Monograph

SAN PEDRO COLLEGE, INC
BS PHARMACY 2F
DRUG
MONOGARPH
PREPARED BY:
KENNETH ANGELO C.
MANTIGUE
PHCHEM 205
Pharmaceutical & Medicinal
Organic Chemistry
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Antibacterials 1
Anti Infectives 9
Anti Malarias 22
Antivirals 25
CNS Depressants 29
CNS Stimulants 37
Adrenergic Agents 43
Cholinergic Agents 48
Histamine & Antihistamine Agents 52
Diuretics 57
Cardiovascular Agents 61
Analgesic Agents 71
Cough Agents 76
Local Anesthetic Agents 80
Prostaglandins 85
Leukotrienes 90
Eicosanoids 92
Antineoplastic Agents 97
ANTI
BACTERIALS
Antibiotics specifically treat infections caused by bacteria, such as
Staph., Strep., or E. coli., and either kill the bacteria (bactericidal) or keep
it from reproducing and growing (bacteriostatic). Antibiotics do not work
against any viral infection.
1
Amoxicillin Trihydrate
C16H19N3O5S
BRAND NAMES/ OTHER NAMES PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

BN: Molecular weight: 419.5g/mol
Amoxil
Trimox Color:
Moxatag white to off-white color
ON:
Prevpac State/form:
Talicia Solid Crystalline powder
MOA AND USES
Amoxicillin is a penicillin derivative used for the treatment of Description:
infections caused by gram-positive bacteria, in particular Soluble in water; approximately 1 to
streptococcal bacteria causing upper respiratory tract 10 mg/mL depending on the pH. It is
infections. Amoxicillin competitively inhibits penicillin-binding lipophilic in nature.
proteins, leading to the upregulation of autolytic enzymes and
inhibition of cell wall synthesis Melting point: 194 °C
Oxacillin
C19H19N3O5S

BN: Molecular weight:
Bactocill 364.4 g/mol
Color:
White
State/form:
Crystalline powder
MOA AND USES
Description:
Oxacillin is a penicillin antibiotic used to treat a number of Soluble in organic solvents such as
susceptible bacterial infections, particularly in staphylococci ethanol, DMSO, and dimethyl
formamide.
resistant infections. By binding to specific penicillin-binding
proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, Oxacillin Melting point:
inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis 188 °C
Aztreonam
C13H17N5O8S2

Azactam 435.4
Caystom
Color:
White
State/form:
MOA AND USES Crystalline powder
Aztreonam is a beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat select Description:
aztreonam-sensitive gram-negative bacteria. The bactericidal It is soluble in organic solvents such
action of aztreonam results from the inhibition of bacterial cell as ethanol, DMSO, and dimethyl
wall synthesis due to a high affinity of aztreonam for penicillin- formamide (DMF).
binding protein 3 (PBP3). By binding to PBP3, aztreonam inhibits
the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis Melting point:
227 °C
2
Cephalexin
C16H17N3O4S

Cefalin 347.4
Cepham
Color:
White to off-white
State/form:
Cephalexin is indicated for the treatment of certain infections Description:

caused by susceptible bacteria. These infections include Slightly soluble in water; practically
respiratory tract infections, otitis media, skin and skin structure insoluble in alcohol, chloroform,
infections, bone infections, and genitourinary tract infections. ether
cephalexin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to
breakdown and eventual cell death. Melting point:
326.8 °C
Erythromycin Estolate
C37H67NO13

Zithromax 1056.4
ON:
Lauromicina Color:
reddish-orange
State/form:
N/A
MOA AND USES
Description:
Erythromycin is used to treat certain infections caused by
Erythromycin estolate is freely
bacteria, such as infections of the respiratory tract, including soluble in organic solvents but
bronchitis, pneumonia, Legionnaires' disease (a type of lung practically insoluble in water.
infection), and pertussis; diphtheria (a serious infection in the
throat); sexually transmitted diseases (STD), including syphilis; Melting point:
and ear, intestine, gynecological, urinary tract, and skin 135-140°C
infections.
Netilmicin
C21H41N5O7

Netromycin 475.6
Color:
ON:
white
Netilmicin Sulfate
MOA AND USES State/form:
N/A
It’s used for the treatment of bacteremia, septicemia, and
respiratory tract infections, skin and soft-tissue infection, burns, Description:
wounds, and peri-operative infections caused by susceptible Soluble in water (288 mg/ml at 25° C),
strains. Acts with interference with the initiation complex, DMSO (<1 mg/ml at 25° C), and
misreading of mRNA so incorrect amino acids are inserted into the ethanol (<1 mg/ml at 25° C).
polypeptide leading to nonfunctional or toxic peptides and the
breakup of polysomes into nonfunctional monosomes, leaving the Melting point:
194-198° C
bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
3
Rolitetracycline
C27H33N3O8

Reverin 527.6
Synterin
Color:
Very dark red to very dark brown
ON:
Rolitetracyclinum State/form:
Powder
MOA AND USES
Description:
Rolitetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in cases
It is a derivative of tetracycline in
needing high concentrations or when oral administration is which the amide function is
impractical. Rolitetracycline passively diffuses through porin substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl
channels in the bacterial membrane and reversibly binds to the group.
30S ribosomal subunit, preventing the binding of tRNA to the
mRNA-ribosome complex, and thus interfering with protein Melting point:
synthesis. 163.5°C
Bacitracin
C66H103N17O16S

Baciject 1422.7
Color:
ON: Colorless to light yellowish
Bacitracina
Bacitracin A State/form:
Solid
MOA AND USES
Description:
Bacitracin is a cyclic polypeptide antibiotic used to prevent very soluble in water and methanol;
wound infections, treat pneumonia and empyema in infants, and soluble in ethanol; slightly soluble in
acetone, benzene, and ether; and
treat skin and eye infections. Bacitracin binds to divalent metal practically insoluble in chloroform,
ions such as Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), or Zn(II).1 These complexes ether, and acetone
bind C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate, preventing the hydrolysis of
a lipid dolichol pyrophosphate, which finally inhibits cell wall Melting point:
221 - 225 °C
synthesis.
Cefaclor
C15H14CIN3O4S

Ceclor 367.8
Raniclor
ON: Color:
Cefoxitin White to off-white
State/form:
MOA AND USES Dry powder
Cefaclor is a beta-lactam antibiotic. By binding to specific Description:

penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell Cefaclor is slightly soluble in water,
wall, it inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall practically insoluble in chloroform, in
synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall methyl alcohol, and in benzene.
autolytic enzymes such as autolysins. It is used for the treatment
of certain infections caused by bacteria such as pneumonia and Melting point:
ear, lung, skin, throat, and urinary tract infections. 327 °C 4
Clarithromycin
C38H69NO13

Clarithrocid 748.0
Klaricid
Klaz Tablet Color:
Klaz Colorless
ON:
Biaxin State/form:
MOA AND USES crystals from ethanol
It is an alternative medication for the treatment of acute otitis Description:

media caused by H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, or S. pneumoniae soluble in acetone, slightly soluble in
in patients with a history of type I penicillin hypersensitivity. Also methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile,
for the treatment of pharyngitis and tonsillitis caused by and practically insoluble in water
susceptible Streptococcus pyogenes, as well as respiratory tract
infections including acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial Melting point:
exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, and pertussis. 220°C
Clavulanate
C8H9NO5

Augmentin 199.16
Augmentin XR
Color:
Augmentin ES-600 White to yellow
ON: State/form:
Clavulanic acid powder
MOA AND USES
Description:
Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor that is frequently The solubility of potassium
combined with [Amoxicillin] or [Ticarcillin] to fight antibiotic clavulanate in ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-
resistance by preventing their degradation by beta-lactamase butanol, between 273 K and 305 K
enzymes, broadening their spectrum of susceptible bacterial were measured using a laser
technique.
infections. Clavulanic acid is derived from the organism
Streptomyces clavuligerus.When it is combined with amoxicillin, Melting point:
clavulanic acid is frequently known as Augmentin, Co-Amoxiclav, 117.5 - 118 °C
or Clavulin.
Clindamycin
C18H33ClN2O5S

Cleocin HCl 425.0
Cleocin Pediatric
Color:
ON: Yellow
Clindamycin Hydrochloride
Clindamycin Palmitate State/form:
Hydrochloride amorphous solid
MOA AND USES
Description:
Clindamycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the Clindamycin phosphate is soluble in
bacterial ribosome. It impedes to 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of water. This solubility is pH
ts both the assembly of the ribosome and the translation dependent: at pH 7 the solubility is
process. Clindamycin is used for antimicrobial prophylaxis between 200 and 300 mg/mL,
against Viridans group streptococcal infections in susceptible whereas at pH 4 it is 25 mg/mL.
patients undergoing oral, dental, or upper respiratory surgery,
and may be used for prophylaxis against bacterial endocarditis in Melting point:
143° C
penicillin-allergic patients at high risk of these infections.
5
Chloramphenicol
C11H12Cl2N2O5

AK-Chlor 323.13
Chloromycetin Ophthalmic
Chloroptic Color:
White to greyish-white
ON:
Optrex Bacterial Conjunctivitis State/form:
Eye Ointment Crystalline powder
MOA AND USES
Description:
As a bacteriostatic agent, chloramphenicol inhibits protein
Solubility in propylene glycol: 150.8
synthesis. It blocks the peptidyl transferase activity of the mg/mol. Very sol in methanol,
bacterial ribosome, thereby preventing the elongation of protein ethanol, butanol, ethyl acetate,
chains. Chloramphenicol is used to manage and treat superficial acetone.
eye infections, such as bacterial conjunctivitis and otitis externa.
Additionally, it has been used to treat typhoid and cholera. Melting point:
149-153 °C
Gentamicin
C21H43N507

Garamycin 477.6
Cidomycin
Septopal Color:
ON: White
Gentavet
Gentamicins State/form:
Gentacycol
amorphous powder
MOA AND USES
Description:
Gentamicin passes through the gram-negative membrane in an
freely soluble in water, soluble in
oxygen-dependent active transport. As oxygen is required, this is pyridine, DMF, in acidic media with
why aminoglycosides are not effective in anaerobic bacteria. salt formation
Melting point:
105 °C
Lincomycin
C18H34N2O6S

Lincocin 406.5
LincoCare
ON: Color:
White to faint yellow
Lincosamide Antibiotic
State/form:
Amorphous solid
MOA AND USES
Description:
Lincomycin inhibits the synthesis of bacterial proteins by
Soluble in methanol, lower alcohols,
binding to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of the ribosome. In acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform.
vitro, lincomycin is predominantly bacteriostatic. In addition, Slightly soluble in water
lincomycin is a prescription drug used to treat severe bacterial
infections or infections that are susceptible to lincomycin. Melting point:
187-190°C
6
Linezolid
C16H20FN3O4

Zyvox 337.35
Zyvoxid
ON: Color:
Linezolidum white
State/form:
MOA AND USES crystal
Linezolid is indicated in adults and children for the treatment of
infections caused by susceptible Gram-positive bacteria, Description:
including nosocomial pneumonia, community-acquired The aqueous solubility is
pneumonia, skin and skin structure infections, and vancomycin- approximately 3 mg/mL.
resistant Enterococcus faecium infections.
Melting point:
181.5-182.5 °C
Minocycline
C23H27N3O7

Minocin 457.5
Dynacin
Minocin Kit
Ximino Color:
ON: Bright yellow-orange
Cleeravue-M
Minolira State/form:
MOA AND USES Amorphous solid
Minocycline's mode of action entails binding to the bacterial 30S
ribosomal subunit and inhibiting protein synthesis. Minocycline Description:
is used to treat bacterial infections, such as pneumonia and Soluble in water (50mg/ml, warm) or
other respiratory tract infections; certain infections of the skin, DMSO (7mg/ml)
ocular, lymphatic, intestinal, genital, and urinary systems; and
other infections transmitted by fleas, parasites, mites, and Melting point:
infected animals 213-218°C
Mupirocin
C26H44O9

Bactroban 500.6
ON:
Centany Color:
colorless
Centany AT
State/form:
ointment
MOA AND USES
Description:
Antimicrobial mupirocin seems to work by reversibly blocking
It is soluble 1 g in 25 mL of water at
isoleucyl-transfer RNA, which prevents bacteria from producing room temperature and is miscible
both proteins and RNA. Antibiotic mupirocin is used to treat with ethanol.
impetigo and other bacterial skin diseases.
Melting point:
77 - 78 °C
7
Neomycin
C23H46N8O13

Casporyn HC 614.6
Cortisporin
Dioptrol Color:
Diosporin off-white
ON:
State/form:
Fradiomycin liquid
Kaomycine
MOA AND USES Description:
Soluble in water (50 mg/ml), ethanol
Neomycin is a medication used to treat and manage hepatic (0.10 mg/ml), methanol (0.23 mg/ml),
coma and perioperative prophylaxis. Neomycin belongs to a isopropanol (0.08 mg/ml), isoamyl
alcohol (0.25 mg/ml), and benzene
group of antibiotics known as aminoglycosides, which works by (0.05 mg/ml). Insoluble in acetone,
inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis leading to its bactericidal chloroform, and ether.
effect on gram-negative bacteria
Melting point:
6 °C
Polymyxin B Sulfate
C56H98N16O13

Poly-Rx 1203.5
Polytrim
Postotic Color:
Colorless to light yellowish
Syntemax
ON: State/form:
Aerosporin liquid
MOA AND USES
Description:
Polymyxin B binds to phospholipids in the cell membrane of
Polymyxin B sulfate is soluble in
gram-negative bacteria. This binding destroys bacterial
membranes through a surface detergent-like mechanism and water at 50 mg/mL, producing a very
increases the permeability of the cell membrane, leading to the slightly hazy, colorless to yellow
loss of essential metabolites for bacterial survival. Infections of solution.
the urinary tract, meninges, and bloodstream caused by
susceptible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are treatable Melting point:
with Polymyxin B. 233-243°C
8
ANTI
INFECTIVES
They are drugs that are capable of acting against infection, either by
inhibiting the spread of an infectious agent or by killing the infectious
agent outright.
9
Benzalkonium chloride
C27H42ClNO2

BZK Pads 318.6
Band-aid Hurt-free
Diphen
Neosporin Neo To Go Color:
Neosporin Wound Cleanser, colorless to a pale yellow
Revitaderm Wound Care
ON: State/form:
MOA AND USES Liquid
Benzalkonium chloride is a quaternary ammonium antiseptic and
disinfectant. The bactericidal action of benzalkonium chloride is Description:
due to the disruption of intermolecular interactions. Such Benzalkonium chloride is readily
disruption can cause the dissociation of cellular membrane lipid soluble in ethanol and acetone.
bilayers of bacteria, resulting in compromised cellular
permeability control and the leakage of important cellular Melting point:
contents. -5°C
Ethyl alcohol
C2H5OH

Cleene 46.07
ON: Color:
Grain alcohol Colorless
State/form:
Liquid

Ethanol appears as a clear colorless
Ethyl alcohol kills organisms by denaturing their proteins and liquid with a characteristic vinous
dissolving their lipids and is effective against most bacteria, fungi odor and pungent taste. Flash point
55 °F. Density 6.5 lb / gal. Vapors are
and many viruses, but is ineffective against bacterial spores heavier than air.
Boiling point:
78.5 °C
Flucytosine
C4H4FN3O

BN: Chemical Name:
Ancobon 6-amino-5-fluoro-1H-pyrimidin-2-one
ON: Molecular weight:
5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) 129.09
Color:
White

Crystalline solid
Flucytosine acts as an antifungal by disrupting pyrimidine
metabolism in the fungal cell nucleus. It acts directly on fungal Description:
Slightly soluble in alcohol; practically
organisms by competitive inhibition of purine and pyrimidine insoluble in chloroform, ether
uptake and indirectly by intracellular metabolism to 5-
fluorouracil.
Melting point:
295-297 °C
10
Glutaraldehyde disinfectant solution
C5H8O2

Cidex 100.12
Sonacide
Sporicidin
Hospex Color:
Omnicide
Metricide Colorless
Wavicide.
ON:
Pentanedial State/form:
Glutaral Liquid
MOA AND USES Glutaric dialdehyde
Glutaraldehyde disinfectant acts as a disinfectant for surgical Description:

instruments that cannot be heat sterilized. The mechanism of Glutaraldehyde is a colorless, oily
action of glutaraldehyde involves a strong association with the liquid with a sharp, pungent odor.
outer layers of bacterial cells, specifically with unprotonated
amines on the cell surface, possibly representing the reactive Boiling point:
sites. 106-108 °C at 50 mm Hg
Hexachlorophene
C13H6CI6O2

406.9
pHisoHex
Septisol Foam Color:
White
ON:
Hexachlorofen State/form:
Hexachlorophen Solid powder
Description:
MOA AND USES Hexachlorophene appears as a white
free-flowing odorless powder.
Hexachlorophene is a topical antibacterial cleanser. It is used to Insoluble in water and denser than
clean the skin before surgery to prevent the spread of infection. water. Contact may irritate skin, eyes
and mucous membranes. May be
The mechanism of action of hexachlorophene is to inhibit the toxic by ingestion. Used to make
membrane-bound part of the electron transport chain, other chemicals.
respiratory D-lactate dehydrogenase, inducing leakage, and Melting point:
inhibits respiration 164-165 °C
Hexylresorcinol
C12H18O2

