FRSS FORM V BOOK (3) Revised Edition 4 - 7 - 2021

FIVE RIVERS SECONDARY
SOCIAL STUDIES
NOTES
FOR
FORM IV & FORM V STUDENTS
SECTION B
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND USES OF RESOURCES
PART 1
DEVELOPMENT AND USES OF RESOURCES
&
PART 2
REGIONAL INTEGRATION
Revised Edition 3
7TH APRIL 2021
Prepared by: Jennifer Derrick- Phillip, B.A., M.A., Teacher 3
1
Table of Contents
SECTION B
PART 1
DEVELOPMENT AND USES OF RESOURCES
TOPIC: POPULATION STRUCTURE, DISTRIBUTION, CHANGE & STATISTICS
Page
Objective 1
 Explain and use correctly concepts and terms associated

with human and physical resources:
- Explanation of terms and concepts ………………………………....... 9 -- 12
Objective 2
 Describe the structure and characteristics:

- Major characteristics of a population according to age, sex,
occupation, ethnicity, religion, dependency ratio........................................ 13 - 14
Objective 3
 Explain the factors influencing population distribution:

- Factors influencing population distribution: the relief of the
land, climate, fertile areas, location of mineral resources,
developed areas, types of vegetation…………………………….................. 15 -16
Objective 4
 Outline factors influencing population change:

- Factors influencing population change: birth rate,
death rate, migration.................................................................................. 17 - 19
Objective 5
 Outline the sources and uses of population statistics:

- Sources of population statistics
a. National census, Registrar’s Office of naturalization,
records of religious institutions........................................................... 20
2
- Uses of population statistics:
b. For planning related to: housing, healthcare,
education, social welfare, infrastructural development....................... 21
- Definition of terms and concept associates with population:

c. Over- population, under- population and optimum
population………………………………………………………....... 21
 Topic Summary: Key points to remember [Objectives: [1 to 5] ................ 22-23
Objective 6
 Explain the causes and consequences of migration

- Migration
o Causes:
Push and pull factors that influence rural-urban
urban-rural migration among Caribbean countries
and migration between the Caribbean and the other
parts of the world....................................................................... 24 -26
o Consequences of migration to the individual,

the host country and to the country of origin...................... 27 - 28
 Topic Summary- Key points to remember [Objective 6] ……….............. 29
Objective 7
 Explain the need for developing human resources:

- The need for:
Productive workers, creative and critical thinking
and problem solving skills……………………………........... 30-31
Objective 8:
 Explain the factors that contribute to the development of

human resources:
- Development of human resources through:
a. Nutrition and health;
b. The availability of and access to primary and curative
healthcare;
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c. Education (basic, moral, vocational and professional
training, rehabilitation, retraining;
d. The availability and access to various types of educational
institutions;
e. The provision of scholarship;
f. Sports;
g. Culture............................................................................................ 32 - 36
 Topic Summary- Key points to remember [Objectives: 7& 8]………… 37
Objective 9:
 Explain the factors that influence employment, unemployment

and underemployment
a. Availability and use of capital;
b. Level and range of skills demanded versus those available;
c. Availability and creation of markets, trading patterns and
preferences;
d. Level of technology available in relation to resource
development................................................................... 38 -39
 Explain terms and concepts relating to employment

Unemployment and underemployment:
 Definition of terms and concepts related to

- employment
- Classification of workers……………………………………… 39-40
 Definition of unemployment, -
- types of unemployment, causes,

consequences and ways to reduce it............................................ 41 -42
 Definition of underemployment……………………………….................... 43
Objective 10
 Describe the factors and procedures to be considered in choosing

A job or being self-employed:
a. Choosing a job or self-employment- making choices,
considering values, needs, interests, ambitions........................................ 44 - 45
b. Procedural requirements for job selection and self- employment: .......... 45 -48
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i. Collecting information on jobs;
ii. Listing available options;
iii. Assessing available options;
iv. Determining consequences of choice’
v. Obtaining resources.
c. Rights and responsibilities of workers.................................................... 48 -49
 Topic Summary- Key points to remember [Objectives: 8, 9 &10]……. 49
Objective 11
 Identify the location and uses of the major natural resources in the
Caribbean region:
a. Location of major natural resources:
i. Renewable –
agricultural land, water, forests, beaches,
marine life, solar energy, wind
ii. Non- renewable – petroleum, bauxite,

gold, diamond, other minerals, geothermal
energy.................................................................................... 50 -51
b. Uses of natural resources........................................................................... 51 - 53
Objective 12
 Describe proper and improper practices related to

sustainable development and uses of natural resources,
and their effects on the environment and the population.
- Proper practices, for example,. conservation…………………. 54 -57
- Effects of proper practices, for example:

food security……………………………………… 58
- Improper practices of resources, for example:

over cropping…………………………………….. 58 - 59
- Effects of Improper practices of resources, for example:

pollution, global warming, food shortage .............. 59 -68
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 Topic Summary- Key points to remember [Objective 12].................... 68 – 70
Objective 13:
o Represent and interpret data related to human and physical resources
o Data related to human and physical resources:

- population
- migration
- employment
- Unemployment…………………………………………….. 71
SECTION B (ii) REGIONAL INTERGATION
Objective 1
 Explain and use correctly concepts and terms associated

with regional integration.
- Explanation of terms and concepts related to
regional integration.................................................................... 72 -73
Objective 2:
 Describe the major challenges facing the Caribbean Regions

- Major challenges....................................................................... 74 -76
Objective 3:
 Outline the major stages in the integration movement

a. Stages ………............................................. 77
b. Memberships……………………............... 78-81
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Objective 4:
 State the functions of:

- OECS Secretariat
- CARICOM Secretariat
- Conference of the Head of Government
a. Functions of:
- OECS …………………………………………………………. 82 - 83
- CARICOM Secretariat-............................................................... 88
b. Functions of :
- Conference of the Head of Government...................................... 84
Objective 5:
 Outlines of the objectives of the Organizations Eastern

Caribbean Countries (OECS), CARICOM, CARICOM Single
Market and Economy (CSME):
Objectives of:
a. CARICOM and the OECS………………… 85 - 86
b. CARICOM Single Market………………… 86 - 87
c. CARICOM Single Economy ……………… 87
d. The Regional Development Fund………… 87
 Topic Summary- Key points to remember [Objectives: 1 - 5]……… 88
Objective 6:
 Outlining the factors that promote regional integration

- Factors promoting regional integration............................... 89 - 90
a. Common cultural heritage;
b. Common economic and social issues;
c. Effects of globalization and trading bloc;
d. Vulnerability to economic shocks and
natural disasters
Objective 7:
 Describe the factors that hinder regional integration.
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- Factors that hinders regional integration...................................... 91 -93
 Topic Summary- Key points to remember [Objectives: 6 – 7]……... 93
Objective 8:
 Analyze the benefits of regional integration

- Benefits of Regional Integration………………………............. 94 -96
Objective 9
 Examine the role of individuals citizens, business organizations

& governments in the integration process
o Role of citizens............................................................ 97
o Role of business organizations.................................... 97 -98
Objective 10
 Explain the role of regional agencies in the integration process

- Areas of regional cooperation.................................................... 100 -102
 Topic Summary- Key points to remember [Objectives: 9 - 10]….. 102
Scheme of Work……………………………………………………………….. 103-112
References …………………………………………………………………… . 113
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SOCIAL STUDIES
SECTION B
THEME: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT & USE OF RESOURCES
SECTION B (i)
DEVELOPMENT & USE OF RESOURCES
TOPICS: POPULATION STRUCTURE, DISTRIBUTION, CHANGE & STATISTICS
WEEK 1
TOPIC: TERMS AND CONCEPT ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN AND PHYSICAL

RESOURCES
OBJECTIVE 1
At the end of the lesson the student should be able to:
- Understand the following concepts related to human resources
CONTENT 1:
o Explanation of terms and concepts associated related to:
o Human Resources
Terms and Concepts Definitions
Population The number of people living in a place at a particular

time.
Demography The study of the population to determine its
characteristics such as size, composition, structure and
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distribution.
Population Census Is the procedure of systemically enumerating and
acquiring and recording and analysing information about
the members of a given population.
 Usually done every ten(10) years
 Analysis of data provided information on:
- population size
- number of persons in the labour force
- number of persons employed or unemployed
- male-female ratio
- age/sex ratio
- dependency ratio
- marital status of adults
- religion
- ethnic composition
- migration levels
- deaths
- births
- Marriages
Population Density Population Density

o Density of population refers to the
average number of people living on every
square kilometre in a country.
To calculate the population density you

will divide the population by the size of
the area, Thus population density =
Total population
Land area
Population distribution The location within a wide area which may include
smaller areas of high or low population density.
Birth rate The number of births each year per 1,000 population
Death rate The number of death each year per 1,000 population
Natural Increase
Life Expectancy The number of years which an average person can expect
to live
Infant Morality The proportion of babies who die before reaching their
first birthday.
Fertility rate The average amount of children a woman is expected to
have during her lifetime.
Migration The movement of people from one area to another into a
country
Immigration The movement of f people into a country
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Emigration The movement of people out of a country
Net migration The balance between emigration and immigration.
Brain drain Emigration of educated and skilled workers, such as
nurses, teachers or engineers
Urbanization An increase in the proportion of population living in
towns and cities. my result from large –scale migration
from rural area to cities.
Depopulation A decline in population often because of large- scale
outward migration
Employment To be occupied in productive work
Underemployment One who is over qualified for the job
Unemployment Not active or not doing anything useful, unoccupied
Unemployable One who does not have the skills or experience for the
job one applies for
Labour Force Is made up of people who have jobs, running a business,
or are or are actively looking for work.
Sustainable Development Development that meet the need of the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
Resources Anything people can use to help them obtain or
accomplish something .Resources can be divided into
physical resources and human resources.
Human resources Are the intelligences, skills, talents, abilities and
creativity which people possess to harness and develop
the natural resources to provide the goods and services
which are essential for the survival of society.
o Physical resources
Terms and Concepts Definitions
Physical Resources Physical resources are made up of the materials or

substances occurring in nature which can be exploited for
economic gains and built or man - made resources.
Natural resources include oil, coal, natural gas, metals,
stone and sand .Air, sunlight, soil (land) and water are
other natural resources. Built resources include buildings
and roads.
Development The transformation of a backward country into one
enjoying a growing economy and standard of living. It
generally involves moving toward industrialization.
Environment The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal
or plant lives operates.
Conservation Action to protect and preserve the natural environment
and natural resources.
Energy The capacity for doing work. The sources of energy
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available to man are wind, flowing water, fuels and
sunlight. Man has been searching throughout history for
sources of energy in order to control his environment and
improve his quality of life
Renewable resources Is a natural resource which will replenish to replace the
portion depleted by usage and consumption, as they are
used.
Non-renewable resources A resource or substance which is not replaceable. E.g.
oil, bauxite, gold and other minerals.
Infrastructure Basic social amenities that are usually provided by the
state for the benefit of its people , e.g. roads, air and sea
ports, water supply, electricity, telephones , hospitals etc.
The quality of the infrastructure is one way of assessing
the level of development of a country.
Food Security Actions to ensure adequate provision of food for current
and future demand of a population.
Pollution The presence in or introduction into the environment of a
substance which has harmful or poisonous effects.
Conservation Action to protect and preserve the natural environment
and natural resources
Global warming The gradual increase in the earth’s surface temperature
Greenhouse effect It’s a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface.
When the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere,
some of it is reflected back to space and
the rest is absorbed and reradiated by greenhouse gases.
He absorbed energy warms the atmosphere and the
surface of the Earth.
Environmental impact and An evaluation of the likely environmental impacts of a
Assessment project or development, particularly tourist resorts and
industries.
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WEEK 2
- TOPIC: STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF A POPULATION
OBJECTIVE 2
At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
- Describe the structure and characteristics of a population
CONTENT 1:
o Major characteristics of a population according to size, age, sex, occupation,

ethnicity, religion, dependency ratio.
A Population refers to the total number of people who live in any given area at a certain point in
time.
The scientific study of population is called demography. Demography explains the characteristic
of a population. The main characteristic of a population are its:
- Size - size is generally expressed as the total number of individuals in a population.

