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4.1 Law of Gravitation
4.1 Law of Gravitation
4.1 Law of Gravitation
Newton’s reasoning:
“If gravity acts at the tops of the trees,
and even at the tops of the mountains,
then perhaps it acts all the way to the
moon.”
When moon’s nearly circular orbit about
the earth has a radius of about 385,000 km
and a period of 27.3 days, the centripetal
acceleration of the moon (nearly uniform) is
ac = 2.73 x 10 -3 m/s 2
-4
= (2.78 x 10 ) g
1
𝑎𝑐 ≈ 𝑔
3600
The Moon is 384,000 km away from the
center of the Earth, which is about 60 times the
Earth’s radius of 6380 km. That is, the moon is 60
times farther from the Earth’s center than are
objects at the Earth’s surface.
Then, taking the square of that radius, it
equals to the proportionality constant of the
centripetal acceleration of the moon and the
acceleration due to gravity at the Earth’s surface.
Thus, Newton concluded that the
gravitational force exerted by the
earth on any object decreases with
the square of its distance from the
earth’s center.
1
𝐹𝑔 ∝ 2
𝑟
Also, the force of gravity depends on the object’s
mass
According to 3rd law,
When the earth exerts its
gravitational force on an object,
such as the moon, the object exerts
an equal and opposite (in direction)
force on the earth. Newton
reasoned, that the magnitude of
the force of gravity must be
proportional to both masses**. **the earth's mass is greater than yours by a factor of about 1023
Law of Universal Gravitation states
“Every particle in the universe attracts every
other particle with a force that is proportional to
the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance
between them. This force acts along the line
joining the two particles.”
𝑚1 𝑚2 Where
𝐹=𝐺 2 G is the Gravitational Constant
𝑟
Henry Cavendish
He determined the value
of G by an experiment (using
a torsion balance) and
confirmed Newton’s
hypothesis.
Example:
A 50-kg person and a 75-kg
person are sitting on a bench, 50
cm away from each other.
Estimate the magnitude of the
gravitational force each exerts on
the other.
Example:
What is the force of gravity
acting on a 2000-kg spacecraft when
it orbits two Earth radii from the
earth’s center? The mass of the
earth is 5.98 x 1024 kg.
Example:
Determine the net force
on the moon (mM = 7.36 x 1022
kg) due to the gravitational
attraction of both the Earth
(mE = 5.98 x 1024 kg) and the
sun (mS = 1.99 x 1030 kg),
assuming they are at right
angles to each other (See the
figure given).
Gravity Near the Earth’s Surface
When the equation of the law of
gravitation is applied at the surface of the
Earth, between the Earth and an object, we
can have the following equation:
Then,