Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Noteson Scientific Writing
Noteson Scientific Writing
net/publication/322087479
CITATIONS READS
0 2,282
1 author:
Essam Al-Sibahee
Neurosurgery Teaching Hospital
12 PUBLICATIONS 7 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Essam Al-Sibahee on 28 December 2017.
Parallelism
It means “pairs of ideas joined by “and”, “or”, or “but” should be written in parallel form.
Lists of ideas should be written in parallel form.
Paragraphs
Each paragraph must have one idea.
Make it short.
Give away the punch line early.
Paragraph flow is helped by:
o Logical flow of ideas (sequential in time, general to specific, logical arguments)
o Parallel sentence structures
o If necessary, use transition words.
Revision
Read your writing out loud (the brain processes the spoken word differently than the
written word!).
Do a verb check:
o Underline the main verb in each sentence.
o Watch for:
Lackluster verbs (e,g, there are many students who struggle with
medicine.)
Passive verbs
Buried verbs (long distance between the subject and verb)
Don’t be afraid to cut
o Dead weight words and phrases (it should be emphasized that)
o Empty words and phrases (important)
o Long words or phrases that could be short
o Unnecessary jargon and acronyms
o Repetitive words or phrases
o adverbs
Do an organizational review
o In the margins of your paper, tag each paragraph with a phrase or sentence that
sums up the main point.
Then move paragraphs around to improve logical flow and bring similar ideas
together.
Get outside feedback
o Without any technical background, reviewer should easily grasp:
The main findings
Take-home messages
Significance of your work
Results
Results do not equal raw data.
The results section should:
o Summarize, at a higher level, what the data show
Point our simple relationships
Describe big-picture trends
Cite figures or table that present supporting data
o Avoid simply repeating the numbers are already available in tables and figures
Tips for writing results:
o Break into subsections, with headings (if needed “long and complex results”)
o Complement the information that is already in the tables and figures
Give precise values that are not available in the figure
Report the percent change or percent difference if absolute values are given
in the table
o Repeat/highlight only the most important numbers
o Don’t forget to talk about negative and control results
o Reserve the term “significant” for statistically significant
o Reserve information about what you did for the methods section
In particular, do not discuss the rationale for statistical analyses within the
Results section
o Reserve comments on the meaning of your results for the discussion section
What verb tense do I use?
o Use past tense for completed actions:
We found that…
The average time was…
Women were more likely to….
o Use the present tense for assertions that continue to be true, such as what the
tables show, what you believe, and what the data suggest:
Figure 1 shows…
The findings confirm…
The data suggest….
We believe that this shows…
Use the active voice.
Methods
Give a clear overview of what was done
Give enough information to replicate the study (like a recipe!)
Be complete, but make life easy for your reader!
o Break into smaller section with subheadings
o Cite a reference for commonly used methods
o Display in a flow diagram or table where possible
You may use jargon and the passive voice more liberally in the methods section
Verb tense:
o Report methods in past tense “we measured”
o Use present tense to describe how data are presented in the paper “data are
summarized as means...”
Introduction
Typically, 3 paragraphs long (recommended range: 2 to 5)
It is not an exhaustive review of your general topic (should focus on the specific
hypothesis/aim of your study).
Tips for writing an introduction:
o Keep paragraphs short
o Write for a general audience (clear, concise, non-technical)
o Take the reader step by step from what is known to what is unknown. End with
your specific question. (known unknown question/hypothesis)
o Emphasize how your study fills in the gaps (the unknown)
o Explicitly state your research question/aim/hypothesis:
“We asked whether”; “Our hypothesis was”; “We tested the hypothesis
that”; “Our aims were”
o Do not answer the research question (no results or implications)
o Summarize at a high level! Leave detailed descriptions, speculations, and criticisms
of particular studies for discussion.
Discussion
Invert the cone of the introduction:
o Answer the questions asked
o Support your conclusion (your data, others’ data)
o Defend your conclusion (anticipate criticisms)
o Give the “big-picture” take-home message (implications)
Tips on the discussion:
o Showcase good writing!
Use the active voice
Tell it like a story
o Start and end with the main finding
“we found that…”
o Don’t travel too far from your data
Focus on what your data do prove, not what you had hoped your data
would prove
o Focus on the limitations that matter, not generic limitations
o Make sure your take-home message is clear and consistent
Abstract
It gives and overview of the main story
Gives highlights from each section of the paper
Limited length (100-300 words, typically)
Stands on its own
Most often, the only part the people read
Don’t write it prior to the paper
Contents:
o Background (one-sentence statement)
o Question/aim/hypothesis (explicitly state that)
“We asked whether,” “We hypothesized that,” …. etc
o Experiment (quick summary of key materials and methods)
o Results (key results found, minimal raw data)
o Conclusion (answer the question, take-home message)
o Implication, speculation, or recommendation
Two forms of abstracts:
o Structured (with subheadings)
o Free-form