Sucrets 194.27
Strepsils
ON: Color:
White
[None]
State/form:
Powder
MOA AND USES
Description:
Hexylresorcinol exhibits antiseptic action and can be found in
Pale yellow, heavy liquid becoming
topical applications, oral solutions or lozenges. Its mechanism of solid on standing at room temp;
actions includes reducing or inhibiting the generation of needles from benzene or petroleum
bacterial biofilm, interfering with bacterial cell chain formation, ether
reducing bacterial adherence of the pharynx, inhibition of
glycolytic enzyme and pH drops, and alteration of cell surface Melting point:
hydrophobicity 68 - 70 °C
11
Isoniazid
C6H7N3O

Nydrazid 137.14
Rifater
Rifamate Color:
Isonarif Colorless or white
Isotamine
ON: State/form:
Isonicotinic acid hydrazide Crystalline powder
Isonicotinic hydrazide
Isonicotinohydrazide Description:
Isonicotinylhydrazine Isoniazid appears as odorless
MOA AND USES here colorless or white crystals or white
crystalline powder. Taste is slightly
Isoniazid is under a class of antituberculosis agents. Its action is sweet at first and then bitter. pH (1%
to inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis following activation by the aqueous solution) 5.5-6.5. pH (5%
bacterial catalase–peroxidase enzyme KatG in Mycobacterium aqueous solution) 6-8. (NTP, 1992)
tuberculosis.
Melting point:
170-173 °C
Isopropyl alcohol
(CH3)2CHOH

Green Cross 60.10
Biogenic Color:
Cleene Colorless
State/form:
ON: Liquid
Rubbing alcohol
Volatile, colorless liquid with a sharp
Isopropyl alcohol is used as a rubbing-alcohol antiseptic. It kills musty odor like rubbing alcohol.
cells by denaturing cell proteins and DNA, interfering with Flash point of 53 °F. Vapors are
heavier than air and mildly irritating
cellular metabolism, and dissolving cell lipo-protein membranes. to the eyes, nose, and throat. Density
approximately 6.5 lb / gal.
Boiling point:
82.3 °C
Metronidazole
C6H9N3O3

Acea 171.15
Anabact
Flagyl Color:
Metrogel White to pale yellow
Metrosa
Rosiced State/form:
Crystalline powder
Rovex
Zidoval Description:
ON: Metronidazole is a white to pale-
[None] yellow crystalline powder with a
MOA AND USES slight odor. Bitter and saline taste. pH
about 6.5. Its solubility is g/100 ml at
Metronidazole is used to treat skin infections, rosacea and mouth 20 °C: 1.0 in water, 0.5 in ethanol,
infections. It binds nonspecifically to bacterial DNA, inactivating less than 0.05 in ether, chloroform;
sol in dilute acids; sparingly sol in
the organism's DNA and enzymes and leading to a high level of dimethylformamide.
DNA breakage
Melting point:
158-160 °C
12
Norfloxacin
C16H19CIFN3O3

Noroxin 319.33
ON:
NFLX Color:
White to light-yellow
State/form:
Norfloxacin is a fluoroquinolone derivative with a broad Description:

spectrum of bactericidal activity. It exerts its antibacterial In water, 0.28 mg/mL at 25 °C.
activity by inhibiting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) gyrase, a Solubility in water is pH dependent,
bacterial enzyme necessary for DNA replication, transcription, increasing sharply at pH<5 or pH >10
repair, recombination and transposition
Melting point:
227-228 °C
Povidone-iodine
C6H9I2NO

Betadine 364.95
ON:
Color:
Iodopovidone Yellowish brown
Polyvidone iodine
State/form:
Powder
MOA AND USES
Description:
Povidone-iodine is a topical antiseptic agent used for the Yellowish-brown amorphous
treatment and prevention of infection in wounds. hygroscopic powder, soluble in
alcohol; practically insoluble in
The antimicrobial action of povidone-iodine occurs as a molecule chloroform, carbon tetrachloride,
of iodine rapidly penetrates into microorganisms and oxidizes ether, solvent hexane, acetone.
key proteins, nucleotides, and fatty acids, eventually leading to
cell death Melting point:
300° C
Pyrantel pamoate
C34H30N2O6S

Pronto Plus 594.7
Pyral
ON: Color:
Light yellow
Pyrantel embonate
State/form:
Crystalline powder
MOA AND USES
Description:
Pyrantel pamoate is an anti worm medication, and is used to
Pyrantel pamoate is an odorless light
treat roundworm, hookworm, pinworm, and other worm yellow to tan crystalline powder.
infections. It acts as a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking Tasteless. Used medicinally against
agent, causing paralysis of the helminth. It causes helminths to nematodes in animals.
"lose its grip" on the intestinal wall and exit naturally.
Melting point:
266-267° C
13
Amphotericin B
C47H73NO17

Abelcet 924.1
Ambisome Color:
Amphotec Deep yellow to orange
Fungizone State/form:
ON: Powder
AMPH-b Description:
Liposomal amphotericin B Amphotericin B is insoluble in water
at pH 6 to 7, but soluble in water at
MOA AND USES pH 2 or 11. It is soluble in DMSO (30–
40 mg/ml) and in dimethylformamide
Amphotericin B is used to treat serious and potentially life- (2–4 mg/ml). Aqueous solutions
cannot be sterile filtered due to poor
threatening fungal infections. It binds to ergosterol in the fungal solubility.
cell membrane, which leads to the formation of pores, ion
Melting point:
leakage and ultimately fungal cell death 170 °C
Carbamide peroxide topical solution

CH4N2O.H2O2

Auro Ear 94.07
Gly-oxide Color:
Murine Ear White
ON:
Hydrogen peroxide carbamide State/form:
Solid or semi-solid
Urea dioxide
Urea hydrogen peroxide Description:
Urea peroxide It is a water-soluble, white crystalline
MOA AND USES solid compound consisting of
hydrogen peroxide and urea. As it is a
Carbamide peroxide is a medication used to loosen ear wax, source of hydrogen peroxide, it can
whiten teeth, and clean oral wounds. It is used as an antiseptic, be found in disinfecting and dental
bleaching products.
especially in sites with relative anaerobiosis. It acts by releasing
hydrogen peroxide which is a strong oxidizing agent. Melting point:
75-85°C
Ciprofloxacin
C17H18FN3O3

BN:
Molecular weight:
Cetraxal
Ciloxan 331.34
Cipro
Cipro HC Color:
Ciprodex Light yellow
Otiprio
Otixal State/form:
Otovel Crystalline powder
Proquin
ON: Description:
MOA AND USES [None] Ciprofloxacin is freely soluble in
Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat UTI, acetic acid, and slightly soluble in
chest infections, and skin and bone infections. It is a bactericidal water, methanol, ethanol, or acetone.
antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. It inhibits DNA
Melting point:
replication by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerase and DNA- 313°C to 322°C
gyrase.
14
Clotrimazole
C22H17ClN2

BN:
Molecular weight:
Alevazol
344.8
Dermacinrx Therazole Pak
Lotrimin
Color:
Lotrimin AF
White to pale yellow
Lotrisone
Mycelex
State/form:
ON:
Crystalline powder
[None]
MOA AND USES
Description:
Freely soluble in alcohol; soluble in
Clotrimazole is a medicine used to treat fungal skin infections. It
polyethylene glycol 400
exerts its action primarily by damaging the permeability barrier
in the fungal cytoplasmic membrane.
Melting point:
147 to 149 °C
Dapsone
C12H12N2O2S

Aczone 248.30
ON:
DADPS Color:
White
State/form:
Dapsone is used to treat leprosy (Hansen's disease) and to help
control dermatitis herpetiformis, a skin problem. It inhibits the Description:
synthesis of dihydrofolic acid through by competing with para- Soluble in alcohol, methanol,
aminobenzoic acid for the active site of dihydropteroate acetone, dilute hydrochloric acid.
synthetase Practically insoluble in water.
Melting point:
175-176 °C
Gentian violet
C25N3H30Cl

408.0
[None]
ON: Color:
Crystal violet Dark green
Methyl violet 10B State/form:
Hexamethyl pararosaniline Crystalline powder
chloride
Description:
MOA AND USES It is soluble in water, alcohol and
Gentian Violet is an antiseptic violet dye used to prevent various chloroform but is insoluble in ether
and xylene. Gentian Violet has a
infections, including fungal and bacterial infections. Gentian (purple) blue-violet tint in an aqueous
violet (GV) dissociates into positive (GV+) and negative ions (Cl-). or alcohol solution, with the colour
(GV+) ions interact with negatively charged components of primarily depending on the acidity of
bacterial cells including the lipopolysaccharide (on the cell wall), the solution.
the peptidoglycan and DNA. Similar action can be seen in fungal Melting point:
cells. 215 °C
15
Hydrous benzoyl peroxide
C14H10O4

Acnecide 242.23
Benzac
Benzaclin Color:
White
Benzamycin
Benzefoam
Benzepro State/form:
ON: Powder or granules
Benzoyl benzecarboperoxoate
Description:
MOA AND USES Bepio Colorless to white crystals or a
granular powder with a faint,
Hydrous benzoyl peroxide is an antibacterial and anti- benzaldehyde-like odor. Sparingly
inflammatory agent used for the treatment of mild to moderate soluble in alcohol; soluble in benzene,
chloroform, ether; 1 g dissolves in 40
acne vulgaris and rosacea. The peroxide bond of benzoyl mL carbon disulfide, in about 50 mL
peroxide is cleaved to form 2 benzoyloxy radicals. These radicals olive oil
interact nonspecifically with bacterial proteins, interfering with Melting point:
their function, and survival of the bacteria. 106 - 108 °C
Ketoconazole
C26H28Cl2N4O4

Extina 531.4
Ketodan
Ketoderm Color:
Colorless
Nizoral
Xolegel State/form:
ON: Crystalline powder
Ketozole
Ketoconazole is a broad spectrum antifungal used to treat Practically insoluble in water; freely
soluble in dichloromethane R; soluble
seborrheic dermatitis and fungal skin infections. It blocks the
in methanol R; sparingly soluble in
synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of the fungal cell ethanol (~750 g/l) TS.
membrane, through the inhibition of cytochrome P-450
dependent enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase. Melting point:
148-152 °C
Lindane
C6H6Cl6

Kwell 290.8
Scabesol
ON: Color:
Benzene hexachloride White
gamma-BHC
Gammallin State/form:
MOA AND USES gamma-Lindane Crystalline power
Lindane is used to treat lice andGammaxene
scabies, but it may cause serious
side effects. Lindane stimulatesLinda
the nervous system of parasites Description:
by direct absorption through their exoskeletons causing seizures The γ isomer (lindane) is practically
and death. In humans, lindane affects the nervous system, liver, insoluble in water but very soluble in
and kidneys and may be a carcinogen chloroform, ethanol, acetone, ether,
and benzene. The δ isomer is
practically insoluble in water but
soluble in ethanol, ether, and
16
benzene.
Mebendazole
C16H13N3O3

Emverm 296.29
Vermox
ON: Color:
MBDZ off-white
State/form:
MOA AND USES Amorphous powder
Mebendazole is used to treat infections caused by worms. It Description:

works by keeping the worm from absorbing sugar (glucose), so Mebendazole is a white to slightly
that the worm loses energy and dies. It acts by inhibiting the yellow powder. Pleasant taste.
production of microtubules via binding to colchicine binding-site Practically water-insoluble.
of β-tubulin and thereby blocking polymerization of tubulin
dimers in the intestinal cells of parasites Melting point:
288.5 °C
Methylparaben
C8H8O3

Metoxyde 152.15
Moldex
Nipagin
Color:
Paridol
ON: Colorless to white
Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate State/form:
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid methyl Crystalline powder
ester
MOA AND USES p-Methoxycarbonyl Phenyl Description:
The antimicrobial and antifungal properties of methylparaben Slightyl soluble in water; very soluble
in ethanol, ether, acetone; soluble in
make it an excellent choice as a preservative. It acts by
trfluoroacetic acid
interfering with cellular membrane transfer processes as well as
by inhibition of the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and enzymes in
Melting point:
bacterial cells 125.2 °C
Methylene blue
C16H18ClN3S

Hyophen 319.9
Phosphasal
Provayblue Color:
Urelle Dark green with bronze-like luster
Uribel
ON: State/form:
Basic Blue 9 Crystalline powder
MOA AND USES Methylthioninium chloride
Description:
Methylene blue is used as a disinfectant and biological stain. It is Dark green crystals or powder with a
a positively charged dye that is attracted to acidic cell bronze-like luster; Solutions in water
or alcohol are deep blue. Soluble in
components such as the nucleus, and a photosensitive ethanol, chloroform; slightly soluble
compound that releases singlet oxygen (1O2). Singlet oxygen is in pyridine; insoluble in ethyl ether.
reactive toward virus membranes and genetic material, the
resultant oxidation reaction alters the membrane's structure and Melting point:
100-110 °C
damages its integrity, exposing cellular contents. 17
Nifurtimox
C10H13N3O5S

BN:
Molecular weight:
Lampit
287.29
ON:
[None]
Color:
Yellow to orange
State/form:
MOA AND USES Crystalline solid
Nifurtimox is in a class of medications called antiprotozoals. It
works by killing the organism that can cause Chagas disease. Description:
Nitroreductase activity results in the formation of nitro anion Nifurtimox is poorly soluble in water.
radicals causing the formation of oxygen radicals that result in
decreased protein and nucleic acid synthesis, breakage of DNA, Melting point:
and inhibition parasite growth. 180 to 182 °C
Nitrofurantoin
C8H6N4O5

Furadantin 238.16
Macrobid
Color:
Macrodantin Yellow
ON:
5-Nitrofurantoin State/form:
Nitrofurantoin macrocrystal Crystals or fine powder
MOA AND USES
Description:
Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic used to treat and prevent lower Very slightly soluble in alcohol and
urinary tract infections (UTIs), such as cystitis. Its bactericidal practically insoluble in ether and
water. Nitrofurantoin appears as
effect is activated inside bacteria by reduction via the odorless lemon yellow crystals or fine
flavoprotein nitrofurantoin reductase to unstable metabolites, yellow powder. Bitter taste.
which disrupt ribosomal RNA, DNA and other intracellular
components. Melting point:
263 °C
Nitromersol
C7H5HgNO3

[None] 351.71
ON: Color:
Metaphen Brown-yellow
State/form:
Solid granules or powder

Brownish-yellow or yellow granules
Nitromersol is a disinfectant used as an antiseptic for the skin or powder; odorless; tasteless.
and mucous membranes and as a disinfectant for sterilizing Insoluble in water; almost insoluble in
alcohol, acetone, ether; soluble in
surgical instruments. It disinfects by the action of the mercury in solutions of alkalis, ammonia, by
the molecule, which disrupts the enzymatic metabolism of the opening the anhydride ring and salt
microorganism. formation.
Melting point:
N/A 18
Nystatin
C47H75NO17

Flagystatin 926.1
Mycostatin Color:
Nyaderm Light yellow
Nyamyc
State/form:
Nystop Powder
Viaderm Kc
ON: Description:
Nystatin is soluble at 28 °C in the
[None] following: methanol (11.2 mg/ml),
MOA AND USES ethanol (1.2 mg/ml), carbon
tetrachloride (1.23 mg/ml),
Nystatin is used to treat fungal infections of the inside of the chloroform (0.48 mg/ml), benzene
mouth and lining of the stomach and intestines. It acts by (0.28 mg/ml), and ethylene glycol
binding to sterols in the plasma membranes of fungi causing the (8.75mg/ml).
cells to leak, eventually leading to fungal cell death. Melting point:
160 °C
Permethrin
C21H20Cl2O3

Elimite 391.3
Nix Cream Rinse
ON: Color:
Pale brown
Transpermethin
State/form:
Liquid
MOA AND USES
Description:
Permethrin is used to treat scabies. It acts on the nervous Permethrin is a pale brown liquid.
system of insects. It interferes with sodium channels to disrupt Relatively water-insoluble. Used as an
the function of neurons, and causes muscles to spasm, insecticide.
culminating in paralysis and death.
Boiling point:
220 °C at 5.00E-02 mm Hg
Rifampin
C43H58N4O12

Isonarif 822.9
Rifadin Color:
Rifamate Red to orange brown
Rifater
Rofact State/form:
Crystalline powder
ON:
Rifampicin Description:
Freely sol in methyl chloride,
MOA AND USES dimethyl sulfoxide; sol in
tetrahydrofuran; slightly sol in water
Rifampin is used to treat tuberculosis (TB). It works by blocking (pH less than 6), acetone, carbon
initiation of RNA transcription by inhibiting bacterial DNA- tetrachloride
dependent RNA polymerase.
Melting point:
183-188 °C
19
Silver sulfadiazine
C10H9AgN4O2S

Flamazine 357.14
Silvadene
Color:
Ssd White
Thermazene
ON: State/form:
Silver sulfadiazinate Powder
Silver sulphadiazine Description:
Sulfadiazine silver Sulfadiazine silver is practically
MOA AND USES
insoluble in water and ethanol (~750
Silver sulfadiazine is a sulfa-derived antibiotic medication used g/l) TS; slightly soluble in acetone R
to prevent and treat wound infection in patients with 2nd and and ether R; soluble in ammonia
(~260 g/l) TS
3rd-degree burns. It disrupts bacteria by damaging the cell
membrane and the cell wall rather than by inhibiting folic acid Melting point:
synthesis 285 °C
Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim

C24H29N7O6S

Bactrim 543.6
Septra
ON: Color:
TMP/SMX White
State/form:
Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim are antibiotics used in
combination to treat infections including urinary tract infections, Melting point:
middle ear infections (otitis media), and shigellosis (bacillary N/A
dysentery). It acts by inhibiting the synthesis of dihydrofolic
acid. Trimethoprim inhibits thymidine and DNA synthesis. These
two agents act synergistically in inhibiting folic acid synthesis.
Thimerosal
C9H9HgNaO2S

