omMiA&b sm om o f m m m

6 0 1 0 M . GOWM&m

Me t h o d tor Es t i m a t i n g t h e V i s c o s i t y
OF L U 8 R I CAT I NG 0 » L BLENDS

Ro b er t D. Sloan
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 P I 4 4 8

tsasum
om M um eam &w w Bm
mht>m. c o m m m

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE F AC UL T Y AND THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF

the Co l o r a d o Sc h o o l of Mines in partial fulfillm ent of the re ­

quirements FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE.

Ro b e r t 0. Sloan

L9
Go l o e n , Co l o r a d o

2VV
Da te , 1952

Approved

Oats U i / H l 4 jL 1952
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

TVje a u t h o r w ishes to express h is sincere gratitude to Pr o f e s s o r

J ames 0. Ba l l , head of the Pe t r o l e u m Re f in in g Department of the

Co l o r a d o Sc h o o l of Min e s ; Pr o f e s s o r Ge or ge W. L e Ma i r e , As s o c i a t e

Pr o f e s s o r of Petroleum Re f in in g ; Pr o f e s s o r Ed wa rd G. F isher,

head of the En g l i s h De p a r t m e n t ; Pr o f e s s o r Ro b e r t B* Os b o r n of

the Ma t h e m a t i c s Department, and Pr o f e s s o r Pa u l W. Ke a t i n g of the ‘

Geology De p a r tm e n t.

Pr o f e s s o r s Ba l l and L e Ma i r e followed the work closely , and it

WAS ONE OF THEIR SUGGE6 T I ONS THAT BROUGHT ABOUT THE SOLUTION

OF THE P R OB L E M. PROFESSOR FlSHER GAVE V A L U A B L E ASSISTANCE IN

EDITING THE THESIS. PROFESSOR OSBORN HEL PED GREATL Y IN THE

D E V E L OP ME N T OF THE M A T H E M A T I C A L ASPECT OF THE THESIS. PROFESSOR

Ke a t i n g has been a sincere friend and offered friendly encourage­

ment WHEN THE PROBLEM WAS NOT WORKI NG OUT•

 SUMMARY

AN A T T E M P T WAS MADE TO OE V E L O P A METHOD WHEREBY THE VISCOSITY

OF PETROLEUM LUBRICATING OIL BLENDS COULD BE ACCURATELY P RE­

D I C T E D * FROM T HE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE BASE OILS. To

OBTAIN A SUFFICIENTLY AC CURAT E METHOD IT WAS FOUND NE C E S S AR Y TO

INCLUDE A CONSIDERATION OF THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AS WELL AS

THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE BASE OILS.

The BASE OIJLS WERE O B T A I N E D FROM THE F OL L O WI N G REFINERIES:

The Mid -C ontinent O il Co r p o r a t i o n , The Deep Rock Oil Co r p ­

o r atio n , the Kn o w l e s Petroleum Co m p a n y , T he Petroleum Tr a d i n g

and Tr anspo rt Co m p a n y , the S in c la ir Oil Co r p o r a t i o n , and T he

Ro y a l O il Co m p a n y . Al l of the v is c o s it ie s were determined

w ith a Pr e c i s i o n Sc i e n t i f i c Sa y b o l t Un i v e r s a l V isc o sim eter .

It was decided to use th is method of visc o sity determ ination

since it is the Saybo lt Un i v e r s a l Second that is used by the

So c i e t y of Au t o m o t i v e En g i n e e r s as a stanoaro for specifying

lubricating o il s .

It was o rig inally believed that the v is c o s it ie s of petroleum

LUBRICATING OIL BLENDS COULD BE ESTIMATED FROM THE VISCOSITY OF

THE BASE OILS AT I00°F AND 2I0°F BY THE STANOARO A .S.T.M .

method D 88-44. V isco sity indexes of the blends were deter ­

m ined BY THE STANDARD A .S .T.M . METHOD D 567-41. WITH THIS IN­

FORMATION, THE BLENDING CHARTS DEVELOPED BY W R I G H T , WlLSON,

The Stanoaro O il Development Company, and the A .S .T .M * were

INVESTIGATED for THEIR ACCURACY. NONE OF T HESE CHARTS WERE

FOUND SUFFICIENTLY ACCURATE TO SATISFY THE AUTHOR. SEVERAL

METHODS AND CHARTS WERE CALCULATED BY THE AUTHOR ---- THOUGH

SOME OF THESE WOULD BE ACCURATE FOR SOME B L E N D S , THEY WOULD

DEVELOP EXTREME ERRORS FOR OTHER BLENDS.

T he ring analysis of each o il was determ ined , ano it was

THROUGH THIS DETERMINATION THAT THE SOLUTION DEVELOPEO. IT

WAS FOUND THAT THE DEGREE OF PARAFFIN|CITY OF AN OIL DETER­

MINED ITS BLENDING EFFICIENCY. A CORRELATION WAS O B T A I N E D BY

THE USE OF THE A .S .T .M . PREDICTED VISCOSITY AND THE DIFFERENCE

IN PARAFFINICITY OF THE BASE OILS THAT QUITE ACCU RA T E L Y PRE­

DICTED THE A CT U AL VISCOSITY OF THE BLENDS.

IT IS THE AUTHOR’ S O P I N I O N THAT THE DEGREE OF THE PARAFFINICITY

OF TWO O I L S BL ENOED TOGETHER

(
IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DIFFERENCE

OF ERROR BETWEEN THE ACT U A L VISCOSITY AND THE PREDICTED VIS­

COSITY. It has been proved that the visc o sity of the blend w ill

VARY IN THE D I R E C T I O N OF THE MORE PARA F F I N I C O IL. THIS IS NOT

TRUE FOR ANY OTHER GENERAL CLASS OF LUBRICATING OIL MOLECULE, I.E .

N AP H T H E N E S AND AROMAT I C S .
 CONTENTS

V isco sity Bl e n d i n g Ch a r t s ...................................................... . . . Pa g e I

St a t e m e n t or Pr o b l e m • • • • • • • • • • • • I

Theory or V isc o sity Bl e n o i n g . . « I

Review or Previous M e th o d s ...................... • . . 4

Approach to Pr o b l e m ...................................................................... 7

R ing An a l y s i s ........................................................................................ 9

Ex p e r i m e n t a l Wo r k ............................................................................................. 10

Eq u i p m e n t ...................................................................... ........................ 10

D escription or Ring A nalysis . . . ........................ 10

Percentage or Arom atics ........................................................... I 1

Percentage or Na p h t h e n e s ..................................................... 12

Pe r c e n t a g e or Pa r a p e i n s • 13

De s c r ip t io n or Mo l e c u l a r We i g h t Determination 13

Pr e l i m i n a r y In vestig atio n . . ......................................... 17

Sloan Me t h o d . .................................................................................. 17

Da t a and Ca l c u l a t i o n s • ............................................................................ 22

Mo l e c u l a r We i g h t s ............................................................................ 23

R ing An a l y s i s • • • • • ........................................................... 24

Sa m p l e Ca l c u l a t i o n s or Sloan Eq u a t i o n • • • • 33

Oil B l e n d s ........................ ............................ ..... ............................. 35

No m e n c l a t u r e 47

D iscussion ........................ ..... ..................................................................... 48

Po s s i b l e Er r o r s • 48

C o n c l u s i o n s .............................. ..... ........................................................................... 50

B ib l io g r a p h y .............................. . . . . . . . . 51
 ILLUSTRATIONS

F igure 1 - R e l a t i o n B e t w e e n M o l e c u l a r We i g h t ,
S p e c i f i c R e f r a c t i o n , a n o An i l i n e
P o i n t f o r A r o m a t i c F r e e O i l s ............................ Pa g e 14

Figure 2 - S p ecific R efraction versusMole­

c u la r W eight . . . !&

F igure 3 - Pr e l i m i n a r y Sloan Ch a r t ....................................... 18

Figure 4 - Nomagraph of Sloan Equation 2\

 I

VISCOSITY BLENDtNG CHARTS

St a t e m e n t or Pr o b l e m

An attempt was made to develop a method whereby the v is c o s ity or

PETROLEUM LUBRICATING OIL BL ENDS COULD BE A CCURAT EL Y PREDICTED

EROM THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OE THE BASE OILS* IT WAS THE IN­

TEN T Or THE INVESTIGATOR TO D E V E L OP A CURVE THAT COULD BE USED

WITH ANY BASE OILS, R EGARDL ESS OE D I EE ER ENC E8 IN PHYSICAL PRO­

PERTIES. Th i s work was carrieo out under the d ir ec tio n of

Pr o f e s s o r J ames 0* Ba l l , head or the Pe t r o l e u m Re f in in g Depart­

ment or the Co l o r a d o Sc h o o l or Mines, and Pr o f e s s o r Ge or ge W.

L e Ma i r e , As s o c i a t e Pr o f e s s o r or the Pe t r o l e u m Re f in in g Depart­

ment of the Co l o r a o o Sc h o o l or Min es.

T heory or V i s c o s i tv Bl e n o i n g

Be f o r e we can discuss the theory behind blending lubricating

OILS TO C E R T A I N VISCOSITY SPECIFICATIONS, A FEW OF THE M A I N

POINTS ON THE THEORY OF V I S C O S I T Y MUST BE C O N S I D E R E D . THE MOST

WI OELY ACC EPT ED THEORY OF VISCOSITY IS THAT PROPOSED BY HENRY

EYRING AND HIS CO- WORKERS.

In the Eyring theory of viscosity it is assumed that a liq u id

IS MADE UP OF A CRYSTAL-LIKE S T RU CT UR E WITH SPACES IN THE

Gl a s s t o n e , L a i d l e r , and Ey r i n g ; The T heory of Ra t e Pr o c e s s e s ;

Mc G r a w - H i l l B o o k C o . ; p . 4 7 7 , 1941.
l a t t i c e s u n o c c u p ie d by m o l e c u l e s . In such a s t r u c t u r e , a

MOL ECUL E CAN SHIFT ITS POSITION ONLY IF IT 18 AT THE BOUNDARY

OF SUCH A VOID, AND ONLY IF IT P OS S E S S E S THE N ECESSA RY EXCESS

FREE ENERGY TO ESCAPE INTO THE VOID. VISCOSITY, OR THE

RESISTANCE OFFERED TO THE CHANGE OF POSITION OF M O L E C U L E S , IS

DUE TO THE EXISTENCE OF POTENTIAL ENERGY BARRIERS AROUND THE

MOLECULES. PARSHAD POSTULATES THAT THESE POTENTIAL ENERGY

Parshad, R . ; P h ysical B asis o f a Concept About the Mechanism

o f the V is c o s ity of L iq u id s ; Jo urnal of C hem istry and Physics,
V o l. 16, p. 152- 155, Feb. 1 9 4 8 . ___________________________________________________ ___

BARRIERS ARE CAUSED BY THE INTERACTION OF TWO OP P O S I N G INTER-

MOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION AND R E P U L S I O N ACTING INDIVIDUALLY

On e can c o n s id e r the pa ssag e of one m o l e c u l e pa st the force

FIELDS OF THE NEIGHBORING MOL E C U L E S AS A JUMP OVER A P O T E N T I A L

ENERGY BARRIER. In A LIQUID AT REST SUCH MOVEMENTS MAY OCCUR

AT RANDOM AND IN AL L DIRECTIONS. THE APPLICATION OF A SHEARING

STRESS TO A L I Q U I D WILL MAKE THE POTENTIAL ENERGY CURVE FAVOR

THE DIRECTION OF THE SHEARING STRESS. MOVEMENTS W I L L OCCUR MORE

OF T E N IN THE DIRECTION OF THE SHEARING STRESS, ANO THE NET RE­

SULT W I L L BE A F L OWI N G PROCESS.

For e x a m p l e , l e t us c o n s io e r the Saybo lt V isc o s im e te r . Wh e n

THE LIQUID IS LYING AT REST IN THE T U BE, THE MOLECULES IN THE

OIL ARE M OV I N G IN ALL DIRECTIONS SO AS TO CREAT E A STATIC

EQUILIBRIUM. NO FLOW PROCESS IS TAKING PLACE. WHEN THE ORI­

FICE IS OPENEO IN THE BOTTOM OF THE TUBE, A GRAVITATIONAL

SHEARING STRESS IS PLACED ON THE LIQUIO IN A DOWNWARD D I R E C T I O N .

By Ey r in g * s t h e o r y , th e p o t e n t ia l energy cu r v e is then d is p l a c e d
 3

IN THE DIRECTION OF THE STRESS, AND FLOW OCC UR S .