- Age – refers to the age structure in a population - the youthful sector, middle age
and the ageing population.
- Sex – refers to the sex ratio in the population: males versus females.
- Occupation – refers to the types of jobs available to workers in the various sectors
of: primary, secondary and tertiary sectors.
- Ethnicity - refers to the ethnic composition/races in the population: e.g. Africans,
East Indians, Caucasians and the mixed in a population
- Religious – refers to the population’s religious composition. In the Caribbean one
will find people of different religious faith in the population: such as Christians,
Muslims, Hinduism and other.
- Dependency Ratio - relates to only those people in the population who are in the
labour force and employed as compared with the rest of the total population.
Scenario: Country X has a population of 1,100,000. The number employed is 100,000.
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- Calculate Country X’s Dependency Ratio?
Number employed: total population minus number employed
= 100,000: 1,100,000 – 100,000
= 100,000: 1,000,000
= 1:10
- This means that for every 1 person employed in Country X there are 10 people who
are dependent upon goods/services provided by the employed for their survival.
o Population pyramids
- A population pyramid
o A pyramid is a graphical representation of the major characteristics of a
given population
o A population pyramid is constructed from the data obtained from a
census.
 Difference in shape in population pyramids represent population change:
o A pyramid with a broad base represents rapid growth.
o A pyramid with a narrow base represents slow growth.
o A pyramid with an even narrower base represents negative.
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TOPIC: THE FACTORS INFLUENCING POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
OBJECTIVE 3
At the end of this lesson the student will be able to:
- Define population distribution
- Explain the factors influencing population distribution
CONTENT 1:
 Population distribution - population distribution refers to the geographical location of

the people in a population. Information relating to the distribution of population is
important for government or private individuals who have to make decisions regarding
the provision of infrastructure and location of facilities such as schools and hospitals.
 Factors influencing population distribution

Some of the factors affecting population distribution include the following:
- The relief of the land or Topography.

o More people tend to live in areas which are that flat than areas which
are mountainous. This is because it is easier to cultivate crops and to
build on flat lands.
- Climate Factors
o Areas that experience heavy rainfall, low temperatures or long periods
of drought do not have large populations.
- Fertile areas
o People tend to settle on fertile land and avoid infertile land.
- Location of mineral resources
o People are attracted to areas where there are minerals that can be
exploited for economic activities or where better paying jobs would be
more available. For example bauxite producing areas in Jamaica and
Guyana and oil producing areas in Trinidad are examples of places
where more people would tend to settle.
- Developed areas or Urban influence
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o People will be attracted to cities with a variety of amenities and
opportunities. Since cities tend to be the main locations for the best
school, cultural centres, headquarters of local and international
agencies and administrative centres, more people will live in and
around them because of the availability of jobs.
- Types of vegetation
o People avoid living in very dense forests, mountain ranges, and swamp
land or in deserts. Such conditions make building difficult.
- Wind directions
 Several of the main cities in the Caribbean are constructed on the
Leeward side of the islands away from the direct force of the
prevailing Northeast Trade Wind, hence greater protection is gained
from the full force of hurricanes.
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WEEK 3
TOPIC: FACTORS INFLUENCING POPULATION CHANGE
OBJECTIVE 4
- Define population growth
- Outline factors influencing population change: birth rate, death rate, migration.
CONTENT 1:
 Population growth – The fertility rate is the number of live births per thousand for
women in the age group 15-45. This age group is known as the childbearing age.
Some countries have low fertility rates than others. Generally the countries which have
low fertility rates are the more developed countries where there may be widespread use
of family and increasing educational and occupational opportunities open for women
which lead them to have fewer children and countries with high fertility rates are poorer
countries with limited educational facilities, low capita income and poor medical
facilities.
 Factors affecting the fertility rate – The fertility rate are affected by social, economic
and political factors which all influence the number of children a family may have. These
factors include:
1. The number of jobs available for women.
2. Education levels of the population
3. Standard of living
4. Family planning awareness
5. Religious beliefs
Factors influencing population change:
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(a) Crude Birth rate
- Population change can results from the rapid expansion of population referred to
as the crude birth rate. - The crude birth rate of a population reflects the
number of live births per thousand of the population people each year.
 Formula for calculating crude birth rate:
Number of live births / (total population per mid - year) X 1000
 Factors affecting the crude birth rate:

1. Women of childbearing age in a country.
2. The educational level
3. Choices women of child bearing age make regarding family planning methods
4. The economic condition of the country
5. Provision of maternal health care
 Natural increase - The term natural increase is an increase in population brought about
when the birth rate exceeds the death rate.
 The Formula for calculating the natural increase rate:

Birth rate (–) Death rate
(b) Crude Death rate
 The Crude Death /Mortality rate is the number of deaths in one year per thousand of the
total population.
 The Formula for calculating the crude birth rate:
Number of deaths / (total population per mid-year) x 1000
 Infant mortality rate - refers to the number of deaths each year per 1000 infants under the age
of one year in a given population.
 The Formula for calculating infant mortality rate:
Number of deaths each year for every 1000 infants under one
year old / (total population) X 1000
 The crude death / mortality rate is affected by many factors: They include:
1. Medical facilities & health care
2. Nutritional levels
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3. Economic prosperity& level of development
 Life expectancy - Life expectancy is the average number of years that persons in a given
population are expected to live:
 Factors affecting life expectancy :

1. Higher standard of nutritional/diet
2. Development /improvement s in medical technology
3. Improved infrastructural facilities such as pipe borne water supplies and
sewage disposal.
4. Improved housing conditions
5. Improved personal hygiene
(c) Migration
 Migration is a permanent movement of persons from one geographical location or region
to another.
o Types and Terms associated with migration:
o Internal migration - Refers to the movement of people

who have changed residence within a country.
o International migration - Occurs when a person leaves

one country or state to settle in another.
o Immigrant - Occurs when a person leaves one country to

settle in another.
o Emigrant - Is a person who leaves a country to settle in

another
o Net migration - Refers to the difference between

immigration and emigration
 Formula for calculating net migration:
Immigration (-) Emigration / total population x100
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TOPIC: SOURCES AND USES OF POPULATION STATISTICS
OBJECTIVE 5:
At the end of this lesson the student will be able to:-
 Define what is a census

 Outline the sources and uses of population statistics
 Define population terms and concepts: overpopulation, under- population,
depopulation and optimum population.
CONTENT 1:
 Demographic information - may be gathered from a population census.

 Demographic information - may be also be obtained from the following sources
(a) Sources of population statistics:

1. National Census
A National census –
- It’s a count of a population within a country done at a specific time in some countries.
It is done every ten years.
It may also be obtained from:
2. Registrar’s Office -
- A government office designed to obtain demographic records from the registrations of births,
marriages and deaths in a country.
3. Office of Naturalization-
- An office which keeps the records of all the immigrants who are granted citizenships
or who are living temporarily in a country.
4. Records of Religious institutions –
- Records of baptism, marriage, funeral and coming of age ceremonies are held by
religious institutions
5. Other locations of sources of population statistics include:
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- Social Welfare Division
- Ministry of Education
- Ministry of Labour
-Ministry of Health
- Ministry of Agriculture
- The National Housing Authority (NHA).
(b) Uses of population statistics
- Demographic information/statistics - is also important for the authorities to plan for

the future need in areas such as:
o Housing
o Health care
o Education
o Employment
o Social welfare
o Infrastructural development.
CONTENT 2:
 Definition of terms and concepts associated with population
a. Over population
h. Occurs when the resources of an area is not enough to support the population of
the area.
i. Causes of overpopulation
o lack of population control
o lack of technology
o lack of physical resources
o slow development of resources
j. Problems of overpopulation

o Poverty ad diseases
o Balance of payment problems
o Low standard of living
o Economic unrest
o Unemployment
o Inflation
o Poor social amenities
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k. Solutions to over-population
o Developed skills and technology
o Family planning
o Increase investment
o Equal distribution of income
o Use of technology in agriculture
b. Under - population
- Exists when a country’s population is too small to utilize fully its resources.
This occurs in developed countries.
- Causes of under-population
o Natural disasters
o Wars
o Inadequate social and health facilities – education, roads, electricity
and others
o Close proximity to the ports and trading routes
o Difficulty of communication with the outside world.
c. Depopulation:
- Exists when an area loses its population as a result of:
o Farming
o Decline in economic activity
o Increase in criminal activities
o Relocation of people
o Political unrest
o Pollution
d. Optimum population:
- Is said to be that in which the number of persons in a country will make
efficient use of the available resources.
TOPIC SUMMARY: KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER – [ OBJECTIVES: 1- 5]
- Persons coming into a country are called immigrants while those going out are
called emigrants
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- The term net migration refers to the difference between immigration and
emigration.
- Factors which influence population distribution include:
o The relief of the land
o Climate
o Fertile areas
o Location of mineral resources
o Developed areas
o Types of vegetation
 The term birth rate refers to the number of live birth each year out of each 1000 persons in
a country.
 The number of deaths out of each 1000 persons in a country is the death rate.
 An increase in numbers of people is referred to as Population Growth.
 The growth rate of country‘s population is obtained by finding the difference between the
birth and death rate.
 The term natural increase is used when the births is greater than the number of deaths.
 The infant mortality rate is obtained by calculating the number of deaths each year for
every 1000 children less than one year.
 The life expectancy of a population it is the average number of that person in a gown
population are expected to live.
 The compositions of a country’s population include sex ratio, age distribution, ethnic origin
and religion.
 The term dependency ratio is used to describe the ratio of dependent to the economically
productive group.
 Over population occurs when the resources of a country are no sufficient to provide
different the reeds of the population.
 Under population occurs when the population is too small to fully utilize the country’s
resources.
 Depopulation is a condition that exists when an area loses it population.
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WEEK 4
TOPIC: MIGRATION: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
OBJECTIVE 6
At the end of the lesson the student will be able to:
 Explain the causes and consequences of migration
CONTENT 1:
Migration
o Causes:
 Push and pull factors that influence rural-urban migration, urban- rural migration
among Caribbean countries.
I. Rural- Urban migration or Urbanization
 Refers to as the migration of people in large numbers from rural to urban areas within a country.
o Attraction to the urban areas

 (Pull factors)
o Educational opportunities
o Availability of jobs
o More social and cultural amenities- entertainment , sports
o Modern infrastructure- roads, telephones, electricity, housing
o More reliable sources of food.
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o Entertainment
o Conditions in the rural areas

 (Push factors)
o Few infrastructural benefits
o Few educational, sporting and cultural facilities
o Scarcity of jobs
o Little prospect for improving peoples’ standard of living.
o Problems of urbanization are:

o More unemployment
o Transport congestion
o Noise pollution
o Development of stress
o Increase crime
o Pressure on resources and social services
o Solutions of urbanization are:

o Development of infrastructure in rural areas
o Development of education, recreation, health care and social
services in rural areas
o Introduce zoning regulations
o Limit the size of the cities by boundaries and population size
o Decentralizing by establishing industries away from cities.
II. Rural – Rural migration
 Rural – rural migration refers to the movement of people from one rural area of a country to
another rural area.
o Attraction to other rural areas

 (Pull factors)
o Relocation for economic reasons e to establish a new farming
communities
o Need for the availability of original land for mining.
o Conditions in the rural areas

 (Push factors)
o Unavailability of farm land
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o Scarcity of jobs
III. Urban- rural migration
 Urban - rural migration is the movement of people from town or urban centres to rural areas.
o Attraction to rural areas

 (Pull factors)
o Prefer country side to towns and cities
o Parents want to give children more space, freedom fresh air and
smaller schools.
o Low crime rates
o Want to be nearer to family or friend or family member
o Conditions in the urban areas

 (Push factors)
o Avoiding polluted town for health reasons
o Crime
o Violence
o Push and pull factors that influence migration between the Caribbean and other
parts of the world.
o International migration
 Occurs when a person leaves one country or state to settle in another. A person leaving
Trinidad and Tobago to settle in United States of America is an example of international
migration.
o Attractions or Factors that influence people to migrate from Caribbean countries

to international countries.
 (Pull factors) –
o High wages
o High standard of health facilities
o Proper educational opportunities
o Proper infrastructure for recreation
o Technological advancement
o Employment opportunities are great
o Attractive social security benefits
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o Low levels of crime
o Political stability
o Conditions in the Caribbean countries

 (Push Factors)
o High unemployment and poverty in the Caribbean
o Political unrest in some Caribbean islands
o Better job opportunities in the host country- professional
such as teachers, nurses, doctors etc.
o Dissatisfaction with facilities and amenities
o Inadequate resources for Caribbean development
o Natural disaster.
o Consequences of migration to the individual, the host country and the country of
origin
a. Consequences of migration to the individual

 Positive Effects
o Migrants learn useful skills which will of value when they
return home.
 Negative Effects
o Exploitation of immigrants;
o Open violence against newly arrived immigrants;
o Racial conflict against newly arrived immigrants;
o Poor accommodation;
o Low wages;
o Discrimination;
o Problem with language;
o Culture shock.
b. Consequence of migration to the Host or Receiving Country

