THE ROLE OF BATTERIES IN AUXILIARY

POWER FOR HEAVY TRUCKS

DOE WORKSHOP
WASHINGTON, DC
DECEMBER 12, 2001

(Truck Idling.ppt); 2/12/2002)

 THE PROBLEM

!Heavy trucks leave their engines on

while they are stopped and the driver is
sleeping, eating, etc.
– Security
» Engine does not have to be restarted
» Power is needed to run the marker lights so that the truck can be
seen
– Comfort and Convenience
» HVAC to maintain cabin temperature
» Other “hotel” loads

!Engine is sized to propel the vehicle, so it

is oversized for these loads

(Truck Idling.ppt); 2/12/2002)

 BATTERIES on TRUCKS

!Designed primarily to start a large diesel

engine
!Also specs for reserve capacity - minutes
at 25 amp drain
!Batteries connected in series-parallel array
!Applicable SAE standards
– J537 - Storage Batteries
– J2185 - Life Test for Heavy-Duty Storage Batteries
– J539 - Voltages for Diesel Electrical Systems

(Truck Idling.ppt); 2/12/2002)

 AVAILABLE BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES

!Flooded Lead-acid
!Valve Regulated Lead-acid (VRLA)
– Better for cycling applications
!Nickel-Cadmium
!Nickel-Metal Hydride (limited production)

!Lithium Ion batteries are not available in sizes

that could be used for trucks
!Ultracaps a possibility for engine starting only
– Not designed for hourly rate discharges

(Truck Idling.ppt); 2/12/2002)

 LEVELS OF SOLUTIONS

!COMPONENT LEVEL
– Electrification of various components increase
the need for energy storage
!SUB-SYSTEM LEVEL
– Higher system voltage makes higher power
levels more efficient
– 14/42V in cars
!PROPULSION SYSTEM LEVEL
– HEV at 300-600V

(Truck Idling.ppt); 2/12/2002)

 ADVANTAGES OF BATTERIES

!Energy Storage
– Accomplished by converting electrical energy
into stored chemical energy (charging)
!Self-Contained
– No emissions
!Recyclable today
– Lead-acid

(Truck Idling.ppt); 2/12/2002)

 DISADVANTAGES OF BATTERIES

!Energy Density and Specific Energy are limited

– Batteries are self-contained and must store all of their own
energy
– Fuel-fired systems and fuel cells do not have to store the
oxygen that they use to produce energy
!Limited cycle life
!Available energy and power are dependent on
temperature, power level, state of charge,
previous usage, proper maintenance
!Efficiency is strongly affected by power level
both on charge and discharge
(Truck Idling.ppt); 2/12/2002)
 DEFINITIONS

!Specific Energy and Power

– Energy or Power divided by system mass
– e.g. whrs/kg or watts/kg
!Energy Density and Power Density
– Energy or Power divided by system volume
– e.g. whrs/liter or watts/liter
!Ragone Plot
– A graph showing the relationship between
available energy and power level
– Can be based on mass or volume

(Truck Idling.ppt); 2/12/2002)

 SPECIFIC ENERGY RAGONE PLOT
Specific Energy Ragone (gravimetric)

160
High Energy Lithium Ion
140
8 4 2 1
120
Specific Energy (Whrs/kg)

High Power Lithium Ion

100

80
NiMH

60

NiCd
40 Lead-acid

Spiral Wound Lead-acid

20
Ultracapacitor
0
1 10 100 1000 10000
Specific Power (W/kg)
(Truck Idling.ppt); 2/12/2002)
 ENERGY DENSITY RAGONE PLOT
Energy Density Ragone (volumetric)

400
High Energy Lithium Ion
350

8 4 2 1
300
Energy Density (Whrs/liter)

High Power Lithium Ion

250 NiMH

200

NiCd
150

100
Lead-acid
Spiral Wound Lead-acid
50
Ultracapacitor
0
1 10 100 1000 10000
Power Density (W/liter) (Truck Idling.ppt); 2/12/2002)
 FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS

!BATTERIES
– Development Work Underway
» PNGV/USABC
» DARPA
» ALABC
» 36/42 Volt Automotive Batteries - MIT/SAE, Cenelec/IEC
» Industry
» Universities

!APPLICATION (battery usage)

– System level - determines amount of stored energy
required and duty cycle
– Available volume, mass
– How to replenish stored energy efficiently
(Truck Idling.ppt); 2/12/2002)
 FURTHER DEVELOPMENT

!Develop System Level Requirements

!Service mode is different
– More emphasis on deep cycling for security and “hotel”
loads
– Load separation
! System Design
– Replacing stored energy
– Voltage level
– HEV Powertrains
!VehicleLevel Cost Analysis of battery
chemistries in system context
(Truck Idling.ppt); 2/12/2002)
 LOAD SEPARATION
! Ifthe energy required for engine start was stored
separately, the battery used for engine-off loads
could be specifically designed for lower currents
and higher cycle life
! Using the battery for extended periods of time
reduces available peak power
! Driver security - the power required to start the
engine would be protected from “hotel” loads
! Possible approaches
– Multiple, switched strings of lead-acid batteries
– Ultracapacitors
– Other battery chemistries
(Truck Idling.ppt); 2/12/2002)
 PEAK POWER vs SOC

!SLIbatteries typically operate at ~80%

SOC
!Power capability varies non- linearly with
SOC

POWER
80% 50%

SOC

(Truck Idling.ppt); 2/12/2002)

 REPLACING STORED ENERGY

!The energy required to recharge the

battery has to come from somewhere
– Vehicle Engine and alternator
– External charger
» Grid Powered
» Solar
» APU

!How the energy is replaced affects the

overall efficiency of the vehicle

(Truck Idling.ppt); 2/12/2002)

 System Level Considerations

!36 volts being actively considered for

passenger cars and light trucks
!Higher power levels require higher
voltage to operate at a lower current
to increase efficiency
!A hybrid electric truck would require
a high voltage battery (300-600V)
– Work on transit bus powertrains already
underway

(Truck Idling.ppt); 2/12/2002)

 PROJECTS

!ELECTRICAL SYSTEM SIMULATOR

– Include all loads - lights, truck refrigerator, hvac,
“hotel” loads, etc. with duty cycles
– Defined engine start profile
– Driving cycle for evaluating the effect of this system
on vehicle efficiency
– Already exists in automotive industry
– Will show how much stored energy can be efficiently
replaced in 8-12 hours, regardless of battery
technology

(Truck Idling.ppt); 2/12/2002)