O ils have varying v is c o s it ie s because of both molecular size

AND MOLECULAR COMPOSITION. IT MAY EASILY BE REASONED THAT A

GREAT ER EXCESS FREE ENERGY WILL BE R E Q U I R E D TO MOVE A LARGE

MOL ECUL E OVER A POTENTIAL ENERGY BARRIER.THAN THAT REQUIRED TO

MOVE A SMALLER MOLECULE OVER ITS POTENTIAL ENERGY BARRIER. IT

MAY ALSO BE REASONED THAT STEEPER POTENTIAL ENERGY BARRIERS

WILL OCCUR AROUND THE LARGER MOLECUL ES THAN AROUND THE SMALLER

molecules . O ils that contain a large proportion of r ig io -

CYCLIC MOLECUL ES WILL IN GENERAL EXHIBIT HIGHER VISCOSITIES

THAN THOSE CONTAINING LARGE CONCENTRATIONS OF LONG FLEXIBLE

CHA I N S .

Ex a m i n i n g Ey r i n g ' s theory of v is c o s ity w ith v is c o s ity blenoing

IN MIND, IT APPEARS THAT THE BLENDING EFFICIENCY OF AN O I L

WILL BE D E T E R M I N E D BY THE OlL*6 CONCENTRATI ON OF PARAFT IN I C

MOLECULES, I.E . THOSE MOL EC U L ES COMPOSED OF LONG FLEXIBLE

c h a in s . Th i s is because the number of voids into which flexible

MOL ECUL ES CAN ESCAPE IS GREATER THAN THE NUMBER OF VOIDS I NTO

WH I C H RIGID-CYCLIC STRUCTURES CAN ESCAPE. |F TWO O I L S ARE OF

THE SAME MOLECULAR COMPOSITION, THEN THEY WILL BLEND ACCORDI NG

to the eq uatio n :

LOG V = Nj LOG V j ♦ Ng LOG V g

Wh e r e : v - kin em a tic vis c o s ity

N - mole fraction ;

If the o ils are of the same molecular com position , the mole

Bo n d i * A . ; P h y s i c a l C h e m i s t r y o f L u b r i c a t i n g O i l s ; T he Petro­
leum R e f i n e r . Vo l . S5, p p . 1 1 9 -1 3 2 . J uly 1946.
FRACTION MAY BE RE P L A C E D BY A VOLUME FRACTION. WHEN THE MOLECULAR

COMPOSITION OF THE OILS IS VARIED, ANO ONE OIL HAS A GREATER

AMOUNT OF PARAFFIN HYDROCARBONS PRESENT THAN THE OTHER, THE V I S ­

COSITY OF THE BLEND WILL FAVOR THE OIL WITH THE GREAT ER CONCEN­

TRATION OF PARAFFINIC MOLECULES. IT SEEMS THAT THIS IS POSSIBLE

BECAUSE THERE WILL BE MORE V O I D S AVAILABLE AT RANDOM FOR THE

MOL ECU L ES OF THIS OIL TO MOVE INTO AND BECAUSE A SEPARATION WILL

OCCUR IN THE BLEND THAT WILL ALLOW R E L A T I V E L Y A HIGHER CONCEN­

TRATION OF THE PARAFFINIC OIL TO ESCAPE THROUGH THE VISCOSIMETER

THAN WAS P RESENT IN THE BLEND.

Th e r e f o r e , when o ils of varying molecular concentrations are

BLENDED BY THE ABOVE EQUATION, THE OIL CONTAINING THE HIGHEST

P A R A F F I N 1C I T Y WILL APPEAR TO BE PRESENT IN THE BLEND IN A

GREAT ER P RO P O R T I O N THAN INOICATED BY THE MOLE FRACTION.

Review of Pr e v t o u s Me t h o o s

The previous methods investigated by the author were those of

0 . A. W right, 0 . G. W ilson, The Standard O il Development Com­

pany, and the A .S .T .M . None of these were found to be s u ffi­

cien tly accurate, and only two of them gave any regard to the

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE O IL.

0 . G. W ilson in 1929 presented three charts from which the

W i l s o n , 0 . G .; C h a r t Methoo f o r P r e d i c t i n g V i s c o s i t y o f Lub­
r ic a t in g O il 8lends; N a t i o n a l P e t r o le u m News, V o l . 2 1 , p. 8 7 ,
Ma y 2 2 , 1929.

v is c o s it y of a blend of petroleum o ils could be predicted

 5

Mr . Wi l s o n ’ s charts are as follows *

Chart I = V i s c o s i t y b l e n d i n g c h a r t for o i l s of t h e same

BASE
Chart 2 = V is c o s ity blending ch art fo r o i l s where the
H IGH-VISCOSITY OIL I S OF P A R A F F I N BASE AND THE
L O W - V | S C O S I T Y O I L I S OF NA p H T H E NE BASE
Ch a r t 3 = V i s c o s i t y b l e n d in g chart for o i l s where the
H I G H - V I SCOS I TY O I L I S OF NAPHTHENE BASE AND THE
L O W - V I S C O S I T Y O I L I S OF P A R A F F I N BASE

Mr . W i l s o n ’ sc h a r t s are bu ilt w ith an arith m etic scale for

THE B L E N D I N G VOLUME AND WITH A LOGARITHMIC SCALE FOR VIS­

COSITY. Using Chart I as a basis, he has contracted the vis­

cosity SCALE TO FORM CHART 2 AND EXPANDED THE VISCOSITY SCALE

to form Chart 3. By form ing his charts in this manner, Mr.

W ilson has made an attem pt to include the differences in the

m olecular COMPOSITION of the base oils in his blending method.

It is assumed that the method intended for determ ining the

BASE OF THE BLENDING OILS WAS THE VISCOSITY I NOEX SYSTEM PRO­

POSED by E. W. Dean and Gr H. B. Davis in 1929. Although this

SYSTEM WILL GIVE SOME I DEA AS TO THE BASE OF THE OIL ---- ASSUMI NG

T HA T H I G H V. I. OILS ARE PARAFFIN BASE, AND LOW V. I. OILS ARE

N A P HT HE N E BASE--- ------ A C T U A L D I F F E R E N C E S IN THE PARAFFINICITY OF

THE BLENDING OILS CAN NOT BE D E T E R M I N E D . MR . WlLSON*S CHARTS

ARE ONLY IDEALLY ACCURATE FOR ONE SPECIFIED DIFFERENCE IN THE

PARAF F I N I C I TY OF THE BLEND I NQ 0 I L 8 .

In 1939 Committee D-2 on lu b rican ts of the A .S .T .M . proposed

A .S .T .M . S t a n d a r d s on P e t r o l e u m Products and Lubr t c a n t s , Stan­

dard D 3 4 1 -4 3 Appendix, p. 173, 1950.

A CHART FROM WHI CH THE VISCOSITY OF BLENDS COULD BE ESTIMATED.

T he chart has a w idely expanded logarithmic scale for the

BLENDING VOLUME; A N D, COMPARED TO THE BLENDING VOLUME SCALE,

A G REAT L Y SHRUNKEN LOGARITHMIC SCALE FOR VISCOSITY. THE

CHART DOES NOT TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION THE POSSIBILITY OF

DIFFERENCES IN THE MOLECULAR COMPOSITION OF THE BASE OILS.

T he chart should give generally smaller errors when the

H I G H - V I S C O S I TY o il USED IN THE BLEND IS THE CONTROLLING OIL —

I.E . THE OIL WITH THE HIGHEST CONCENTRATION OF PARAFFIN MOLE­

CULES — , BECAUSE THE LOGARITHMIC VOLUME SCALE W I L L INDICATE

A SLIGHTLY SMAL LER VOLUME PERCENTAGE OF THIS OIL THAN IS

A C T UA L L Y PRE S E NT IN THE BLEND. T h IS SHOULD HAVE THE EF F E CT

OF LOWERI NG THE VISCOSITY TO THE PREDICTED LINE. In THE CASE

WHERE THE LIGHT OIL OF THE BLEND CONTROLS THE BLEND VISCOSITIES,

THE ERROR W I L L BE M A G N I F I E D AS THE VOLUME PERCENTAGE OF THE

LIGHT OIL WILL SEEM TO BE GREATER THAN THE VOLUME PERCENTAGE

A C T UA L L Y PRESENT.

In 1946, W. A. W right proposed a new m e t h o d for using the

A .S .T .M . CHART for PREDICTING THE V I SCOSITIES OF BLENDS.

W right’ s system is to draw on the A .S .T .M . chart the visco sity-

W right, W. A .; D iv is io n Petroleum Chem istry, 109th m e e tin g ,

A tlan tic C ity, New J e r s e y , A . C . S. G eneral Papers, p. 71, 1946

temperature lines of the blending o il s . He d e t e r m in e s the

T E MPERAT URE AT WH I C H HE DESIRES A SPECIFIED VISCOSITY AND,

USING THAT T E MPERAT URE LINE AS A FOCUS POINT, MEASURES THE

PERCENTAGE OF THE HEAVY OIL REQUIRED TO O B T A I N THE SPECIFI­

CATION. To OBTAIN THIS PERCENTAGE HE MEASURES THE DISTANCE

BETWEEN THE TWO V I SCOS I T Y - T E M p E R A T U R E LINES AT THE SPECIFIED

VISCOSITY LEVEL, ANO O I V I D E S THIS FIGURE INTO THE DISTANCE

FROM THE LIGHT OIL V I S C O S I T Y —TEMPERATURE LINE TO THE FOCUS

p o in t * Th is method includes the v i sc o sity - temperature

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BASE OILS AND IN SOME WAY TAKES ADVAN­

TAGE OF THE MOLECULAR COMPOSITION OF THE BASE OILS. THIS

METHOD IS GE NE RA L L Y MORE ACCURAT E THAN EITHER THE Wl L S ON OR

THE A .S .T .M . METHODS.

The St a n d a r d O il Development Co m p a n y produced a chart w hich

DOES NOT TAKE I NTO CONSIDERATION ANY VARIATION IN THE MOLE­

CULAR COMPOSITION OF THE BASE O I L S . |T C ORREL AT ES VISCOSITY

Ma x w e l l , J . B . ; D a t a Book on Hydrocarbons; D. van Nostrand Com­

pany, Inc.; p. 173, I960.

IN CENT I STOKES WITH AN EMPIRICAL BLENDING INDEX. THE PRO­

CEDURE IS TO ESTABLISH THE BLENDING I NDEX OF THE BASE OILS#

MULTIPLY THE BLENDING INOEXES BY THE VOLUME P E R C E N T A G E 8 OF THE

BASE OILS AND OBTAIN A BLENDING I NDEX FOR THE BLEND IN QUESTION

Th is blending index and the chart then g ive the estimated v is ­

cosity FOR THE BLEND. T h I S SYSTEM ATTAINS ITS GRE AT E S T ACCU­

RACY WHEN THE P A R A F F I N 1C I TY OF THE BLENDING OILS IS CLOSEST.

No n e of the previously described methods have any provision

FOR VARIATIONS IN THE P A R A F F | N I C I TY OF THE BASE OILS} THEREFORE

NONE OF THEM CAN BE CONSIDERED UNIVERSALLY ACCURATE.

Approach to Pr o b l e m

S ince the problem is one of the v is c o s it ie s of blenoeq lub­

r ic a tin g OIL stocks , THE FIRST STEP WAS TO O B T A I N OILS THAT

COULD BE BLENDED SO THAT ACTUAL VISCOSITIES COULD BE COMPARED

TO PREDICTED ONES. THE OILS WERE O B T A I N E D FROM THE M l D - C O N T I -

nent Oil Co r p o r a t i o n , T he Deep Ro c k O il Co r p o r a t i o n , T he

 a

Petroleum Tr a d i n g and Transport Co m p a n y , T he Kn o w l e s Pe t r o ­

leum Co m p a n y , T he S inclair O il Co r p o r a t i o n , and The Ro y a l

O il Co m p a n y . T he o ils were chosen by their v is c o s it ie s ,

v is c o s ity indexes , and bases .

These base o ils were blended in quarterly proportions, ano

the actual visco sities were determ ined on a Precision

S c ien tific Saybolt U niversal Viscosim eter. This instrum ent

was chosen because it is available in any compounding plant

OR o i l refin ery, and because the Saybolt Universal Second is

the standard setup by the S. A# E. for specifying lub ricatin g

0 I LS.

The v is c o s it ie s determined by actual blending were set off

ON AN A .S .T .M . CHART, AND A SERIES OF C U R V E 8 WERE DRAWN, FROM

WHI CH IT WAS BELIEVED VISCOSITIES COULD BE PREDICTED ACCURATELY.

T he curves were lin es of constant v is c o s ity in d ex ; the o rdinate

of the CHART WAS A L O G A R I T H M I C SCALE REPRESENTING VISCOSITY IN

Sa y b o l t Se c o n d s , and the abscissa was an expanded logarithm ic

scale representing blending index .