 Positive effects
o Creation of a multi - cultural society.
o Immigrants add flavours to, the culture of the country.
o New skills are introduced into the labour force.
 Negative effects
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o Increase in the labour force;
o Greater pressure on the resources of a country;
o Greater pressure on the host country to provide
employment and social services.
o Changes in the age/ sex structure in the population.
o Growth in total population;
o Religious and racial conflict;
o Prominent culture to be lost.
 Consequences of migration to the country of origin:
o Money earned abroad is remitted to person’s in the
country of origin to provide needed foreign exchange.
This money is used to pay for imports and to service
foreign debts. The remittances are also used to provide for
the basic needs of the recipients;
o Lower unemployment
.
 Negative effects
o When many skilled and professional parsons migrate the
economic development of a country may decline. This is
referred to as ‘brain drain”.
o Factories in the country of origin may close down
because the investors migrate.
o Additional money must be spent by government to replace loss
of skilled labour.
o Money spent on educating emigrants does not benefit the
country.
c. Consequences of Urbanization
o new skills to benefit receiving area;
o money earned helps persons remaining in rural area;
o Returning persons from urban to rural use money to develop
the economy.
 Negative Effects
28
o Overcrowding in cities and towns;
o Development of shanty towns or squatter settlements;
o Unemployment ;
o Crime and violence;
o Not enough education and health care facilities;
o Young adults’ migration.
TOPIC SUMMARY: KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER- [OBJECTIVE: 6]
 Push factors are those negative reasons which force people to leave their place of
residence while pull factors are those which attract them to another area with the country.
 Rural- urban migration is the movement of people from the rural areas to the areas to the
towns or urban centres.
 International migration occurs when a person leaves one country to reside in another.
 Migration has negative and positive consequences for both the host country and the
country of origin
29
WEEK 5
HUMAN RESOURCES
TOPIC: THE NEED FOR DEVELOPING HUMAN RESOURCES
OBJECTIVE 7
- Define Resources
- Define Human Resources
- Explain the need for developing human resources
o Resources
 Resources are the living or non- living things which may be useful to a people
and their society. It is the process of making something useful. Two main
resources are Physical and Human Resources.
o Physical Resources
 Physical resources are made up of the materials or substances occurring in
nature which can be exploited for economic gains and built or man - made
resources. Natural resources include oil, coal, natural gas, metals, stone
and sand .Air, sunlight, soil (land) and water are other natural resources.
Built resources include buildings and roads.
30
 Human Resources
 Human Resources are the skills, values, talents, strengths, knowledge and
experience that people in a population possess.. All areas of society-
economics, science and technology, health care education, culture and the
natural environment are dependent on human resources to function and
grow.
CONTENT 1
o The need for developing Human Resources is important to ensure:

 Productive workers, creative and critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
i. Productive workers
 Productive workers in the workplace :
o Lower medical costs;
o Lower absenteeism rate;
o Are more efficient;
o Make a huge difference in teamwork- that is – by being
optimistic, caring about others and inspiring each other.
ii. Creative and critical thinking skills:

 These skills are used in the workplace to:
o Evaluate information in terms of accuracy, objectivity and
relevance;
o Recognize underlying assumptions and values;
o Analyse information from different sources and classify
and organize the analysed data;
o Draw conclusions and apply to new situation
iii. Problem solving skills

 These skills are also used to solve problems. For example:
o When agriculture was threatened to occupy prime agriculture
lands, engineer came up with the brilliant idea of high rise
building to solve the problem.
o Similarly, in the 1950‘s when there was a world shortage of
food, scientists conducted research and developed hybrid
varieties of seeds and plants to solve the problem. This was
referred to as the green revolution.
31
o Furthermore, when the world’s population was threatened
with extinction by diseases such as small pox, poliomyelitis
and cholera skills of the doctors and scientists were harnessed
to produce vaccinations to counteract these diseases. The
preservation of the human race was therefore ensured.
o And in the work place to solve problems that machines
cannot.
WEEK 6
TOPIC: DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES
OBJECTIVE 8:
At the end of the lesson the student will be able to:
 Explain the factors that contribute to the development of human resources
CONTENT 1:
 Factors that contribute to the development of human resources.
 Nutrition and Health

o Health and Nutrition is one of the most important components of
Human Resources. It increases income and reduces poverty; make
people affordable better diets, improved care and healthier living
conditions.
 Nutrition
 Nutrition is related to health.
32
 It is an important aspect of primary or penetrative health care.is related to
productivity.
 It is essential for a healthy population.
 It is related to national development.
 Ways Government can improve nutrition – Government:

o provides welfare services to mother in pre-natal and post - natal care
o provides education on the value of breast feeding
o provides meals in poor communities to ensure that children
nutritional needs are met.
o ensures school feeding programmes serve nutritional meals to
children
o includes child care and development in the school curricula to teach
children to eat healthy
o educates parents about providing balanced meals for their children.
 Health relates to a person’s physical, spiritual, mental and emotional wellbeing.
(b) The availability of and access to primary and curative health care
 There are three types of health care services in the development of
human resources:
1. Primary or preventative health care
o Focus on preventing diseases through immunization, good dietary
practices, exercise, relaxation, breast feeding, good hygiene and
proper garbage collection and disposal.
o Good primary care practices may reduce the need for secondary or
curative health care.
2. Secondary or curative health care

o Secondary or curative health care include detection of
diseases, administration of medication, corrective surgery
and rehabilitation.
3. Tertiary health care

o Tertiary health is concern with the treatment, care and
rehabilitation of patients diagnosed with diseases.
Rehabilitation can be provided in institutions or at home
from the support of family. The aim of tertiary health care
33
is to reduce the disability or rehabilitate the patient. It
includes the use of physical therapy.
 Diseases – may be the result of poor sanitation, poor hygiene in handling food
and distribution, deficiency in nutrients in the body or of one’s heredity.
 Immunization- is to make someone immune to a disease. Immunization is of

great importance to everyone but especially to babies and young children. It
prevents several life- threatening diseases.
(c) Education (basic, moral, vocational and professional training, rehabilitation and
retraining:
 Education, in the development of human resources, provides people with

the skills, knowledge and confidence to carry to jobs, to function well in
society and to fulfil their fullest potential. It also provides creative
thinkers, problem solvers and skilled manpower that the Caribbean region
for social, economic and technical development. Lack of education is
linked to poverty, lack of opportunity and poor mental health
.
 The different types of education is important for the following
reasons:
 Basic Education
 Early child hood - this include nursery, preschool or Kindergarten is
referred to as basic education- The purpose of basic education is important
for the:
o Introduction to the schooling process
o Facilitation of the home to school transition process
o Development of readiness skills in numeracy and literacy
o Socialization
 Primary education
The purpose of primary education is important for the:
o Provision of basic education
o Exposure to the curriculum
o socialization
 Secondary education
The purpose of secondary education is important for the:
34
o Continuation of the schooling process
o Provision of a general education
o Preparatory skills and exposure in preparation for the world of
work
o Acquisition of qualification for the next level of education
 Tertiary
Tertiary education is important for the:
o Development of the intellectual potential
o Specialization in subject areas e.g. Education, the Arts,
Computer Science etc.
 Moral or Character Education

 The purpose of moral or character education is to :
o Teach children in a manner that will help them develop as good
mannered, good behaved, non- bullying and socially acceptable
being.
o Help make children virtuous- i.e. Honest, responsible and
compassionate.
 Vocational training and professional training

 The purpose vocational training and professional training is important for
the:
o Reconstructing of the curriculum to meet the needs of and interest
of students, making it more relevant by introducing a balance
between academic and technical /vocational subjects.
o Exposure to a wide variety of skills for students
o Industrial demonstration of competence in areas which are not
purely academic.
o Closeness to the world of work
o Provision for self- employment
o Competence in a trade makes student S feel more employable.
 Rehabilitation
 The purpose of rehabilitation education is important for the:
o Development of strategies to cater to the needs of children who are
mentally and physically challenge or people whose education may
have suffered due to addiction, illness or prison sentences
35
 Retaining
 The purpose of retraining is important for the:
o Retraining teachers in new methods of instruction
o Retraining people in new career fields.
(c) The availability and access to various types educational institutions

 Educational institutions include schools, colleges and universities provide
education to develop the human resources. In the Caribbean, primary education is
free. Many Caribbean countries provide free access to secondary school. Tertiary
education (i.e. colleges and universities) usually needs to be paid for by the
student.
 In most Caribbean countries, education is provided by the government, the

church and other non- governmental agencies /organizations (i.e. the
business community) to develop the human resource.
 The role of the government in the development of education

o Free primary education for all citizens
o Universal secondary education
o Book grants and free meals for the underprivileged students
o Revision of the curricula to suit the needs of society
o Adult education programmes
o Granting of scholarships
o Subsidizing of the cost of tertiary education
o Rehabilitation education
o Technical /Vocational Education
 The ways churches and the non- government organizations/agencies

( i.e. the business community) provide education to develop the human
resource: By:
o Providing financial support to improve the physical conditions
o Going into partnership with government to provide scholarship for
the needy students
o Providing funds for extra curricula activities e.g. sports and games
o Providing facilities for the development of the Visual and Performing
Arts
o Sponsoring career orientation programmes
36
o Facilitating work study programme
o Adapting a school.
 The function and role of education

o Prepares people to function effectively and meet the challenges of the
society
o Facilitates the development of literacy and numeracy and technical,
skills which provides the foundation for further development
o Preserves, transmits and transform cultural norms and values of the
society
o Contributes the intellectual, physical, socio-cultural, emotional and
o spiritual development of individuals
o Prepare individual for the world of work
o Facilitates, upward social mobility
o Facilitates the development of coping skills which helps people to
function more efficiently in the world of and in their daily lives.
(d) The provision of scholarship

 Offering scholarships is important for:
o Providing financial assistance to poor students
o Financing promising students to study
(e) Sports
 Through sports citizens can receive international recognition’ benefit
economically and can gain fulfilment
(f) Culture
 Encourages participation in the arts and culture. It encourages tourisms and brings
many tourists to the region.
TOPIC SUMMARY: KEYS POINTS TO REMEMBER – OBJECTIVE 8
 A resource is anything natural that can be harnessed, developed and used to satisfy the
needs and wants of people.
 Human beings are born with innate skills, intelligence, talents and abilities which are
developed through education
 Health care is critical to the development of the primary resource.
37
 There are three types of health care services: primary or preventative, secondary or curative
and tertiary.
 Good primary health care practices may reduce the need for curative health care.
 Good primary health care practices include immunization, good dietary practices, exercise
and recreation.
 Curative health care is costly and includes early detection of diseases, corrective surgery
and rehabilitation.
 In most Caribbean countries, education is provided by the government, the church and
other non- governmental agencies. It is usually provided by four levels.
 The education system may be improved to better develop the human resources by:
o Reconstructing the curriculum to meet the needs and interests of students
o Retraining teachers in new methods of institution
o Introducing technology in the e classroom to stimulate learning
o Developing strategies to cater to the needs of children who are mentally or physically
challenges
o Providing greater financial assistance to poor children.
WEEK 7
TOPIC: FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE EMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT AND

UNDEREMPLOYMENT
OBJECTIVE 9:
 Explain the factors that influence employment, unemployment and

underemployment.
 Explain terms and concepts relating to employment, unemployment and
underemployment.
38
CONTENT 1:
 Factors that influence employment, unemployment and underemployment
a. Availability and use of capital

 Capital is the amount of money that a company has to spend on developing
and expanding its business. The more money a company has it will
influence the number people it can employ. Similarly, the more money
government has to spend on employment and training schemes it will
influence employment. However, an economic downturn may mean a
reduction of business operations and government spending on services
which this will lead to loss of jobs/ unemployment and underemployment
in these sectors.
b. Level and range of skills demanded versus those available

 People train in skills that are in demand in a country in order to gain
employment requiring those skills. However, if the country has an opposite
problem, that is, the shortage of skills demanded for those jobs available this
will create unemployment and underemployment. Changes in technology may
also create shortages of skill demanded for those available jobs and this too will
create unemployment and underemployment.
 The long term solutions to these problems may be government promoting
training in particular areas or to encourage workers from abroad to fill these
skill gaps.
c. Availability and creation of markets for goods and services, trading patterns and
preferences
 Markets are the potential customers or investors in a product or service. For a
business to ensure profitability to its investors it must have a good market for its
products. Some industries in the Caribbean have declined as markets for its
products declined, technology have changed , manufacturing has moved
overseas or machines have taken over much of the traditional work and this
may influence unemployment referred to as structural unemployment.
 Trading patterns and preferences affect the growth of business which
influences employment, unemployment and underemployment. For example if
investors invest in stocks and shares in a business the value of the stocks and
shares depend on how profitable the business is. If the stock market increases
the value of the shares increase but if the stock market falls the values of the
shares decrease, similarly, if a company loses money they may have to make
redundancies or retrenchment to people’s jobs.
39
d. Level of technology available in relation to resource development.
 Technology changes quickly and businesses must keep up in order to
compete with other business and communicate with customers and clients
around the world. Today, technology are replacing the human resource in
some factories, on line booking has reduced hotel receptionists and self-
scan tills are reducing the need for shop assistants ,thereby, creating mass
unemployment particularly in the workplace.
CONTENT 11
a. Employment
 Employment describes the means to be occupied in productive work.
 Factors that affect employment

o Economic development of a country
o Types of jobs available
o Salaries and working condition
o Locations of the job
o Number of job available
 The importance of employment. It

o Allows a person to earn an income to provide basic needs for self and family.
o To provide for future( saving) .Allow for savings in case of unforeseen
contingencies
o To maintain or improve standard of living
o To be economically independent
o To preserve ones self-respect and self-esteem
 Terms and concepts related to employment
The Labour Employed Persons Unemployed Persons

force
40
Makes up of Those who: Those who:
people who are o Receive o Were laid off
employed and salaries or o Are not interested or no looking for a job
people who are wages for o Are awaiting results of exams
unemployed work they o Are temporary ill
who fall within do. o Are residents but do not have
the working employment status
age group 16- o Retired persons
65.
 Classification and types of workers in employment
Type of Example of industry Examples of Activities in Example of type of