Merthiolate 404.82
ON:
Color:
Mercurothiolate Light cream color
Sodium
ethylmercurithiosalicylate State/form:
Sodium merthiolate Crystalline powder
Thiomersal Description:
MOA AND USES Mercury((o-carboxyphenyl)thio)ethyl,
Thimerosal is a preservative that prevents the growth of bacteria sodium salt is a light cream-colored
crystalline powder with a slight odor:
in vaccines. It acts by inhibiting sulfhydryl-containing active sites pH (1% aqueous solution) 6.7. Slight
of various enzymes and binds to sulfhydryl compounds, odor.
including glutathione, cysteine, and sulfhydryl groups of
proteins. Melting point:
232 °C
20
Tolnaftate
C19H17NOS

Clarus 307.4
Fungi-nail
Color:
Fungoid-D White
Sanafitil Antifungal
Silka Cream State/form:
Tinactin Crystalline powder
ON: Description:
Tolnaphthate It is practically insoluble in water,
soluble in 1 in 4000 of ethanol, 1 in 7
of acetone, 1 in 9 of carbon
MOA AND USES tetrachloride, 1 in 55 of ether and 1 in
Tolnaftate is a topical fungicide. It acts by preventing ergosterol 1.5 of chloroform.
biosynthesis by inhibiting squalene epoxidase.
Melting point:
111 °C
Undecylenic acid
C11H20O2

Cruex 184.27
Caldesene
Blis-To-Sol powder Color:
Desenex soap Colorless to yellow
Gordochom
ON: State/form:
10-undecenoic acid Liquid
Undecenoic acid
Undecylenate Boiling point:
MOA AND USES 275°C
Undecylenic acid is an antifungal effective against Candida
albicans. It exerts antimicrobial actions via interacting with
nonspecific components in the cell membrane
21
ANTI
MALARIALS
Antimalarial drugs are used for the treatment and prevention of malaria
infection. Most antimalarial drugs target the erythrocytic stage of
malaria infection, which is the phase of infection that causes
symptomatic illness.
22
Chloroquine
C18H26CIN3

Aralen 319.9
Aralen Hydrochloride Color:
Aralen Phosphate White to slightly yellow
ON:
State/form:
Chloroquine phosphate Crystalline powder

Bitter colorless crystals, dimorphic.
Chloroquine inhibits DNA and RNA biosynthesis and causes rapid Freely soluble in water, less sol in
ribosome degradation and ribosomal RNA dissimilation. neutral or alkaline pH. Stable to heat
Additionally, Chloroquine phosphate is used for the prevention in soln pH4 to 6.5. Practically in
soluble in alcohol, benzene and
and treatment of malaria. In addition, it is used to treat chloroform /Diphosphate/
amebiasis. Chloroquine phosphate belongs to the category of
antimalarials and amebicides. It functions by eliminating the Melting point:
organisms responsible for malaria and amebiasis. 87 °C
Doxycycline
C22H24N2O8

Vibramycin-D 444.4
Efracea
Periostat Color:
Doxycycline yellow
Doxin
Avidoxy State/form:
ON: Crystalline powder
Oracea
MOA AND USES
Description:
Doxycycline inhibits the synthesis of bacterial proteins by Very slightly soluble in water;
binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Doxycycline is sparingly soluble in alcohol; freely
soluble in dilute acid and alkali
bacteriostatic against numerous Gram-positive and Gram- hydroxide solution; practically
negative microorganisms. Doxycycline is used as an adjunct insoluble in chloroform and ether.
treatment for severe acne and as a malaria prophylactic for
those who plan to travel to regions with certain strains of Melting point:
201 °C
malaria.
Atovaquone and Proguanil

C22H19CIO3

Malarone 657.0
Malanil
ON: Color:
Chlorguanide Pinkish brown to brown
Chloroguanide
State/form:
MOA AND USES solid
Atovaquone is a selective mitochondrial electron transport Description:
inhibitor. Proguanil hydrochloride predominantly exerts its Atovaquone is a highly lipophilic
effect via the dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor metabolite compound with low aqueous
cycloguanil. The combination of atovaquone and proguanil is solubility.
used to treat a certain type of malaria infection (a potentially
fatal infection transmitted by mosquitoes in certain regions of
the world) and to prevent a certain type of malaria infection in Melting point:
travelers visiting malaria-endemic regions. 221°C
23
Quinine
C20H24N2O2

Qualaquin 324.4
Quinamm
Quiphile Color:
Bromo Quinine
Quinbisul white
ON:
Jesuits’ bark State/form:
Cardinal’s bark Amorphous powder or crystalline
Sacred bark solid
MOA AND USES
Quinine inhibits Plasmodium falciparum's nucleic acid synthesis, Description:
protein synthesis, and glycolysis and can bind to hemozoin in Soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon
disulfide, glycerol, alkalies, and acids
parasitized erythrocytes. Quinine is used alone or in combination (with formation of salts)
with other drugs to treat malaria (a serious or life-threatening
illness that is spread by mosquitoes in certain parts of the Melting point:
world). Also used for treating lupus and arthritis. 57 °C
Sulfadoxine and Pyrimethamine

C12H14N4O4S

Fansidar 559.0
Fanlar
ON: Color:
White
Fansidar
State/form:
powder
MOA AND USES
Description:
Sulfadoxine inhibits dihydropteroate synthase activity, while
Pyrimethamine-Sulfadoxine is a
pyrimethamine inhibits dihydrofolate reductase activity. A combination product containing
combination of sulfadoxine, a sulfa drug, and pyrimethamine is pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine.
used to treat malaria. This medication may also be used to
prevent malaria in individuals who reside in or will be traveling to Melting point:
an area where malaria is a risk. 241 °C
24
ANTI
VIRALS
Antivirals are medications that help your body fight off certain viruses
that can cause disease. Antiviral drugs are also preventive. They can
protect you from getting viral infections or spreading a virus to others.
25
Acyclovir
C8H11N5O3

Zovirax 225.2
Zovirax Injection
Zovirax Suspension Color:
Sitavig White
ON:
ACV
State/form:
Acycloguanosine
Acyclovir triphosphate inhibits viral DNA polymerase through Description:

competitive inhibition by functioning as an analog to Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid;
deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP).
slightly soluble in water; insoluble in
Acyclovir is a medication used to manage and treat herpes
simplex virus infections (HSV). FDA-approved for the treatment alcohol
of genital herpes and HSV encephalitis. Some off-label
applications include the treatment of cold sores, varicella, and Melting point:
herpes zoster. 256.5-257 °C
Idoxuridine
C9H11IN2O5

Dendrix 354.10
Herplex Color:
Stoxil —---
ON:
State/form:
Iododeoxyuridine Crystals
IUdR
Solubility at 25 °C in mg/ml: 2.0 in
Idoxuridine functions as an antiviral agent by substituting itself 0.2N HCl; 74.0 in 0.2N NaOH; 4.4 in
for thymidine in viral DNA, thereby inhibiting viral replication. methanol; 2.6 in alcohol; 0.014 in
ether; 0.003 in chloroform; 1.6 in
This inhibits the effective functioning of thymidylate acetone; 1.8 in ethyl acetate; 5.7 in
phosphorylase and viral DNA polymerases. dioxane.
Idoxuridine inhibits the proliferation of viruses responsible for
Melting point:
certain ocular infections. 164 - 166 °C
Zidovudine
C10H13N5O4

Retrovir 267.24
Combivir
ON: Color:
White to beige
AZT
State/form:
Crystalline solid
MOA AND USES
Description:
Zidovudine is phosphorylated to zidovudine-triphosphate, which
Zidovudine is soluble in organic
competes with endogenous nucleotides for incorporation into solvents such as ethanol, DMSO, and
viral DNA and, once incorporated, terminates the chain owing to dimethyl formamide (DMF).
the absence of a 3' hydroxyl group. HIV infection can also be
treated with zidovudine in conjunction with other drugs. Melting point:
Zidovudine is administered to HIV-positive pregnant women to 113-115 °C
reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to their unborn child. 26
Delavirdine
CHEMFORMULA

Rescriptor 456.5
ON:
DLV Color:
White
State/form:
Crystalline powder
MOA AND USES
Description:
By disrupting the enzyme's catalytic site, delavirdine binds
The aqueous solubility of delavirdine
directly to viral reverse transcriptase (RT) and inhibits the RNA- free base at 23°C is 2,942 mcg/mL at
dependent and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities. pH 1.0, 295 mcg/mL at pH 2.0, and
Delavirdine does not cure or prevent HIV infection or AIDS; 0.81 mcg/mL at pH 7.4.
however, it appears to prevent HIV from reproducing and delay
the immune system's deterioration. This may delay the onset of Melting point:
problems typically associated with HIV or AIDS 226 - 228 °C
Nevirapine
C15H14N4O

Viramune 266.30
Viramune OS
Viramune XR Color:
ON: —
nNRTI
State/form:
MOA AND USES Solid
Nevirapine binds directly to reverse transcriptase (RT) and
disrupts the enzyme's catalytic site, thereby inhibiting the RNA- Description:
dependent and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities. Its solubility in neutral pH is about 0.1
Nevirapine is used in conjunction with other medications to treat mg/ml.
infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in adults
and children older than 15 days. Melting point:
196.06 °C
Ritonavir
C37H48N6O5S2

Norvir 720.9
Kaletra
Aluvia Color:
ON: White to light tan
RTV
State/form:
MOA AND USES Powder
Ritonavir binds to the active site of the protease and inhibits the
enzyme's activity. This inhibition prevents viral polyproteins Description:
from being cleaved, thereby preventing the formation of Freely soluble in methanol and
embryonic, non-infectious viral particles. In addition, Ritonavir is ethanol; soluble in isopropanol.
a protease inhibitor that is used to treat HIV/AIDS. It functions as
a stimulant for other protease inhibitors rather than being Melting point:
utilized for its own antiviral activity.
126-132°C
27
Saquinavir
C38H50N6O5

Invirase 670.8
Saquinavir mesylate
Color:
Fortovase White
ON:
SQV State/form:
Mesylate Crystalline solid
MOA AND USES
Description:
Saquinavir is a peptide-like substrate analogue that inhibits Saquinavir (mesylate) is soluble in
protease activity by binding to the enzyme's active site. Thus, organic solvents such as methanol
and DMSO. The solubility of
Saquinavir is used in combination with ritonavir (Norvir) and saquinavir (mesylate) in these
other medications to treat HIV infection. solvents is approximately 1 mg/ml.
Melting point:
349.84 °C
Stavudine
C10H12N2O4

Zerit 224.2
Zerit XR
ON: Color:
None Off-white
State/form:
Crystalline solid
MOA AND USES
Stavudine is converted to stavudine 5'-triphosphate, which Description:
competes for incorporation into viral DNA with thymidine 5'- The solubility of stavudine at 23° C is
triphosphate. Stavudine is utilized in combination with other approximately 83 mg/mL in water and
drugs to treat infections caused by the human 30 mg/mL in propylene glycol.
immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Melting point:
159 - 160 °C
28
CNS
DEPRESSANTS
Central nervous system (CNS) depressants are drugs that can slow down
brain activity. A physician may prescribe CNS depressants to treat
anxiety, muscle tension, pain, insomnia, acute stress reactions, panic
attacks, and seizure disorders. In higher doses, some CNS depressants
may be used as general anesthetics.
29
Carbamazepine
C15H12N2O

Tegritin 236.26
Tegrepin
Color:
Mezacar White to yellowish-white
ON: State/form:
CBZ Crystal
MOA AND USES
Description:
Na+ Channel Blocker It is practically insoluble in water and
Carbamazepine treats certain types of seizures (e.g., partial ether but soluble in acetone, alcohol,
carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,
seizures, tonic-clonic seizures) and bipolar disorder. It is also dimethylformamide dioxane, and
used to relieve pain caused by trigeminal neuralgia (tic propylene glycol
douloureux).
Melting point:
190 to 193°C
Diazepam
C16H13ClN2O

Valium 284.76
Valtoco
Diastat Color:
White or yellow
State/form:
MOA AND USES Solid crystals
GABA Stimulator
Diazepam is a benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety, acute Description:
alcohol withdrawal, and seizures, also used to relieve muscle Odorless, slightly bitter taste. The pH
spasms and to provide sedation before medical procedures. It is neutral.
works by enhancing the effects of a certain natural chemical in
the body (GABA). Melting point:
131.5 to 134.5 C
Enflurane
C3H2ClF5O

Ethrane 184.50
Compound 374
Color:
ON: Colorless
Alyrane
Efrane State/form:
MOA AND USES Liquid
Enflurane is a halogenated inhalational anesthetic agent used for Description:

the induction and maintenance of anesthesia and for analgesia COLORLESS LIQUID WITH
during labor and delivery. CHARACTERISTIC ODOR. Solubility in
water: poor
Boiling point:
56.5°C 30
Halothane
C2HBrClF3

Fluothane 197.4
Narcotane
Color:
Colorless
State/form:
MOA AND USES Liquid
Halothane is a general inhalation anesthetic used for the
induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. Description:
HIGHLY VOLATILE COLORLESS
LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOR
Boiling point:
50°C
Ketamine
C13H16ClNO

Ketalar 237.72
Ketamax
Etamine Color:
White
ON: State/form:
Ketazol Crystals
MOA AND USES
Description:
Ketamine can provide pain relief and short-term memory loss
Solubility in water: 20 g/100mL.
(for example, amnesia of a medical procedure). Freely soluble in methanol; soluble in
In surgery, it is used as an induction and maintenance agent for alcohol; sparingly soluble in
sedation and to provide general anesthesia. Ketamine, through chloroform /Ketamine hydrochloride
blocking at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) site, has rapid
action in controlling symptoms of depression and acute suicidal Melting point:
ideation. 92.5ºC
Phenytoin
C15H12N2O2

Dilantin 252.3
Phenytek
Color:
White
ON:
Epanutin State/form:
solid-crystalline
MOA AND USES solid-powder
Na+ Channel Blocker
Description:
Phenytoin is used to control certain type of seizures, and to treat Very slightly soluble in water, slightly
and prevent seizures that may begin during or after surgery to soluble in chloroform and ether,
the brain or nervous system. Phenytoin is in a class of soluble 1 in 70 in alcohol.
medications called anticonvulsants. It works by decreasing
abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Melting point:
295-298°C
31
Thiopental
C11H18N2O2S

Thiosol 264.32
Color:
ON: Yellow
Penthiobarbital
Thiopentone State/form:
hygroscopic powder
MOA AND USES
Description:
GABA-A Modulator At 20˚C, thiopental sodium is soluble
Thiopental is a barbiturate used to induce general anesthesia, in 1.5 parts of water. It is partially
soluble in alcohol and is practically
treat convulsions, and reduce intracranial pressure. insoluble in ether, benzene, and
petroleum ether.
Melting point:
158-160°C
Chlorpromazine
C17H19ClN2S

Ormazine 318.9
Thorazine
Color:
White, crystalline solid
State/form:
MOA AND USES Oily liquid
Dopamine 2 Receptor Antagonist Description:

Chlorpromazine is a phenothiazine that is used to treat psychotic Very soluble in ethanol, ether,
disorders such as schizophrenia or manic-depression in adults. In benzene and chloroform; soluble in
children ages 1 through 12 years, chlorpromazine is used to treat dilute hydrochloric acid
severe behavioral problems (such as combative or explosive
behavior) or hyperactivity with excessive motor activity. Melting point:
177-178°C
Clozapine
C18H19ClN4

Sizopin 326.8
Syclop
Ziproc Color:
Yellow
ON:
Clopixene State/form:
Crystals from acetone-petroleum
MOA AND USES ether
Dopamine and 5-HT2A Antagonist
Description:
Clozapine treat schizophrenia, and is the preferred treatment Clozapine is soluble in organic
when a patient’s schizophrenia does not respond to other solvents such as ethanol, DMSO, and
treatments. It is also used to treat psychosis in Parkinson’s dimethyl formamide (DMF).
disease.
Melting point:
183-184 °C
32
Glutethimide
C13H15NO2

Doriden 217.26
Elrodorm
Boxyron Color:
ON: White
Glutetimid
State/form:
Glutethimide is a hypnotic and sedative agent intended to treat Description:

insomnia. It is given to patients who cannot tolerate Freely soluble in acetone, ethyl
barbiturates. However, it does not have any advantage over acetate, and chloroform; soluble in
benzodiazepines, and therefore it is rarely used. ethanol and methanol
Melting point:
85-87 °C
Haloperidol
C21H23ClFNO2

Haldol 375.9
Haldol Decanoate
Color:
White to faintly yellowish
State/form:
MOA AND USES Amorphous or micro-crystalline
powder
Dopamine 2 Receptor Antagonist
Haloperidol is used to treat psychotic disorders; is also used to Description:
control motor tics and verbal tics in adults and children who Freely sol in chloroform, methanol,
have Tourette's disorder. Haloperidol is also used to treat severe acetone, benzene, dil acids
behavioral problems such as explosive, aggressive behavior or
hyperactivity in children who cannot be treated with Melting point:
psychotherapy or with other medications 151.5 °C
Lamotrigine
C9H7Cl2N5

