire blazing away exudes an atmosphere of
happy congenital living and contributes to the feeling that this ls the good life. The mind always envisions the
image of a crackling fire and enjoys the atmosphere of hospitality. rest and repose that is in the mind's eye. A
fireplace suggests the comfort and contentment of quiet evenings before a blazing hearth.
 TYPES OF FIREPLACE:
1 CONVENTIONAL MASONRY FIREPLACE

This is often used where there is wide space and you can afford it. But conventional fireplaces are about 10%
efficient. That is, 90 percent of the fire's heat goes up the flue.
 AIR
CONDITIONING

SIGNAL SYSTEM
8. HYDRONIC HEATING DESIGN AND ZONING

Total equivalent length :

The length of the longest circuit through which the water is
circulated plus a length equivalent to the resistance offered by the
fittings, boiler, etc.
• Pressure drop in the pipe :
This drop due to friction expressed in mil-inches of water per foot
of pipe, is the difference in pressue caused by friction in 1 ft. of pipe and
represents the static height of water in thousand of an inch capable of
being sustained by this difference in pressure.
Total Friction Head :
Expressed in feet, this head is the column of static water that
could be sustained by the difference in pressure in the entire system
owing to friction. Thus if a system were 300 ft. long and had a unit
frictional resistance of 300 mil-inches/ft., the total friction head would be
300 x300
= 7.5 ft.
1000 x12

Required Flow :
The water flow in gallons per minute to be circulated to make up
the hourly heat loss and the selected drop in the water temperature.
Required Volume of Expansion Tank :
This is related to the volume of water in the system and the over-
all rise in temperature from cold water supply temperature to boiler
water operating temperature.
Pump rating :
The pump size is selected on the basis of the required flow and
the total friction head.
9. ELECTRIC RESISTANCE HEATING
 REFRIGERATED COOLING FOR HOUSES
AIR-TO AIR COOLING
Unlike the technique in
large buildings and in district
cooling. where distance
makes tne use of chilled water
most convenient for thermal
transmission. houses are
coolled by a rather simple
arrangement of the
refrigeration cycle.
Cooling/Heating by a combined Hydronic and Air System

This new system combines a perimeter hot water heating pipe with
an overhead airhandling system. A boiler having a tankless coil
supplies domestic hot water. The heat output supplies both the
perimeter loop and a coil in the air-handling unit of the duct system.
The total heating load is met by the combination of radiant heat
generated by the perimeter loop and heated air from the overhead
air-handling system.
 CENTRAL-STATION AIR CONDITIONING
COOLING by COMPRESSIVE REFRIGERATION
After discussing the principles of heating. it is now necessary to
consider the means for producing cool air, or the chilled water by which
air may be cooled. Occasionally ground water is obtainable at
temperature low enough for direct use, but generally the use of a
refrigeration machine or other special cooling device is necessary. As
shown in the figure below, the compressive refrigeration cycle is a
scheme for transferring heat from one circulated water system (chilled
water) to another condenser water.
•UNIT OF REFRIGERATION
A ton of refrigeration is the cooling effect obtained when 1 ton of
32 °F 16 melts to water at 32 °F in 24 hrs. Since the latent heat-of-fusion of
16 is 144 Btu/lb, the cooling effect or rate of ton of refrigeration (200 lb)
is'taken as 144 x 2,000 = 288,000 Btu/day of 24 hr. or 12,000 Btuh. The
requisite capacity of a refrigerating machine in tons may therefore be
found by dividing the total heat gain in a building in Btuh by 12,000.
COOLING by ABSORPTION
Another form of water chiller is the refrigeration absorption
machine. Suitable for installations up to 1,000 tons capacity, the external
connections of this device are similar to the centrifugal-refrigeration. It
produces chilled water and has a cycle, of the condensing water that
must be cooled. Its motive power is steam, but instead of driving a
turbine to run a compressor, the steam is used in regenerative process to
strengthen a salt solution.
• PRINCIPLES OF CENTRAL COOLING
In larger buildings and those w ith varied and diverse
occupancy, it is usually preferred to centralize the refrigeration plant.
The condenser is cooled by water circulated to an outdoor cooling
tower and the evaporator produces chilled water. The latter is then
pumped to wherever it is needed in the building.
•CENTRAL STATION CONDITIONING
When heat is needed in winter the air circulated through the room or
other spaces must be heated
The function of the cooling tower is to dispose of the heat carried away
from the condenser. The condenser- cooling water is pumped to the
tower where it is dropped through a rising current of air. This effects a
vaporization of some of the water. Latent heat necessary to this change
of state is drawn from the remaining water, cooling it for reuse in the
condenser. Makeup water must be added to the tower since some of
the water is lost in vapor.
3. PSYCHROMETRY
a. AIR MOISTURE AND HEAT
AIR AND WATER VAPOR ARE THE MEDIA BY WHICH AIR-
CONDITIONING SYSTEMS OPERATE. WATER VAPOR IN VARYING AMOUNTS
ALWAYS EXIST IN AIR, AND THE REGULATION OF THIS MOISTURE CONTENT
AND OF THE TEMPERATURE OF THE VAPOR-AIR MIXTURE IS THE PROBLEM
POSED TO THE DESIGNER OF AIR CONDITIONING.

DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE (DB)

• THE TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR-WATER VAPOR MIXTURE MEASURED IN
THE NORMAL WAY WITH A FAHRENHEIT THERMOMETER.
WET-BULB TEMPERATURE (WB)
• THE TEMPERATURE SHOWN BY A THERMOMETER WITH A WETTED
BULB ROTATED RAPIDLY IN THE AIR TO CAUSE EVAPORATION OF ITS
MOISTURE.
• IN DRY AIR THE MOISTURE EVAPORATES AND, IN ACQUIRING LATENT
HEAT, DRAWS HEAT OUT OF THE THERMOMETER TO PRODUCE A
LARGE WET-BULB DEPRESSION (DIFFDRENCE BETWEEN DRY-AND
WET-BULB TEMPERATURES)
3. PSYCHROMETRY
3. PSYCHROMETRY
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH)
• THE RATIO OF THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF THE ACTUAL WATER
VAPOR IN A MIXTURE TO THE PRESSURE OF A SATURATED MIXTURE
AT THE SAME TEMPERATURE.
• FOR CLIMATE CONTROL IN BUILDINGS USING HVAC SYSTEMS, THE
KEY IS TO MAINTAIN THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT A COMFORTABLE
RANGE—LOW ENOUGH TO BE COMFORTABLE BUT HIGH ENOUGH
TO AVOID PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH VERY DRY AIR.
• WHEN THE TEMPERATURE IS HIGH AND THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS
LOW, EVAPORATION OF WATER IS RAPID.
• WHEN THE TEMPERATURE IS LOW AND THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS
HIGH, EVAPORATION OF WATER IS SLOW.
3. PSYCHROMETRY
DEW POINT (DP)
• THE RATIO OF THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF THE ACTUAL WATER
VAPOR IN A MIXTURE TO THE PRESSURE OF A SATURATED MIXTURE
AT THE SAME TEMPERATURE.
• THE MOISTURE COLLECTING ON THE EXTERIOR OF AN UNCOVERED
COLD-WATER PIPE INDICATES THAT THE PINE SURFACE TEMPE-
RATURE IS BELOW THE DEW POINT OF THE SURROUNDING
MIXTURE.
• THIS PHENOMENON USUALLY CALLED SWEATING WOULD MORE
CORRECTLY BE CALLED CONDENSING.
HUMIDITY RATIO (HR).
• THE WEIGHT OF THE ACTUAL WATER VAPOR IN A MIXTURE PER
POUND OF DRY AIR.
3. PSYCHROMETRY
ENTHALPY
• THE TOTAL HEAT IN THE MIXTURE MEASURED ABOVE 0 °F AND
INCLUDING THE LATENT BEAT OF THE WATER VAPOR.
SPECIFIC HEAT
• THE NUMBER OF BRITISH THERMAL UNITS REQUIRED TO RAISE
11 b OF A SUBSTANCE 1 °F. FOR AIR 0.241 BTU MAY BE USED AND
FOR WATER VAPOR, 0.444.
LATENT HEAT
• A TERM USED TO EXPRESS THE ENERGY INVOLVED IN A CHANGE
OF STATE.
DENSITY
• FOR APPROXIMATE CALCULATIONS 0.075 LB PER CU. FT. MAY BE
USED AS THE DENSITY OF AIR.
3. PSYCHROMETRY
b. PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
• THE QUALIFIED OF MIXTURES OF AIR AND WATER VAPOR ARE
SUMMERIZED GRAPHICALLY IN THE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART.
THIS CHART IS THE WORKING DIAGRAM OF THE AIR-
CONDITIONING ENGINEER. ITS USE CAN SHOW THE TYPICAL
INDOOR AND OUTDOOR CONDITIONS IN SUMMER OR THE
PROCESS OF COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFYING OUTDOOR.
3. PSYCHROMETRY
b. PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