Industry the industry workers in the
industry
Primary or Mining, forestry and Extracting of bauxite, Primary workers :
extractive agriculture diamonds ,gold, lumbering farmers, lumberjacks,
industries and crop production miners etc.
Secondary or Processing, Manufacturing ad processing Secondary workers :
manufacturing manufacturing and of food, alumina, cement , masons, mechanics,
industries construction clothes, craft etc. engineers, tailors,
seamstress etc.
Tertiary or Commercial and service Banking, education , Tertiary worker :
service industries industries transport, health, accounting educators , health
workers, bankers,
transport works,
clerks etc.
(b) Unemployment
o Unemployment describes people who have some work but are either working part-time
in jobs well below the level of their qualifications or skills.
 Types of unemployment
Types of unemployment Definition
o Cyclical Unemployment resulting from change in the trade cycle

unemployment
41
o Seasonal Periods of unemployment occurring after the crop season or tourist
unemployment season may result in the laying off of workers
o Casual Casual workers will suffer periods of unemployment between jobs
unemployment
o Normal Condition which exist when workers who are normally
unemployment permanently employed are out of jobs for a temporary period of
time while waiting to move on to another job
o Structural Unemployment resulting in a change of demand for one kind of
unemployment product or service as opposed to another. E.g. the railway industry
shrinking as road transport expands
o Technical The replacement of skilled or unskilled labour by the introduction
unemployment of automation, mechanization, computerization or other types of
technology at the workplace
 Causes of unemployment in the Caribbean
o The economies in the Caribbean states are not growing fast enough
to satisfy the demands for jobs and as a result unemployment
continues to rise.
o Highly mechanized capital intensive industries are not large
employers e.g. Petrotrin while labour intensive are declining e.g.
sugar industry.
o Most Caribbean countries are not rich in natural resources which
can be harnessed and used to create secondary level jobs in the
manufacturing sector.
o Young people tend to remain unemployed while they wait for
high paying jobs.
o The tourism sector continue to employ overseas personnel to fill
middle and top management category instead of locals and to
import most of their food and beverage supplies thus reducing the
number of jobs which could be created in the processing and
agricultural industries .
o In some Caribbean countries most of the country’s earnings go to
service debts perpetuating the poverty cycle as government will
continue to have less capital to create new jobs for the un/
underemployed.
 Consequences of unemployment
 Standard of living remains low.
 Human and physical resources are underutilized.
 Social problems increase such as crime and violence.
42
 Government spending of money to provide social services.
 Rural migration to the cities and town resulting in increased slums and
facilities such as health, education, housing water and electricity.
 ‘Brain drain’ will occur in the region as professional seek employment
abroad.
o Increase stress in mental illness/psychological problems will
result in suicidal tendencies.
o Widespread unemployment will lead to social and political
instability in the country.
ix. Government revenue will fall due to reduced spending.
 Ways of reducing unemployment

 Creation of industries.
 Make agriculture sector a priority of all government.
 Use local materials which are exported in raw state to generate new
products e.g. cocoa.
 Change curricula to reflect technical/vocational subjects to create self-
employment e.g. auto- mechanic.
 Market tourism more vigorously which will result in increased tourists’
arrival e.g. taxi drivers.
 Combined resources of the various Caribbean countries to produce a
variety of goods e.g. T&T’s petroleum resources can be used to convert
bauxite from Jamaica into aluminium.
 Make worker shareholder in firms.
 Control the high birth rate.
(c) Underemployment
o Underemployment describes - a situation where a person’s employment does

not fully utilise their abilities or skills;
o When a person has temporary job whereby he/she works part- time rather than
full time;
o When individuals accept jobs which they are over-qualified e.g. a university
graduate accepts a job as a gas station attendant;
o Where people work for fewer hours than they are available for.
43
WEEK 7
TOPIC: PREPARATION OF THE WORLD OF WORK
OBJECTIVE 10:
 Describe the factors and procedures to be considered in choosing a job or being self –
employed.
44
CONTENT 1:
 Preparation for the world of work
a. Making Choices
o Choosing a job or self-employment
o When preparing for the world of work a person may make choices. They
may consider whether to seek employment or self- employment.
o People who seek employment may become employed by a company or
institution which pays them a salary in exchange for their labour, provide
them with benefits such holidays, sick pay and neither do they have the
ultimate responsibility for a company and its profits or loss nor do not
have to spend the time hunting for work as some self –employed people
do.
OR
o People who seek to be self – employed may do so by choice or due to the

unavailability of jobs. People who seek self-employment are likely to earn
less than those in full time employment. However, there are many
advantages to being self-employed. Self- employment offers more
freedom – they can choose what work they will take on, how long they
will work and where they will work.
ii. Considering values

o When considering whether to seek employment or self –employment a
person should consider values. They should consider the benefits offered
or to be gain for being employed versus self- employment and their
disadvantages.
iii. Needs
o A person should consider if being employed would provide a good
income which will facilitate the life style they want versus being
self-employment.
iv. Interests
o A person should further think about if the job is related to their
interests and capabilities to being self –employed.
v. Ambitions
45
o Persons should also think about their ambitions .They should find
out if the job has opportunities for promotion to being self –
employed.
(B) Procedural requirements for job selection and self-employment:
 Self- employment - A person who becomes self- employed sometimes start off working
for somebody else to gain experience and build financial stability. But this is not the case
when a person is looking for employment; there are a number of steps to go through. They
are as follows:
 Job selection- For a person to be employed the following procedures are required:
i. Collecting information on available jobs: By ÷
o seeking sources such as advertisement pages, newspapers,
magazines, internet recruitment sites, recruitment agencies and
company website for vacancies;
o Sending out speculative resume OR
o Calling in to potential employers to enquire about possible job
opportunities.
ii. List available options:

o Once information on potential job has been collect:
o Ensure you have the academic qualification needed, if not become
qualified if required be, by:
o Studying further to acquire more qualification
OR
o Getting experience in the field by:
o Taking on an apprenticeship job to learn the skills of a trade
OR
o Getting more experience in the field by volunteering within your
career.
iii. List available options
o When considering employment or self- employment explore
the market i.e. find out about jobs that will be available after
graduating. Remember the world of work is changing rapidly with
the advances being made in science and technology. Some jobs are
disappearing as new one becomes available as the needs of the
society and the state of the economy change.
46
o Think about self- employment
iv. Determining consequences of choice.

 Think through the consequences of choice when considering a job. Possible
jobs need to be assessed for suitability, practically and interest. Ask
yourself questions when considering the suitability of jobs:
o How well does the job match my skills, interest and
qualification;
o Hours of work;
o Health and safety hazards associated with the job;
o Proximity to your residence;
o Wages and salaries paid
o Benefit offered;
o Recognition and status of the job;
o Opportunities for promotion;
o Demands of the job.
v. Obtaining resources
 When considering job options, it is important to gain as much
information as possible about your chosen job or career.
 Gain as much information on chosen job or career from:
o Guidance counsellors in your school
o Experts in the field of your choice
o Career talks/seminars/ employment fairs
o Teachers
o Ministers of religion
o Parents and older relatives
o Professional organizations
o Career expos friends
o Government Agencies
 Prerequisite Tasks
o Prerequisite tasks to complete for entry into the world of work
are as follows:
i. Writing a letter of application:
The letter should:
47
o State clearly the position for which you are applying
and possible your source of information about the job.
o State clearly and briefly why you want the job and
refer to your qualification, experience and personal
characteristics
o State why you are interested in the organization and
indicate how it will benefit by employing you
o Be brief, clear, business- like and free of
grammatical and spelling errors.
ii. Preparing a personal resume:
 The main element of are:

o Personal data
o Career objective
o Education
o Work experience
o Job-related additional information
o Extracurricular activities
 Tips for writing the resume:

o keep the resume short- one to two pages;
o make objective short clear, attractive and business like;
o include a contact number;
o Obtain permission from person used as references.
 Preparing for a job interview:

o Some tips for the interview:
o Arrive on time;
o Dress modestly and appropriately;
o Research the organization;
o Be prepared for a test;
o Take extra copies of your resume with you;
o Speak clearly and be polite;
o Send a thank you letter to the Human Resource
o Manager after the interview.
 The examination
48
 Some companies/organization requires the applicant sit an examination for
entry position: Must÷
o Find out if this is require
o What is about
o Prepare for it.
(C) Rights and responsibilities of workers
o Rights of workers at work :-

 HR Department must ensure the:
 Signing of a Contract of employment: It must outline:
o Employees’ and employers’ expectations and should list core responsibilities of
the job detailing salary, working hours, appraisal, benefits and employee support.
o Right related to holiday and sick pay, health and safety requirement and
compensation due to injury at work.
o Organizations that protect workers

 HR Department must also ensure that Organizations protect workers right:
tor example :
The Trade Union:
o These groups protect and promote workers’ rights, ensure safe

working practices and negotiate for salaries increase
o The Ministry of Labour offers policies advice, training and
information to both employers and employees in their country.
TOPIC SUMMARY: SOME POINTS TO REMEMBER
 The labour force in country is made up of people between the e ages of sixteen to
sixty- five, who are either employed or unemployed.
 People work mainly to satisfy their basic needs and to provide for the future.
 The levels of employment, unemployment and underemployment are influenced by
the:
o Availability and uses of capital
o Level and range of skills demanded versus those which
are available
o Availability and creation of markets for goods
49
o Level of technology which is available to develop to
develop the country’s natural resources.
 The procedural requirements for job satisfaction and self - employment include:
o Collecting information on the jobs
o Listing available options
o Assessing available options
o Determining consequences of choice
o Obtaining resources
50
WEEK 8
NATURAL RESOURCES
TOPIC: LOCATION AND USES OF THE MAJOR NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE

CARIBBEAN REGION
OBJECTIVE 11:
 Identify the locations and uses of the major natural resources in the Caribbean
region
CONTENT 1
 Definition of natural resources

o Natural resources are the ‘gifts of nature’ that occur naturally in the
environment. They include land (soil), forest, water, the marine environment,
minerals and energy. They provide us with the raw material used in the
production of goods and services and in the manufacture of food products,
clothing and material for shelter.
(a) Location of the major natural resources in the Caribbean region
COUNTRY Renewable Non –renewable.

AGRICULTURE MINERAL RESOURCES
Belize Forestry, sugar cane, cirrus,
rice, coconuts , food crops
Barbados Sugar cane, grounded Petroleum and limestone
provision, bananas
Jamaica Coffee, cocoa, sugar -cane, Bauxite, limestone , gypsum
bananas, citrus
Guyana Sugar-cane, rice, forestry, Bauxite, gold, diamond,
cattle- rearing petroleum
Trinidad Sugar-cane, citrus, cocoa, Petroleum, natural gas, asphalt,
and Tobago coffee, ground provisions limestone, gypsum
bananas, rice, coconuts
Dominican Bananas. sugar cane , ground Nickel, bauxite, gold, silver,
51
Republic provision arable land
The Sugar cane, bananas, ground Salt, timber, arable land
Bahamas provision
St Vincent Arrow root , bananas, Hydropower, arable land
and the ground provisions
Grenadines
 Classification of Natural Resources

o Natural resources can be classified as renewable and non- renewable.
i. Renewable Resources – are sustainable and can be continue to exist and

produce indefinitely. Examples are as follows:
o Agricultural land
o Water
o Forests
o Beaches and marine life
o Solar energy
o Solar energy
o Wind
ii. Non- renewable Resources- can run out .They are in limited supply and
cannot be replaced or replenished, so when the stock of that particular
resource is finished, mankind will have to look for substitutes.
For example:
o Fossil fuel such as petroleum (oil) and natural gas
o Mineral such as bauxite (aluminium), nickel, gold, diamond,
uranium and plutonium
o Energy such as geothermal energy, biomass and biogas
(b) Uses of natural resources (renewable and non-renewable) in the