It was the author 1s b elief that if the blending Inoexes for

the base o ils were reao at points where the v is c o s it ie s and

the v is c o s ity indexes of the base o ils intersected , a blending

I NDEX COULD BE OBTAINED WHICH, WHEN READ AT THE ESTIMATED

VISCOSITY I NDEX OF THE BLEND, WOULD PRODUCE THE VISCOSITY OF

THE BLEND.

Th is method , like the other charts , was accurate for some

blends , but became extremely inaccurate for others .

Af t e r the above method was found to be inaccurate , a Wa t e r m a n

R ing An a l y s i s was determ ined , at the suggestion of Pr o f e s s o r

George W. L e Ma i r e . T he object of th is analysis was to deter ­

m ine the r elatio nship between the ring analysis and the v is ­

cosity index of the base o il s * It was found that there was

MEREL Y A GENERAL RELATIONSHIP AND THAT NO M A T H E M A T I C A L RE­

LATIONSHIP e x is t e d . From the results of the ring analysis

HOWEVER, IT WAS D I S C O V E R E D THAT THE CONCENTRATI ON OF PARAFFIN

MOLECULES IN AN OIL GOVERNED THE BLENDING EFFICIENCY OF THE

*

O IL. A RELATIONSHIP WAS F ORMULATED WHEREBY THE A .S .T .M .

CHART COULD BE MADE CONSIDERABLY MORE ACCURATE.

 to

EX PER I MEN TAL WORK '

EQU I PMENT

T he equipment useo in the experim ental work involved in this

THESIS WAS THE STANDARD EQUI PMENT FOUND IN MOST TESTING LAB­

ORATORIES. L engthy d escriptio ns w ill be om itted because of

THE READERS1 o v e r a l l KNOWLEDGE OF THE EQUIPMENT. THE SAYBOL T

Un i v e r s a l V iscos imeter was used to determine t h e 'v i s c o s i t i e s ,

and the Abbe refractometer was used to oetermine T he re ­

fractive indexes . All of the o ils used in the blends were

VOLUMETRICALLY MEASURED BY P R OP O R T I ON AT THE SAME T E MP E R A T U R E ,

AND IN CASES OF EXT REMELY HIGH UNIVERSAL VI6C0SITIES, THE

Sa y b o l t Furol v is c o s ity was determined as a check means . In

NO CASE WAS THE VISCOSITY OF AN O I L DETERMINED BY EXTRAPOLATION

ON THE A .S .T .M . CHART FOR VISCOSITIES.

P E S C R I P T I ON OF THE RING ANALYSIS

T he Wa t e r m a n R ing An a l y s i s is a method by which certain phys­

ical PROPERTIES OF OIL MAY BE CORREL ATED TO PREDICT THE MOL E­

CULAR COMPOSITION OF THE OIL IN PERCENTAGES OF PARAFFIN,

NAPHTHENE, AND A R OMA T I C H Y DROCARBONS. J. C. VLUGTER, H. I.

S a c h a n e n , A . N . j The C h e m i c a l C onstituents of Petroleum s R ein-

h o l d P u b l i s h i n g Company, p p . 155-158, I9^!T. __________________

Waterman, and H. A. van Weston presented the method in 1935.

The following physical properties are required to complete

a ring a n a l y s is : (I) Mo l e c u l a r We i g h t , (2) Re f r a c t iv e I ndex

(3) De n s it y o | ^ f. (4) Sp e c if ic Re f r a c t io n , (5) An i l i n e

Po i n t °C, and (0) The a n il in e point calculated from a chart

that relates the s p e c if ic r efractio n , a n il in e p o in t , and

molecular w eight of aromatic free o il s . It is possible to

DETERMINE THE RING ANALYSIS WI THOUT THIS L AST PROPERTY,

BUT WHEN THIS IS OONE, THE OIL MUST BE HYDROGENATED TO CON­

VERT AL L OF THE AROMA T I C S TO N A P H T H E N E S , AND THE FIRST FIVE

PROPERTIES DETERMINED ON THE HYDROGENATED SAMPLE. In THE

EXPERIMENTAL WORK IN THIS THESIS THE O I L S WERE NOT HYDRO­

GENATED.

The METHOD OF CALCULATING A RING ANALYSIS IS AS FOLLOWS•

Pe r c e n t a g e of Ar o m a t i c s

T he a n il in e point of the o il is subtracted from the a n il in e

POINT OF THE A R OMA T I C FREE OIL AND M U L T I P L I E D BY THE EMPIRICAL

factor 0.8. Wa t e r m a n , et a l , found that this difference

MULTIPLIED BY 0 . 8 EQUALS THE R I S E OF THE ANILINE P O I N T AF T ER

COMPLET E HYDROGENATION. THE A N I L I N E POINT RISE DUE TO HYDRO­

GENATION IS THEN MULTIPLIED BY THE FACTOR 0.85 TO G I V E THE

PERCENTAGE OF A R OM A T I C RINGS IN THE ORIGINAL OIL. WATERMAN,

ET AL, FOUND THAT THE COEFFICIENT 0.85 WAS VALID FOR LUB­

RICATING OILS, BUT CHANGED FOR OTHER FRACTIONS.

EQUAT I ONS S

(Aj - A ) x 0.8 = An i l i n e point r ise (1)

A niline point ris e x 0.85 = % Arom atic Rings (2)

 12

Wheire :

A, =: A n i l i n e p o i n t or a r o m a t i c f r e e o i l from
Fiqure I.
Afi = A n ilin e point of o r ig in a l o i l
0.8 = E m p irical constant
0.85 = E m p irical constant for lu b ric a tin g o ils

Pe r c e n t a q e of Na p h t h e n e s

T he percentage of naphthene rings is determined on the basis

of the molecular weight and the s p e c if ic refraction of the

aromatic free OIL. T he s p e c if ic refraction of an aromatic

FREE OIL C ORR E S P O ND I N G TO THE MOLECULAR WE I G HT OF THE ORIGINAL

OIL AND THE ANILINE POINT OF THE ORIGINAL OIL AFTER HYDROGEN­

ATION IS OBTAINED FROM FIGURE I, FROM FIGURE 2 THE SPECIFIC

REFRACTIONS OF PARAFFIN AND POLYCYCLIC NAPHT HENE HYDROCARBONS

OF THE SAME MOLECULAR WE I G H T AS THE ORIGINAL OIL ARE DETER­

MINED. THE INTERPOLATION BETWEEN THE SPECIFIC REFRACTION OF

THE PARAFFINS AND THE SPECIFIC REFRACTION OF THE POLYNUCLEAR

NAPHT HENES GIVES THE NAPHTHENIC RI NG CONTENT OF THE OIL. THE

NApHTHENIC RING CONTENT OF THE OIL IS THEN DETERMINED BY SUB­

TRACTING THE AROMATI C RING CONTENT OF THE OIL FROM THE PER­

CENTAGE OF CONDENSED NAPHTHENES.

Eq u a t i o n s :

Sp - S|
L x 100 = % Condensed Naphthenes (3)
SP - SN

% Condensed Naphthenes - % Arom atics = % Naphthenes (4)

% Naphthenes = 6 membered, condensed, naphthenic rings

 §p = S p e c i f i c r e f r a c t i o n of p a r a f f i n s o f the sa me
MOLECULAR W E I G H T AS THE O R I G I N A L O I L #
SN = S p e c i f i c r e f r a c t i o n of p o l y n u c l e a r n a p h t h e n e s
OF THE SAME MOLECULAR W E I G H T AS THE O R I G I N A L
OIL#
§, = S p e c i f i c r e f r a c t i o n of an a r o m a t i c f r e e o i l
C OR R E S P ON D I N G TO THE MOLECULAR W E I G H T OF THE
O R I G I N A L O I L AND THE A N I L I N E P O I N T OF THE
O R I G I N A L O I L AFTER HYDROGENATI ON.

P E R C E N T A G E OF PARAFFINS

THE PERCENTAGE OF PARAFFINS IS OBTAINED BY D I F F E R E N C E .

Eq u a t ION :

100.0 - % Condensed Naphthenes = % P araffins (5)

Two ASSUMPTIONS ARE MADE WHEN THE RING ANALYSIS IS USEDJ

(I) THAT THE NAPHTHENES ARE OF THE SIX-RING TYPE, AND (2)

THAT THE POLYCYCLIC NA P H T H E N E S ARE OF THE CONDENSED TYPE.

These assumptions may be readily used , for the polycyclic

naphthenes and aromatics present in petroleum fractions are

MOSTLY OF THE CONDENSED TYPE, AND THE PERCENTAGE FIGURES FOR

PARAFFINS AND NA P H T H E N E S WOULD NOT DEVIATE MUCH IF SOME OF

THE POLYCYCLIC N AP H T H E N E S WERE OF THE FIVE-RING STRUCTURE.

Pescriptio n of Mo l e c u l a r We i g h t De t e r m i n a t ion

In order to obtain a ring analysis of an o il , it is necessary

TO KNOW THE MOLECULAR WEI GHT OF THE OIL. IT WAS A T T E MP T E D

TO D E T E R M I N E THE MOLECULAR WEI GHTS BY CRYOSCOPlC DETERMINATION,

BUT WHEN THE DETERMINATION WAS BEI NG RUN, IT WAS DISCOVERED

THAT THE VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF A LUBRICATING OIL WOULD

SELECTIVELY FREEZE, AND ONLY AN AVERAGE FREEZING POINT LOWERI NG

COULD BE D E T E R M I N E D . IT WAS NOT BELIEVED THAT THIS METHOO WAS

ACCURAT E .
too
120 US 130

75
at> 90 rOO

4ta. \,5bo.. .soo. l.6do :i.6oo \.7do., n o

lf>UI?MAL.| ^FjTHg ilK S -Q m te t235..

 16

The molecular w eight method used in this thesis is that of

A. E . H irschler of the Ex p e r i m e n t a l D iv is io n of the Su n O il

H i r s c h l e r , A . £ • ; Mo l e c u l a r W e i g h t s o f V i s c o u s H y d r o c a r b o n O i l s ;
Co r r e l a t i o n w i t h D e n s i t i e s a n d V i s c o s i t i e s ; I n s t i t u t e o f P e t r o ­
leum, J o u r n a l ; Vo l . 3 2 , p p . 1 3 5 - 1 6 1 , Ma r c h 1 9 4 6 *

Co m p a n y . Mr . H irschler has developed a simple equation for

calculating molecular w eights from vis c o s ity data . H is method

is based on the v is c o s »t y - s l o p e factor and is applicable to

o ils w ith vis c o s ity indexes between -50 and +120. T he method

IS BELIEVED TO BE MORE ACCURATE THAN OTHER PROPOSED ME T HODS .

Th e method is as follows !

T he Sa y b o l t v is c o s it ie s are converted to v is c o s it ie s in the

UNITS OF CENT I S T O K E S . H FACTORS ARE CALCULATED AT TWO

DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES, AND W I T H THESE TWO V A L U E S OF H THE

VISCOSITY SL OPE FACTOR IS CALCULATED*

Ht = 870 log log (c8 + 0 .8 ) + 154 (6 )

V .S .F . = Hjqq - HgjQ (?)

For o ils w ith v is c o s ity slope factors between 220 ano 310, S,

A function of the V Iscos ity slope factor, may be calculated

BY THE EQUATION!

S = 4 .1 4 8 - 1.733 LOQ ( V .S .F . - 145) (8 )

The m o l e c u l a r weight may then be calculated by means of the

E Q U A T I ON 3

Mol. Wt. = 180 ♦ S (H ,00 + 60) (9)

T he co m bination of equations (6), (8), and (9) results in a

rather rigorous s o l u t io n . Tables have been prepared for the

SOLUTION OF Ht ANP S THAT REOUCE THE SOLUTION TO THAT OF

E QU A T I ON (9).

Pr e l i m i n a r y Invest igation

An attem pt was ma d e to correlate the blending efficiencies

of lu bricating o il stocks w ith viscosity index, Saybolt

viscosity, and an em pirical scale termed "blending value".

A sample of th is chart is shown in F igure 3# Sa m p l e cal­

culations on the chart show how the chart is intended to be

used . It is important that the reader realize that this

chart is extremely inaccurate and shoulo not be used to pre

d ic t the v is c o s it ie s of blends . T he chart was set up from

the actual v is c o s it ie s determined for the laboratory blends

BUT IT WAS UPON THE P R OD UC T I ON OF THE CHART THAT THE AUTHOR

REALIZED THAT ALTHOUGH VISCOSITY I NDEX WA 8 AN INDICATION TO

THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AN OIL, IT WAS NOT AN ACCURATE

MEASURE OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.

It WAS HARD TO UNDERSTAND WHY CERTAIN OILS, ALTHOUGH IN­

DICATING HIGH VAL UES OF VISCOSITY INDEX, WOULD DEF Y THE

COMPOS I T I O N - V I S C O S I T Y BLENDING LAWS. IT WAS DECIDED TO

F URT HER INVESTIGATE THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE BASE

OILS AND D E T E R M I N E WHAT THE RELATION TO V I S C O S I T Y I NDEX

THERE WAS.