Lamictal 256.09
Color:
White to pale colored powder
State/form:
Crystals from isopropanol
MOA AND USES
Description:
Na+ Channel Blocker
Lamotrigine is very slightly soluble in
Lamotrigine is an anti-epileptic medication, also called an water (0.17 mg/mL at 25°C) and
anticonvulsant. Lamotrigine is used alone or with other slightly soluble in 0.1 M HCl (4.1
medications to treat epileptic seizures in adults and children. mg/mL at 25°C)
Lamotrigine is also used to delay mood episodes in adults with
bipolar disorder (manic depression). Melting point:
177-181°C
33
Lithium Carbonate
Li2CO3

Litcab 73.9
Lithobid
Color:
ON: White, light
Dilithium Carbonate
State/form:
Monoclinic crystals, alkaline powder
MOA AND USES
Description:
Lithium carbonate is an antimanic medication, typically used as a Lithium carbonate is an inorganic salt
mood stabilizer for acute mania in people with bipolar disorder. with a molecular weight of 73.89
g/mol. It is limited soluble in water,
revealing a water solubility of 8.4 - 13
g/L at 20 °C.
Melting point:
723 °C
Lorazepam
C15H10Cl2N2O2

Ativan 321.2
Loreev XR
Color:
White or almost white
State/form:
solid-crystals
MOA AND USES
Description:
Lorazepam is used to treat anxiety disorders. It is also used for
Loprazepam is odourless or almost
short-term relief of the symptoms of anxiety or anxiety caused odourless. It is practically insoluble in
by depression. water; sparingly soluble in alcohol;
slightly soluble in chloroform.
Melting point:
166 - 168 °C
Loxapine
C18H18ClN3O

Loxitane 327.8
Adasuve
ON: Color:
Pale yellow
Oxilapine
State/form:
Crystals
MOA AND USES
Description:
5-HT2 Antagonist
The solubility of loxapine (succinate)
Loxapine is used to treat the symptoms of schizophrenia. in ethanol is approximately 5 mg/ml
Loxapine is in a group of medications called conventional and approximately 30 mg/ml in
antipsychotics. It works by decreasing abnormal excitement in DMSO and DMF.
the brain.
Melting point:
109-111 °C
34
Meprobamate
C9H18N2O4

Equanil 218.25
ON:
Color:
Miltown White
State/form:
Crystals, powder
MOA AND USES
Description:
GABA A Receptor Agonist Meprobamate has a low solubility in
Meprobamate is used to treat anxiety disorders or for short-term water, is resistant to gastric and
intestinal juices, and decreases
relief of the symptoms of anxiety in adults and children 6 years gastric motility; bezoar formation is
of age and older. Meprobamate is in a class of medications called more likely than with other sedative-
tranquilizers. It works by slowing activity in the brain to allow for hypnotics.
relaxation.
Melting point:
105 °C
Phenobarbital
C12H12N2O3

Luminal 232.23
Mudrane
ON: Color:
Phenobarbitone White
State/form:
MOA AND USES Crystals
GABA Agonist Description:

Phenobarbital to treat and prevent the symptoms of seizures, Insoluble in benzene; soluble in
sedation, hypnotics, Insomina, and Status Epilepticus. ethanol, ethyl ether; slightly soluble
in dimethyl sulfoxide
Melting point:
174 °C
Remoxipride
C16H23BrN2O3

Roxiam 371.27
Color:
N/A
State/form:
MOA AND USES N/A
Remoxipride is a discontinued atypical antipsychotic selective Description:

for dopamine D2 receptors. Remoxipride is an atypical
antipsychotic agent that is specific
for dopamine D2 receptors.
Melting point:
173° 35
Risperidone
C23H27FN4O2

Renuvie 410.5
Risdin
Residon Color:
White to slightly beige
State/form:
MOA AND USES Powder, crystals
5-HT2A and D2 Receptor Antagonist Description:

Risperidone is used to treat schizophrenia in adults and children Soluble in methylene chloride;
who are at least 13 years old. Risperidone is also used to treat sparingly soluble in alcohol;
symptoms of bipolar disorder (manic depression) in adults and practically insoluble in water
children who are at least 10 years old. Risperidone is also used to
treat symptoms of irritability in autistic children who are 5 to 16 Melting point:
years old 170 °C
Thioridazine
C21H26N2S2

Melozine 370.6
Thioril
Thoraplan Color:
colorless
State/form:
crystals
MOA AND USES
Description:
Thioridazine is used to treat the symptoms of schizophrenia in
Soluble in alcohol (1 in 6), chloroform
people who have already been treated with at least two other (1 in 0.81), ether (1 in 3); freely soluble
medications and have not been helped or who have experienced in dehydrated alcohol. Insoluble in
severe side effects. water
Melting point:
72-74 °C
36
CNS
STIMULANTS
A type of drug that increases the levels of certain chemicals in the brain
and increases alertness, attention, energy, and physical activity. CNS
stimulants also raise blood pressure and increase heart rate and
breathing rate.
37
Doxapram
C24H30N2O2

BN Molecular weight: 378.5
Dopram
ON Color: White
Docatone
State/form: Crystalline powder
Description:
MOA AND USES Insoluble in ether
Doxapram produces respiratory stimulation mediated through
the peripheral carotid chemoreceptors. The physiologic effect of Melting point: 217-219°C
doxapram is by means of Increased Medullary Respiratory Drive.
Amphetamine
C9H13N

Adderall
Adzenys Color: Colorless
Dyanavel
ON
Goey State/form:Volatile liquid
Louee
Speed Description:
MOA AND USES Sparingly soluble in water
Amphetamine is a central nervous (CNS) system stimulant that
functions by increasing the amounts of dopamine, Melting point: -98 ºC
norepinephrine, and serotonin (to a lesser extent) in the synaptic
cleft. It is used for the treatment of conditions such as
narcolepsy (a sleep disorder) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD)
Methamphetamine
C10H15N

Desoxyn
ON Color: White
Metamfetamine
d-Deoxyephedrine State/form: crystalline powder
d-Methamphetamine
Description: Soluble in water
MOA AND USES
Methamphetamine enters the brain and triggers a cascading Melting point: 170-2 °C
release of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin.
Metamfetamine is a sympathomimetic agent used in the
treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and
exogenous obesity.
38
Phentermine
C10H15N

Adipex-P
Lomaira Color: White
Qsymia
ON
Phentermine State/form:crystalline powder
Duromine
Ionamin Description: soluble in water and
MOA AND USES lower alcohols
Phentermine is an indirect-acting sympathomimetic agent that
acts by releasing noradrenaline from the presynaptic vesicles in Melting point: 205 °C
the lateral hypothalamus. Phentermine is used for a limited
period of time to speed weight loss in overweight people who are
exercising and eating a low-calorie diet.
Tranylcypromine
C9H11N

Parnate
ON Color: colorless
tranylcypromine
State/form: Liquid
Description: soluble in water

MOA AND USES
Tranylcypromine irreversibly and non selectively inhibits Melting point: 79-80 °C
monoamine oxidase (MAO).
It is used for major depressive disorder without melancholia. It is
used for major depressive disorder without melancholia.
Imipramine
C19H24N2

Tofranil
ON Color: white to off-white
Imizin
State/form: Solid
Description: Freely soluble in water

MOA AND USES
Imipramine works by inhibiting the neuronal reuptake of the Melting point: 174.5 °C
neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin. Imipramine is a
medication used in the treatment of depression and anxiety. It is
a tertiary amine tricyclic antidepressant
39
Desipramine
C18H22N2

Norpramin
ON Color: White
Norimipramine
Desmethylimipramine State/form: Crystalline powder
Monodemethylimipramine
Description:
MOA AND USES soluble in chloroform, soluble in
Desipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) that selectively water
blocks reuptake of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) from the
neuronal synapse. Desipramine is used for depression. Melting point: 214-218 °C
Amitriptyline
C20H23N

Elavil
ON Color: White
Damitriptyline
Seroten State/form: Crystals
Description: freely soluble in water

MOA AND USES
Amitriptyline increases noradrenergic or serotonergic Melting point: 196 - 197 °C
neurotransmission by blocking the norepinephrine or serotonin
transporter (NET or SERT) at presynaptic terminals. It is used to
treat nerve pain (neuralgia) and back pain to help prevent
migraine attacks.
Nortriptyline
C19H21N1

Aventyl
Pamelor Color: White to off-white
ON
Aventyl State/form: powder
Desitriptilina
Noramitriptyline Description:
MOA AND USES Soluble in ethanol, water, chlorofrom
Nortriptyline inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and
norepinephrine by the presynaptic neuronal membrane. Melting point: 213 - 215 °C
Nortriptyline is a medicine used for treating nerve pain.
40
Doxepin
C19H21NO

Silenor
Prudoxin Color: White
Zonalon
ON State/form:
Doxepin HCl Crystalline substance
MOA AND USES Description: Soluble in water, alcohol,

Doxepin is in the tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) drug class; these and chloroform
agents work by increasing the concentration of the
neurotransmitter's serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) in Melting point: 184 to 186 °C
the brain. Doxepin is a medication used in the treatment of major
depressive disorder, anxiety, insomnia
Fluoxetine
C17H18F3NO

Act Fluoxetine
Prozac Color: colorless
Sarafem
Symbyax
State/form: Solid
ON
Pulvules
Portal Description: insoluble in water
MOA AND USES
Fluoxetine blocks the reuptake of serotonin into presynaptic Melting point: 193 - 197 °C
serotonin neurons by blocking the reuptake transporter protein.
Fluoxetine is a type of antidepressant known as a selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). It's often used to treat
depression
Buspirone
C21H31N5O2

Buspar
ON Color: colorless
Buspirona
Buspironum State/form: Solid
Buspironum
Description: insoluble in water
MOA AND USES
It works by suppressing serotonergic activity while enhancing Melting point: 201.5 - 202.5 °C
dopaminergic and noradrenergic cell firing. Buspirone is
primarily used to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
41
Mirtazapine
C17H19N3

Remeron
ON Color: colorless
6-Azamianserin
Mepirzapine State/form: Solid
Description: slightly soluble in water

MOA AND USES
Mirtazapine inhibits the central presynaptic alpha-2-adrenergic Melting point: 114-116 °C
receptors, which causes an increased release of serotonin and
norepinephrine. Mirtazapine is an antidepressant medicine. It's
used to treat depression and sometimes obsessive compulsive
disorder (OCD) and anxiety.
Bupropion
C13H18ClNO

Wellbutrin
ON Color: White
Bupropion HCl
State/form: crystalline solid
Description: highly soluble in water

MOA AND USES Melting point: 233-234 °C
Bupropion acts via dual inhibition of norepinephrine and
dopamine reuptake, which constitutes a novel mechanism of
antidepressant action.
Phenelzine
C8H12N2

Nardil
ON Color: White
Phenethylhydrazine
State/form: powder

MOA AND USES
Phenelzine acts as an inhibitor and substrate of monoamine Melting point: 157-161ºC
oxidase which subsequently causes an elevation in brain levels
of catecholamines and serotonin. Phenelzine is a potent, non-
selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) used in treating
depression and as an anxiolytic in adults.
42
ADRENERGIC
AGENTS
These drugs stop catecholamines from being released or stop them from
doing their job. These agents have different ways of doing what they do,
such as binding directly to or adrenoceptors or stopping sympathetic
activity in the periphery or the center of the body.
43
Metyrosine
C10H13NO3

Demser 195.21
ON:
Metirosine Color:
White to off-white
State/form:
MOA AND USES Powder
Metyrosine inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase, which catalyzes the
first transformation in catecholamine biosynthesis, i.e., the Description:
conversion of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). It is Very slightly soluble
used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) caused by a
disease called pheochromocytoma. Melting point:
315.5°C
Dipivefrin
C19H29NO5

Propine 351.4
Adrenalin
Adrenalin Topical Color:
Epifrin
White to off-white
ON:
Dipivefrinum
Dipivalyl epinephrine State/form:
MOA AND USES
Dipivefrin is an Adrenergic Receptor Agonist. The mechanism of Description:
action of dipivefrin is as an Adrenergic Agonist. Dipivefrin is a Freely soluble as HCl salt
prodrug with little or no pharmacologically activity until it is
hydrolyzed into epinephrine inside the human eye. Dipivefrin is a Melting point:
prodrug of epinephrine used in ophthalmic solutions to reduce 146 - 147°C
intraocular pressure in chronic open-angle glaucoma
Phenylephrine
C9H13NO2

Biorphen 167.20
NeoSynephrine Nasal
Neo-Synephrine Cold & Sinus
Mild Strength Spray Color:
ON:
Cyclomydril White or practically white
Dayquil Sinex
Deconex
State/form:
MOA AND USES Odorless crystals
Phenylephrine is an alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that mediates
vasoconstriction and mydriasis depending on the route and Description:
location of administration. Phenylephrine is used to relieve nasal Freely soluble in water
discomfort caused by colds, allergies, and hay fever. It is also
used to relieve sinus congestion and pressure. Phenylephrine will Melting point:
relieve symptoms but will not treat the cause of the symptoms 140-145 °C
or speed recovery. 44
Phenylpropanolamine
C9H13NO

Proin 151.21
Propalin
Cystolamine
Uricon Color:
Uriflex-PT White
ON:
β-hydroxyamphetamine
State/form:
The mechanism of action of phenylpropanolamine has not been
conclusively determined. The drug may directly stimulate Description:
adrenergic receptors but probably indirectly stimulates both A- Freely soluble in water and alcohol
and B-adrenergic receptors by releasing norepinephrine from its
storage sites.It is used to treat nasal congestion. Melting point:
Phenylpropanolamine is found in appetite suppressant 101-101.5 °C
formulations and with guaifenesinin in cough-cold formulations
Clonidine
C9H9Cl2N3

Catapres 230.09
Catapres-TTS
Duraclon Color:
Kapvay Orange
ON:
Clonidine hydrochloride State/form:
Clonidine is primarily an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist which
causes central hypotensive and anti-arrhythmogenic effects. The Description:
alpha-2 adrenoceptor is coupled to the G-proteins Go and Gi. Gi Insoluble in water
inhibits adenylyl cyclase and activates opening of a potassium
channel that causes hyperpolarization. Clonidine is an
Melting point:
antihypertensive drug that lowers blood pressure and heart rate
by relaxing the arteries and increasing the blood supply to the 130 °C
heart
Propranolol
C16H21NO2

Inderal 259.34
Innopran
ON: Color:
Hemangeol White
Hemangiol
State/form:
MOA AND USES Crystalline solid
Propranolol is a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist.
Blocking of these receptors leads to vasoconstriction, inhibition Description:
of angiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor Readily soluble in water and ethanol.
(VEGF) and basic growth factor of fibroblasts (bFGF), induction of
apoptosis of endothelial cells, as well as down regulation of the Melting point:
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. It's used to treat heart 96 °C
problems, help with anxiety and prevent migraines.
45
Carvedilol
C24H26

Coreg 406.5
ON:
Color:
Toprol XL Colorless
Lopressor
State/form:
Crystals from ethyl acetate
MOA AND USES
Description:
Carvedilol inhibits exercise induce tachycardia through its Freely soluble in dimethylsulfoxide;
inhibition of beta adrenoceptors. Carvedilol's action on alpha-1 soluble in methylene chloride,
adrenergic receptors relaxes smooth muscle in vasculature, methanol; sparingly soluble in
leading to reduced peripheral vascular resistance and an overall ethanol, isopropanol; slightly soluble
in ethyl ether
reduction in blood pressure. Carvedilol is a beta blocker. It's
used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and helps Melting point:
prevent: heart disease. heart attacks. 114.5 °C
Dobutamine
C18H23NO3

Dobutrex 301.4
ON:
Dobulex Color:
Pink
State/form:
MOA AND USES Dextrose injection solution
Dobutamine directly stimulates beta-1 receptors of the heart to
increase myocardial contractility and stroke volume, resulting in Description:
increased cardiac output. Dobutamine is a medication that treats Soluble in water
heart failure by strengthening your heart muscle.
Melting point:
184-186°C
Prazosin
C19H21N5O4

Minipress 383.4
Minizide
ON: Color:
Prazin White
Prazo
State/form:
MOA AND USES Crystalline substance
Alpha-adrenergic receptors are essential for the regulation of
blood pressure in humans. Two types of alpha receptors, alpha 1 Description:
and alpha 2, both play a role in regulating blood pressure. Soluble in water
Prazosin is a medication used to manage and treat hypertension,
benign prostatic hyperplasia, PTSD-associated nightmares, and Melting point:
the Raynaud phenomenon. 279 °C
46
Naphazoline
C14H14N2

Privine 210.27
Vasocon
Visine-A Color:
ON: White to almost white
Naphcon-A
Opcon-A State/form:
Naphazoline is a vasoconstrictor that functions by stimulating
alpha adrenergic receptors in arterioles leading to decreased Description:
congestion at the site of administration. Naphazoline causes the Soluble in water
release of norepinephrine in sympathetic nerves. Naphazoline is
used to relieve redness due to minor eye irritations, such as Melting point:
those caused by colds, dust, wind, smog, pollen, swimming, or 255-260°C
wearing contact lenses.
47
CHOLINERGIC
AGENTS
Cholinergic medications are a category of pharmaceutical agents that
act upon the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the primary
neurotransmitter within the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
48
Acetylcholine
C7H16NO2

Miochol 146.21
Miochol-E
Miochol Plus
ON: Color:
Alphagan P Clear, colorless, transparent
Azopt
Betagan
State/form:
MOA AND USES Solution
Acetylcholine is a Cholinergic Receptor Agonist. The mechanism
of action of acetylcholine is as a Cholinergic Agonist. Description:
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in memory, Soluble in water
learning, attention, arousal and involuntary muscle movement.
Medical conditions associated with low acetylcholine levels Melting point:
include Alzheimer's disease and myasthenia gravis. 148 °C
Pilocarpine
C11H16N2O2