3. PSYCHROMETRY
C. COOLING SYSTEM DESIGN
THE USE OF THE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART IN COMPUTING THE
RELATIONSHIPS OF HEAT AND AIR FLOW WHEN PLANNING THE
COOLING PROCESSES OF A CENTRAL STATION AIR CONDITIONER IS
VERY USEFUL AND IS BEST LEFT FOR PROBLEM SOLVING BY THE
AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEER.
4. HEAT PUMP
• WITHOUT THE ONSITE USE OF FOSSIL FUELS, FLAME OR
COMBUSTION, THE HEAT PUMP CAN HEAT A HOUSE OF
BUILDING IN WINTER AND COOL IT IN SUMMER BY MEANS OF A
REVERSE—CYCLE, ELECTRICALLY PERED, REFRIGERATION
SYSTEM. IN THE AIR-TO-AIR COOLING OR (WINDOW UNIT)
FIGURE PREVIOUSLY DISCUSSED, IT SHOWED THE METHOD OF
CONVENTIONAL COOLING IN SUMMER BY AN OUTDOOR
EVAPORATOR COIL AND THE DISPOSAL OF THE HEAT TO THE
OUTDOORS BY THE PROCESS OF CONENSING THE REFRIGERANT.
IT IS ONLY NECESSARY TO REVERSE THIS PROCESS TO PROVIDE
INDOOR HEATING. THE HEATING CAN BE BY CIRCULATED WATER.
4. HEAT PUMP
4. HEAT PUMP
AIR TO AIR HEAT PUMP WITH CONTROLS
• A PANEL SET FORWARD OF THE EXTERIOR WALL LINE ALLOWS THE
PUMP TO INHALE AND EXHALE OUTDOOR AIR AROUND THE
PANEL EDGES. IN SUMMER IT DISCHARGES WARM AIR AND, IN
WINTER, COOL AIR.
4. HEAT PUMP
SERIES SINGLE PACKAGE HEAT PUMP— HORIZONTAL, CHP 9
• INSTALLED ON THE ROOF-TOP OR AT GROUND LEVEL OUT DOORS.
5. INDUCTION METHOD
• A SMALL AMOUNT OF OUTDOOR AIR, REPRESENTING THE REQUIRED AIR
VENTILATION, IS TEMPERED (COOLED OR HEATED, HUMIDIFIED OR
DEHUMIDIFIED, DEPENDING ON THE SEASON. AND DELIVERED AT HIGH
VELOCITY THROUGH A SMALL CIRCULAR DUCT. AT THE CABINET IT IS
ATTENUATED (SLOWED DOWN AND SILENCED) AND BLOWN THROUGH
JETS TO INDUCE ROOM AIR INTO THE FLOW PATTERN. THE FRESH AIR
PLUS THE RECIRCULATED AIR THEN PASSES OVER FINNED TUBES WITHIN
WHICH IS CIRCULATED COOL OR HOT WATER AS REQUIRED_ THE WATER,
HEATER CAN BE A CONVERSION UNIT THAT WARMS THE WATER BY HEAT
TRANSFER FROM THE BUILDING STEAM.
• INDUCTION METHOD OF AIR CONDITIONING. CONDITIONAL FRESH AIR
{ONCE-THROUGH, NOT RECIRCULATED) PROVIDES VENTILATION,
CONTROLS AIR QUALITY AND HUMIDITY, AND INDUCES, THROUGH JETS,
THE SECONDARY CIRCULATION OF LOOM AIR. THE AIR FLOW AT THE
CABINET IS WARMED OR COOLED TO SELECTED TEMPERATURE BY HOT OR
CHILLED WATER AT CONTROLLED RATES.
5. INDUCTION METHOD
5. INDUCTION METHOD
5. INDUCTION METHOD
 WHAT IS HVAC?
Heating, Ventilating,
and Air Conditioning
(HVAC) equipment
perform heating
and/or cooling for
residential,
commercial or
industrial buildings
Is the technology of indoor and vehicular
environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide
thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality.
HEATING
Heaters are appliances whose purpose is
to generate heat for the building. This
HeatcanPump- is a device
that transfers heat energy
be done via central heating. from a source of heat to
what is called “heat sink”

