ORAL COM
Requires more formality in terms
Speech Context - intrapersonal & interpersonal
Intrapersonal - involves one participant only – one’s self
Interpersonal - involves two or more participant
 Dyadic Communication - involves two participants
collectively called dyad. One speaker and one listener
exchange thoughts, ideas, feelings, and opinions.
Roles such as sender and receiver are not fixed, they
are interchangeable.
 Small Group Communication - requires 3-15 people
to study an issue, discuss a problem, and come up
with a solution or a plan. Group should have an
agenda, a leader, and an outcome to accomplish.
Panel discussion is an example.
 Public Communication - speaker addresses many
listeners, collectively known as ‘audience’. No
interchanging of the speaker and listener roles.
 Mass Communication - any above human verbal
interactions carried out with the aid of mass media
technology which includes: TV, radio, and social
media platforms.
 Organizational Communication (formal & informal)
- the interaction of members along the links in an
organizational structure.
 Formal - uses proper channels as illustrated in a
company organizational chart. Memos,
announcements, and reports are passed along to
the members of the organization following the
chain of command.
 Informal - bypasses the links, skips forward or
backwards, or even goes sideways just to achieve
the same goal.
 Intercultural Communication - the exchange of
concepts, values, traditions, and practices between
and among people of different nationalities like
showcasing folk dance, local songs, and native
delicacies.
SPEECH STYLES
 Intimate - the language used may be both formal and
informal depending on the situation and the matter
being talked about. Terms of endearment (e.g., mahal
or babe) and terms that show respect (e.g., mom, dad,
kuya, and ate) are often used. It is in this speech style
when private or sensitive matters are usually talked
about (e.g., family finances, big decisions).
 Casual - language used is often informal and
conversational. Allows for a more diverse range of
topics. Terms of endearment are rarely used in this
style.
 Consultative - used when talking to a doctor, lawyer,
engineer, counselor, and other professionals who you
think can help you with your need for information,
advice, or opinion.
of language, manner of speaking, and gestures.
 Formal - speech is well organized and correct in
grammar and diction. Avoids slang terms because
this is often used when speaking to large groups like in
meetings, school lessons, courts, corporate meetings,
and interviews.
 Frozen - can’t be changed, most formal, and also
known as fixed speech. (e.g., Pledge of Allegiance,
Lord’s prayer, Preamble of the Philippine Constitution)
SPEECH ACTS (Speech Act Theory by JL Austin)
 Locution - is the utterance of a sound, a word, or even
a phrase as a natural unit of speech. It has sense, and
has the same meaning to both the speaker and the
listener.
 Illocution - is not just saying something itself, but the
act of saying something with the intention of
utterance. Examples are as follows: stating an opinion,
confirming, denying something, making a prediction,
promise or request, issuing an order or a decision,
giving an advice or permission.
 Perlocution - is seen when a particular effect is sought
from either the speaker, the listener, or both. IT may
not necessarily be physical or verbal and is elicited by
inspiring or insulting, persuading or convincing, and
deterring or scaring.
At some point, Cohen (1993) agreed with J.L. Austin’s
Speech Act Theory, but later came up with the five
categories of speech acts based on functions assigned to
them.
SEVEN COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES
 Nomination - to collaboratively and productively
establish a topic. You try to open a topic with the
people you are talking to.
 Restriction - any limitation you may have as
speaker/listener. It limits the response of the
speaker/listener into two.
 Turn-taking - recognizing when and how to speak.
You wait for your turn to speak by listening and
waiting for her/him to finish talking.
 Topic Control - a question-answer formula that moves
the discussion forward. Allows the participants to
contribute ideas and continue the discussion. Limits
the coverage of a discussion.
 Topic Shifting - requires listening intently to the
people. Occurs when you would like another, more
interesting or pleasant topic to talk about.
 Repair - for recouping lost rapport in a conversation.
Saying “sorry” is the most common repair strategy.
 Termination - ending an interaction to avoid conflicts
or arguments. Must be done politely as possible.