Betoptic Pilo 208.26
Isoptocarpine
Minims
Color:
Pilocarpine Nitrate
ON: Colorless to white
Diocarpine
Miocarpine State/form:
MOA AND USES Oil or crystals
Pilocarpine is a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent. It Description:

increase secretion by the exocrine glands, and produces Soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform;
contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle (when sparingly soluble in ether, benzene;
given topically to the eyes) by mainly stimulating muscarinic almost insoluble in petroleum ether
receptors. Pilocarpine ophthalmic is used to treat glaucoma (a
condition in which increased pressure in the eye can lead to Melting point:
gradual loss of vision) and ocular hypertension. 204-205 °C
Physostigmine
C15H21N3O2

Antilirium 275.35
Isopto Eserine
ON: Color:
Eserine Sulfate Opthalmic Colorless or pinkish crystals
State/form:
MOA AND USES Microcrystalline powder
Physostigmine inhibits acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme
responsible for the breakdown of used acetylcholine. By Description:
interfering with the metabolism of acetylcholine, physostigmine Slightly soluble in water; soluble in
indirectly stimulates both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
due to the consequential increase in available acetylcholine at alcohol, benzene, chloroform, oils
the synapse. Physostigmine is a medication most commonly
used to manage and treat antimuscarinic toxicity and glaucoma. Melting point:
105-106 °C
49
Atropine
C17H23NO3

Atnaa 289.4
Atropen
Busulfex
Donnatal Color:
Duodote White
ON:
Benzeneacetic acid
State/form:
MOA AND USES Crystals or powder
Atropine binds to and inhibits muscarinic acetylcholine Description:

receptors, competitively blocking the effects of acetylcholine Very soluble in ethanol; slightly
and other choline esters. It acts as a reversible non-specific soluble in chloroform; insoluble in
antagonist of muscarinic receptors, showing affinity for the M1, ethyl ether
M2, M3, M4 and M5 receptor subtypes. It is used to reduce saliva
and fluid in the respiratory tract during surgery. Melting point:
118.5 °C
Hyoscyamine
C17H23NO3

Symax 289.4
HyoMax
Anaspaz
Color:
ON: White
Cystospaz
Levsin
Levbid State/form:
Hyoscyamine competitively and non-selectively antagonises
muscarinic receptors in the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, Description:
sino-atrial node, atrioventricular node, exocrine nodes, Soluble in alcohol, dilute acids,
gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract. Hyoscyamine is used ethanol, chloroform
to control symptoms associated with disorders of the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It works by decreasing the motion of
the stomach and intestines and the secretion of stomach fluids, Melting point:
including acid. 108.5 °C
Biperiden
C12H29NO

Akineton 311.5
ON:
Biperiden hydrochloride Color:
White

The mechanism of action of centrally active anticholinergic Crystals
drugs such as Akineton is considered to relate to competitive
antagonism of acetylcholine at cholinergic receptors in the Description:
corpus striatum, which then restores the balance. Biperiden is Slightly soluble in ethanol; readily
used alone or together with other medicines (e.g., levodopa) to soluble in methanol
treat Parkinson's disease. By improving muscle control and
reducing stiffness, this medicine allows more normal movements
Melting point:
of the body as the disease symptoms are reduced.
114 °C
50
Tubocurarine
C37H41N2O6

Curare 609.7
ON: Color:
D-tubocurarine White or yellowish white to grayish
DTC white
State/form:
MOA AND USES Crystalline odorless powder
Tubocurarine exerts its neuromuscular blocking effects via Description:

inhibition of acetylcholine (ACh) activity. It exerts a sort of Solublity (25 °C): approx 50 mg/l
water; but supersaturated solustions
reversible competitive antagonistic effect at post-synaptic are formed readily. Also soluble in
nicotinic receptors, reducing the probability of activation via methanol. Insoluble in pyridine,
ACh by repeatedly associating and dissociating from these chloroform, benzene, acetone, ether.
/Chloride, d-Form/
receptors - in doing so, tubocurarine prevents depolarization of
the affected nerves Melting point:
268 °C
Atracurium
C53H72N2O12+2

Tacrium 929.1
ON:
Color:
Atracurium besylate White
State/form:
Powder
MOA AND USES
Description:
Atracurium antagonizes the neurotransmitter action of Atracurium (besylate) is soluble in
acetylcholine by binding competitively with cholinergic receptor organic solvents such as ethanol,
DMSO, and dimethyl formamide
sites on the motor end-plate. Atracurium is indicated as an (DMF), which should be purged with
addition to general anesthesia to facilitate endotracheal an inert gas.
intubation and provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery
or mechanical ventilation. Melting point:
185 - 194 °C
51
HISTAMINE &
ANTIHISTAMINE
AGENTS
Histamine is an ingredient of topical drugs for the relief of joint pain or
muscle aches and pains. Histamine acts directly on the blood vessels to
dilate arteries and capillaries; this action is mediated by both H 1- and H
2-receptors. An antihistamine is a prescription or over-the-counter
medication that blocks some of what histamine does. “Anti” means
against, so antihistamines are medicines that work against or block
histamine.
52
Diphenhydramine
C17H21NO

Acetadryl 255.35
Advil PM
Banophen Color:
ON:
Dimedrol Pink clear
Daedalon
Nytol State/form:
Oil
MOA AND USES
Diphenhydramine is a H1 receptor antihistamine used in the Description:
treatment of seasonal allergies, and various allergic reactions Soluble In water, 3.06X10+3 mg/L at
including sneezing, runny nose, itchy/watery eyes, itching of 37 °C
nose or throat, pruritus, urticaria, insect bites/stings, and allergic
rashes Melting point:
161-162°C
Meclizine
C25H27ClN2

Antivert 390.9
Bonine
Diphen Color:
Light Blue
ON:
Antivert50
Dramamine II State/form:
Meclicot Solid
MOA AND USES
Description:
Meclizine blocks the H1 histamine receptor and prevents the FREELY SOL IN CHLOROFORM,
symptoms that are caused by histamine activity on capillaries, PYRIDINE; SLIGHLY SOL IN DIL ACIDS,
ALCOHOL; PRACTICALLY INSOL IN
bronchial and gastrointestinal smooth muscles, including WATER, ETHER /MECLIZINE
vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, DIHYDROCHLORIDE/
bronchoconstriction, and spasmodic contraction of
gastrointestinal smooth muscles. Melting point:
217-224°C
Chlorpheniramine
C16H19ClN2

Aller-chlor 274.79
Allerest PE,
Color:
Codar Ar White
ON:
Teldrin State/form:
Chlorophenylpyridamine Crystalline solid or white powder
MOA AND USES
Description:
insert text here Chlorpheniramine maleate appears
as odorless white crystalline solid or
white powder with a bitter taste. pH
(2% aqueous solution) 5. pH (1%
aqueous solution) 4-5. (NTP, 1992)
Melting point:
130 - 135 °C
53
Promethazine
C17H20N2S

Phenadoz 284.4
Phenergan
Promethazine DM, Color:
ON: White to faint yellow
Atosil
Diphergan State/form:
crystalline powder
Diprazin
MOA AND USES
Description:
Promethazine is a an antagonist of histamine H1, post-synaptic Crystals from ethylene dichloride.
mesolimbic dopamine, alpha adrenergic, muscarinic, and NMDA Freely soluble in water. Soluble in
alcohol, chlorform, practically
receptors.2,8,9 The antihistamine action is used to treat allergic insoluble in acetone, ether, ethyl
reactions acetate; MP: 230-232 °C with some
decomp.
Melting point: 60 °C
Fexofenadine
C32H39NO4

BN: Molecular weight: 501.7
Allegra-D
Mucinex Non-drowsy Allergy Color:
Wal-fex
Pink
ON:
Fexofenadine State/form:
Carboxyterfenadine Solid
Terfenadine carboxylate
MOA AND USES
The H1 histamine receptor is responsible for mediating Description:
hypersensitivity and allergic reactions. Exposure to an allergen Soluble In water, 2.4X10-2 mg/L at 25
results in degranulation of mast cells and basophils, which then °C (est)
release histamine and other inflammatory mediators
Melting point:
142.5 °C
Loratadine
C22H23ClN2O2

Allerclear 382.9
Claritin-D
Diphen Color:
White
ON:
Claritin State/form:
Alavert Solid
MOA AND USES
Description:
Histamine release is a key mediator in allergic rhinitis and
It is soluble in DMSO (50 mg/ml),
urticaria.1278 As a result, loratadine exerts it's effect by targeting ethanol (77 mg/ml at 25°C), water (<1
H1 histamine receptors. mg/ml at 25°C), chloroform, and
methanol.
Melting point:
134 - 136 °C
54
Cetirizine
C21H25ClN2O3

Aller-tec D 388.9
Quzyttir
Reactine Color:
ON: White
Cetirizina
Virlix State/form:
Cetirizine, a metabolite of hydroxyzine, is an antihistamine drug.
Its main effects are achieved through selective inhibition of Description:
peripheral H1 receptors. The antihistamine activity of cetirizine insoluble in EtOH; ≥122 mg/mL in
has been shown in a variety of animal and human models H2O; ≥19.44 mg/mL in DMSO
Melting point: 110-115 °C
Cimetidine
C10H16N6S

Good Sense Heartburn Relief 252.339
Tagamet
Color:
Green
ON:
Acinil State/form:
Ulcedin Crystals
MOA AND USES
Description:
Cimetidine binds to an H2-receptor located on the basolateral
Cimetidine is a member of the class
membrane of the gastric parietal cell, blocking histamine effects. of guanidines that consists of
This competitive inhibition results in reduced gastric acid guanidine carrying a methyl
secretion and a reduction in gastric volume and acidity. substituent at position 1, a cyano
group
Omeprazole
C17H19N3O3S

Konvomep, Losec, Omeclamox, 345.4
ON: Color:
Prilosec White to off-white
State/form:
Omeprazole is a member of a class of antisecretory compounds, Description:

the substituted benzimidazoles, that stop gastric acid secretion Freely soluble in ethanol and
by selective inhibition of the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system. methanol, and slightly soluble in
acetone and isopropanol and very
slightly soluble in water.
Melting point: 156 °C 55

Sucralfate
C12H54Al9O55S8

Carafate, Sulcrate
Color: White
ON:
Antepsin State/form: Solid
Ulcogant
Description: Practically insoluble in
MOA AND USES water, in ethanol (96 per cent) and in
There is evidence that sucralfate acts locally to aid in tissue methylene chloride. It dissolves in
healing, and not systemically Label. dilute solutions of mineral acids and
Studies in both humans and animals have indicated that alkali hydroxides.
sucralfate forms a complex that binds to protein-rich exudate
found on the surface of ulcers. Melting point: >220
56
DIURETICS
Diuretics, often known as water pills, aid in the removal of salt (sodium)
and water from the body. The majority of these medications assist your
kidneys in releasing more sodium into your urine. The salt aids in the
removal of water from your blood, reducing the amount of fluid passing
through your veins and arteries.
.
57
Acetazolamide
C4H6N4O3S2

Cetamid
Color: White
ON:
Diamox State/form: Solid
Acetamox
Glaupax Description: very slightly soluble in
MOA AND USES water: slightly soluble in alcohol and
Acetazolamide is a diuretic, antiglaucoma, and anticonvulsant acetone; practically insoluble in
sulfonamide derivative. Acetazolamide is a non-competitive carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,
inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme found in cells of the and ether.
kidney's proximal tube, the eye, and glial cells. Inhibiting this
enzyme in the kidney limits hydrogen excretion, resulting in Melting point: 258 to 259 °C
increased bicarbonate and cation excretion as well as increased
urine volume, resulting in alkaline diuresis.
Furosemide
C12H11ClN2O5S

Kenzamide
Indiurex Color: White
ON: State/form: Solid

Frusemide
Lasix Description: soluble in acetone (50
Furanthril
mg/ml), yielding a clear to slightly
MOA AND USES hazy yellow solution. It is also soluble
in methanol (50 mg/ml), with heat as
Furosemide, often known as frusemide, is a sulfamoylanthranilic
needed. It is slightly soluble in
acid derivative and a powerful loop diuretic. Furosemide is a ethanol, soluble in methanol, DMSO,
medication that is commonly used to treat hypertension and and alkali hydroxides. Furosemide is
edema. This drug is strongly bound to albumin and is generally practically insoluble in water.
eliminated in the urine unchanged.
Melting point: 582.1 °C
Ethacrynic acid
C13H12Cl2O4

ethacrynate
Edecrin Color: Solid
ON:
Etacrynic acid State/form: Off-white to white
ethacrynic acid
Description: freely soluble in ethanol,
MOA AND USES chloroform and practically insoluble
Ethacrynic acid is a loop diuretic that is an unsaturated ketone in water.
derivative of aryloxyacetic acid without a sulfonamide
component. Ethacrynic acid is well attached to plasma proteins; Melting point: 122.5 °C
both the unmodified form and its metabolites are eliminated in
bile and urine.
58
Spironolactone
C24H32O4S

Corlactone
Carospir
Color: Brown
ON:
Aldactone State/form: Solid
Spirolactone
Verospiron
Description: practically insoluble in
MOA AND USES water, soluble in alcohol, and freely
Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic and an soluble in benzene and in chloroform.
aldosterone receptor antagonist that is frequently used in the
treatment of edema, particularly in patients with cirrhosis, where Melting point: 134.5°C
hyperaldosteronism appears to play a significant role.
Spironolactone has been associated to a small number of cases
of clinically obvious drug-induced liver damage.
Triamterene
C12H11N7

Mazxide
Dyrnium Color: Yellow
ON:
6-phenylpteridine-2,4,7-triamine State/form: Solid
2,4,7-Triamino-6-phenylpteridine
Description: soluble in DMSO (5.4
MOA AND USES mg/ml), and in 45% (w/v) aqueous 2-
Triamterene is a pteridine derivative having diuretic properties hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (1.2
that save potassium. The sodium-potassium exchange pump (Na- mg/ml). However, it is insoluble in
K-ATPase) on the luminal membrane of main cells of the late water.
distal tubule, cortical collecting tubule, and collecting duct in the
kidney is inhibited by triamterene. Melting point: 316 °C
Amiloride
C6H8ClN7O

Midamor
Biduret Color: Yellow
ON:
Amipramidin
Midamor State/form: Solid
Guanamprazine
Description: Soluble in DMSO
MOA AND USES (25mg/ml) or water (1mg/ml warm)
Amiloride is a pyrazine derivative with diuretic and antikaliuretic
effects. Amiloride blocks sodium channels in the kidney's distal Melting point: 240.5-241.5°C
tubules and collecting ducts, reducing sodium absorption and
boosting sodium excretion together with water to cause
naturesis. In reaction to hypernatremic circumstances in the
kidney, the plasma membrane hyperpolarizes and
electrochemical forces are reduced, preventing potassium and
hydrogen excretion into the lumen.
59
Mannitol
C6H14O6

Euro-Med Mannitol 20%
Global Pharmatrade Mannitol.
Renitol. Color: Pink, Red
Sahar Mannitol.
State/form: Solid
ON:
Mannite
Osmitrol Description: Soluble in water (216
MOA AND USES mg/ml at 25° C), alcohol (12.05
Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic and a naturally occurring alcohol mg/ml), pyridine, and glycerol (55.56
found in fruits and vegetables. Mannitol is freely filtered by the mg/ml). Insoluble in ether.
glomerulus and weakly reabsorbed from the renal tubule, leading
the glomerular filtrate's osmolarity to rise. An increase in
osmolarity reduces water tubular reabsorption and inhibits Melting point: 165°C
sodium, chloride, and other solute tubular reabsorption, causing
diuresis. Furthermore, mannitol increases blood plasma
osmolarity, resulting in increased water movement from tissues
into interstitial fluid and plasma.
60
CARDIO-
VASCULAR
AGENTS
The term "cardiovascular drugs" refers to a group of substances used to
treat various cardiac conditions, including hypertension, congestive heart
failure, angina, and arrhythmia.
61
Nitroglycerin
C3H5N3O9

Nitrostat 227.09g/mol
Nitrosan
Color: Pale yellow
ON:
glyceryl trinitrate (GTN)
State/form:Solid
MOA AND USES
Nitroglycerin is an organic nitrate that has vasodilator
Description:
properties. In smooth muscle, nitroglycerin is transformed into
viscous liquid that is slightly soluble
nitric oxide (NO), which activates guanylyl cyclase, increasing
in water and more dense than water.
cGMP concentration and causing smooth muscle relaxation.
Isosorbide dinitrate
C6H8N2O8

Dilatrate-SR
Isordil
Isordil Titradose Color: White
ISDN
State/form: Solid
ON:
MOA AND USES
Description:
An example of a nitrate vasodilator is isosorbide dinitrate. It is an
freely soluble in organic solvents
organic nitrate with vasodilator properties that takes the form of such as acetone, alcohol, and ether,
the dinitrate salt of isosorbide. Nitric oxide (NO), a free radical but is only sparingly soluble in water.
and the same as the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF),
is produced and then diffuses into the vascular smooth muscle
to relax it. Melting point: 365.9 °C
Verapamil
C27H38N2O4