Sloan Me t h o d

R ing analyses were run on the blending o il s , and the per­

centage COMPOSITION OF THE BASE OILS IN AROMATI C RINGS,

NA P H T HE NE RINGS, AND PARAFFIN SIDE CHAINS WERE CALCULATED.

It was found, on the basis of the ring analysis, that the

 SQK003S HVSaaAiNn riG SAYS ‘AiiSODSIA

ro o
i m o-

15 N. to O (3 3

U to
3 O

j ,;./

Q to

P ^
<\3 ca cn

SQMG03S 1VSH3AfNft ilO SAVS '.UISODSIA

 19

blending e f f ic ie n c ie s of lubricating o il stocks were always

IN FAVOR OF THE MORE PARAFF IN 1C O I L * THE A .S .T .M . CHART WAS

USED AS A BASIS FOR ESTIMATING THE VISCOSITIES OF BLENDS,

SINCE IT IS A MODIFICATION OF THE ARRHEN I US BLEND INQ

EQUATION. IT IS MODIFIED TO ALLOW THE USE OF VOLUME FRACTIONS

IN THE PLACE OF MOL FRACTIONS.

S ince the blending e f f ic ie n c ie s vary in the d irectio n of the

MORE PARAFF IN 1C O I L , IT MAY BE ST AT ED THAT THE MORE PARAFF IN 1C

OIL APPEARS TO BE PRESENT IN THE BLEND IN GREATER P R OP OR T I ON

THAN REPRESENTED BY THE VOLUME FRACTION TO WH I C H IT WAS

BLENDED. IT MAY ALSO BE SEEN THAT THIS EFFECT WILL BE GREATER

WHEN THE MORE P A R A F F I N 1C O I L IS PR E S E NT IN THE BLEND TO A

HIGHER P RO P OR T I ON THAN WHEN IT IS PRESENT IN THE BLEND TO A

LE S S E R PROPORTION. IT IS UPON THE ABOVE ASSUMPTIONS THAT THE

AUTHOR’ S CORRECTI ON TO THE A .S .T .M . PREDICTION METHOD IS

BASED .

T he S loan method is as follows ?

The percentage by which one o il is more paraffinic than the

OTHER IS DETERMINED. IT IS THEN ASSUMED THAT THE MORE P A RA F ­

FINIC OIL WILL CONTROL THE BLEND, AND THAT THE ACTUAL VIS­

COSITIES OF THE BLEND WILL BE EITHER ABOVE OR BELOW THE

A .S .T .M . PREDICTED VISCOSITIES, DEPENDING ON WHETHER OR NOT

THE CONTROLLING OIL IS THE LIGHT OR HEAVY OIL. ThE PERCENTAGE

CONTROL IS CA L C U L A T E D BY EQU A T I ON (10).

%P %P
— - x 100 = %C o n t r o l ( 10)
*p2
Wh e r e ?

pj = P araffin content of more p araffin ic o il

Pg = P araffin content of less p araffin ic o il

The Sloan equation then becomes ?

V = VA ft . TT . M
A .S M. ♦
— e . TT . M
A .S u . - V L ) x C x CVJ'
Wh e r e ?

V =
T he p r e d i c t e d v i s c o s i t y of t h e b l e n d by t h e S l o a n
EQ U A T I O N
V L = T he v i s c o s i t y of t h e l i g h t o i l in the blend
C = The c o n t r o l f a c t o r — from e q u a t i o n 10
Cv = T h e v o l u m e t r i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e c o n t r o l l i n g
O I L IN THE BLEND
VASTm = ^HE V I S C O S I T Y o f THE BLEND AS P R E D I C T E D BY THE
A .S .T .M . C h a r t
AV = (VA#S#T#M# - VL)

If the light o il is the most pa raffinic ie . the o il w ith

THE GRE AT E S T CONCENTRATI ON OF PARAFFIN SIDE CHAINS AS DET ER

MINED BY THE RING ANALYSIS, OF THE 0 I L S . IN THE BL E ND , THE

SIGN IN THE E QU A T I ON IS - (MINUS); IF THE HEAVY OIL IS THE

MOST PARAFFINIC OF THE OILS USEO IN THE BLEND, THE SIGN IN

THE E QU A T I ON IS ♦ (pLUS).

Use of this equation in examining 72 visco sities has pro

DUCED AN AVERAGE ERROR OF LESS THAN ONE PERCENT.

 z r
Q Av V
to 6000 000

5000 500

Use OF NOMAGRAPH - 80- 4000 4t)0~

3000 000
70
Ca s e I -- Pa r a f f i n s i o e chain concentration determined by
R i ng An a l y s i s 60
2000 MO

Pr o p e r t y 100 Pa L e 200 Neu tr a l 20

P araffin icIT Y 5 7 • 4% 7 1* 9/ 6
V i s c o s i t y SUS @ I00®F 95.6 207 1000 I 00
90
60
T he A .S .T .M . predicted v is c o s ity for a biend qf 7Q< gpp 70
Neutral and 2 5 ^ 100 P a l e is 169. 60
60
*C = 57• 4 x 100 = 8 5 .3 # (10) 40
5 7 .4 '
30
Cv = 75%

AV = 169 - 9 5 .6 = 7 3 .4 20

V ( from no m a g r a pm ) = 13.9

S ince the h i g h v i s c o s i t y o i l boNTROLS the b l e n d , V from the

10
NOMAGRAPH M U S T BE A D D E D TO T H E A .S .T .M . PREDICTED VISCOSITY
9
TO O B T A I N THE A C T U A L V I S C O S I T Y OF THE BLEND. 8
T
VB = 16 9 + 13.9 = 182.9 SUS O I00°F t

Ca s e 2 — Pa r a f f i n s id e chain concentration is determined

BY THE NOMAGRAPH AND A REFERENCE OIL

^R e f e r e n c e T) i l Un k n o w n O il

V i s c o s i t y SUS p IOO*F 95.6 2190 ^ =(V astm) ) ' C'C

Pa r a f f i n i c i t y 57.4 ?
W he KE :
A s a m p l e b l e n d o f 75^6 r e f e r e n c e o i l a n d 25% unknown o i l g a v e
Io
a n a c t u a l V I S C p S l T Y OF 1 7 5 SUS a t I00°F. T h e A .S .T .M . PRE­ V* ± (VS(At)TM) -Ve> (actual)) 9 0.9
D I C T ED v i s c o s i t y f o r t h i s b l e n d was 173 SUS. 8 0.8
Vii* VlbCOblTY OF THE &LENO
7 0.7
V = 175 - 173 = 2 VL = V is c o s ity o f t h e l i g h t o i l in t h e 8 le n o 6 0.6

Cv" Volume % oFConTROioMG o i l in b le n d 5“ © tr

= TT5 - ~ 9 o .“6 = “7 7 . 1 C " C o n t r o l r R - B* . I OO
4 0.4

Cy =
03
A V = (V b (a s TM) - M . )
C (from nqmagraph) — 10.3/6
oz
P, = (C x f 2 ) + Pg = 10.3 x 5 7 . 4 ♦ 5 7 . 4 = 63.3^ * ( iq)
~Too io o
N o m a 6Ra p h for S loan Equation
Th e r e f o r e , the paraffin sid e chain c o n c e n t r a t i on^ or L O i..
0.9 o.oy
PFARAFF IN I C I T Y , OF THE UNKNOWN OIL IS 63.5% 0.8 0.08
0.7 0.07
0.6 0.06
Figure 4
0.5 0.05
 22

DATA AND CILCULAT IONS

 23

MOLECULAR WEIGHTS

O ft UlSCO Sit v

SU S-100® 0 8 -1 0 0 ° 8US-210•• Cs-2 10°

IOO Pa l e 95. 6 19.5476 3 8 .8 3 .8 0 0 0

200 P a l e 237 5 2 .4 3 47 4 6 .8 6 .3 1 2 5
200 N e u t r a l 207 4 4 .6 9 5 6 4 5 .6 5 .9 3 7 5
500 P a l e 451 9 7 .6 1 9 0 5 0 .0 7.2 9 4 1
60 G r e e n c a s t 2315 50 1.0822 1 12.0 2 3 .2 0 9 3
3500 3602 7 7 9 .6 5 3 6 171.2 36.5111
3 0 0 /3 50 26358 5705 .19 4 0 3 4 3 .0 7 3 .7 3 1 7
2 0 0 /2 2 5 13074 2 8 2 9 .87 0 0 2 1 9 .5 47.0851
2000 2190 4 7 4 .0 2 5 9 97 .2 19.7619

H2 10 VSF S
O il H 100
100 P a l e 2 5 4 .4 7 6 - 13.000 2 6 7 .4 7 6 0 .5 2 1 6 6 8
200 P a l e 3 5 9 .8 6 9 8 7 .8 1 3 2 7 2 .0 5 6 0 .4 9 2 6 6 4
200 N e u t r a l 344.391 7 7 . 125 2 6 7 .2 6 6 0 .5 2 3 1 3 8
500 P a l e 4 1 4 . 6 !9 1 13.353 3 0 1 .2 6 6 0 .3 4 7 2 0 2
60 G r e e n c a s t 5 2 9 .1 0 8 2 7 5 .0 4 7 2 54.061 0 .6 1 7 5 7 3
3500 5 5 4 .9 6 5 3 2 4 .0 3 7 2 3 0 .9 2 8 0 .8 0 6 6 4 8
3 0 0 /3 5 0 6 5 4 .0 5 2 3 9 0 .7 3 2 2 6 3 .3 2 0 0 .5 4 9 7 6 0
2 0 0 /2 2 5 6 2 1 .5 9 7 3 4 9 .2 5 5 2 7 2 .3 4 2 0 .4 9 0 9 4 8
2000 5 2 5 .8 0 5 2 5 5 .8 1 0 2 6 9 .9 9 5 0 .5 0 6 0 2 4

O il MW = 180 + ( S ) ( H , 00 + 60) MW

100 P a l e 180 + 0 .5 2 2 ( 3 1 4 . 4 7 6 ) = 344

200 P a l e 180 + 0 .4 9 3 ( 4 1 9 . 8 6 9 ) = 387
200 N e u t r a l 180 + 0 .5 2 3 (4 0 4 .3 9 1 ) = 391
500 P a l e 180 . 0 .3 4 7 (4 7 4 .6 1 9 ) = 345
60 G r e e n c a s t 180 + 0 .6 1 8 ( 5 8 9 . 1 0 8 ) = 544
3500 180 ♦ 0 .8 0 7 (6 1 4 .9 6 5 ) = 676
3 0 0 /3 5 0 180 ♦ 0 .5 5 0 ( 7 1 4 . 0 5 2 ) = 573
2 0 0 /2 2 5 180 ♦ 0 . 4 9 1(68 1.5 9 7 ) = 515
2000 180 + 0 .5 0 6 (5 8 5 .8 0 5 ) = 476
 24

O il 100 Pa l e
V is c o s ity @ IOO 9 5 .6 SUS 19.5476 Cs
V isc o sity @ 210 3 8 .8 SUS 3 .8 0 0 0 Cs
V isc o sity Index 9 2 .7
Refrac tive Inoex 1.4986 6 2 0 . I°C
Sp e c if ic Refrac tion 0 .3 2 6 6 3
Den sity 0 .8 9 8 3 0 G 2 0 . 1*0
Mo l e c u l a r We i g h t 344
An i l i n e Po i n t 7 2 .8 *0
An i l i n e Po i n t f i g . I 1 0 3 .0 *0

An i l i n e p o in t r i s e due to h y d r o g e n a t io n ;

( 1 0 3 .0 - 7 2 . 8 ) x 0 . 8 = 2 4 .1 6 * 0 (Eq u a t io n I)

% A rom atics:

2 4 .1 6 x 0 . 8 5 = 2 0 . 5 # (Eq u a t io n 2)

An i l i n e p o in t of h y d r o g en a te d o i l :

7 2 .8 ♦ 2 4 .1 6 = 9 6 .9 6 * 0

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of a r o m a t ic fr ee o i l c o r r e s p o n d in g to a
m o le c u la r w e ig h t of 344 and a a n i l i n e p o in t of 9 6 .9 6 *0 :

0 .3 2 2 8 _ S ( F igure I)

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of p a r a f f in hydrocarbo ns of 344 m o le c u la r
we i g h t :

0 .3 3 3 8 = ° p ( F igure 2)

S p e c ific r e fra c tio n o f p o ly c y c lic naphthene hydrocarbons of

344 m o le c u la r w e ig h t:

0 .3 0 8 0 = s n ( F igure 2)

% Condensed naphthenes:

0 .3 3 3 8 - 0 .3 2 2 8
x 100 = 42 . (Eq u a t io n 3)
0 .3 3 3 8 - 0 .3 0 8 0

% Naphthenes :