Caribbean region.
i. Uses of natural resources (renewable) in the Caribbean region
Land Land is used for grazing cattle, growing crops; for: housing,
mining (bauxite, gold, diamonds, petroleum and asphalt);
transport- construction of roads and the building of industrial
plants.
Water Water is used to sustain life: drinking and irrigation, for:
recreation, transport, providing food, hydropower; as a
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solvent and cooling agent and for providing hydroelectricity
power.
Man-made reservoirs depend on naturally occurring water to
be filled.
Forests Forests are important for our survival. Trees in forests
provide: moisture, canopy to breaks force of the rain,
maintain the composition of the atmosphere, reduce noise
pollution, recreation, wind protection and timber; promote
rain fall, prevent soil erosion and the herbs and plants of the
forests are used in the production of medical remedies. They
also have important aesthetic, cultural spiritual and historical
values.
Beaches and Beaches are used: to create a buffer zone between the sea and
marine life the land to prevent flooding; to provide a natural habitat for
marine wildlife, employment, recreation and food; to supply
sand for construction, as well as produce the oxygen we
breathe.
Wind/Wind The energy from wind is used to power ships with sails, for
power surfing and sailing. Wind power energy is created by wind
turbines, that is, large windmill like constructions that harness
the power of the wind to create energy for pumping water,
operating electrical equipment and supplying lights to
households. As other sources of energy are running out wind
is used by governments to secure clean, renewable energy for
the future.
Hydroelectri Hydroelectric power is electricity created by utilizing the
c power energy from falling water, usually from a dam, waterfall, lake
or reservoir. Water falling from a higher to a lower level
creates energy. This energy is increased by using turbines
blades or water wheels. A hydroelectric plant converts this
energy into electricity. Hydroelectric power is used widely in
Dominica, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Jamaica and
Suriname.
Sunlight/ Solar energy provides a free source of heat and energy
solar energy through harnessing the power of the sun. Uses of solar energy
entails: cooking food(solar cookers),drying crops(solar crop
drier), distillation of water ( solar still), solar powered
calculators and watches, transmission of satellite images ,
heating water and solar panels i.e. (PV systems) that produce
electricity. They are often installed on the roofs of building.
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ii. Uses of non- renewable natural resources in the Caribbean region
Petroleum Petroleum has various categories (crude oil, natural gas and
pitch).
o Crude oil is used to create many by- products e.g.
gasoline, aviation fuel, kerosene, Liquid petroleum gas
(LPG) fuel oil, lubricating oil, diesel oil, greases and wax
and bitumen( sue in road surfacing).
o Natural gas used as an alternative source of fuel in
internal combustion engines; such as cars, buses trains
and ship; in homes and building, and in light and heavy
manufacturing industries as feedstock such as methanol,
ammonia and iron and steel plants.
Bauxite This mineral is mined and processed to create aluminium, a
metal used to make tin cans, aluminium foil, cutlery and vehicle
parts.
Nickel This mineral is used in stainless steel products such as
saucepans, coins and in electronic devices. This mineral is
mined in Dominican Republic and Cuba
Gold and These minerals are mined and used mainly for jewellery and
diamond artefacts but is also used in industrial tools. These minerals are
mined in Guyana.
Geothermal This is energy that is harnessed from active volcanoes and hot
energy springs which discharge steam or underground water that is
under extreme pressure. The steam or water is channelled to
turbines through a bore hole for the generation of electricity.
This rich source of energy is developed in Guadeloupe,
Dominica, St. Lucia, and St Vincent.
Biomass These sources of power are made from compressing organic
and biogas matter (biomass) and gases produced from this process
(biogas).They are used as a fuel to generate electricity.
Nuclear Nuclear energy is generated by the use of uranium and
energy plutonium (nuclear fuel) in a nuclear reactor which produces
heat energy. The steam produced causes the rotation of turbines
thereby generating electricity. It is also used for x-rays. used for
the generation of electricity;
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WEEK 9
TOPIC: PROPER AND IMPROPER PRACTICES OF RESOURCES AND THEIR

EFFECTS
OBJECTIVE 12
o Describe proper and improper practices related to the sustainable development and use of
natural resources and their effects on the environment and the population.
CONTENT 1:
o Proper practices of natural (non- renewable) resources, for example:
CONSERVATION
o Conservation describes the act of caring for (or conserving) our environment.
Conservation further means the management of the human interaction with the natural
environment so as to provide the maximum benefit to the present generation while
maintaining the potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations. It
involves the conscious use of resources, taking into account that they will soon be
unavailable.
1. (a) Proper practices of non –renewable natural resources are achieved through:
o Legislation;
o Voluntary restrictions and improvements in the normal
usage of resources
o Measures to combat natural destructive processes;
o Efficient extraction and use of resources and by-products
 Proper practices of natural (renewable) resources, for example: .
 Land
 Land is conserved through:
o land reclamation;
o zoning;
o The improvement of farming techniques. Some of these methods include:
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 Contour cultivation-hillside ploughing should be done along the
contour. Soil is retained when furrows run along the contour of hills
 Terracing
 Crop rotation
 Other measures such as:
o Keeping open lots free of trash and garbage;
o Recycling solid waste material such as: plastic containers;
cans, tyres.
o Using materials which are bio- degradable for shopping
bags and fast food containers;
o Recycling electrical appliances and motor vehicles;
o Encouraging communities to establish parks out of open
lots
 Forests
 Forests are conserved through:
o Forest reserves;
o Massive afforestation;
o Reforestation;
o Comprehensive education programmes;
o Strict and severe penalties for illegal logging;
o Planting forest with tree crops such as cocoa;
o Practicing selective cutting of mature trees to control
lumbering;
o Monitoring camp sites and campers who use fire for
cookouts.
 Water
 Water is conserved through:
 The Water cycle
 The water is purified and redistributed over the earth through:
o Evaporation
o Transpiration
o Condensation
o Precipitation
o Surface runoff
o Percolation
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 Storage in dams
 Water is collected in dams in the rainy seasons and is stored for
distribution particularly in the dry season.
 Reducing wastage – by
o Turning off taps when not in use;
o Using containers for bathing and washing
dishes;
o Installations of water meters;
o Repairing leaking mains, taps and household
underground leaks;
o Recycling water– domestic and industrial;
o The effective management of household and
institutional water consumption.
 Water Treatment
 Water treatment is necessary to remove the impurities that water
collect in dams. They are as follows:
o Coagulation
o Sedimentation.
o Filtration
o Chlorination
 Marine life
 Marine life can be conserved through:
o Enacting legislation - to curb pollution and
fining those responsible for polluting the
marine environment;
o Banning certain fishing methods – e.g. drift
net fishing and uses of explosives;
o Establishing exclusive fishing rights - in
territorial boundaries and increasing costal
patrols to monitor foreign vessels inside
territorial waters.
o Establishing a closed season or banning the
catching of endangered species of marine life
–e.g. Turtles, whales, and couch.
o Establishing marine reserves – to protect
marine life.
o Developing aquaculture – to ensure
continuous supply of fresh water fish.
 Air
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 Air is conserved through:
o The use of incinerators to burn refuge;
o The use of unleaded gas;
o The use of biogas and other sources of energy
which do not discharge smoke into the
atmosphere;
o The use of filters at factories;
o Recycling land fill, materials and monitoring
landfills to minimize the effects of spontaneous
combustion;
o Community leaders discouraging their
members from burning refuse in their
backyards
Recycling – is a form of conservation. It means the reusing of goods by

consumers.
 Recyclables materials include:

o Paper
o Plastics
o Bottles
o Glass
o Aluminium cans
o Used automobile oils
o Tyres
o Iron and steel derelict vehicles, fridges and
stove
 Benefits of recycling
o Waste disposals and landfills will be reduced
o Natural resources used for future generations to
produce various goods and services will be
conserved for future generations.
o Recycling is less costly than processing new
products
o Creation for jobs for collectors’ of material to be
recycled
 Other conservation methods towards world sustainable development
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o Begin large –scale planting
o Slow down population growth
o Develop soil conservation programmes
o Protect plant and animal life
o Increase energy conservation awareness
o Develop renewable energy sources
o Reduce or cancel Third World debts.
2. Effects of proper practices, for example: Food Security

 Food security exists when all people have physical and economic access
to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an
active and healthy life. The term 'food security' is being used more
frequently in recent years, with the Government putting greater emphasis
on its importance. 2016
 Importance of Food security: It:

o Increases the ability of countries to develop their
agricultural markets and economies.
o Gives access to quality, nutritious food that is
fundamental to human existence.
o Secures access to food that can produce wide
ranging positive impacts, including: economic
growth and job creation.
 Ways to improve global food security

o Use fertilizer more efficiently
o Raise low water productivity
o Target food for direct consumption
o Reduce food waste.
o slow down the depletion of resources,
o Protection of top soil and watershed areas.
3. Improper practices on the environment and the population, for example:Over

cropping
 Over copping is producing a crop in excess of what is permitted, agreed
on, or normally required, especially in an attempt to gain added profits by
circumventing government regulations.
 Over cropping is a significant factor in:
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o Depletion of soil– means the loss of nutrients from the soil.
- This occurs when the components which contribute to
fertility are removed and not replaced, and the conditions
which support soil's fertility are not maintained. This leads
to poor crop yields. In agriculture, depletion of soil can be
due to excessively intense cultivation and
inadequate soil management.
o Degradation of soil – is the loss of texture or “body” of soil
resulting in loss of pore space in the root zone- caused by
growing crops continuously. This undesirable practice is
called mono- cropping. Mono – cropping leads to
depletion of particular nutrients in the soil leading to
infertility.
o Soil erosion – is the bulk movement of soil down a slope or
otherwise out on the area. For example, soils washing away
down a gully during a rain or been blown away as during a
dust storm. These are an actual loss of soil by volume.
 Consequences of soil erosion

o Infertile soil leads to low agricultural productivity.
o Silting of rivers and clogging of wells and waterways
reduce water quality and contributes to massive flooding.
o Smothering of reefs and destruction of marine life
o Increase instability of land which leads to landsides
especially in the hilly areas.
 Other improper practices

o overgrazing;
o up and down slope ploughing
o slash and burn agriculture
o extensive use of herbicide
o Deforestation
.
4. Effects of improper practices on the environment and the population for example:
pollution, global warming, food shortages.
i. Pollution
o Pollution can be defined as the introduction of pollutants into the
environment. Pollutants contaminate the environment and affect
the health of its environment.
 Types of pollution
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a. Water pollution
o Water pollution - refers to the introduction of impurities into the
water, causing damages to human, the aquatic life and the marine
environment.
 Causes of water pollution

o Industrial waste – chemical plants as oil refining, ammonia and
urea release waste such as sulphur oxide, sulphur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere and when it rains the water
become polluted with these chemical forming acid rain.
o Domestic effluent- household wastes which are formed from
detergents which people use in bathing and washing ravel through
drains and reach rivers and seas and pollute the water
o Sewage – raw sewage enters water courses in many ways:
o Some yachts and cruise liners release waste
directly into the sea;
o Poultry and pig farmers discharges waste directly
into the waterways;
o Open- pit latrines also overflow during flood
times.
o Fertilizers and pesticides- pesticides and fertilizers used in

agriculture usually enter water courses after being washed away
by rain.
o Oil Spills – Oil spills which are caused when oil wells blow out
during marine drilling activities or accidental and careless
handling of crude oil during transportation, cuss millions of this
commodity to spill into the ocean.
o Solid Waste- people treat rivers and seas as dumping ground
for old fridges, bottles, dead animals and the disposal of waste
from poultry processing.
 Effects of water pollution:

o Acid rain- results in fishes killed in rivers and lake; soils
become acid that stifles the growth of plants; and it accelerates
corrosion of metal on building.
o Detergents- encourage the proliferation of marine plant life
which uses the oxygen in water.
o Oil spills – prevents the absorption of oxygen. Fishes and other
lives are affected; birds, sea lions and otters become entangled
in the thick oil.
o Improper sewage disposal – water polluted with sewage
transmits deadly diseases; the breakdown of sewage by bacteria
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removes oxygen from the water and fish and other marine lives
are affected.
o Industrial effluent- marine creatures ingest the toxic waste
released by industries. The gradual accumulation of this toxic
waste becomes magnified in human as they consume quantities
of these marine creatures as food
o Household garbage- solid waste dump into rives prevents
water from flowing and this contributes to flood.
 Solutions to water pollution

o Education awareness programme- on the importance
of water and the sea as a resource
o Strict laws – forbidding the dumping of solid waste into
the sea.
o Costal patrols- to monitor ships which may be dumping
sewage.
o Frequent checks and stricter measures – about
drilling, especially offshore.
o Better control of agricultural use of pesticides –
farmers should substitute the use of pesticides by using
biological control. The mealy bugs were successfully
controlled by the use of ladybird beetles and parasitic
wasps.
o Industries effluents should be treated - and all
harmful chemicals should be removed before the water
is disposed in the waterways.
b. Marine life pollution
 Each Caribbean island has a marine environment that is filled with mangroves,
birds, insects, fish reef, coral and an abundance of other animals and plants.
The marine environment is increasingly being used for food, recreational
purposes, mineral exploration and land reclamation. Commercial fishermen
with their larger trawlers use drift nets to catch fish, destroying the ocean.
 Abuse of marine life