Calan/Calan SR.
Sandoz Verapamil.
Veramet. Color: White
ON:
Iproveratril State/form: Solid
Vasolan
Dilacoran
MOA AND USES
Description:
A calcium channel blocker of the first generation, used to treat soluble in organic solvents such as
hypertension, angina pectoris, and superventricular ethanol, DMSO, and dimethyl
tachyarrhythmias. Verapamil has been associated with formamide (DMF)
infrequent occurrences of clinically obvious acute liver injury
and a low prevalence of blood enzyme increases during Melting point: 142 °C
medication.
62
Diltiazem
C22H26N2O4S

Angiozem
ON: Color: White to Off-white

d-cis-Diltiazem
Cardizem
Dilt-cd State/form: Solid, Liquid (IV)
MOA AND USES
A benzothiazepine derivative having hypotensive and Description:
antiarrhythmic effects. By suppressing the ion-control gating Soluble in water (50mg/ml), methanol
mechanisms, diltiazem prevents voltage-sensitive calcium or formic acid.
channels in blood vessels, preventing calcium levels from rising
due to other factors.
Melting point: 187-188°C
Nifedipine
C17H18N2O6

BN:
Molecular weight: 346.3
Procardia XL
Adalat CC
Nifedical XL Color: Mustard Yellow
Afeditab CR
Nifediac CC
State/form: Solid
ON:
Procardia Description:
Adalat freely soluble at 20°C in acetone, in
MOA AND USES
methylene chloride, in chloroform, it
is soluble in ethyl acetate, slightly
A first-generation calcium channel blocker used to treat angina soluble in methanol and ethanol and
pectoris and hypertension. Nifedipine medication has been practically insoluble in water.
connected to several cases of clinically obvious acute liver injury
and is associated with a low rate of blood enzyme increases Melting point: 171-175°C
Aspirin
C9H8O4 or CH3COOC6H4COOH

BN: Anthrom. Molecular weight: 180.16
Asaprim.
Aspec-EC.
Aspen.
Aspitor.
Bayer Aspirin 300 mg. Color: White
Bayprin EC.
Cor-30.
ON:
2-Acetoxybenzoic acid State/form: Solid
2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid
acetylsalicylic acid
MOA AND USES
With almost 100 years of clinical usage, aspirin, also known as Description:
acetylsalicylic acid, is probably the most widely used analgesic slightly soluble in water
and antipyretic drug in the world. Aspirin can harm the liver in a
number of ways. At large dosages, it may occasionally result in
jaundice or other symptoms of liver failure, while at lower levels, Melting point: 135 °C
it may cause Reye syndrome in vulnerable kids who are suffering
from a febrile illness.
63
Amiodarone
C25H29I2NO3

Pacerone
Nexterone
Color: White to cream colored
ON:
Cordarone State/form: Solid
Amiodarona
Amiodaronum
solubilities of approx 0.72 mg/ml in
Amiodarone is a benzofuran derivative high in iodine that has water and 12.8 mg/ml in alcohol at 25
antiarrhythmic and vasodilatory properties. Amiodarone, a class °C. The drug is highly lipophilic.
III antiarrhythmic drug, prolongs the ventricular action potential
and refractory time by blocking the myocardial calcium,
potassium, and sodium channels in cardiac tissue. Melting point: 156-165°C
Captopril
C9H15NO3S

Biopril
Captor
Color: White to Off-white
Hyperstop

Capoten
L-Captopril
Lopirin Description:
MOA AND USES soluble in water (approx. 160 mg/mL),
Captopril is a sulfhydryl-containing proline analog having methanol, and ethanol and sparingly
soluble in chloroform and ethyl
antihypertensive and maybe antineoplastic action. Captopril acetate.
inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) competitively,
lowering angiotensin II levels, increasing plasma renin activity,
and decreasing aldosterone secretion. Melting point: 105 and 108°C
Losartan
C22H23ClN6O

BN:
Medzart
Losacar
Doxar
Color: Green
ON:
allisartan
State/form: Solid
Lortaan
MOA AND USES
Losartan is an antihypertensive nonpeptide angiotensin II
antagonist. Losartan and its active metabolite selectively and Description:
competitively block angiotensin II binding to the angiotensin I sparingly soluble in ethyl acetate,
(AT1) receptor after treatment. This inhibits angiotensin II's butyl acetate, and cyclohexane
vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion, resulting in a drop in
blood pressure
64
Reserpine
C33H40N2O9

Brinerdin
Diupress
ON: Color: White to Pale Yellow

Serpalan
Serpasil
Apollon State/form: Solid
MOA AND USES
Reserpine is an alkaloid produced from the roots plants
Rauwolfia serpentine and vomitoria that acts as an adrenergic
uptake inhibitor and has antihypertensive properties. Reserpine Description:
is a lipid-soluble drug that can cross the blood-brain barrier. This Soluble in aqueous buffers.
drug binds to and inhibits the catecholamine pump on storage
vesicles in central and peripheral adrenergic neurons, preventing
norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin from entering Melting point: 264.5 °C
presynaptic storage vesicles.
Terazosin
C19H25N5O4

Conmy.
Hytrin.
Prostera. Color: Colorless to Faint Yellow
RiteMed Terazosin.
Terozin.
Terazosine
Hytrin
MOA AND USES Terazosina
Description: Soluble in water and
Terazosin is a nonselective alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist that methanol.
is used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hypertrophy.
Terazosin therapy is associated with a modest rate of transient
blood aminotransferase increases and a small number of cases Melting point: 271-274°C
of clinically obvious acute liver damage.
Methyldopa
C10H13NO4

Tomedyl
Domepa
Color: Peach
ON:
Alphamethyldopa
Alpha medopa State/form: Solid
Methyl dopa
MOA AND USES
Methyldopa (alpha-methyldopa or -methyldopa) is a centrally Description: Lipid-soluble

active sympatholytic drug that has been used to treat
hypertension for over 50 years. Methyldopa has been firmly
related to cases of severe and even deadly liver injury, both Melting point: 290°C
acute and chronic
65
Hydralazine
C8H8N4

Apresoline
ON: Color: Orange

1-Hydrazinylphthalazine
Hypophthalin State/form: Solid
hydralazine
MOA AND USES
Description:
Hydralazine is an antihypertensive phthalazine derivative.
It forms a red solid
Hydralazine causes vasodilation by modifying the contractile (phthalazinylhydrazone) with acetone
state of arterial vascular smooth muscle by affecting at 60° in 2N acetic acid
intracellular calcium release and interfering with smooth muscle
cell calcium influx.
Melting point: 172-173° C
Minoxidil
C9H15N5O

BN:
Mandil Forte.
Minoxidil Isac.
Regroe.
Relive. Color: Clear, Colorless to Slightly
ON: Yellow
Rogaine
Loniten
Minoximen
MOA AND USES
State/form: Liquid
Minoxidil is an orally given vasodilator that promotes hair growth
and has antihypertensive properties. Sulphotransferase enzymes
convert minoxidil to its active metabolite minoxidil sulphate.
Minoxidil sulphate reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure Description: Soluble to water
by opening plasma membrane adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-
sensitive potassium channels (KATP channels), thereby directly
and rapidly relaxing arteriolar smooth muscle and lowering
elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure by decreasing Melting point: 248 °C
peripheral vascular resistance.
Digoxin
C41H64O14

Digitek.
Digox.
Lanoxicaps. Color: Yellow
ON:
Lanoxin State/form: Solid
12 beta-Hydroxy Digitoxin
Digacin Description:
MOA AND USES freely soluble in pyridine, slightly
soluble in 1:1 ethanol:water,
Digoxin is classified as a cardiac glycoside. Digoxin inhibits the chloroform, and practically insoluble
sodium potassium ATPase (ATPase) pump, raising intracellular in water and ether
calcium and improving cardiac contractility. This drug also works
directly on the atrioventricular node, inhibiting conduction and
Melting point: 230–265 °C
reducing conduction velocity
66
Clofibrate
C12H15ClO3

Atromid-S
ON: Color: Colorless

Ethyl 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-
methylpropanoate State/form: Liquid
Ethyl clofibrate

Clofibrate is a fibric acid derivative that is used to treat soluble in organic solvents such as
ethanol, DMSO, and dimethyl
hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia. Clofibrate medication has been
formamide (DMF)
linked to modest and temporary serum aminotransferase
increases, as well as rare cases of severe liver damage.
Cholestyramine
C27H47ClN2

Prevalite
Questran
Color: Pale Yellow to Orange
ON:
Cholestyramine Resin
State/form: Liquid
MOA AND USES
Cholestyramine is a nonabsorbed bile acid sequestrant used to
treat hyperlipidemia as well as the pruritus associated with Description: Hydrophobic but
chronic liver disease and biliary blockage. Cholestyramine has insoluble in water
been linked to moderate and transitory blood enzyme increases
during medication, but not to clinically obvious liver impairment
with jaundice Melting point: >300°C
Simvastatin
C25H38O5

Zocor
Simcor Color: white
Simvastatin
FloLipid State/form: crystalline powder
ON
Synvinolin Description: soluble in water
MOA AND USES
Simvastatin is used together with a proper diet to treat high
cholesterol and triglyceride (fat) levels in the blood. This Melting point: 135 - 138 °C
medicine may help prevent medical problems (eg, heart or blood
vessel problems, heart attacks, or strokes) caused by clogged
blood vessels. Simvastatin may also be used to prevent certain
types of heart problems in patients with risk factors for heart
problems. 67
Warfarin
C19H16O4

Coumadin
Warik Color: Colorless
Jantoven
ON State/form:
Coumafene crystalline substance
MOA AND USES
Warfarin is a medication used in the prophylaxis and treatment Description:
of venous thrombosis and thromboembolic events. It is in the soluble in water
anticoagulant class of drugs. This activity reviews the
indications, action, and contraindications for warfarin as a Melting point:
valuable agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of myocardial
161°C
infarction, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and
atrial fibrillation. Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant commonly
used to treat and prevent blood clots. Warfarin has multiple
FDA-approved and off-label clinical uses.
Tolbutamide
C12H18N2O3S

BN Molecular weight:
Orinase 270.35
Tol-tab
Tolinase Color:
Diabinese
white
ON
MOA AND USES Arkozal
State/form:
Tolbutamide is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used for the crystal
treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).
It is structurally similar to acetohexamide, chlorpropamide and
Description:
tolazamide and belongs to the sulfonylurea class of insulin
secretagogues, which act by stimulating β cells of the pancreas soluble in water
to release insulin. Sulfonylureas increase both basal insulin
secretion and meal-stimulated insulin release. Tolbutamide Melting point:
appears to be metabolized in the liver. Tolbutamide and its 128.5°C
metabolites are excreted in urine (75-85%) and feces.
Glipizide
C21H27N5O4S

Minidiab
Glibenese Color: White
Glucotrol XL
ON State/form: powder
Glipizida
Glipizide Description: soluble in water
MOA AND USES
Glipizide is a second-generation sulfonylurea that is FDA- Melting point: 208- 209 °C
approved for the treatment of adults with diabetes mellitus type
2. It is administered as an adjunct to diet and exercise. It can be
combined with metformin to reach goal HbA1c in patients with
not adequate metabolic control in 3 months, despite compliance
with diet, exercise, and medication
68
Metformin
C4H11N5

Fortamet
Glumetza
Glucophage Color: White
Glucophage XR
Fortamet State/form:
Glumetza
Riomet hygroscopic crystalline powder
ON
Dimethylbiguanid Description: Freely soluble in water
MOA AND USES
Metformin is a first line agent for the treatment of type 2 Melting point: 223 - 226 °C
diabetes that can be used alone or in combination with
sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, incretin-based drugs, sodium
glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, or other hypoglycemic
agents. Metformin is an agent belonging to the biguanide class of
antidiabetics with antihyperglycemic activity. Metformin is
associated with a very low incidence of lactic acidosis.
Levothyroxine
C15H11I4NO4

TFour
Thyvex
Thydin Color: Colorless
Euthyrox
ON
Eltroxin State/form: Solid crystals
Levoid
Noroxin Description: soluble in water
MOA AND USES syntroid
Levothyroxine is a synthetic levoisomer of thyroxine (T4), similar
to the endogenous hormone produced by the thyroid gland. Melting point: 235.5 °C
Thyroxine is de-iodinated to form triiodothyronine (T3) in the
peripheral tissues. T3 enters the cell and binds to nuclear thyroid
hormone receptors, and the hormone-receptor complex in turn
triggers gene expression and produces proteins required in the
regulation of cellular respiration, thermogenesis, cellular growth
and differentiation, and metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates
and lipids. T4 and T3 also possess cardiac stimulatory effect.
Propylthiouracil
C7H10N2OS

BN
Rhea Molecular weight: 170.23
Propylthiouracil
Color: White
ON
6-n-Propylthiouracil
6-Propyl-2-thiouracil State/form: crystalline powder
MOA AND USES
Propylthiouracil is an antithyroid medication used in the therapy
of hyperthyroidism and Graves disease. Propylthiouracil has Melting point: 219-221 °C
been linked to serum aminotransferase elevations during
therapy as well as to a clinically apparent, idiosyncratic liver
injury that can be severe and even fatal. Propylthiouracil is a
thiourea derivative with antithyroid property. Propylthiouracil
(PTU) interferes with the oxidation of iodine possibly by
interaction with peroxidase or a peroxidase-mediated complex
reaction, thereby inhibiting synthesis of thyroid hormones tri-
iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). 69
Methimazole
C4H6N2S

Tapazole
Tapdin Color: White to pale
ON
Thiamazole State/form:
crystalline substance
MOA AND USES Description: soluble in water

Methimazole is an antithyroid medication which is now
considered the first line agent for medical therapy of Melting point: 143-146 °C
hyperthyroidism and Graves disease. Methimazole has been
linked to serum aminotransferase elevations during therapy as
well as to a clinically apparent, idiosyncratic liver injury that is
typically cholestatic and self-limited in course.
70
ANALGESIC
AGENTS
Agents which selectively relieve pain by acting in the CNS or peripheral
pain mechanisms without significantly altering consciousness
71
Morphine
C17H19NO3

Arymo 285.34
Avinza
Doloral
Duramorph Color:
ON: White
Morphia
Morphinum
God’s drug State/form:
MOA AND USES Mister Blue Solid crystalline alkaloid
Morphine and its metabolites act as agonists of the mu and
kappa opioid receptors. Morphine binding to opioid receptors Description:
blocks transmission of nociceptive signals, signals pain- Its water solubility is 149 mg/L (at 20
modulating neurons in the spinal cord, and inhibits primary °C)
afferent nociceptors to the dorsal horn sensory projection cell,
which is why morphine is used for the short term management of Melting point:
chronic, moderate to severe pain. 255 °C
Codeine
C18H21NO3

Ascomp 299.36
Cheratussin
Codar Ar Color:
Tylenol w/ codeine colorless to white
ON:
Methylmorphine State/form:
Codeine Phosphate crystalline solid or white powder
MOA AND USES China White
Description:
Codeine is an opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to severe Slightly soluble in water, soluble in
pain when the use of an opioid is indicated. Codeine is a selective ethyl ether, benzene, chloroform,
toluene; very soluble in ethanol;
agonist for the mu opioid receptor, but with a much weaker insoluble in petroleum ether
affinity to this receptor than morphine, a more potent opioid
drug. Melting point:
157.5 °C
Nalbuphine
C21H27NO4

Nubain 357.4
ON: Color:
Nalbufina White to colorless
Intapan
State/form:
MOA AND USES solid
It interacts with an opiate receptor site in the CNS (probably in
or associated with the limbic system). Nalbuphine is used for the Description:
relief of moderate to severe pain, for pre-operatively analgesia, Its solubility is 35.5 mg/mL at 25 °C as
supplement to balance anesthesia, surgical anesthesia, and HCl salt
obstetrical analgesia.
Melting point:
230 °C as HCl salt
72
Tramadol
C16H25NO2

Conzip 263.37
Durela
Ultram
Zytram Color:
White
ON:
Tramadolum State/form:
MOA AND USES Solid crystalline powder
Tramadol is a synthetic codeine analogue, Tramadol has central
analgesic properties with effects similar to opioids, such as Description:
morphine and codeine, acting on specific opioid receptors. Used In water, its solubility is 1151 mg/L at
as a narcotic analgesic for severe pain, it can be addictive and 25 °C
weakly inhibits norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake.
Melting point:
Propoxyphene
C22H29NO2

Darvocet-N 339.5
Darvon
Color:
ON: White
Dextropropoxyphene
State/form:
Propoxyphene, a synthetic opiate agonist, is structurally similar
to methadone. Its general pharmacologic properties are those of Description:
the opiates as a group. The analgesic effect of propoxyphene is In water, solubility is 3.32 mg/L at 25
due to the d-isomer, dextropropoxyphene. It binds to the opiate °C
receptors and leads to a decrease of the perception of pain
stimuli. Propoxyphene possesses little to no antitussive activity Melting point:
and no antipyretic action. 75.5 °C
Mefenamic acid
C15H15NO2

Mefenamic 241.28
Ponstel
Color:
White to off-white
State/form:
Solid crystalline powder
MOA AND USES
Description:
Mefenamic Acid is an anthranilic acid and non-steroidal anti- In water, at pH 7.1, solubility is
inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic 0.0041 g/100mL (at 25 °C), 0.008
and analgesic activities. Mefenamic acid inhibits the activity of g/100 ML (at 37 °C); soluble in
the enzymes cyclo-oxygenase I and II, resulting in a decreased solution of alkali hydroxides;
sparingly soluble in ether,chloroform;
formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes.
slightly soluble in ethanol
The resulting decrease in prostaglandin synthesis, by
prostaglandin synthase, is responsible for the therapeutic Melting point:
effects of mefenamic acid. 230-231 °C 73
Indomethacin
C19H16ClNO4