4 2 .6 - 2 0 .5 = 2 2 . ( # (Eq u a t io n 4)

% P araffin s:

100.0 - 4 2 .6 = 5 7 .4 # (Eq u a t io n 5)
 25

O il 200 N e u t r a l
V is c o s ity @ 100 207 SUS 4 4 .6 9 5 6 Cs
V i scos i ty @ 210 4 5 . 6 SUS 5 .9 3 7 5 Cs
V isc o sity In d ex 7 7 .0
Refrac tive Index t •4942 * 2 0 . I°C
Sp e c if ic Refrac tio n 0 .3 2 9 3 2
Den sity 0 .8 8 4 2 8 @ 2 0 . I CC
Mo l e c u l a r We i g h t 391
An il in e Po i n t 9 1.4®C
An i l i n e Po i n t f i g . f I2 .5 * C
An i l i n e p o in t r i s e due to h y d r o g e n a t io n :

( 1 1 2 .5 - 9 1 . 4 ) x 0 . 8 = I6.88®C

% A r o m a t ics

16.88 x 0 . 8 5 = 14.4#

An i l i n e p o in t of h y d r o g e n a te d o i l :

9 1 .4 ♦ 16.88 = 1 0 8 .3°C

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of an a r o m a t ic fr ee o i l c o r r e s p o n d in g to a
m o le c u la r w e ig h t of 391 and a a n i l i n e p o in t of 1 0 8 .3°C:

0 .3 2 6 0

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of p a r a f f in hydr o c ar bo ns of 39J m o le c u la r
WEIGHT:

0 .3 3 3 3

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of p o l y c y c l ic n a p h t h e n e hydrocarbons of
391 m o le c u la r w e i g h t :

0 .3 0 7 3

% Condensed naphthenes:

0 .3 3 3 5 - 0 .3 2 6 0 % , 00 _ 2 8 > ,£
0 .3 3 3 3 - 0 .3 0 7 3

% N aphthenes:

2 8 .I - 14.4 = 13.7#

% P araffin s:

1 0 0 .0 - 2 8 . I = 7 1 .9 g
 26

O il 200 Pale
V I SCOS I TY © IOO 237 SUS 52.4347 Cs
V ISCOSI TY © 2 10° 4 6 .8 SUS 6 .3 1 2 5 Cs
V is c o s ity Index 6 9 .8
R e fra c tiv e Index 1.5 130 @ 22°C
S p e c ific R e fra c tio n 0 .3 2 9 5 5
D ensity 0 . 9 1206 © 22®C
Mo l e c u l a r We i g h t 387
An i l i n e Po i n t 7 6 .4 °C
An i l i n e Po i n t f i g . I II2 .5 °C

An i l i n e p o in t r i s e due to h y d r o g e n a t io n s

( 1 1 2 .5 - 7 6 . 4 ) x 0 . 8 s 2 8 .9 °C

% Arom aticss

2 8 .9 x 0 . 8 5 = 2 4 .6 #

An i l i n e p o in t of h y d r o g en a te d o il s

7 6 .4 + 2 8 .9 = 10 5 .3*C

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of an a r o m a t ic free o i l c o r r e s p o n d in g to
a m o le c u la r w e ig h t of 387 and a a n i l i n e p o in t of I05.3®Cs

0 .3 2 4 7

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of p a r a f f in hydrocarbo ns of 387 m o lecu lar

WE I G HT-S

0 .3 3 3 5

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of p o l y c y c l ic n a p h th e n e hydrocarbo ns of
387 m o le c u la r w e ig h t s

0 .3 0 7 5

% Condensed naphthenes?

0 .3 3 3 5 - 0 .3 2 4 7 x ,00 = 33
0 .3 3 3 5 - 0 .3 0 7 5

# Naphthenes?

3 3 .9 - 2 4 .6 = 9 . 3 #

% Paraffins?

1 0 0 .0 - 3 3 .9 = 6 6 . I#
 27

Oi l 500 Pale
Vi©co© i t v ft 100 451 SUS 9 7.5190 Cs
V i s c o s i t y ft 210® 5 0 .0 SUS 7*2941
V i s c o s i t y I ndex -17.4
R e f r a c t i v e Index I . 5201 f t 2 1 . l * C
S p e c i f i c Re f r a c t i o n 0.32525
Den sit y 0 . 9 3 4 8 4 ft 2 1. I *C
Molecular We i g h t 345
A n i l i n e Point 0 l.9 *C
An i l i n e Po i n t f i g . I 100.5*C

An il in e p o in t r i s e du e to h y d r o g e n a t io n *

( 1 0 0 . 5 - 0 1 . 9 ) x 0 . 8 sr 3 0 . 8 8 * 0

% A rom atic©*

3 0 .8 8 x 0 . 8 5 s 28.1

An i l i n e p o in t of h y d r o g en a te d o i l *

01.9 ♦ 3 0 .8 8 « 9 2 . 7 8 * 0

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of an a r o m a t ic fr ee o i l c o r r e s p o n d in g to
a m o le c u la r w e ig h t of 345 and a a n i l i n e p o in t or 9 2 .7 8 *C *

0.3200

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of p a r a f f in h ydrocarbo ns of 045 m o le c u la r
w e ig h t *

0.3338

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of p o l y c y c l ic n a p h th e n e h y d r o c a r b o n © of
m o le c u la r w e i g h t *

0.3080
% Condensed naphthenes*

0 . 3 3 3 8 - 0 .3 2 0 0
x 100 ss 54.!
0.3338 - 0.3080

% Naphthenes *

54.5 - 20.2 =5 28.3#

% P a raffin s*

100.0 - 5 4 . 5 =r 4 5 . 5 #
 28

O il 2000
V is c o s ity @ 100 2190 SUS 474*0259 Cs
V is c o s ity @ 210 9 7 .2 SUS 19.7619 Cs
V is c o s it y Index 2 2 .2
Refrac tive Index 1.5291 ® 2 2 .3 *C
Sp e c if ic Refrac tio n 0 .3 3 0 4 3
De n sity 0 .9 3 3 4 7 @ 2 2 .3 °C
Mo l e c u l a r We i g h t 476
An i l i n e Po i n t 7 5 . l aC
An i l i n e Po i n t f i g . I I2 1 .5 ° C

An i l i n e p o in t r i s e due to h y d r o g e n a t io n :

( 1 2 1 .5 - 7 5 . 1 ) x 0 . 8 = 3 7 . I2°C

# a r o m a t ic s :

3 7 .1 2 x 0 .8 5 = 3 1 .6 #

An i l i n e p o in t o f h y d r o g en a te d o i l :

3 7 .1 2 ♦ 7 5 . I = I1 2 .2 2 °C

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of an a r o m a t ic f r e e o i l co r r e s p o n d i n g to
a m o le c u la r w e ig h t of 476 and a a n i l i n e p o in t of H 2 .2 2 ° C

0 .3 2 3 0

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n o f p a r a f f in hydr o c ar bo ns of 476 m o le c u la r
we i g h t:

0 .3 3 2 8

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of p o l y c y c l ic m a p h th e n e hydrocarbo ns of
476 molecular w e ig h t:

0 .3 0 6 1

# CONDENSEO NAPHTHENES!

0 .3 3 2 8 — 0 .3 2 3 0 „ i
0 .3 3 2 8 - 0 .3 0 6 1 X ' ° 0 " 3 6 * 7*

# Na p h t h e n e s :

3 6 .7 - 3 1 .6 = 5 . 1#

# Pa r a f f i n s :

1 0 0 .0 - 3 6 .7 = 6 3 . 3 #
 29

Oil 60 G r e e n c a s t
V ISCOSITY © 100 2315 SUS 50 i *0822 Cs
V » scos i t v © 2 10 I 12.0 SUS 2 3 .2 0 9 3 Cs
V is c o s it y Index 5 4 .0
Refrac tive Index I . .5214 © 2 1.9®C
Sp e c if ic Refrac tio n 0 .3 2 8 8 1
Den sity 0 .9 2 6 6 9 © 2 I * 9 dC
Mo l e c u l a r W e i g h t 544
An i l i n e Po i n t 9 4 . I°C
An i l i n e Po i n t f i g . 125.0°C

An i l i n e p o in t r i s e due to h y d r o g e n a t io n :

(1 2 5 .0 - 9 4 . 1 ) x 0 . 8 = 2 4 .7 2 *C

% A rom atics:

2 4 .7 2 x 0 . 8 5 = 2 1 . 0 #

An i l i n e p o in t of h y d r o g e n a te d o i l :

9 4 . I ♦ 2 4 .7 2 = I I 8 . 8 2 ° C

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of an a r o m a t ic fr e e o il c o r r e s p o n d in g to
a m o le c u la r w e ig h t of 544 ano a a n i l i n e p o in t of M 8 .8 2 ° C :

0 .3 2 4 2

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of p a r a f f in hydr o c ar bo ns of 544 m o le c u la r
w e ig h t :

0 .3 3 2 3

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of p o l y c y c l ic n a p h th e n e hydr o c ar bo ns of
544 m o le c u la r w e i g h t :

0 .3 0 5 5

% Condensed naphthenes:

0 .3 5 2 3 - 0 .3 2 4 2
X 100 = 3 0 .2 *
0 .3 3 2 3 - 0 .3 0 5 5

% Naphthenes

3 0 .2 - 2 1 . 0 = 9.2S(

% P araffin s:

1 0 0 .0 - 3 0 .2 = 09 . 8 $
 30

O il 3500
V is c o s ity @ 100 3602 SUS 7 7 9 .6 5 3 6 Cs
V i s c o s i t y @ 210 17 I . 2 SUS 3 6 . 5 M 1 Cs
V is c o s ity Index 8 5 .0
R e fra c tiv e Index 1.5050 @ I9 .8 ° C
S p e c ific R e fra c tio n 0 .3 2 8 1 3
D ensity 0 .9 0 3 4 0 6 19.8°C
Mo l e c u l a r W e i g h t 676
An i l i n e Po i n t 1 I3 .4 °C
An IL IN E PoINT F IQ . 1 I3 3 .0 ° C

An i l i n e p o in t r i s e due to h y d r o g e n a t io n :

(1 3 3 .0 - 113.4) x 0 . 8 = I 5 . 7 “C

% A rom atics:

15.7 x 0 . 8 5 = I5.3jg

An i l i n e p o in t of h y o r o g en a te d o i l :

I 13.4 ♦ 15.7 = 129. l°C

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of an a r o m a t ic f r e e o i l co r r e s p o n d i n g to
a m o le c u la r w e ig h t of 676 and a a n i l i n e p o in t of 12 9 . I°C :

0 .3 2 5 3

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n o f p a r a f f in hydr o c ar bo ns of 676 m o le c u la r
WE I Q H T :

0 .3 3 1 7

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of p o l y c y c l ic n a p h t h e n e hyorocarso ns of
676 m o le c u la r w e i g h t :

0 .3 0 4 4

% Condensed naphthenes:

r x 100 = 2 3 . 4 *
0 .3 3 1 7 - 0 .3 0 4 4

% N aphthenes:

2 3 .4 .
- 1013.3

% P araffin s:

1 0 0 .0 - 2 3 . 4 = 7 6 .6 jg
 31

O il 2 0 0 /2 2 5
V isc o sity © 100 13074 SUS 28 2 9 .8 7 0 0 Cs
V is c o s ity © 2 10 2 1 9 .5 SUS 4 7 .0 8 5 ! Cs
V is c o s ity Inoex _ g # |g
Refr a c tive Index 11538 I © 2 2 .6 °C
Sp e c if ic Refraction 0 .3 3 0 0 7
Oens it y 0 .9 4 7 8 0 ® 2 2 .6 °C
M o l e c u l a r We i g h t 515
An i l i n e Po i n t ?6.0®C
An i l i n e Po i n t f i g . I 124.2°C

An i l i n e p o in t r i s e due to h y d r o g e n a t io n :

( 1 2 4 .2 - 7 6 . 0 ) x 0 . 8 = 38.56«C

% A rom atics:

3 8 .5 6 x 0 . 8 5 = 3 2 .8 #

An i l i n e p o in t of h y d r o g e n a te d o i l :

7 6 . 0 ♦ 3 2 .8 = 108.8°C

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of an a r o m a t ic fr e e o i l co r r e s p o n d i n g to
A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF 515 AND A A N IL IN E POINT OF !0 8 .8 ° C :

0 .3 1 8 4

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of p a r a f f in hyorocarbons of 515 m o le c u la r
w e i g h t :

0 .3 3 2 6

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of p o l y c y c l ic n a p h t h e n e hydrocarbo ns of
515 molecular w e ig h t :

0 .3 0 5 7

% Condensed naphthenes:

0 .3 3 2 6 - 0 . 3 .184 x |Q0 =
0 .3 3 2 6 - 0 .3 0 5 7

% Naphthenes:

5 2 .8 - 3 2 .8 = 2 0 .0 #

% P araffin s:

100.0 - 5 2 .8 = 4 7 .2 #
 32

Oil 300/350
V isc o sity @ 100 26358 SUS 5705.1940 Cs
Viscos i ty @ 210 3 4 3 .0 SUS 7 3 .7 3 1 7 Cs
V is c o s ity Index 1 2 .2
Refr a c tive Index I .5 4 3 5 * 23.2®C
Sp e c if ic Refrac tio n 0 .3 3 0 7 3
Den sity 0 .9 5 3 8 0 ® 23.2®C
M o l e c u l a r We i g h t 573
An i l i n e Po i n t 7 5 .5 *C
An i l i n e Po i n t f i g . 129* 5®C

An i l i n e p o in t r i s e due to h y d r o g e n a t io n s

( 1 2 9 .5 - 7 5 . 5 ) x 0 . 8 = 4 3 .2 *C

# Ar o m a t ic s s

4 3 .2 x 0 . 8 5 = 3 6 .7 #

An i l i n e p o in t of h y d r o g en a te d o il s

7 5 .5 ♦ 4 3 .2 = I18.7®C

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of an a r o m a t ic f r e e o i l c o r r e s p o n d in g to
A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF 573 AND A ANILINE POINT OF 118.7°CS

0 .3 2 2 0

S p e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of p a r a f f in hyorocarbo ns of 573 m o le c u la r
WEIGHTS

0 .3 3 2 1

Sp e c if ic r e f r a c t io n of p o l y c y c l ic n a p h t h e n e hydrocarbons of
573 MOLECULAR WEIG HTS

0 .3 0 5 2

# Co n d e n s e d n a p h t h e n e s s

0 .3 3 2 1 - 0 .3 2 2 0 x 100 - 3 7 .8 #
0 .3 3 2 1 - 0 .3 0 5 2

# Na p h t h e n e s s

3 7 .8 - 3 6 .7 = 1.1#

# Pa r a f f i n s s

1 0 0 .0 - 3 7 .8 = 6 2 .2 #
 33

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS OF THE SLOAN EQUATION

Bl e n d = IOO Pa l e . O i l and 200 Neutral O il

O il Pa r a f f i n S ide Ch a in Co n c e n t r a t i o n *

100 Pa l e 5 7 .4 #
200 Neutral 7 1 .9 #

The 200 Neu tra l w il l co ntro l the m anner in w h ic h the o il s

W I L L BLEND S I N C E I T HAS A H I G H E R CONCENTRATION OF PARAFFIN
SIDE CHAINS THAN DOES THE 100 PA L E .

The o e g r e e to w h ic h th e 2 0 0 Ne u t r a l w il l c o n tr o l the blend

IS REPRESENTED 8 Y EQUATION 10#

#P| - #Pg , . 7 1 .9 - 5 7 .4
a 100 = #C x |00 _ 2 5 .3 #
5 7 .4

O il Sa y b o l t Un i v e r s a l V isc o sity at 100°F

100 Pa l e 95,6
200 Neutral 20?

S i n c e t h e 200 Neutral is the c o n t r o l l in g o il in the b l e n d ,

AND P O S S E S S E S A G R E A T E R V I S C O S I T Y THAN DOES THE 100 PALE,
T H E A C T U A L V I S C O S I T I E S OF T H E C O M P O N E N T B L E N D S W I L L BE GREATER
THAN THE V I S C O S I T I E S P R E D I C T E D BY T H E A . S . T . M * CHART.

IT 8TANDS TO REASON THAT AS THE CONCENTRATION OF THE 200

Neutral in the blend in c r e a s e s , so w il l the d e v i a t i o n from
T H E A .S .T .M . P R E D I C T E D V I S C O S I T Y INCREASE.

A blend of 25$ 100 P a l e a n d 75$ 200 N e u t r a l h a s a A .S .T .M .

PREDICTED V I S C O S I T Y OF 169 A T IOO°F. ON T H E A S S U M P T I O N T H A T
THE HEAVY O I L W I L L A D D T O T H E V I S C O S I T Y OF T H E L I G H T O I L
R AT HE R THAN THE A S S U M P T I O N T H A T THE L I G H T O I L W I L L SUBTRACT
FROM T H E V I S C O S I T Y OF T HE H E A V Y O IL. THE FOLLOWING CALCULATION
WAS d e v e l o p e d .

AV = A .S .T .M . PREDICTED VISCO SITY - VISCO SITY OF L IGHT OIL

AV = 169 - 9 5 .6 = 7 3 . 4

AV M U L T I P L I E D BY THE CONTROL FACT OR, C, R E P R E S E N T S T H E

EXPECTED INCREASE IN V I S C O S I T Y I F THE 200 N E U T R A L O C C U P I E D
THE ENTIRE BLEND.

7 3 . 4 x 0 .2 5 3 = 18.6

* Determ ined by r in g a n a l y s is — term ed p a r a f f in i c i t y in

THIS PAPER
 34

S ince the 200 Neutral o c c u p ie s only 75$ of the b l e n d , it

W I L L ONLY HAVE 7 5 $ OF THE EFFECT IT WO U L D HAVE IF IT HAD
COMPRISED 100$ OF THE BLEND.

18.6 x 0 . 7 5 = 13.9

The ex p e c te d in c r e a s e in v i s c o s i t y when aoded to the A .S .T .M .

PREDICTED VISCO SITY, CLOSELY APPROXIMATES THE ACTUAL V IS ­
C O S I T Y OF THE B L E N D .

169 + 13.9 = 182.9 Seconds

T he a c tu a l v i s c o s i t y of the blend when d e t e r m in e d by the

Sa y b o l t Un i v e r s a l V isc o sim eter was 181 s e c o n d s .

A blend of 50$ 100 Pa l e ano 50$ 200 Neutral has a A .S .T .M .

PREDICTED VISCO SITY OF 138 SECONDS AT 100°F.

AV = 138 - 9 5 .6 = 4 2 .4

v I,N^C # = AV x C x C V
= 4 2 .4 x 0 .2 5 3 x 0 .5 0 = 5 .3 5

V ▼
A .S .T .M . INC.
= *38 + 5 .3 5 = 143.35 Seconos

T he a c t u a l v i s c o s i t y of the blend when d e t e r m in e d by the

S a y b o l t Un i v e r s a l V i s c o s i m e t e r w a s 143.2 s e c o n d s .

A blend of 75$ 100 Pa l e and 25$ 200 Neutral has a A .S .T .M .

p r e d ic t e d v i s c o s it y of 114 seco nds at 100°F.

AV = I 14 - 9 5 .6 = 18.4

V in c . = AV x C x Cy = 18.4 x 0 .2 5 3 x 0 .2 5 = 1.16

V. c _ + V ,_ =114+ 1.16 = 115.16 Seconds

INC#

T he a c t u a l v i s c o s i t y of the blend when d e t e r m in e d by the

Sa y b o l t Un i v e r s a l V isc o sim eter was 115.9 s e c o n d s .

T he above method a p p l ie s to v i s c o s i t i e s at any t e m p e r a t u r e .

I t m u s t be r e m e m b e r e d that if the le a s t v is c o u s o i l pr e s e n t
IN THE BLENO C O N TR OL S THE B L E N D , IE. HAS THE G R E A T E S T C O N ­
C E N T R A T I O N OF P A R A F F I N I C S I D E C H A I N S , THE V I S C O S I T Y INCREASES
IN THE ABOVE EXAMPLE WILL BECOME VISCOSITY DECREASES, ANO
THESE VISCO SITY DECREASES MUST BE SUBTRACTED FROM THE A .S .T .M .
PREDICTED V ISCO SITIES TO OBTAIN THE ACTUAL VISCO SITIES OF THE
BLENDS.
 35

Volume % 100 P ale loo 75 50 25

SOO Neutral 25 50 75 100

V isc o sity - 100° Ob8 • 9 5 .6 1 15.9 143.2 181.0 207.0

V l SCOS i t y - 210° Obs • 3 8 .6 4 0 .5 4 2 .3 4 4 .4 45.6

V isc o sity Index 9 2 .7 9 0 .8 87. 1 8 2 .4 7 7 .0

PREOICTEO BY S

S loan Eq u a t i o n s 100° 1 15.2 143.4 182.9

210° 40. 1 42. 1 44.6

A .S .T .M . Ch a r t # 100° 1 14 138 169

210° 40.0 4 1 .7 43.6

Wr i g h t Charts 100° 1 14 136 167

210* 39.9 4 1 .5 4 3 .3

W ilson Charts 100® 115.5 136 167

(Chart 1) 210* 39 .8 4 1 .4 4 3 .3

Ma x w e l l Charts 100* 1 18 149 188

210® 40.0 4 1 .8 43.8

Percent d e v i a t i o n PROM o b s e r v e d V 1 S C O S 1 T 1 ES Averac

S loan Eq u a t i o n s 100* -0 .6 0 + 0 . 14 ♦ 1.05 ♦0.20

210* —0 . 9 9 -0 .4 7 ♦0.47 -0 .2 2

A .S .T .M . Ch a r t s 100® -1 .6 5 -3 .6 3 -6 .5 4 -3 .9 4
210* -1 .2 3 -1 .4 2 -1 .8 0 -1 .4 5

Wr i g h t Charts 100® -1 .6 4 -5 .0 1 -7 .7 4 —4 * 8 0
210* -1 .4 8 -1 .8 8 -2 .4 9 -1 .9 5

Wilso n Charts 100* -0e35 -5 .0 1 -7 .7 4 -4 .3 7

(Ch a rt 1) 210* -1 .7 3 -2 .3 6 -2 .4 9 - 2 . 19

Ma x w e l l Charts 100* ♦ 1.83 ♦4.05 ♦3.87 ♦3.25

210* -1 .2 3 - 1 . 18 -1 .3 5 -1 .5 9
 36

Volume % IOC Pale 100 75 50 25

500 Pa l e 25 50 75 100

V 1S C O S 1T Y - 100° Obs . 95.6 127.8 180 275.2 45 1.0

V ! S C O S 1T Y - 2 10° Oes. 38.6 40.7 43.0 46.0 50.0

V 1SCOS 1TY IND EX 92.7 69.5 46.0 17.8 - 17,4

Pr e d i c t e d b y :

Sloan Eq u a t i o n : 100° 125.7 181.0 279. 1

2 10° 40.3 42.7 45.9

A .S .T .M . Chart: 100° 133 19 4 292

210° 40.7 43.3 46.4

W right Chart : 100° 128 180 275

210° 40.3 42.7 45.8

W i lson Ch a r t : 100° 128 180 273

(Chart 3) 2 10° 40.6 42.9 45.9

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t : 100° 130 186 290

2 10° 40.5 43.0 47.0

Percent dev iat i on1 FROM OBS ERV ED V 1SCOS 1 T 1 ES Av e r a c

S loan Eq u a t i o n : 100° -0 .85 +0.56 + 1. 4 2 +0.38

2 10° -0.99 -0.70 - 0 .2 2 -0.64

A .S .T .M .
o o

Chart: 100° +7.78 + 6 . 10 +5.98

o

2 10° +0.62 +0 . 8 6 +0.49

Wr i g h t Ch a r t : 100° +0 . 0 2 +0 . 0 0 +0 . 0 0 +0 . 0 1
2 10° -0.99 -0.70 -0.44 -0.79

W i l s o n Ch a r t : 100° +0 . 0 2 +0 . 0 0 -0.73 -0.24

(C hart 3) 210° -0.25 -0.23 - 0 .2 2 -0.23

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t : 100° + 1. 7 2 + 3 .2 2 +5.40 +3.45

210° -0.49 +0 . 0 0 +2 .2 2 +0.58
 37

Volume % 100 Pale 100 75 50 25

2000 25 50 75 100

V isco sity - 100° Obs • 95.6 175 370 887 2190

V i scosi t y - 210° Ob s . 38.6 44. 1 53. 1 70. 1 92.7

V 1SCOS 1 TY Inoex 92.7 82 71. 1 51.5 2 2 .2

Pr e d i c t e d b y ;

S loan Eq u a t i o n : 100° 175 373. 1 897.4

210° 43.9 52.8 69.4

A .S .T .M . Chart: 100° 173 360 840

210° 43.8 52. 1 67.2

Wr i g h t Ch a r t : 100° 16 4 327 770

2 10° 43. 1 50.4 63.9

Wi l s o n Ch a r t : 100° 154 275 660

(Chart 3) 2 10° 43.4 51.4 66. 1

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t : IOO® 168 340 790

210® 43.0 50.5 64.0

Pe r c e n t d eviatio n i from OBS ERVE0 V 1SCOS 1 T 1 ES AV ERA!