Furnace- device used for high-

temperature heating

Boiler- closed vessel in which fluid (generally water) is heated

Heaters exist for various types of fuel, including solid fuels, liquids and gases
Another type of heat source is electricity, normally heating ribbons composed of high resistance
wire.

Heat pumps HVAC Systems were only used in

moderate climates, but with improvements in low
temperature operation and reduced loads due to
more efficient homes, they are increasing in
Popularity in cooler climates
AIR CONDITIONING
Provides cooling and humidity control for all or part of a building. Air conditioned buildings
often have sealed windows, because open windows work against the system intended to
Maintain constant indoor air conditions
 7 MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL
HVAC SYSTEMS
1. Size- a residential HVAC unit is much smaller as compared to commercial HVAC system
as it needs to cool or heat a much larger space.

2. Placement- while a residential HVAC unit is typically placed in the backyard or the sides
of the house, a commercial HVAC system is placed in swamp coolers or on the buildings
roof for the following reasons:

▪ HVAC system that is placed on the roof makes a great space saving solution
▪ It avoids noise pollution in the building
▪ It is a perfect solution for maintenance as none of the activities are disrupted during
repairs and replacements

3. Complexity- HVAC systems also vary in structure as commercial systems need to be more
adaptable depending on the type of building where they are being installed, the number of
occupants and the use of building whether it is periodic or constant

4. Drainage- As residential HVAC units serve a much smaller area, the entire system drains
in a single pan that is placed outside the house while a commercial consists of multiple
pipes and pans for draining purposes o ensure complete evaporation and avoid overflowing
5. Mechanism- the mechanism of a commercial HVAC unit depends on the structure where it is
going to be installed. The manufacturing and installation of commercial HVAC system are modular
(housed together) whereas a residential unit is manufactured as standalone (split between
indoor and outdoor)

6. Equipment- used in smaller residential structures differs as compared to the massive HVAC
systems in commercial establishments. Commercial systems are customized for effective heating
And cooling while residential humidity and temperature dwelling do not vary much

7. Maintenance Cost- the size of the system and the difference in mechanism.
Maintenance cost of a commercial HVAC systems is more than a standalone residential unit

WHILE BOTH SYSTEMS ARE DESIGNED TO ACCOMPLISH THE SAME GOAL, ENSURING A
COMFORTABLE AND HEALTHY SPACE REQUIRES PERIODIC HVAC MAINTENANCEE CHECKUPS BY
TECHNICIANS WHO SPECIALIZE IN THE PARTICULAR SYSTEM YOU OWN
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
DUAL DUCT HIGH VELOCITY SYSTEMS
Operate in the same manner as the low-velocity systems except that the supply fan runs at a
high pressure, and each zone requires a mixing box with sound attenuation

This type of system uses 2 sets of duct work for the distribution of heating and cooling.

Like the multi-zone system, the dual duct system mixes hot and cold air to achieve the
required air temperature

Instead of mixing the air at central air handling unit, mixing boxes are dispersed throughout the
building.
The dual duct system creates a high level of thermal comfort and allows for great zoning
flexibility, it is very expensive, requires much building space and its wasteful energy
The duct with the heating coil is known as the hot deck
The duct with the cold coil is known as the cold deck

These constant volume dual-duct systems usually use a single, constant-volume supply fan to
supply the two ducts

Dual Duct systems achieve the zoned temperature control by mixing the hot and cold air
streams in a dual duct box while maintaining constant air flow

Dual Duct system is rarely

installed now, except in
hospitals, laboratories,
museums
VENTILATION
is the intentional introduction of ambient air into a space and is mainly used to control indoor
air quality by diluting and displacing indoor pollutants; it can also be used for purposes
of thermal comfort or dehumidification. The correct introduction of ambient air will help to
achieve desired indoor comfort levels although the measure of an ideal comfort level varies
from individual to individual.

Natural Ventilation- is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space
without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a
result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.
Mechanical ventilation- uses fans to drive the flow of subaerial air into
a building. This may be accomplished by pressurization (in the case of
positively pressurized buildings), or by depressurization (in the case of
exhaust ventilation systems). Many mechanically ventilated buildings use a
combination of both, with the ventilation being integrated into
the HVAC system.
Mixed-mode Ventilation (Hybrid Ventilation)- refers to a hybrid approach to space
conditioning that uses a combination of natural ventilation from operable windows (either
manually or automatically controlled), and mechanical systems that include air distribution
equipment and refrigeration equipment for cooling. A well-designed mixed-mode building
begins with intelligent facade design to minimize cooling loads. It then integrates the use
of air conditioning when and where it is necessary, with the use of natural ventilation
whenever it is feasible or desirable, to maximize comfort while avoiding the
significant energy use and operating costs of year-round air conditioning
Infiltration- is the unintentional or accidental introduction of outside air into a building,
typically through cracks in the building envelope and through use of doors for passage.
Infiltration is sometimes called air leakage. The leakage of room air out of a building,
intentionally or not, is called exfiltration. Infiltration is caused by wind, negative
pressurization of the building, and by air buoyancy forces known commonly as the stack effect.

In many smaller buildings, 'forced' or

'mechanical' ventilation is not used to introduce
ventilation air. Instead, natural ventilation, via
openable windows and other openings, exhaust
fans, and infiltration are used to provide
ventilation air. Typically, at least one-third air
change per hour is considered the
minimum. ASHRAE Standard 62.2 was adopted in
2004; it clarifies the ventilation air requirements
for low-rise residences. The Standard specifies
that forced ventilation is required in houses with
infiltration less than 0.35 ACH.[2] This is typically
accomplished with heat recovery ventilation or
exhaust fans running constantly or periodically.
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