Marine life is fragile and can easily be destroyed through:
o effluent, oil discharge and sewage;
o over fishing- through trawlers which catch thousands
of kilograms of fish in one trip;
o drift net fishing;
o destruction of coral- breaking off pieces for souvenirs;
o Thermal pollution.
 Effects of abuse on marine life
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o Depletion - of fish and marine life; Natural resources
occur naturally. They provide us with the raw material
used in the manufacture of food products, clothing and
materials for shelter.
o Threat - of livelihood of fishermen and other in the
tourist industry;
o Eutrophication- i.e. the absence of oxygen and the
increase of hydrogen sulphide in water caused by raw
sewage, other affluent and runoff from agricultural
land on which fertilizer has been used.
c. Air pollution
o Emissions from natural sources are causing the quality of air to decorticate.
 Causes of Air pollution

o Smoke, dust and soot - from forest fires and burning
garbage;
o Carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide - release by
some factories;
o Sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxide – release by
some factories;
o Wind- blown soil;
o Volcanic eruptions- they release poisonous gases
into the atmosphere.
 Effects of air pollution include

o Smog- lower visibility and interferes with the
safe operation of aircrafts and automobiles;
o Sulphur oxide- produced by burning of coal and

oil -it affects human
o Ill - health- that is, it increases respiratory
ailments such as asthma, especially in babies,
infants and senior citizens;
o Sulphur dioxide fumes - damage plant life.
Plants suffer injuries described as ‘early aging’;
o Damage buildings- the steel in buildings
corrode two or three times faster in industrial
areas than it does in rural areas;
o An increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
contributes to trapping the heat and raising the
temperatures in the urban areas (‘the green house
effect’).
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 Result in acid rain and its consequences.
o It contributes to the destruction of the ozone
layer- this leads to more direct ultra violet rays
from the sun reaching the earth. (It is believed
that this is a major cause of skin cancer)
 Effects of Acid Rain

o Acid rain is one of the most serious consequences
of air pollution. The waste gases that are emitted
from the burning of fossil fuels mix with water
vapour in the atmosphere to form sulphuric acid
and nitric acid. These acid containing water
vapours then fall to the earth as acid rain.
It destroys:
o Trees and plants;
o Contaminate soil;
o Break down in soil hence plants and trees cannot
grow;
o Water in lakes and rivers that is polluted causes
aquatic lives to die;
o Corrode buildings.
 Ways of reducing the problem of Acid Rain

o This incidence of acid rain can be reduced by:
o Using alternative energy sources not fossil fuels;
o Using emission control devices;
o Using equipment that removes acid substances from
emission in power stations.
 Solutions to air pollution

o Strict laws - to ensure that factories install pollution
control devices;
o Education awareness programme;
o Uses of incinerators to burn refuse;
o Use of unleaded gas, compressed natural gas and
other; alternatives energy systems;
o Uses of filters at factories;
o Unwanted fires must be stopped. Serious legislation
must be implemented.
d. Noise pollution
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o Noise which can be defined as unwanted sound is a form of
pollution. Noise of over 100 decibels can result in temporary
hearing loss. Prolong noise can result in permanent hearing loss.
Noise can increase stress especially when it causes lack of sleep.
 Causes of noise pollution

o Noise created by various forms of transportation
namely: roar of aircraft, trains, sirens and honking of
horns;
o Noise from construction sites blasting from mining
and quarrying;
o Noise form sounds systems, public address systems,
stage shows, street dance and parades;
o Noise from household appliances and gargets.
 Effects of noise pollution include:

o Noise pollution affects health, behaviour and
productivity.
o Unwanted sound (noise) can damage physiological
health.
o Noise pollution can cause hypertension, high
stress levels, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and
other harmful effects.
o Noise can be a serious deterrent to the creation of high
levels of production for all the following reasons: It:
o Hinders concentration
o Causes mental fatigue
o Creates nervousness
o Impairs the sensory system and leads to hearing loss.
e. Land pollution
o Land pollution is the deterioration (destruction) of the earth's land surfaces,

often directly or indirectly as a result of man's activities and their misuse
of land resources.
 Causes of land pollution include:

o The dumping of solid waste and sewage in vacant lots,
along the e roadside, on beaches and in backyards;
o The dumping or burying of toxic waste- e.g. the
bauxite industry and the disposal of its waste which
creates toxic mud lakes;
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o The improper use of poisonous pesticides and
fertilizers;
o Oil spills
o Open pit mining, dumping of rubble and construction
material in open lots, along the roadside and on
beaches;
o Quarrying for building materials such as sand and
aggregate.
o Over- grazing
 Effects of land pollution

It:
o Encourages the breeding of rodents and flies which
contaminate food causing illness such as diarrhoea and
gastroenteritis and of mosquitoes which causes
dengue;
o Causes the poisoning of the soil by toxic waste,
resulting in the reduction of good agricultural land and
the consequent decreases in food production;
o Causes offensive odours, especially near water bodies
and open lots
o Chemical fertilizers pollute the ground water.
f. Global Warming
o Global warming is caused by the heating of atmospheric gases,

which are prevented by the blanket of greenhouses gases from
rising to higher level to be cooled.
 Causes of the greenhouse effect

o Greenhouse effect, a warming of Earth's surface is
caused by man’s made activities that emit
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere/air. Water
vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) are greenhouse gases.
 Some of the main man - made activities include:

o The burning of fossil fuels - such as gasoline in motor
vehicle releases carbon monoxide;
o The burning of gas in industries - releases nitrous
oxide, carbon dioxide and other gases;
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o Deforestation- the massive removal of trees contributes
to the build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere;
o Chlorofluorocarbons – used as propellants in spray
cans, air conditioners and refrigerators are potent
greenhouse gases.
 Effects of global warming

o It causes odours, specially near water bodies and open
gullies;
o Toxic waste poisons the soil preventing food
production or human settlement;
o Chemical in fertilizers pollutes the ground water which
eventually affect drinking water;
o It causes the poisoning of the soil by toxic waste,
resulting in the reduction of good agricultural land;
o It affects the revenue- earning capacity of tourism as
pollution affects the beaches because of an area’
negative image.
 Consequences of the greenhouse effect

o Melting of ice caps and consequent rising of the sea
level;
o Rise in temperature which will affect man, plants and
animals;
o Excessive heat causes climate changes with droughts,
storms and flooding becoming more regular and severe;
 Remedies to the ‘greenhouse effect’

o Massive programme of reforestation;
o Discontinuation of the burning of sugarcane, garbage
and vegetation in preparation for agriculture;
o Substitution of the uses of (CFC’s) as propellants in
spray cans and refrigerators.
g. Food shortage
 Food shortage is the lack of food or difficulties in food
distribution, affecting large numbers of
people due to climatic, environmental, socio-economic reasons or extre
me political conditions such as tyrannical government or warfare.
 Causes of Food shortage
a. Economic factors –
67
o Affect the ability of farmers to engage in agricultural
production. Poverty situation in developing nations have
reduced their capacity to produce food, as most farmers
cannot afford seed and fertilizers.
o Use of poor farming methods that cannot yield
enough, even substantial use.
o The rising costs of basic commodities have made it
impossible for majority poor to afford food even where
it is available.
o Investments in agricultural research and developing
are very low in developing nations.
o Farmers in developing nations have continued to use
outdated farming practices, low yielding seeds and
poor agricultural infrastructure which limit their
production capacity.
o Recent global financial crisis have led to increase in
food prices and reduced investments in agriculture by
individuals and governments in developed nations
resulting in reduced food production
b. Environmental factors
o Climatic change has reduced agricultural production.
o Increased combustion of fossil fuels emits greenhouse
gases which have continued to affect world climate.
o Deforestation of tropical forest due to human pressure
has changed climatic patterns and rainfall seasons, and
led to desertification which cannot support a crop
production.
o Population pressure has led to overgrazing and
deforestation of agricultural lands reducing the size and
fertility of agricultural land due to soil erosion.
o Land degradation due to increased human activities
has impacted negatively on agricultural production.
o Natural disasters such as floods, tropical storms and
prolonged droughts are on the increase and have
devastating impacts on food security particularly in
developing countries.
o Drought is the leading cause of food scarcity
o Floods have rendered many people homeless,
destroying crops and animals in several third world
nations.
c. Social factors
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o The rate of population increase is higher than increase in
food production.
o The world is consuming more than it is producing,
leading to decline in food stock and storage level and
increased food prices due to soaring demand a midst low
supply.
d. Overpopulation
o Increased population has led to clearing of agricultural
land for human settlement reducing agricultural
production;
o Overcrowding of population in a given place results in
urbanization of previously rich agricultural fields.
e. Poor government policies

o Recent global financial crisis have led to increase in
food prices and reduced investments in agriculture by
governments in developed nations resulting in reduced
food production.
 Effects of food shortage

o regional malnutrition;
o starvation;
o epidemic;
o Increased mortality.
 Some long- term effects of food shortage.

o Increase in the price of food as a result demand and
supply forces.
o Increasing cost of food production due to the
increase prices, drought in grain producing regions
has contributed to the increase in the price of food in
the world.
o Increase in oil price led to increase in the price of
fertilizers, transportation of food and also industrial
agriculture.
 Solutions to the problem of food shortage

o The need to reduce production of carbon emissions
and pollution to reduce the resultant climatic
change through concerted and individual efforts.
o The need to invest in clean energy such as solar,
nuclear, and geothermal power in homes and
69
industries, because they don’t have adverse effects
on the environment.
o Rich nations should help poor nations to develop
and use clean and renewable energy in order to
stabilize greenhouse emissions into the
atmosphere.
o Government need to work in consultation with
climatic bodies, World Bank and the UN to engage
in projects aimed at promoting green environment.
TOPIC SUMMARY: SOME POINTS TO REMEMBER
ii. Natural resources occur naturally. They provide us with the raw material
used in the manufacture of food products, clothing and materials for shelter.
iii. Natural resources can be classified as renewable and non-renewable.

o Renewable resources are those that can be used and
reused or once used can be restored or re-grown within
a reasonable period of time.
o Non-renewable resources are those which cannot be
replaced, replenished or re-grown, within a short
period of time, after they have been utilized.
o Caribbean countries are unable to fully exploit their
natural resources due to inadequate scientific expertise
and capital.
o The land is a source of our agricultural resources,
forests and minerals.
o Agriculture contributes significantly to the economic
and social wellbeing of the region. It has the best
potential to provide increased income, employment
and high levels of nutrition..
o Bad farming practices and other activities such as the
building of highways, airports, commercial, housing
and industrial estates- usually on good agricultural
land, have contributed to what we call land abuse.
o Forests have many values other than producing timber:
they provide a myriad of environmental protection
functions; yield a variety of ‘non- wood’ products and
have important aesthetic, cultural, spiritual, scientific
and historical values.
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o Water is the source of life- life as we know it cannot
exist without water.
o Sources of energy in the Caribbean include petroleum,
the sun, water, wind, and thermal energy.
o Pollution can be defined as the introduction of
pollutants into the environment which adversely
affects the ability of the environment to deal with the
consequences or changes brought about by these
pollutants. Pollutants contaminate the environment and
affect the health of the population.
o The pollution of the environment can be categorized as
land pollution, air pollution; air pollution and noise
pollution.
WEEK 9
TOPIC: INTERPRETATION OF DATA RELATED TO

HUMAN AND PHYSICAL RESOURCES
OBJECTIVE 13:
At the end of this lesson the student should be able to:
o represent and interpret data related to human and physical resources
CONTENT 1:
o Data related to human and physical resources:
- population
- migration
- employment
- Unemployment.
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WEEK 10
THEME: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT & USE OF RESOURCES:
SECTION B
(ii)
REGIONAL INTERGATION
TOPIC: RELATED TERMS & CONCEPTS ASSOCIATED WITH REGIONAL

INTEGRATION
OBJECTIVE 1
Explain and use correctly concepts and terms associated with regional
integration.
CONTENT 1:
 Terms and concepts related to :
o Regional Integration
Terms and concepts Definition

Bilateral agreement An agreement between two groups or nations
Multilateral agreement An agreement among many groups, countries
or nation.
Common market A group of countries that agree to remove or
reduce tariffs on trade with each other and
agree to common tariffs on goods imported
from other countries.
Single market Similar to a common market, a group of
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countries trading with each other with a few
restrictions as possible.
Economic integration Is the process by which economies of a group

of countries are drawn more closely together
so that the group as well s the individual
countries become stronger or more developed.
Economic integration I achieved by creating a
single regional market which is protected
against outside competition.
Independent state A self- governing country.
Underdeveloped country A region or country that is not highly
industrialized
Developing country A poor or primitive country
Developed country A region or country that is highly
industrialized
Less developed and more developed country CARICOM countries is divided into two
categories: Less developed and more
developed country:
A less developed country is relatively poor
country that is trying to increase its industry
and improve its trade.
A more developed country is a country with a
great variety of business activities and is in a
more advanced state when compared with a
developing country or less developed country.
Trade liberalization The movement towards the removal of trade
barriers among the members of the world
Trade Organization (WTO)
Globalization It is the process by which countries all over
the world are becoming connected or similar
especially because large countries are doing
business in many different countries.
Multinational corporation Corporation operating in several countries
Regionalism Belonging to a geographical area
Trading bloc A group of countries whose governments
have agreed reduction or removal of tariffs to
increase trade with one another.
Fiscal policy That part of government policy which is
concerned with raising revenue through
taxation etc.
Monetary policy Policy set out by a Central bank or
regulatory authority to manage and control
supply of money and interest rates
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WEEK 11
TOPIC: THE MAJOR CHALLENGES FACING THE CARIBBEAN REGION
OBJECTIVE 2
Describe the major challenges facing the Caribbean Region
CONTENT 1
 Major challenges:
a. Small size, small national markets
o The most obvious issue that affect the Caribbean it small
size. With fewer people to contribute to the economy and
the country’s development, these keep Caribbean countries
to continue to be mainly underdeveloped or developing.
o The limited number of goods that Caribbean countries can
produce because of small national markets creates a
problem for Caribbean countries because this makes it
difficult for them to make money from trade.
b. Lack of diversification
o The small population in the Caribbean islands limit the range
of skills and goods that Caribbean countries can produce.
o Furthermore, the main income that Caribbean countries earn
comes from tourism and trade in natural resources,
agriculture and industries. Being dependant on just these two
resources, make lack of diversification a problem in the
Caribbean.
c. Unemployment & underemployment
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o Unemployment (the unavailability of job) &
Underemployment (people working below their abilities and
pay level) is a problem in the Caribbean.
d. Low levels of production & productivity

o The shortage of skilled workers limits the low levels of
production in the Caribbean.
e. Differences in resource distribution

o The differences in resource distribution or the unequal
distribution of natural resources among Caribbean countries
make some Caribbean counties to have more potential to
make money than others.
f. High levels of indebtedness (debt burden)
o With high levels of indebtedness or large debts to repay from
borrowing to repair following natural disasters, or to offset
money they spent compared to money they earn it is
challenging for Caribbean countries to find the money to
invest in education, health care or infrastructure.
g. High level and cost of imports
o Caribbean countries imports far more products and services
than they export. Why?
o Caribbean is limited in the range and number of goods it can
produce for export.
o Caribbean countries do not have the infrastructure to
produce certain goods, such as dairy products, technology
and vehicles, therefore these items need to be imported.
h. Shortage of skilled labour
o Unemployment and underemployment in the Caribbean
cause many skilled workers to migrate thus resulting in a
shortage or low levels of skilled workers.
i. Shortage of capital
o Some Caribbean countries cannot break out the cycle of
poverty because they lack the money (capital) to
address the challenges it faces.
j. Inadequate technology
o Limited finances prevent the Caribbean regions not to
be able to invest in technology than more developed
75
countries. Technology in the Caribbean region is poor
and this makes it harder for the Caribbean to produce
goods and services to the same standard and timescale
of the more developed nations.
k. Low value of exports
o Caribbean countries are limited in the range and
number of goods it can produce and lack the
infrastructure to produce goods and services for itself.
l. Difficulties in accessing markets of the developed countries