S loan Eq u a t i o n : 100® 40.00 40.84 41.13 40.66

210® -0.45 -0.57 - 1 .0 0 -0.67

A .S .T .M . Chart: 100® -1.14 -2.70 -5.30 -3.05

210® -0.680 -1.87 - 4 . 14 -2.23

Wr i g h t Ch a r t : 100® -6.28 - ! 1.61 - 1 3 . 19 -10.36

210® -2.27 -5.08 -8.83 -5.39

Wi l s o n Ch a r t : 100® - 1 2 .0 0 -25.67 -25.60 -21.09

(Chart 3) 210® -1.59 -3.20 -5.71 -3.50
O

- 8 . 11 -10.94 -7.68
o

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t : 100°
to ^
i i
. .

210® -4.90 -8.71 -5.37

 38

Volume % 100 P a l e 100 75 50 25

2 0 0 /2 2 5 25 50 75 100

V isco sity - 100° O bs . 95.6 212 614 239 1 13074

V 1 SCOS 1 TY - 2 10° Oes. 38.5 45.7 60.6 1 0 2 .2 219.5

V isco sity I ndex 92.7 74.0 5 1.5 24.6 - 9 . 19

PRED 1CTED BY S

S loan Eq u a t i o n ; 100° 206.6 62 1.3 2464.8

2 10° 45.0 59.9 10 1 . 4

A .S.T.M . Chart; 100° 228 685 2600

2 10° 46.3 62.5 105.0

Wr i g h t Ch a r t ; 100° 200 620 2390

2 10° 45.0 59.8 98.0

Wil s o n Ch a r t ; 100°
BEYOND LIMITS OF CHART
2 10°

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t ; 100°
BEYOND LIMITS OF CHART
2 10°

Pe r c e n t deviatio n from OBSERV ED V 1SCOS 1 T 1 ES AV ERAC

S loan Eq u a t i on : 100° -2.55 + 1 . 19 +3.09 +0.58

2 10° -1.53 - 1 .2 1 -0.78 - 1 . 17

A .S.T.M . Chart; 100° +7.48 +11.58 +8.74 +9.27

2 10° + 1.3 1 + 3 . 13 +2.80 +2 • 4 1

Wr i g h t Ch a r t ; 100° - 6 .0 0 +0.98 +0 . 0 0 -1.67

2 10° -1.56 - 1. 3 2 - 4 . 10 -2.33

Wil s o n Ch a r t ; 100®
BEYOND LIMITS CF CHART
210®

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t ; 100®
BEYOND LIMITS OF CHART
2 10®
 39

Volume % IOO P a l e 100 75 50 25

6 0 Gr e e n c a s t 25 50 75 100

Viscosity - 100° Ob s • 95.6 184.6 414.9 966 2315

V isco sity - 210® Ob s • 38.6 44 . 9 56.0 76.9 1 1 2 .0

V isco sity Index 92.7 88.3 78.7 69. 1 54.0

Pr e d i c t e d b y :

S loan Eq u a t i o n ? 100° 181.4 405.2 995.4

2 10® 44.7 55.7 78.0

A .S .T .M . Chart: 100° 175.0 375.0 880.0

210® 44.3 54. 1 72.8

Wr i g h t Ch a r t : 100® 175.0 360.0 845.0

2 10® 43.9 53.3 71.8

W i l s o n Ch a r t : 100® 175.0 360.0 845.0

(Chart I) 210® 43.9 53.0 71.8

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t : 100® 167.0 335.0 800.0

210® 43.8 53.7 69.0

Percent d evia tio n from observed V 1s c o s i t i es Av e r a (

8 loan Equation: 100® - 1.73 -2.34 -3.00 -2.36

210® -0.45 -0.54 -1.43 -0.81

A .S .T .M . Chart: 100® - 5 . 10 -9.61 -8.90 -7.87

210® -1.34 —3 . 3 9 -5.34 -3.36

Wr i g h t Ch a r t : 100® - 6 . 10 -13.25 -12.51 -10.28

210® -2.23 -4.82 -6.64 -4.56

W i l s o n Ch a r t : 100® -5.10 -13.25 -12.51 -10.28

( C h a r t 1) 2 10® -2.23 -5.36 -6.64 -4.74

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t : 100® -9.54 -19.26 -17.40 -15.40

210® -2.45 - 4 . 10 -10.30 -5.62
 40

Volume % _
100
_
P a l e ________100
z_ 75 50 25
25 50 75 100

V isco sity - 100° Ob s . 95.6 254 885 4266 26358

V isco sity - 210° Ob s . 38.6 48 71.3 142.9 343.0

V isco sity I noex 92.7 76.9 57.6 34.9 12.2

Pr e p i c t e d by :

S loan Eq u a t i o n : 100 ® 253.2 88 1.5 4245

2 10° 47.9 70.8 141.4

A .S.T.M . Chart: 100 ° 250 850 4000

2 10° 47.8 69.5 135

Wr i g h t Chart : 100 ° 234 800 3000

210® 47.0 66.0 130.0

Wi l s o n Ch a r t : 1 0 0 °'
BEYOND LIMITS OF CHART
2 10®

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t : 100®
BEYOND LIMITS OF CHART
210°

Pe r c e n t d eviatio n from observed v is c o s it ie s AV ERAG E

S loan Eq u a t i o n : 100° -0.32 -0.40 -0.49 -0.40

2 10° -0.42 -0.70 - 1.05 -0.72

A.S.T.M . Chart: 100® -1.60 -4.94 -6.22 -4.25

2 10° -0.62 -2.37 -5.53 -2.5 1

Wr i g h t Ch a r t : 100® -7.88 -10.64 - 10.95 -9.82

2 10® -2.28 -7.45 - 9 . 04- -6.26

W ilson Ch a r t : 100®
BEYOND LIMITS of chart
2 10®

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t : 100®
BEYOND l im it s of chart
2 10®
 41

Volume % 200 Neutral 100 75 50 25

500 Pa l e 25 50 75 100

V isco sity - 100° Obs . 207 239.0 28 1.4 347.7 45 1

V i s c o s i ty - £ 10° Obs . 45.6 46.4 47.3 48.6 50

V isco sity Index 77.0 60.9 41.3 17.5 - 17.5

Pr e d i c t e d b y :

Sloan Eq u a t i o n : 100° 231.9 276.6 344.6'

210° 46.2 47.2 48.5

A .S.T.M , Chart: 100° 251 305 368

210° 46.7 47.8 49.0

Wr i g h t Ch a r t : 100° 243.0 295.0 357.0

210® 46.7 47.6 48.7

W i l s o n Ch a r t : 100® 243.0 294.0 360.0

(Ch a r t 3) 210® 46.5 47.6 48.8

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t : 100® 245.0 295.0 330.0

210® 46.2 47.5 49.0

Per c en t d e v i a t ion1 FROM OBS ERVED> V 1 s c o s 1 T 1 ES AV ERAC

S loan Eq u a t i o n : 100° -2.96 -1.71 -0.89 -1.85

2 10° -0.44 -0.2 1 -0.21 -0.29

A .S.T.M . Chart: 100° +5.0 1 +8.61 +6.15 +6.59

210° +0.65 + 1.06 +0 . 8 2 +0.84

Wr i g h t Ch a r t : 100° + 1. 6 7 +4.85 +2.88 + 3 . 13

2 10® +0.65 +0.64 +0.21 +0.50

Wi l s o n Ch a r t : 100® + 1. 6 7 +4.48 +3.55 +3.23

(C h a r t 3) 210® +0.22 +0.64 +0.41 +0.42

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t : 100® +2.45 +4.85 + 5 . 10 +4.13

210® -0.44 +0.63 +0 • 8 2 +0.34
 42

Volume % 200 Neutral 100 75 50 25

60 Gr e e n c a s t 25 5o 75 ioo

V is c o s ity - 100° Ob s . 207.0 350 616 1 153 2315

V isco sity - 210° Obs . 45.6 52.5 63.5 81.7 11 2 .0

V isco sity I ndex 77.0 74.7 69.9 62.8 54.0

Predicted bvs

Sloan Eq u a t i o n : 100® 348.7 618.7 1167.7

210° 52.6 63.5 81.5

A.S.T.M , Chart: 100® 352 625 1 175

%
2 10® 52.8 63.8 81.8

Wr i g h t Ch a r t : 100° 350 630 1 140

2 10® 52.3 63.0 80.0

W i l s o n Ch a r t : 100® 345 600 I 140

( C h a r t 1) 210® 52.9 63.9 82 .2

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t : 100® 355 590 ! 120

210® 51.5 64.5 79.4

Percent d eviatio n from OBSERVED VISCO SITIES Av e r a <

Sloan Eq u a t i o n : 100® -0.37 +0.44 + 1.27 +0.45

210® + 0 . 19 +0 *0 0 —0 . 2 4 - 0 .0 2

A .S.T.M . Ch a r t : 100® +0.57 + 1. 46 + 1.90 + 1.31

210® +0.57 +0 . 47 + 0 . 13 +0.39

Wr i g h t Ch a r t : 100® +0 . 0 0 +2.27 - 1 . 13 +0.38

210® -0.38 -0.79 -2.08 -1.08

W i l s o n Ch a r t : 100® -1.43 -2.60 - 1 . 13 -1.72

(Chart I) 210® +0.76 +0*63 +0 .61 +0.67

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t : 100® + 1.43 -4.21 - 2 .8 6 - 1 .8 8

210® -1.91 + 1. 5 5 -2.81 -1.06
 43

Volume % 200 N e u t r a l 100 75 50 25

200/225 25 50 75 100

V 1 SCOS 1TV - 100° Obs . 207 36 1 950 32 1 1 13074

V 1SCOS 1TY - 2 10° Oes. 45.6 51.8 70.4 116.2 2 19.5

V 1SCOS 1TY 1NDEX 77.0 6 1. 8 42.3 18.7 -9.2

Pr e d i c t e d b y :

S loan Eq u a t i o n : 100° 37 1 970 3209

2 10° 52.2 69.4 1 12.9

A .S .T.M . Chart: 100° 477 1240 3660

2 10° 56.5 77.8 123.0

Wr i g h t Ch a r t : 100° 445 1 130 3 4 10

2 10° 55.0 73.8 117.0

Wilson Ch a r t : 100°
BEYOND LIMITS OF CHART
2 10°

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t : 100°
BEYOND l im it s OF CHART
2 10°

Pe r c e n t d ev i at ion FROM OBSERVED V 1SCOS 1 T 1 ES Av ERA;

S loan Eq u a t i o n : 100° 4*2 . 7 7 +2.06 -0.06 + 1. 5 9

2 10° +0.77 - 1.42 -2.84 - 1 . 18

A .S.T.M . Chart: 100° +32.20 +30.50 +7.74- +23.48

2 10° +9 . 0 9 +10.51 +5.85 +8.48

Wr i g h t Ch a r t : 100° +23.81 +18.95 +6.20 +16.32

2 10° + 6 . 17 +4.84 +0.69 +3.90

Wilson Ch a r t : 100°
BEYOND LIMITS OF CHART
2 10°

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t : 100°
BEYOND LIMITS OF CHART
2 10°
 44

Volume % 200 N e u tr a l too 75 50 25

300/350 25 50 75 too

V 1SCOS 1TV - 100° Ob s . 207.0 493 1433 5381 26358

V i scos i ty - 210° CBS . 45.6 57.5 86.4 160. 1 343.0

o
V isco sity I ndex 63.8 49. 1 32.8 12.2
«

FR ED 1CTED BY 5

S loan Eq u a t i o n s 100° 487.8 1463.7 5582

210° 57.3 85.6 157.6

A.S.T.M. Chart: 100® 525 1570 5800

2 10® 58.9 89.0 162

Wr i g h t Ch a r t : 100® 520 1490 5600

2 10® 57.5 85.0 157.0

Wi l s o n Ch a r t : 100®
BEYOND l im it s .o f chart
2 10®

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t : 100®
BEYOND LIMITS OF CHART
210®

Pe r c e n t d e v i a t ion1 from OBS ERVED V 1SCOS 1T 1 ES AV ERAC

S loan Eq u a t i o n : 100® -1.05 + 2 . 14 +3.74 + 1.61

2 10® -0.35 -0.93 - 1. 5 6 -0.95

A.S.T.M. Chart: 100® +6.50 +9.56 +7.76 +7.94

2 10® +2.44 +3.02 + 1 . 17 +2.2 1

Wr i g h t Ch a r t : too® +5.46 +3.98 +4.07 +4.50

2 10® +0.00 - 1. 6 2 -1.94 - 1 . 19

Wilson Ch a r t : too® OF CHART

BEYOND LIMITS
2 10®

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t : too® OF CHART
BEYOND L I M 1TS
210®
 45