Indocin 357.8
Tivorbex
Color:
Pale-yellow to yellow-tan
State/form:
MOA AND USES crystalline powder
Indomethacin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) used Description:

for symptomatic management of chronic musculoskeletal pain Soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone,
conditions and to induce closure of a hemodynamically castor oil; practically insoluble in
significant patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants. water
Melting point:
160 °C
Sulindac
C20H17FO3S

Clinoril 356.4
ON: Color:
Sulindacum Yellow
Imbaral
State/form:
MOA AND USES solid
Sulindac is used for acute or long-term use in the relief of signs
and symptoms of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing Description:
spondylitis, acute painful shoulder (acute subacromial Solubility in water is 3000 mg/L at pH
bursitis/supraspinatus tendinitis), and acute gouty arthritis. 7
Melting point:
183 °C
Ibuprofen
C13H18O2

Addaprin 206.28
Advil
Cedprin Color:
Motrin Colorless
Neoprofen
Sudafed
State/form:
MOA AND USES Crystalline stable solid
Ibuprofen is a propionic acid derivative and nonsteroidal anti- Description:

inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, Water solubility is 21 mg/L (at 25 °C),
and antipyretic effects. Ibuprofen inhibits the activity of cyclo- readily soluble in alcohols an in most
oxygenase I and II, resulting in a decreased formation of organic solvents
precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. This leads to
decreased prostaglandin synthesis, by prostaglandin synthase, Melting point:
the main physiologic effect of ibuprofen. 75-77.5 ºC 74
Naproxen
C14H14O3

Aleve 230.26
Naprelan
Naprosyn
Sallus Color:
Sudafed
White to off-white
ON:
Naprolag
Naproxenum State/form:
MOA AND USES crystalline powder
Naproxen is a popular over-the-counter nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) that is widely used for therapy of Description:
mild-to-moderate pain and arthritis. Naproxen inhibits the Soluble in water, slightly soluble in
activity of the enzymes cyclo-oxygenase I and II, resulting in a ether sparingly soluble in alcohol
decreased formation of precursors of prostaglandins and
thromboxanes. The resulting decrease in prostaglandin synthesis Melting point:
is responsible for the therapeutic effects of naproxen. 152°C
Celecoxib
C17H14F3N3O2S

Celebrex 381.4
Elyxyb
Seglentis Color:
Pale yellow
State/form:
MOA AND USES Solid
Celecoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
selectively for inhibition of cycloxgenase -2 (Cox-2), which is Description:
widely used in the therapy of arthritis. It is used to treat Poorly soluble in water
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain, menstrual
symptoms, and to reduce polyps is familial adenomatous Melting point:
polyposis. 157-159 °C
Acetaminophen
C8H9NO2

Tylenol 151.16
Aceta
Color:
Panadol Colorless to white
ON: State/form:
Paracetamol Solid crystalline powder
4-Acetamidophenol
Freely soluble in alcohol; soluble in
Acetaminophen (paracetamol), also commonly known as Tylenol, methanol, ethanol,
is the most commonly taken analgesic worldwide and is dimethylformamide, ethylene
recommended as first-line therapy in pain conditions by the dichloride, acetone, ethyl acetate;
WHO. It is also used for its antipyretic effects, helping to reduce slightly soluble in ether; practically
fever. Acetaminophen may inhibit the nitric oxide (NO) pathway insoluble in petroleum ether,
pentane, benzene
mediated by a variety of neurotransmitter receptors including N-
methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and substance P, resulting in Melting point:
elevation of the pain threshold. 168 °C 75
COUGH
AGENTS
Cough medicines commonly used in the relief of a cold can be
categorized into three types, i.e. cough suppressants (antitussives),
expectorants and mucolytics. Most cough suppressants suppress the
cough reflex by a direct effect on the cough center in the central nervous
system.
76
Bromhexine
C14H20Br2N2

Bisolvon
ON Color:
Bromexina
Bromhexina State/form:

MOA AND USES
Bromhexine is a secretolytic, with mucolytic activity. Upon Melting point: 232-235 °C
administration, bromhexine increases lysosomal activity and
enhances hydrolysis of acid mucopolysaccharide polymers in
the respiratory tract. This increases the production of serous
mucus in the respiratory tract, which makes the phlegm thinner
and decreases mucus viscosity.
Ambroxol
C13H18Br2N2O

Ambroxyl (syrup and tablet)
Expel
Zobrixol Color: White
RiteMED Ambroxol
Mucosolvan State/form: Crystalline powder
Strepsils (Chesty cough)
ON
rac-cis-Ambroxol Description: soluble in water
MOA AND USES
Ambroxol is a secretolytic agent used in the treatment of Melting point: 233-234.5 °C
respiratory diseases associated with viscid or excessive mucus.
The substance is a mucoactive drug with several properties
including secretolytic and secretomotoric actions that restore
the physiological clearance mechanisms of the respiratory tract
which play an important role in the body’s natural defense
mechanisms. It stimulates synthesis and release of surfactant by
type II pneumocytes.
Acetylcysteine
C5H9NO3S

Exflem
Flemisten Color: White
Dextein
Flucysteine
ON State/form: crystalline powder
N-acetylcysteine;
N-acetyl-L-cysteine Description: soluble in water
MOA AND USES
Acetylcysteine is a synthetic N-acetyl derivative and prodrug of Melting point: 109.5 °C
the endogenous amino acid L-cysteine, a precursor of the
antioxidant glutathione (GSH), with mucolytic, antioxidant, and
potential cytoprotective, cancer-preventive, and anti-
inflammatory activities. Upon administration, acetylcysteine
exerts its mucolytic activity by reducing disulfide bonds in
mucoproteins, resulting in liquification of mucus and reducing its
viscosity. It is also used for the treatment of acetaminophen
overdose. 77
Carbocisteine
C5H9NO4S

Solmux
Solmux Forte Color: Colorless
Robikids
Loviscol,
State/form: solid
ON
S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine Description: soluble in water
MOA AND USES
Carbocisteine is a mucoactive drug with in vitro free radical Melting point: 185-187 °C
scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties. It improves airway
mucus clearance and has anti-inflammatory effects including
antioxidant properties. Carbocysteine has been clinically used to
treat COPD patients and has shown that long-term use reduced
the rate of exacerbations in COPD patients but not during short-
term use
Salbutamol
C13H21NO3

Ventolin
Efamed
Salbo Color: White
Asmacaire,
Provexel NS State/form: crystalline solid
RiteMED Salbutamol
ON
albuterol Description: soluble in water
MOA AND USES
Salbutamol is a short-acting, selective beta2-adrenergic receptor Melting point: 157-158 °C
agonist used in the treatment of asthma and COPD. It is 29 times
more selective for beta2 receptors than beta1 receptors giving it
higher specificity for pulmonary beta receptors versus beta1-
adrenergic receptors located in the heart. Salbutamol is
formulated as a racemic mixture of the R- and S-isomers.
Dextromethorphan
C18H25NO

Robitussin
Ridocof Color:White to slightly yellow
Tuseran Forte
ON State/form:crystalline powder
DXM
MOA AND USES Description: soluble in water
Dextromethorphan is a levorphanol derivative and codeine
analog commonly used as a cough suppressant and also a drug Melting point: 109-111 °C
of abuse. Although similar in structure to other opioids, it has
minimal interaction with opioid receptors. Dextromethorphan
exhibits antitussive activity and is devoid of analgesic or
addictive property. This agent crosses the blood-brain-barrier
and activates sigma opioid receptors on the cough center in the
central nervous system, thereby suppressing the cough reflex.
78
Erdosteine
C8H11NO4S2

Ectrin
Zertin Color: White to Off-White
ON
Mucotec State/form: Solid

MOA AND USES
Erdosteine is a drug that causes a breakdown of mucus, known as Melting point: 145-147°C
a mucolytic agent. It is a thiol derivative produced for the clinical
management of chronic obstructive bronchitis, in addition to
infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Erdosteine acts to
control mucus production and control its viscosity while
increasing mucociliary transport. It also combats the effects of
free radicals resulting from cigarette smoke.
Guaifenesin
C10H14O4

Altussan
Asbunyl Plus
Asfrenon-GF Color: slightly white to gray
Asmalex
Benadryl State/form: Solid
Broncaire
ON
Guaiacol glyceryl ether Description: soluble in water
Guaiphenesin
MOA AND USES Glycerol guaiacolate
Melting point: 78.5-79 °C
Guaifenesin is an expectorant commonly found in OTC products
for the symptomatic relief from congested chests and coughs
associated with cold, bronchitis, and/or other breathing
illnesses.
79
LOCAL
ANESTHETIC
AGENTS
Local anesthesia, also called local anesthetic, is usually a one-time
injection of medicine that numbs a small area of the body. It is used for
procedures such as performing a skin biopsy or breast biopsy, repairing a
broken bone, or stitching a deep cut.
80
Cocaine
C17H21NO4

ON Meolcular weight: 303.4,
Cocaine
Goprelto Color: White
Numbrino
State/form: solid-crystals

MOA AND USES
Cocaine blocks the dopamine transporter, inhibiting reuptake of Melting point: 98°C,
dopamine from the synaptic cleft into the presynaptic axon
terminal; Today, it is most often used as a drug of abuse but was
originally used in eye surgery as a local anesthetic.
Procaine
C13H20N2O2C13H20N2O2

Altacaine
Tetcaine Color: White
TetraVisc
TetraVisc Forte State/form: powder to crystal
ON
Novocaine Description: soluble in Methanol
MOA AND USES
Procaine acts mainly by inhibiting sodium influx through voltage Melting point: 45.0 °C
gated sodium channels in the neuronal cell membrane of
peripheral nerves. When the influx of sodium is interrupted, an
action potential cannot arise and signal conduction is thus
inhibited. Procaine is a medication used for analgesia before a
procedural intervention. It is in the local anesthetics class of
drugs.
Tetracaine
C15H24N2O2

Niphanoid
Pontocaine HCl Color: white
Altacaine
TetraVisc
State/form: crystalline powder
ON
Amethocaine
Dicaine Description: soluble in water
MOA AND USES
Tetracaine is an ester-type anesthetic and produces local
anesthesia by blocking the sodium ion channels involved in the
initiation and conduction of neural impulses. It is commonly used
as a topical ophthalmic anesthetic for short procedures on the
surface of the eye, as well as the ears and nose.
81
Lidocaine
C14H22N2O

Xylocaine
Aspercreme Color: White or slightly yellow
Anestacon
Burnamycin State/form: crystalline powder
ON
Lignocaine Description: Very soluble in alcohol,
MOA AND USES chloroform
Lidocaine suppresses action potentials in excitable tissues by
blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels. In doing so, it inhibits Melting point: 68.5 °C
action potentials in nociceptive fibers and so blocks the
transmission of pain impulses. Lidocaine is a local anesthetic
agent commonly used for local and topical anesthesia,
Bupivacaine
C18H28N2O

SenMarcaine
sorcaine Color: White

MOA AND USES
Bupivacaine blocks the generation and the conduction of nerve
impulses, presumably by increasing the threshold for electrical
excitation in the nerve, by slowing the propagation of the nerve
impulse, and by reducing the rate. Bupivacaine is the indicated
local anesthetic in caudal, epidural, and spinal anesthesia.
Benzocaine
C9H11NO2

Anbesol.
Benzodent. Color: white
Dentemps.
Detane. State/form: crystalline powder
Anacaine
Description:
MOA AND USES sparingly soluble in water; it is more
Benzocaine diffuses into nerve cells where it binds to sodium soluble in dilute acids and very
channels, preventing the channels from opening, and blocking soluble in ethanol, chloroform
the influx of sodium ions. Nerve cells unable to allow sodium into
cells cannot depolarize and conduct nerve impulses. Benzocaine Melting point: 92 °C
is a topical local anesthetic used for the temporary relief of pain
and itching associated with minor burns, sunburn, scrapes and
insect bites or minor skin irritations. 82
Proparacaine
C16H26N2O3

Alcaine
Ophthaine Color: white
AK-Taine
Ophthetic
State/form: crystalline solid
Parcaine
ON
Proxymetacaine Hydrochloride Description: soluble in water
MOA AND USES
Proparacaine stabilizes the neuronal membrane by inhibiting the Melting point: 182.0-183.3°C
ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of
impulses thereby effecting local anesthetic action. More
specifically, proparacaine appears to bind or antagonize the
function of voltage gated sodium channels. Proparacaine is an
anesthetic that functions to relax eye muscles during the
procedure so that they generate as little movement as possible.
O Articaine
C13H20N2O3S
S
OCH 3 BRAND NAMES/ OTHER NAMES PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
NH Septocaine
O Color: Clear
NH
State/form: Injectable solution

MOA AND USES
Local, infiltrative, or regional anesthesia in simple and complex Melting point: 172.0-173.0 °C
dental and periodontal procedures. Anesthetic activity
comparable to that of lidocaine, mepivacaine, and prilocaine.
Mepivacaine
C15H22N2O

Polocaine
Scandonest Color: Clear
Carbocaine

MOA AND USES
Mepivacaine is an anesthetic that blocks the nerve impulses that Melting point: 262-264 °C
send pain signals to your brain. It is used as a local anesthetic for
an epidural or spinal block. It is also used as an anesthetic for
dental procedures.
83
Prilocaine
C13H20N2O

Citanest Plain Dental
Color: Clear
Description: soluble in water and

MOA AND USES ethanol
Prilocaine is used before dental care to numb the area.
84
PROSTA-
GLANDINS
One of several hormone-like substances made by the body. Different
prostaglandins control blood pressure, contraction of smooth muscles,
and other processes within tissues where they are made.
85
Carboprost tromethamine
C25H47NO8

BN: Molecular Weight:
Hemabate 489.6
Prostin 15m
Prostinfenem Color:
Prostodin White to slightly off-white
ON:
State/Form:
Tromethamine salts Hemabate
Crystalline Powder
MOA AND USES Tham
Description:
Carboprost tromethamine has stimulatory effects on uterine,
Carboprost tromethamine dissolves
gastrointestinal, and possibly other smooth muscle. readily in water at room temperature
Administration results in myometrial contractions in the gravid at a concentration greater than 75
uterus similar to labor contractions at the end of a full term mg/mL.
pregnancy.
Melting Point:
95-105 °C
Misoprostol
C22H38O5

Cytotec 382.5
ON:
Isprelor Color:
Light yellow
State/Form:
MOA AND USES Oil
Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog that inhibits
basal and nocturnal gastric acid secretion through direct Description:
stimulation of prostaglandin E1 receptors on parietal cells in the The solubility of misoprostol in PBS,
stomach. pH 7.2, is approximately 1.6 mg/ml.
Melting Point:
261-263°C
Sulprostone
C23H31NO7S

Nalador 465.6
ON:
Sulprostonum Color:
White to off-white
State/Form
MOA AND USES Solid
Sulprostone is a prostaglandin analogue used to treat post-
partum hemorrhaging, induce medical abortion, and induce Description:
labour in instances of in utero fetal death. Sulprostone has been Soluble in methyl acetate
used in trials studying Abortion, Induced.
Melting Point:
79.25°C
86
Treprostinil
C23H34O5

Remodulin 390.5
Orenitram
Color:
Tyvaso White or slightly yellowish
ON:
Uniprost State/Form:
Rumodolin Solution
MOA AND USES
Description:
Treprostinil is a synthetic analog of prostacyclin approved for Treprostinil is soluble in organic
the treatment of Group 1 or PAH. It is a direct vasodilator of both solvents such as ethanol, DMSO, and
dimethyl formamide (DMF).
pulmonary and systemic vascular beds, thereby reducing Treprostinil is sparingly soluble in
pulmonary artery pressure and improving systemic oxygenation. aqueous buffers.
Melting Point:
90-100°C
Bimatoprost
C25H37NO4

BN
Durysta Molecular weight:
Latisse 415.6 g/mol
Lumigan
Bimatoprost is a synthetic prostamide and structural Solid
prostaglandin analogue with ocular hypotensive activity.
Bimatoprost mimics the effects of the endogenous prostamides Description:
and reduces intraocular pressure by increasing outflow of Soluble in water
aqueous humor through both the pressure-sensitive outflow
pathway (the trabecular meshwork), and the pressure-insensitive Melting point:
outflow pathway (the uveoscleral routes). It is not clear whether 63-67 °C
bimatoprost lowers intraocular pressure by stimulating F-
Prostanoid receptors or by acting on specific prostamide
receptors.
Epoprostenol
C20H32O5

Durysta 415.6 g/mol
Latisse
Lumigan State/form:
Solid
MOA AND USES
Description:
Epoprostenol is an oral prostacyclin and a metabolite of Soluble in water
arachidonic acid with antihypertensive and platelet inhibitory
properties. Epoprostenol binds to prostacyclin receptors on
platelet surfaces, subsequently activating platelet membrane Melting point:
adenyl cyclase and resulting in increased cAMP levels. The 63-67 °C
elevated cAMP triggers signal transduction that leads to
vasodilations. In addition, this agent also functions as an
antagonist of thromboxane A2, thereby resulting in direct
vasodilation of pulmonary and systemic arterial vascular beds,
and inhibition of platelet aggregation. 87
Alprostadil
C20H34O5