(international)
o Difficulties of accessing international markets
contribute too many difficulties facing the Caribbean
regions.
o With globalization and trade liberalisation means that
undeveloped Caribbean countries must compete with
larger, more powerful countries in the world market.
o Developed countries with technology, infrastructure
and economies of scales can sell produce more cheaply
and in larger quantities than Caribbean countries. This
makes it difficult for Caribbean countries to sell their
produce in international markets.
m. Vulnerability to natural disasters

o Natural disasters such as hurricanes, volcanoes,
earthquake and droughts cause extensive damages to
building and infrastructure in the Caribbean region
which are costly to repair causing Caribbean countries
to borrow from the international community.
o These disasters can also deter businesses from
investing in the region negatively affecting a
country’s income from trade.
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WEEK 12
TOPIC: STAGES IN THE INTEGRATION PROCESS
OBJECTIVE 3
o Outline the major stages of the integration movement.
CONTENT 1:
(a) Stages of the integration movement

i. The West Indies Federation
ii. Caribbean Free Trade Association [CARIFTA]
iii. Caribbean Community {CARICOM}
iv. Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
v. Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
vi. CARICOM Single Market & Economy [CSME]
1958 1965 1973 1981 1994 2006
Timeline to show the sequence of the stages of the integration movement
77
 Membership
i. West Indian Federation
- An attempt at political union among ten Caribbean Member States between
1958 and 1962:They are:
o Antigua
o Barbados
o Grenada
o Dominica
o Jamaica
o Montserrat
o St. Kitts/Nevis/ Anguilla
o St. Vincent
o St Lucia
o Trinidad and Tobago
ii. Caribbean Free Trade Association [CARIFTA]

- A multilateral agreement that created a common market i.e. a Free Trade
Area between the following member states to promote economic
integration.
o Guyana
o Barbados
o St .Vincent
o St Lucia
o Dominica
o Montserrat
o Antigua
o St Kitts/ Nevis/ Anguilla
o Jamaica
o Belize
iii. The Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)
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o CARICOM which replaced CARIFTA came into being in1973 with the
signing of the Treaty of Chaguaramas in T &T between the 15 Member
States
o It objectives are to promote economic integration and functional
cooperation among its members states.
o They following members are as follows;
o Antigua
o Bahamas
o Barbados
o Belize
o Dominica
o Grenada
o Guyana
o Haiti
o Jamaica
o Montserrat
o St Kitts/ Nevis
o St Lucia
o St Vincent and the Grenadines
o Suriname
iv. Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)

o OECS formed in 1981 following the Signing the Treaty of Basseterre.
o Its objective is to ensure sustainable development and economic

integration of its member states.
o The members are as follows:

o Antigua and Barbuda
o Dominica
o Montserrat
o St Kitts/Nevis
o St Lucia
v. Association of Caribbean States (ACS)

o ACS was established in 1994 when a Treaty was signed in Cartagena de
las Indias, Columbia.
o This association link countries of the Caribbean basin - this include-
Central and South America as well as the Caribbean member states.
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 The Caribbean members are as follows
o Dominica
o St Kitts and Nevis
o St Lucia
o Belize
o The Bahamas
o Barbados
o Jamaica
o Suriname
o Guyana
 The South and Central America members are as follows :

o Columbia
o Costa Rica
o Cuba
o El Salvador
o Guatemala
o Honduras
o Mexico
o Nicaragua
o Panama
o Venezuela
 The Associate Members are as follows:

o Aruba
o Curacao
o Guadeloupe
o Martinique
o St Maarten
o Turks and Caicos Island
o France and The Netherlands due to French and Dutch
Caribbean islands.
vi. CARICOM Single Market & Economy [CSME]

o CSME is an agreement by the CARICOM member states to deepen the
integration process and strengthen the Caribbean Community in all
areas. This new arrangement has come about as a result of the
80
challenges and opportunities which Globalization and Trade
Liberalisation will create for CARICOM.
o The CSME is being implemented in two (2) parts. The CARICOM

Single Market (CSM) was established in 2006 and the establishment of
the CARICOM Single Economy (CSE) is an on-going process. Member
countries can choose to be part of just the CSM, just the CSE or both.
o The Member States of CSME in 2006 are.

o Antigua and Barbuda,
o Barbados,
o Belize,
o Dominica,
o Grenada,
o Guyana,
o Jamaica,
o St. Kitts and Nevis,
o St. Lucia,
o St. Vincent and the Grenadines,
o Suriname and
o Trinidad and Tobago.
o Haiti (partial member)
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WEEK 13
TOPIC: FUNCTIONS OF ORGANIZATIONS WITHIN THE REGIONAL

INTEGRATION ARCHITECTURE
OBJECTIVE 4:
At the end of this lesson the students will be able to:
o Understand the functions of the:

a. OECS Secretariat
b. CARICOM Secretariat
c. Conference of the Head of Government
CONTENT 1:
a. FUNCTIONS OF [OECS] SECRETARIATS

o Located in Castries St Lucia
o Manage the day-to-day administration and running of the OECS
and CARICOM.-
o Made up of five organs with different functions. They as follows:
 The Authority of the Heads of Government of the member States

o make decisions on all matters
o make recommendation and give directives to achieve the
OECS’s objectives
82
o ensure smooth functioning of the organization
 The Councils of Ministers

o Make decision on matters within its areas of responsibility.
o Take action on matters referred by the Authority and make
recommendation to the Authority
 The OECS Assembly

o Made up of five representatives from parliament and three
from the legislature.
o Reviews legislation passed by the Authority.
 The Economic Affairs Council

o Ensures that he region benefits economically from rights, such as
the free movement of persons, goods and services across the
region.
 The OECS Commission

o Made up of a Director General and Commissioners of each
member state.
o The Director:
- Provides administrative and technical
services to the organs of the OECS.
- Make recommendations to the Authority
and the Council of Ministers regarding the
formation of acts and regulations.
(b) FUNCTIONS OF CARICOM SECRETARIATS

o Located in Guyana, Jamaica and Barbados.
o Is the head office of CARICOM
o The Secretary General heads this organization.
 Decentralizes authority in the Principal Organs of CARICOM consists of:

o the Conferences of Heads of Government,
o the Common Market Council
o the Council of Ministers
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 Functions of the CARICOM Secretariats:
o Making arrangements to facilitate meetings of any CARICOM
body;
o Implementing decisions taken by any CARICOM body;
o Undertaking research on issues relating to economic integration;
o Preparing estimates of expenditure for any project relating of
CARICOM
(c) FUNCTIONS OF CONFERENCE OF THE HEADS OF GOVERNMENT:
o Consists of the Prime Ministers of all the Member

States of the Caribbean Community, the Executive
Presidents of Suriname and Guyana and the Chief
Minister of Montserrat.
o Meets once a year.
 Functions include: To Decide on:

o Policies and general direction of CARICOM
o which treaties between CARICOM and other international bodies
should be accepted;
o The resolution of disputes among member states.
84
WEEK 14
TOPIC: OUTLINES OF THE OBJECTIVES OF ORGANIZATIONS OF THE

ORGANIZATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES (OECS), CARICOM,
CARICOM SINGLE MARKET AND ECONOMY (CSME)
OBJECTIVE 5
o Outline the objectives of:

a. Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) & CARICOM
b. CARICOM Single Market and Economy
c. The Regional Development Fund
CONTENT 1:
Objectives of:
(a) CARICOM and OECS
i. Functional cooperation–CARICOM and the OECS promote the

establishment of common services and co-operation in functional matters
such as health, education and culture, communication services e.g. (CXC
Board, the media Corporation) and industrial relations.
85
ii. Integration of the economies of member states – CARICOM and the
OECS countries try to agree and follow the same economic guidelines on
matters, such as trade, monetary and fiscal policies integration among the
member states. Economic integration is the process by which the
economies of a group of countries are drawn closer together, so that the
group as well as the individual countries become stronger or more
developed.
iii. Harmonization of foreign policy - CARICOM and the OECS wants all
its member states to have Common Policies in dealing with non- member
states and transnational corporations. All CARICOM member states must
therefore effect the following Common Policies on all non- member state
and transnational corporations.
 They are as follows:
o A Common External Tariff (CET) that is, a common rate of duty
to be charged on goods imported from countries outside the
Community;
o A Common Policy when importing goods and services;
o A Common Policy when attracting foreign investors to the
region also referred to as the ‘Harmonisation of Fiscal
Incentive’ and
o A Common Policy on tourism when dealing with non- member
states and trans- nation corporations.
iv. Promote development - by the formation of a common market among

member states. N.B a common market is a group arrangement whereby
member countries agree:
o NOT to impose duties on goods produced by themselves and
trade among themselves;
o NOT to restrict the quality of goods to be produced by
themselves and trade among themselves;
o NOT to charge a common external tariff, that is, a common rate
of duty to be charged on goods imported from countries outside
the Community.
(b) (i) The CARICOM Single Market (CSM)

i. Free movement of goods and services;
86
 By removing all restrictions such as tariffs and taxes on the movement of
goods and services across member countries.
ii. Right of establishment;

 This agreement allows Caribbean citizens and businesses the rights to establish
themselves in any CSME members’ state without any restrictions and with the
same rights they would be entitled to in their homeland.
iii. Free movement of capital;

 Allowing citizens of member countries to move money and investment around
freely between member countries means that money remains in the Caribbean
region and can be used for development of the region.
iv. Free movement of skilled labour.

 Allowing skilled professional to work in a CSME member country without a
permit encourages people to remain within the CSME region and contribute to
the development and economy of the area.
(ii.) The CARICOM Single Economy (CSE)

 Harmonization of:
i. Fiscal (tax) policies
 These are policies which are created by government to monitor and influence a
nation’s economy. Through coordinated fiscal policies, CARICOM countries
can ensure that spending benefits the whole region and that taxation is fair
across members’ counties. Unified fiscal policies help to create a stronger
presence globally.
ii. Monetary policies (including a single CARICOM currency)

 Central banks agree on strategies that all countries adopt to influence the
growth and control of money in the region, including introducing a single
CARICOM currency. Through removing exchange rates and variations in
currency values, trade would be made simpler and more profitable across
member states, thus increasing economies and creating a stronger currency.
iii. External trade policy

 Through imposing agreed tariffs and charges on goods imported from countries
outside the CSME, countries protect local manufacturers and guarantee a
competitive price for locally produced goods.
iv. Legislation (custom, companies)
87
 Common laws and customs ensure that companies are operating legally in each
country where they are present. This makes life easier for employees and
employers as they follow the same rues which ever country they are working.
v. Sectoral policies in agriculture, manufacturing, fisheries)

 Since agriculture, manufacturing and fisheries are important sources of income
and employment in the Caribbean, harmonizing policies in these areas ensures
that CSME countries can work effectively together and build thriving
industries.
(c) The Regional Development Fund