Volume % 500 Pale 100 75 50 25

60 Gr e e n c a s T 25 50 75 100

V isco sity - 100° Obs . 45 1 683 1 1 16 1812 2315

V 1 SCOS 1TY - 2 10° Obs . 50.0 59.0 74. 1 95.8 112.0

V isc o sity 1n o ex - 17.4 18.0 36.4 46.0 54.0

PR EO 1CTFD BY J

Sloan Eq u a t i o n : 100° 687.9 1 134 1919

2 10° 58.7 74.2 10 1. 1

A .S.T.M . Chart: 10 0 ° 660 990 1500

2 10° 57.7 69.3 86.5

Wr i g h t Ch a r t : 100® 080 1030 1515

210® 58.0 69.8 87.5

Wi ls o n C h a r t : 100® 680 10 10 1515

(C hart 2) 2 10° 58.8 70.5 88.0

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t : 100® 645 940 1450

2 10® 57.3 70.5 84.0

p E R C E N T DEV 1 AT 1 ON1 FROM OBS ERVEDI V 1 s c o s i T I r s Av ERAC

Sloan Eq u a t i o n : 100® +0.72 + 1.6 1 +5.9 +2.74

2 10® -0.5 1 + 0 . 15 +4.5 + 1. 3 8

A .S.T.M , Chart: 100® -3.48 -1 1.29 - 17.20 - 10.66

210® -2.20 -6.48 -9.7 1 - 6 . 13

Wr i g h t Ch a r t : 100® -0.44 -7.70 -16.37 - 8 . 17

2 10® - 1. 6 9 -5.80 -8.67 -5.35
^ to
V V1
o o

Wi l s o n Ch a r t : 100® -9.50 -16.37 -8.77

1 1
. •

(Chart 2) 2 10® -4.85 - 8 . 14 -4.44

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t : 100® -3.80 - 15.79 -19.98 - 1 3 . 19

2 10® -2.88 -4.85 -12.31 -6.68
Volume % 200 P a l e ________ 100________ 7 5 ________ 5 0 _______2 5 _____________
3500 E r sg h t c t o c k 25 50 75 100

V iscosity - 100° Ob s . 237 44 1 847 1764 3602

V 1 SCOS 1TY - 2 10° Obs . 46.8 56.9 75.7 1 12.4 17 1 . 2

V isco sity I ndex 69.8 76.3 8 1.0 83.7 85.0

PRED I C T ED BY S

S loan Eq u a t i o n s 100° 437.7 87 1.7 1852

2 10° 57.2 76.7 115.3

A .S.T.M . Chart: 100° 430 825 1680

2 10° 56.8 74.5 108.0

Wr i g h t Ch a r t s 100° 452 860 1750

210° 57. 1 75.0 109.0

Wilson Charts 100° 448 860 1770

( C h a r t 2) 210° 58.8 78.8 114.0

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t s 100° 402 760 1600

2 10° 55.7 70.0 104.0

Percent d e v i a t ion1 FROM OBSERVEO 1 V 1 s c o s I t I e s Av e r a i

S loan Eq u a t i o n s 100° -0.75 4*2.9 1 4-4.8 1 +2.32

2 10° +0 • 52 4*1.32 42.60 + 1.48

A .S.T.M . Charts 100° -2.49 -2.59 -4.75 -3.28

2 10° - 0 . 18 - 1. 5 8 -3.9 1 -1.89

Wr i g h t Ch a r t s 100° 4*2 • 4 9 4*1.54 -0.79 +1.08

2 10® 40.35 -0.93 -3.02 -1.20

W ilson Charts 100® + 1.59 4*1 . 5 4 40.34 + 1.16

( C h a r t 2) 2 10® 4*3.34 4*4.09 + 1.42 +2.95

Ma x w e l l Ch a r t : 100® -8.85 - 10.26 -9.29 -9.47

210® -2 . 11 -7.53 -7.46 -5.70
 47

NOMENCLATURE

A, = A niline point or arom atic free o il, from Figure I.

Aq = A n i l i n e point of untreated o il.

Sp = S p e c ific r e f r a c t i o n of p a r a f f in hydrocarbons of the

s a me m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t a s t h e u n t r e a t e d o i l , f r o m
Figure I.

SN = Sp e c if ic refraction of polynuclear naphthene

hydrocarbons of the same molecular weight as the
U NT REAT ED OIL,FROM FIGURE 2.

Sj = Sp e c if ic refraction of an aromatic free o il of the

SAME M O L E C U L A R W E I G H T AS T H E U N T R E A T E D O I L AND T HE
A N I L I N E P O I N T OF T HE O R I G I N A L O I L ON AN A R O M A T I C
F R E E BAS I S •
t
H = A V ISCOS I T Y - T E M P E R A T U R E FACTOR.

V .S .F. = V ISCOS I T Y - S L O P E FACTOR — A C O R R E L A T I O N OF T HE

V I S C O S I T Y - T E M P E R A T U R E C H A R A C T E R I ST I CS OF AN O I L .

Cs = V iscosity in centistokes.

SUS = V iscosity in Saybolt U niversal Seconds.

MW = M olecular W eight.

S = Functionof the V iscosity-slope factor.

p, = Pa r a f f i n side chain concentration of the more

paraffin ic o il in a blend .

Pg = Pa r a f f i n side c h a i n c o n c en t r a t i on of the less

PAR A F F IN IC OIL IN A BLEND.

V_ = V iscosity of a blend in Saybolt Universal Seconds.

D

^B (a.S.T.M .) = A.S.T.M . PREDICTED VISCOSITY OF A BLENO.

Vl = V iscosity of the lig h t o il used in a blend.

C = Co n t r o l factor — f u n c t i o n of P j and Pg.

Cv = Volum etric concentration of the controlling o il in

a blend.

AV = D ifference between V b ^a s t m j and Vl .

Pa r a f f i n i c i t y — Pa r a f f i n side chain concentration of an o i l .

Co n t r o l l i n g O il — Bl e n d i n g o il with greatest par a e fin i c ity.

 DISCUSSION

Poss i b l e Errors

There are two sources of possible error in the development

of this method * The Sa y b o l t visco sim eter is accurate to

ONE OR TWO PERCENT DEPENDING ON WHETHER A REFEREE VISCO SI­

METER, OR A ROUTINE-TESTING VISCOSIMETER IS USED* T h 16

ERROR COULD AFFECT THE VISCO SITIES OF THE' BASE OILS A ND IN

TURN AFFECT THE RESULT OF THE SLOAN EQUATION* THE SECOND

ERROR IS FOUND IN THE RING ANALYSIS* In THE D E T E R M I N A T I ON

OF THE PARAFFIN, NAPHTHENE, AND AROMATIC CONTENT OF THE

BASE OILS, TWO CHARTS ARE USED — FIGURE I AND FIGURE 2 OF

THIS PAPER — WHICH ARE SMALL ANO DIFFICU LT TO READ TO

ABSOLUTE ACCURACY.

It IS POSSIBLE TO ELIMINATE THE ERROR IN THE RING A NA L Y S 1 8

BY THE USE OF THE NOMAGRAPH OF THE SLOAN EQUATION AND ONE

SAMPLE BLEND OF THE BASE OILS UNDER EXAMINATION* F ROM

THE VISCOSITY OF THE SAMPLE BLEND, AND FROM THE VI8C 06ITY

OF THE BLEND PREDICTED BY THE A .S .T .M . CHART, THE OIL

WHICH CONTROLS THE BLEND CAN BE DETERMINED. FROM THE ABOVE

VISCO SITY DATA AV AND V MAY BE CALCULATED. FROM THIS

INFORMATION A ND FROM A KNOWLEDGE OF THE CONCENTRATION OF

THE CONTROLLING OIL IN THE BLEND, THE DEGREE TO WHICH THE

CONTROLLING OIL IS MORE PARAFFIN THAN THE NON-CONTROLLING

OIL MA Y BE DETERMINED. FROM THIS INFORMATION THE ACTUAL

VISCOSITY OF ANY COMBINATION OF THE BASE OILS MA Y BE

DETERM I N E D .

It is the A uthor's opinion that the method presented in

THIS PAPER for PREDICTING THE VI6C 0SITY OF BLENDED LUB­

RICATING OILS IS CORRECT. THIS OPINION IS BORNE OUT IN

THE FACT THAT THE ERRORS OBTAINED FROM THE SLOAN EQUATION

ARE SMALL — USUALLY W ITHIN THE RANQE OF ACCURACY OF THE

VISCOSIMETER AND THE RING ANALYSIS CHARTS — A ND THAT

THE ERRORS OCCUR BOTH PLUS AND MINUS. THE ERRORS OCCUR

PLUS AND MINUS REGARDLESS OF WHICH OIL CONTROLS THE BLEND.

 50

CONCLUS1QNS

TO THE AUTHOR’ S KNOWLEDGE, NO SUCCESSFUL METHOD HAS BEEN

YET DEVELOPED BY WHICH THE VIS C O S ITIE S OF PETROLEUM LUB­

RICATING OIL BLENDS COULD BE PREDICTED, IN THE INVESTI­

GATION OF THE OILS USED F OR THIS PAPER, A CORRELATION H AS

BEEN DEVELOPED BETWEEN THE PARAFFIN HYDROCARBON CONTENT

OF THE BLENDING OILS AND THE CONCENTRATION OF THE MOST

PARA FF IN IC OIL PRESENT IN THE BLEND, F ROM WHICH VISCOS­

ITIES OF BLENDS MAY BE ACCURATELY PREDICTED. A METHOD

FOR DETERMINING THE PARAFFIN HYDROCARBON CONTENT OF PETRO­

LEUM OILS WITHOUT THE EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE

RING ANALYSIS HAS ALSO BEEN DEVELOPED. IT HAS BEEN CON­

CLUSIVELY PROVED THAT PARAFFIN HYDROCARBONS ARE RESPONSIBLE

FOR THE FLOW PROPERTIES OF A LUBRICATING O IL.

IT IS THE AUTHOR’ S BELIEF THAT A SUCCESSFUL STUDY HAS BEEN

MADE. A METHOD HAS BEEN PRESENTED BY WHICH VISCO SITIES OF

BLENDS MAY BE PREDICTED USING INFORMATION THAT CAN BE

OBTAINED IN A NY LABORATORY CONTAINING ONLY THE SAYBOLT

v i s c o s i m e t e r . Th is in s t r u m e n t and the nomagraph of the

S loan e q u a t io n are a l l that is needed for ac cu ra te pre ­

d i c t i o n s . Therefore, t h is method can be used by sm all

COMPOUNDING PLANTS AS WELL AS BY LARGE REFINERIES.

 51

U H tllT
< *M *A D O SCHOOb OF M J M U )
OOLSOT, COLORADO

b ib l io g r a p h y

A, S. T. M . S t a n d a r d s on P e t r o l e u m P r o d u c t s and Lubr i c a n t s .
Standard D 3 4 1-43 Appendix, pZ I73, 195b•

Bondi, A ,; Physical Chemistry or L u b r i c a t i n g O i l s } The Petro­

leum R efiner, V ol. 85, p p . 119-132, July 1946.

G l a s e t o n e , L a i d l e r , an d E y r i n g ; The Theory or Rate Processes;

M c G r a w - H i l l B o o k Co . } p . 4 7 7 , 1 9 4 1'ii

H i r s c h l e r , A . £ . ; M o l e c u l a r We i g h t s o r V i s c o u s Hy d r o c a r b o n
O i l s ; Co r r e l a t i o n w i t h D e n s i t i e s and V i s c o s i t i e s ;
I n s t i t u t e o r Pe t r o l e u m , J o u r n a l , Vo l . 32, p p . 133-161,
Ma r c h 1 9 4 6 .

M a x w e l l , J. B. ; O a t a B o o k on Hydrocarbons; 0. van Nostrand

Company, In c.; p. 173, 1960.

Parshao, R.j P h y s i c a l B a s is o r a C oncep t About t h e Mechanism

or t h e V i s c o s i t y or L i q u i d s ; J o u r n a l or C h e m i s t r y a n d
' '^Physics, V o l . 16, p p . 152-153, February 1948.

S a c h a n e n , A*. N . ; T h e Chem i c a l C o n s t i t u e n t s or P e t r o l e u m ;
R e i n h o l d P u b l i S h i NG C o m p a n y ; p p . 13 6 - 7 3 8 ^ 1945.
•*
W i l s o n , 0 . G. ; C h a r t M e t h o d t o r P r e d i c t i n g V i s c o s i t y o r L u b ­
r i c a t i n g O i l B le n d s ; N a t i o n a l P e t r o le u m News, V o l . 2 1 ,
p . 8 7 , Ma y 2 2 , 1929.

W r i g h t , W. A . ; D i v i s i o n P e t r o l e u m Chem istry, 109th m e e tin g ,

A t l a n t i c C i t y , N ew J e r s e y , A. C. 8 . G eneral Papers,
p. 71, 1946.