Caverject 354.5 g/mol
Edex
Muse State/form:
Prostin Vr Solid
MOA AND USES

Description:
Alprostadil is the naturally occurring prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) Its water solubility is 26.7 mg/L
which displays a variety of pharmacologic actions. Alprostadil is
a potent vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow, Melting point:
inhibits platelet aggregation, and induces bronchodilation. Used 115-116 °C
in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, this agent produces
corporal smooth muscle relaxation by binding to PGE receptors,
resulting in the activation of adenylate cyclase and the
subsequent accumulation of 3'5'-cAMP.
Limaprost
C22H36O5

Limaprost Alfadex 380.5 g/mol
State/form:
Solid
Description:
MOA AND USES Its water solubility is 0.0248 mg/mL
Limaprost is used for the improvement of various ischemic
symptoms such as ulcer, pain and feeling of coldness associated Melting point:
with thromboangiitis obliterans as well as improvement of 100 - 103 °C
subjective symptoms (pain and numbness of lower legs) and gait
ability associated with acquired lumbar spinal canal stenosis (in
patients with bilateral intermittent claudication showing normal
SLR test result).
Dinoprostone
C20H32O5

Cervidil 352.5 g/mol
Prepidil
Prostin E2 State/form:
Solid

Dinoprostone is a synthetic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) analogue Its water solubility is 58.1 mg/L
with smooth muscle contraction inducing property. It has been
suggested that PGE2 regulates the intracellular levels of cyclic 3, Melting point:
5-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) by activating adenylate 67 °C
cyclase and thereby increases cellular membrane calcium ion
transport. By acting directly on the myometrium, dinoprostone
induces uterine and gastrointestinal smooth muscle
contractions.
88
Unoprostone
C22H38O5

Rescula 382.5 g/mol
State/form:
Liquid
Description:
MOA AND USES Its water solubility is 0.0306 mg/mL
Unoprostone is a prostaglandin analogue used to lower
intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or
ocular hypertension who are clinically unresponsive to other
ocular antihypertensive agents.
89
LEUKO-
TRIENES
They can help prevent breathing problems associated with allergies,
asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Examples include
montelukast, zafirlukast and zileuton.
90
Montelukast
C35H36ClNO3S

Singulair 586.2 g/mol
Brondilat
Singular Color:
white to off-white
MOA AND USES
State/form:
Montelukast is a selective cysteinyl leukotriene receptor
antagonist with anti-inflammatory and bronchodilating activities. Powder
Upon administration, montelukast selectively and competitively
blocks the cysteinyl leukotriene 1 (CysLT1) receptor, preventing Description:
binding of the inflammatory mediator leukotriene D4 (LTD4).
Inhibition of LTD4 activity results in inhibition of leukotriene- Freely sol in ethanol, methanol,
mediated inflammatory events including migration of eosinophils water; practically insol in acetonitrile
and neutrophils, adhesion of leukocytes to vascular
endothelium, monocyte and neutrophil aggregation, increased
airway edema, increased capillary permeability, and Melting point:
bronchoconstriction. 275.9 F
Zafirlukast
C31H33N3O6S

Accolate 575.7 g/mol
Olmoran State/form:
Solid
MOA AND USES
Zafirlukast is a tolyl compound and leukotriene receptor Description:
antagonist (LTRA), with anti-asthmatic and potential capsular Its water solubility is 0.000962
contracture-preventing activities. Upon administration,
mg/mL
zafirlukast selectively and competitively binds to and blocks the
cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor (CYSLTR1), thereby preventing
the potent pro-inflammatory mediators leukotriene C4, D4 and Melting point:
E4 from binding. This prevents leukotriene-mediated actions, 139 °C
including enhanced migration of eosinophils and neutrophils,
increased adhesion of leukocytes, increased monocyte and
neutrophil aggregation, increased airway edema, inflammation,
capillary permeability and bronchoconstriction.
Zileuton
C11H12N2O2S

Zyflo 236.29 g/mol
Leutrol
State/form:
Solid
Description:
MOA AND USES Practically insoluble in water (0.5
Zileuton is an antiinflammatory leukotriene pathway inhibitor mg/ml)
classified as an inhibitor of the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase that is
used in the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Zileuton has Melting point:
been linked to rare cases of drug induced liver disease and is 144.2-145.2 °C
considered to be contraindicated in patients with active liver
disease.
91
EICOSA-
NOIDS
Eicosanoids are potent chemical messengers that have well-established
roles in regulation of inflammation, immunity, platelet aggregation,
smooth muscle contraction and renal function
92
Celecoxib
C17H14F3N3O2S

Celebrex
Elyxyb Color: Pale yellow
Seglentis
ON State/form: Solid
Celebra
Onsenal Description: Soluble in DMSO at 200
MOA AND USES mg/mL; soluble in ethanol at 100
mg/mL; very poorly soluble in water;
Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, is a maximum solubility in plain water is
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which is known for estimated to be about 10-50 µM;
its decreased risk of causing gastrointestinal bleeding compared buffers, serum, or other additives
to other NSAIDS.16 It is used to manage symptoms of various may increase or decrease the
types of arthritis pain and in familial adenomatous polyposis aqueous solubility
(FAP) to reduce precancerous polyps in the colon.
Rofecoxib
C17H14O4S

Vioxx
Ceoxx Color: White to off-white to light
yellow
State/form: Solid
MOA AND USES Description: Sparingly soluble in

Rofecoxib is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) that acetone, slightly soluble in methanol
selectively inhibits cyclooxgenase-2 (Cox-2), which was used in and isopropyl acetate, very slightly
the therapy of chronic arthritis and mild-to-moderate soluble in ethanol, practically
musculoskeletal pain. insoluble in octanol, and insoluble in
Rofecoxib is used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid water.
arthritis, acute pain in adults, and primary dysmenorrhea, as well
as acute treatment of migraine attacks with or without auras. Melting point: 204–208 °C
Aspirin
C9H8O4

Aggrenox
Alka-seltzer, Color: White
ON
Acetylsalicylic acid State/form: crystals or crystalline
powder
MOA AND USES
Aspirin is classified as a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) Description: Soluble in: 300 mL water
inhibitor. Also known as Aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is a at 25 °C, 100 mL water at 37 °C, 5 mL
commonly used drug for the treatment of pain and fever due to alcohol, 17 mL chloroform, 10-15 mL
various causes. Acetylsalicylic acid has both anti-inflammatory ether; less sol in anhydrous ether
and antipyretic effects. This drug also inhibits platelet
aggregation and is used in the prevention of blood clots stroke, Melting point: 138-140 °C
and myocardial infarction
93
Acetaminophen
C8H9NO2

Acephen
Acetadryl Color: White
Allzital
State/form: crystals or crystalline
ON powder
Paracetamol
MOA AND USES Description: Freely soluble in alcohol;
soluble in methanol, ethanol,
Acetaminophen (paracetamol), also commonly known as Tylenol, dimethylformamide, ethylene
is the most commonly taken analgesic worldwide and is dichloride, acetone, ethyl acetate;
recommended as first-line therapy in pain conditions by the slightly soluble in ether; practically
World Health Organization (WHO). Often categorized alongside insoluble in petroleum ether,
NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) due to its ability pentane, benzene
to inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways.It is also used for
its antipyretic effects, helping to reduce fever. Melting point: 169 °C
Ibuprofen
C13H18O2

Alivio
Caldolor Color: Colorless
Cedaprin
State/form: Solid
Description: Freely soluble in alcohol;

MOA AND USES soluble in methanol, ethanol,
The main mechanism of action of ibuprofen is the non-selective, dimethylformamide, ethylene
reversible inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and dichloride, acetone, ethyl acetate;
COX-2 slightly soluble in ether; practically
It's one of a group of painkillers called non-steroidal anti- insoluble in petroleum ether,
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and can be used to: ease mild to pentane, benzene
moderate pain – such as toothache, migraine and period pain.
control a fever (high temperature).
Naproxen
C14H14O3

Anaprox
EC-Naprosyn Color: White to off-white
Naprelan
State/form: Solid
Description: Soluble in 25 parts

MOA AND USES ethanol (96%), 20 parts methanol, 15
Naproxen is an NSAID used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, parts chloroform, 40 parts ether.
osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, polyarticular juvenile Practically insoluble in water
idiopathic arthritis, tendinitis, bursitis, acute gout, primary
dysmenorrhea, and mild to moderate pain.As with other non- Melting point: 152 °C
selective NSAIDs, naproxen exerts it's clinical effects by blocking
COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes leading to decreased prostaglandin
synthesis. 94
Nabumetone
C15H16O2

Relafen
Color: White to off-white
State/form: Solid
Description: Practically insoluble

MOA AND USES
Nabumetone is an NSAID used to treat osteoarthritis and Melting point: 78-82 °C
rheumatoid arthritis.
Action Nabumetone's active metabolite, 6-MNA, is an inhibitor
of both COX-1 and COX-2 although it exhibits some COX-2
selectivity.Label,1 Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 reduces
conversion of arachidonic acid to PGs and thromboxane (TXA2).
This reduction in prostanoid production is the common
mechanism that mediates the effects of nambutone.
Diclofenac
C14H11Cl2NO2

BN: Description: Solid crystals
Zipsor MW: 296.1 g/mol
Zorvolex MP: 283 - 285 °C
Cataflam BP: 412.0±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
ON: pH: 2.7
Diclofenac acid pKa: 4.15
WS: 2.37 mg/L @ 25 °C water soluble
MOA AND USES
Diclofenac is a commonly used nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drug (NSAID) used for the therapy of chronic forms of arthritis
and mild-to-moderate acute pain. As a nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drug (NSAID), diclofenac binds and chelates both
isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and-2).
Beclomethasone
C28H37ClO7

Diprolene, Betnovate, Diprosone Description:
MW: 408.9 g/mol
MP: 117-120°C
BP: 613.3°C (Beclomethasone
dipropionate)
pH: 5 - 6.8 (throughout shelf life)
pKa: 13.85 (strongest acidic), -3.3
MOA AND USES (strongest basic)
Beclomethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid with anti- WS: 0.16 μg/mL water soluble
inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. After cell
surface receptor attachment and cell entry, Beclomethasone
enters the nucleus where it binds to and activates specific
nuclear receptors, resulting in an altered gene expression and
inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production.
95
Dexamethasone
C22H29FO5

Drenex, Decilone Description: Odorless white to off-
white crystalline powder with a
slightly bitter taste
MW: 392.5 g/mol
MP: 262-264 °C
BP: 568.2±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
pH: 7.0 - 8.5
MOA AND USES pKa: 1.18 (strongest acidic), -3.4
Dexamethasone is a synthetic adrenal corticosteroid with potent (strongest basic)
anti-inflammatory properties. In addition to binding to specific WS: 89 mg/L (at 25 °C)
nuclear steroid receptors, it also interferes with NF-kB activation
and apoptotic pathways. This agent lacks the salt-retaining
properties of other related adrenal hormones.
96
ANTI
NEOPLASTIC
AGENTS
Antineoplastic drugs are medications used to treat cancer. Other names
for antineoplastic drugs are anticancer, chemotherapy, chemo, cytotoxic,
or hazardous drugs.
97
Cyclophosphamide
C7H15Cl2N2O2P

Cytoxan, Neosar Description: Odorless, fine white
crystalline powder with a slightly
bitter taste
MW: 261.08 g/mol
MP: 41-45 °C
BP: 336 °C
pH: 4 - 6 (2% solution)
MOA AND USES pKa: 13.48 (strongest acid)
Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent used in the treatment WS: 1-5 g/100 mL at 23 °C water
of several forms of cancer including leukemias, lymphomas and soluble
breast cancer. In the liver, it is converted to active metabolites
which bind to and crosslinks DNA and RNA, thereby inhibiting
DNA replication and protein synthesis. This agent is also a potent
immunosuppressant primarily by depleting T-regulatory cells.
Ifosfamide
C7H15Cl2N2O2P

Fosfa, Iphox Description: Solid, white crystalline
powder
MW: 261.08 g/mol
MP: 39-41 °C
BP: 336.1±52.0 °C at 760 mmHg
pH: 4 - 9
pKa: 14.64 (strongest acid)
MOA AND USES WS: 3780 mg/L water soluble
Ifosfamide is a synthetic analogue of the nitrogen mustard
cyclophosphamide with antineoplastic activity. Ifosfamide alkylates
and forms DNA crosslinks, thereby preventing DNA strand separation
and DNA replication. It is used to treat several forms of cancer
including lymphomas, sarcoma and advanced forms of solid organ
cancer such as breast, testicular, ovarian, gastric and lung cancer.
Thiotepa
C6H12N3PS

Thiotepa (Generic), Thioplan Description: Odorless white
crystalline solid
MW: 189.22 g/mol
MP: 51.5 °C
BP: 133.333 °C
pH: 7.6 (reconstituted)
pKa: -0.3 (strongest basic)
MOA AND USES
WS: 19 g/100 mL at 25 °C water
Thiotepa is an intravenously or locally applied alkylating agent soluble
which is currently used in the therapy of breast, ovarian, and
bladder cancer. Upon administration, thiotepa is converted into
highly reactive ethylenimine groups. This induces crosslinking of
alkylated guanine bases in DNA, interferes with DNA replication
and cell division, and results in both the induction of apoptosis and
the inhibition of cell growth.
98
Melphalan
C13H18Cl2N2O2

Megace Alkeran Description: White to buff-colored
powder with odorless to a faint odor.
MW: 305.20 g/mol
MP: 182-183 °C
BP: 473.1±45.0 °C(predicted)
pH: 6.5 (reconstituted)
pKa: 1.29 (strongest acid), 9.51
MOA AND USES (strongest base)
Melphalan is an orally and parenterally administered nitrogen WS: < 0.1 g/100 mL at 22 °C water
mustard-like alkylating agent used in the therapy of multiple soluble
myeloma and ovarian cancer. Melphalan alkylates DNA at the N7
position of guanine and induces DNA inter-strand cross-linkages,
resulting in the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis and
cytotoxicity against both dividing and non-dividing tumor cells.
Busulfan
C6H14O6S2

Myleran
Busulphan Color: Purple
Sulphabutin
State/form: solid
MOA AND USES Description: soluble in organic

Busulfan is a parenterally administered myeloablative drug used solvents such as DMSO and dimethyl
in the preparation of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) formamide.
and an orally taken anticancer alkylating agent used in the
treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Busulfan has been Melting point: 106-107°C
linked to temporary blood enzyme increases during therapy,
uncommon episodes of cholestatic hepatitis, nodular
regenerative hyperplasia, and sinusoidal obstruction syndrome,
which can be severe and lethal when taken in high dosages.
Carmustine
C5H9Cl2N3O2

BCNU
Gliadel Color: off-white
State/form: Liquid
MOA AND USES Description: It is very slightly soluble

Carmustine (BCNU) is a parenterally administered alkylating drug in water and freely soluble in ethanol.
used in the treatment of several cancers, including leukemias,
lymphomas, and breast, testicular, ovarian, gastric, and Melting point: 30 °C
pancreatic cancer. Carmustine therapy has been connected to
cases of acute liver injury such as cholestatic hepatitis and acute
veno-occlusive disease, as well as small temporary blood
enzyme increases.
99
Cisplatin
Cl2H6N2Pt

none Molecular weight: 300.05
Color: yellow to orange
Description:low water-solubility. The

MOA AND USES soluble part of cisplatin can
Cisplatin is a prototype platinum coordination complex that is dissociate and release chlorides in
classed as an alkylating agent that is used intravenously to treat water. The dissociation is inhibited by
several types of cancer. Cisplatin has been linked to a low rate of the presence of chloride ions.
blood enzyme increases and a small number of cases of clinically
obvious, acute liver injury. Melting point: 270 °C
Carboplatin
C6H12N2O4Pt

BN: Color: White
Carboplatin
Paraplatin State/form: Crystalline
Cbdca
Carboplatinum Description: Soluble in Water

MOA AND USES
Carboplatin is a second-generation platinum molecule with a wide range of anticancer activities. A
platinum atom is complexed with two ammonia groups and a cyclobutane-dicarboxyl residue in
carboplatin. This drug is activated intracellularly, forming reactive platinum complexes that bind to
nucleophilic groups in DNA, such as GC-rich regions, generating intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-
links as well as DNA-protein cross-links. Apoptosis and cell growth suppression are caused by carboplatin-
induced DNA and protein impacts. This drug is tumoricidal in the same way that its parent compound,
cisplatin, is, but it is more stable and less toxic
Altretamine
C9H18N6

HEXAMETHYLMELAMINE
Hexalen Color: white
Hexastat
Description: highly lipid-soluble

MOA AND USES
Altretamine is an orally administered alkylating agent, formerly Melting point: 171-175 °C
known as hexamethylmelamine, which is currently used as a
secondary therapy for advanced ovarian carcinoma. Altretamine
therapy has been associated with low rates of serum enzyme
elevations during therapy and with rare instances of acute,
clinically apparent injury.
100
Streptozocin
C8H15N3O7

streptozosin
Estreptozocina Color: ivory colored
MOA AND USES Description: Solubility: Soluble in

Streptozocin is a methylnitrosourea antineoplastic antibiotic 100% ethanol (200 proof at
discovered from the Streptomyces achromogenes bacteria. 0.92mg/ml) or water (nH2O at
Streptozocin alkylates DNA, causing cross-links between the 102.8mg/ml).
strands and limiting DNA synthesis. Because of its glucose
moiety, this drug is easily absorbed by pancreatic beta cells, Melting point: 115° C
causing diabetes mellitus at high doses. Streptozocin, unlike
other nitrosoureas, has little effect on myelosuppression.
101
PHCHEM 205
Pharmaceutical & Medicinal
Organic Chemistry

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