 This Fund is generated by the European Regional Development Fund is a fund
allocated by the European Union. Its purpose is to transfer money from the
richer regions, and invest it in the infrastructure and services of
underdeveloped regions. This will allow those regions to start attracting private
sector investments and create jobs on their own
TOPIC SUMMARY- KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER – [OBJECTIVES: 1 – 5]
 The Federation of the West Indies was the first attempt at political union among the
Caribbean countries between 1958 and 1962,
 OECS, CARIFTA, CARICOM and ACS represent arrangement to promote economic
integration and functional cooperation among its members.
 CARICOM is the successor of CATIFTA and it has been the region’s leading
institution for promoting economic integration and functional cooperation among its
members.
 The CSME is economic integration and functional cooperation among its members.
 CARICOM is the successor of CAATIFTA and it has been the region’s leading
institution for promoting economic integration and functional cooperation among its
members.
 The CSME is an arrangement by which CARICOM members states have agreed to
deepen the integration process and strengthen the Caribbean community in all areas.
The new arrangement has come about as a result challenges and opportunities which
Trade liberalization and Globalization will create for CARICOM Member States.
 The Association of Caribbean States (ACS) is grouping of Caribbean and Latin
America States.
 A Common market is a group arrangement whereby member countries agree:
88
o Not to impose duties on goods produced by and traded among
themselves;
o Not to restrict the quality of goods to be produced and traded
among themselves;
o On a common external tariff, that is a common rate of duty to be
charged on goods imported from countries outside the
Community;
 Economic integration is the process by which the economies of a group of countries are
draw more closely together, so that the group as well as the individual countries become
stronger or more developed. Economic integration is achieved by creating a single market
which is protected against the outside competition.
WEEK 15
TOPIC: PROMOTING REGIONAL INTEGRATION
OBJECTIVE 6:
o Outline the factors that promote Regional Integration
CONTENT 1:
Factors promoting regional integration:
a. Common cultural heritage

o Caribbean countries have much in common:
o The common history and cultural heritage - Which people
share makes it possible for them to embrace common values and
goals;
o Common language - This makes it easy to communicate;
o Small population - This makes it necessary for them to co-
operate to form a large regional market.
o These common connections between people and countries
strengthen and promote regional integration between different
Caribbean countries and people of the region.
b. Common economic & social issues
89
o The Caribbean people are subject to the same
economic and social issues:
o Common social issues such as: teenage pregnancy,
high unemployment, underemployment and poverty
which are addressed through countries working
together to improve intra-regional and international
trade that increase employment and poverty.
o Common economies: for example – Tourism is an
essential industry in the Caribbean because of its
location and natural resources- such as beaches,
forests etc.
o By sharing resources and operating an open policy
of travel and trade between states, natural resources
are utilized to maximum advantage.
o By working to protect the environments, build their
economies and tackle social problems - Caribbean
countries are achieving more than if they face their
alone.
c. Effects of globalization, trade liberation & trading blocs

o Globalization and trade liberalization means that the
Caribbean is competing with some of the biggest world
power, in the global market.
o Furthermore, the entire Caribbean contain under-
developed and developing countries in comparison to
other countries. In order to benefit from trade Caribbean
countries must join together to form a trading bloc as other
economic region as the EU have done. Therefore, the
effects of globalization, trade liberalization and trading
blocs heighten the need for regional integration in the
Caribbean.
d. Vulnerable to economic shocks & natural disasters;

o The Caribbean countries are susceptible to natural
disasters. Through supporting each other during times
of hardship due to economic or natural disasters,
Caribbean countries are less vulnerable to economic
shocks and natural disasters.
90
TOPIC: HINDERING REGIONAL INTEGRATION
OBJECTIVE 7:
o Describe the factors that hinders regional integration
CONTENT 1:
Factors that hinders regional integration:
a) Geography of region
o The geographical distance between different Caribbean
states make it hard in practice for Caribbean countries
to work together and this limits regional integration.
b) Absence of common model or strategy for development

o Inconsistency between how decisions are made and
implemented, the lack of strategy and a clear model or
structure from which to Caribbean countries can work
hinders regional integration within regional groups.
91
c) Differences in stages of growth and development
o Differences in economies, growth and development
within Caribbean countries are a challenge to regional
integration because less developed countries fear that
differences in economies, in the stages of growth and
development between them and the more developed
countries put them at a disadvantage in trading with the
more developed countries in the region and this has led
them to reject or delay implementing some of the
integration decisions. This creates a challenge to
regional integration.
d) Conflict between territorial and regional demands and loyalties (insularity)

o Some government and citizens may be torn between the
loyalty to their own country’s need and demands and
the regional integration objectives. E.g. some
governments have continued to retain barriers to intra-
regional trade in order to keep jobs and manufacturers
and this hinders regional integration.
e) Absence of common currency;

o The lack of a common currency in the Caribbean would
make economic integration more difficult – economic
integration can be achieved by creating a single market
which would protect Caribbean countries from outside
competition - therefore, an absence of a common
currency could make economic integration more
difficult and hinders intra-regional trade.
f) Unequal distribution of resources

o Unequal distribution of natural resources in the region
makes those countries with limited resources feel that
they would be at a disadvantage when trading with
countries that have greater resources and this could
pose a challenge to regional integration.
g) Lack of diversification in production

o Caribbean location, geography and similarities in
production stifles intra- regional movement and this
could limit regional integration.
92
h) Influence of multinational corporations.
o There are a number of Multi- National Corporations
(MNC) that trade in the Caribbean. These corporations
bargain with individual for benefits such as tax free
holidays, repatriation of profits and duty free entry of
raw materials and machinery. Caribbean countries may
be damaged if MNC are concentrated in a few
Caribbean countries.
TOPIC SUMMARY- KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER [OBJECTIVES: 6 - 7]
 The factors which promote regional cooperation are:

o a common language which facilitates easy communication;
o a common history and cultural heritage which facilitates the
development of shared goals and values;
o small population – this makes it necessary for the countries to
co-operate to form a large regional market.
o the limited resources (human and physical) necessitates the
pooling /trading of physical and human resources among
Caribbean countries;
o the common and local and international problems;
o the common problem of globalization and Trae Liberalization;
o the worldwide movement towards the establishment of trading
blocs.
 The factors which hinders regional cooperation are:

o conflict between territorial and regional demands and loyalties;
o differences in resources distribution among Caribbean
countries;
o countries produce similar products and this may hinder trading
relationships;
o competition between countries for the location of industries;
93
o differences in stages of growth and development of Caribbean
economies;
o the influence of multi-national and metropolitan agencies.
WEEK 15
TOPIC: BENEFITS OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION
OBJECTIVE 8:
o Analyse the benefits of Regional Integration
CONTENT 1:
 Benefits of Regional Integration:
a. Reduction in unemployment and underemployment

o Through CSME qualified people are allowed to travel and
work without work permit across CSME member states thus
reducing unemployment and underemployment.
o Regional integration can bring this benefit to individuals of
CARICOM States.
94
b. Better response to economic implications of globalization and trade
liberalization
o Caribbean countries are at a disadvantage because of the
economic implications of globalization.
o Through globalization countries are becoming connected
because large companies are doing business in different
countries, the competition from this large business will leave the
Caribbean in ruin.
o Likewise with trade liberalization – with the removal of some
international barriers (e.g. taxes, quotas and licensing
arrangements) creating free movement of goods - Caribbean
countries will no longer be able to restrict extra- regional imports
to protect regional manufacturers.
o Regional integration or by Caribbean countries joining
together they can create stronger and more diverse markets
economies which would make them better equip to compete
with richer, multinational corporations in the global market.
As a result of these advantages all member countries can
benefit from the region’s export - so the wealth is shared.
Regional integration can thus bring this benefit to member
countries.
o
c. Improvement quantity of life

 Regional integration can improve the quality of life of
individuals in a number of ways. This can occur through
increased employment; more equal distribution of wealth;
access services paid for through the government and cheaper
and better quality of goods.
 This is another benefit regional integration can bring to the
individuals in member countries.
d. Reduction in the inequality of wealth distribution

o Regional integration can decrease the gap between
the rich and the poor. With regional integration,
members ‘countries can pool their resources, share
the costs of service provisions and subsidize each
other. In this way wealth distribution is made more
equal as the whole Caribbean can benefit from the
region’s resources. Better economies, therefore,
95
means that government can now spend more on
providing services, such as health care and
education that help reduce inequality and decrease
the gap between the rich and the poor.
 This is a further benefit that regional integration can bring to
the member countries.
e. Free movement of goods, labour and capital

o Regional integration can remove some international
barriers creating free movement of goods, people
and money which would make it easier for citizens
to live, work trade and invest money in any member
state.
 Regional integration can also bring this benefit to the member
countries.
f. Increased markets size

o One of the benefits of Regional Integration is Free
Trade or the removal of trade barriers (i.e. the
removal of taxes, quotas and licensing
arrangements) between their Caribbean countries.
This benefit would allow Caribbean countries to
create a trading bloc which would benefit the
participating members as trade increase.
o It can also benefit regional businesses as they can
also benefit from working across many Caribbean
counties rather than working only.
 These are benefits regional integration can bring to
participating member countries and regional businesses.
g. Increased co-operation among member states.

o Regional integration leads to better cooperation and
relations between member states as countries.
Through their combined efforts – Caribbean
countries can benefit from a common identity which
helps to reduce tensions between citizens of
individual countries and security as countries
support each other’s during difficult times such as
96
natural disasters and working together to tackle
cries and drugs.
 Co-operation through regional integration can further bring
these benefits to member countries.
h. Expansion in trade
Improved levels of international competitiveness.
o Regional integration can improve the levels of
international competitiveness between Caribbean
and international countries.
 Member and international countries can enjoy this benefit
from regional integration.
TOPIC 9
ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL CITIZENS, BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS & GOVERNMENT

IN THE INTEGRATION PROCESS
OBJECTIVE 9
d. Examine the role of individual citizens, business organizations and

government in the integration process.
CONTENT 1:
a. Role of Individual Citizens:

i. Entrepreneurship (distinguished business leaders)
o By encouraging entrepreneurs to set up businesses at
home and in the Caribbean countries are a solution to
high unemployment and an increase to the country’s
economies. .
97
ii. Supporting regional producers [i.e. buy regionally/locally]
o If citizens buy locally/regionally produced food; use
local/regional businesses and services or take
vacations in their own country or in the regions they
will be supporting local /regional producers.
iii. Demonstrating solidarity & mutual support towards regional fellow

citizens.
o Citizens demonstrate solidarity and mutual support
towards regional follow citizens, particularly in
times of emergency or natural disasters when
Caribbean needs each other.
iv. Investing in regional & local businesses

o Investing in local and regional businesses by buying their shares.
v. Being informed
o When Caribbean people are informed about regional integration
they will have all the information or knowledge that is needed.
b. Role of Business Organizations:
i. Improving competitiveness
o By merging business with other businesses, there will be a
reduction in competing and an increase in productivity which will
lead to growth of business across the country and the region and
this will contribute to the economy.
ii. Increasing the range & quality of the goods & services being offered
o Competitiveness from other producers and suppliers mean that
businesses would need to improve the quality and range of their
goods and services in order to win customers; which means that
businesses will have to work harder to win sales’. This
competitiveness will create the strong business, which are more
likely to succeed on the global market and would offer customers
choices.
98
iii. Providing opportunities for investments & employment
o Businesses can offer citizens employment and offer the
opportunity to invest by buying shares.
c. Role of Government
i. Enacting enabling legislations

o Regional integration is based on policies and protocols. In order
for regional integration to be achieve its goals, government must
pass enabling legislation giving rights and power to businesses;
ensuing CARICOM countries adopt the CCJ as their final Court
of Appeal and establish particular trade rules between member
countries. legislation
ii. Harmonization of development policies [trade, education, crime & law

enforcement, sports relations with foreign governments and business
organizations]
o Regional integration is based on the policies and protocols
agreed between member heads of government. Governments’
must be working to the same policies reduces conflict as all
countries will be working under the same law and protocols.
Following the same laws and policies reduce bureaucracy and
increases trade between countries.
iii. Honouring protocols

o Regional integration is based on the policies and protocols
agreed between member heads of government. CARICOM is built
policies and protocol written in the Treaty of Chaguaramas along
with the revisions agreed by government in 2001. In order for
CARICOM to survive government must honour the protocol and
abide by the rules that govern their regional groups on issues such
as e-commerce, trade in free zone, government procurement (i.e.
government purchasing of goods and services.
iv. Educating citizens about the objectives & benefits of regional integration.
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WEEK16
TOPIC 10
THE ROLE OF REGIONAL AGENCIES
IN THE INTEGRATION PROCESS
OBJECTIVE 10
o Explain the role of regional agencies in the integration process.
CONTENT 1:
 N.B: Regional agencies work across member states to meet the various objectives
and carry out the day-to - day functions of regional integration.
 Areas of Regional Cooperation:
a. The Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute [CARDI] – Agriculture
100
o Established in 1975;
o Located in Trinidad and Tobago;
o Carries out research, provides technical support, develops
technology and recommend best practices to improve the
competitiveness and sustainability of agriculture
Sectors in its fourteen member states.
b. West Indian Cricket Board of Control [WCBC]/Confederation of North, Central

America and Caribbean Association of Football [CONCACAF]
o WIBC - set up in the 1920’ and based in St John’s, Antigua
o CONCACAF- set up I the 1960’s and based in Miami Beach
o Both WIBC / CONCACAF build regional unity through sports
partnership as well as promote and develop the sports across
the Caribbean and throughout the world.
c. OECS Sports Desk – Sports

o Promotes and develop sports across the OECS through providing
administrative, financial and promotional support to schools
and training institutions across the region, as well as supporting
national and regional championships and initiatives in member States.
d. Caribbean Environmental & Health Institute[CEHI] - Environmental Health

o Formed in July, 2011
o A project established by the Region’s leaders
to address the Environmental Health concerns of the people
of the English- speaking Caribbean.
o Monitors and make recommendation to governments on air,
Costal, marine, surface and underground water pollution.
e. Caribbean Epidemiology Centre [CAREC] – Health

o Started in Dominica in 1973 by the Caribbean Health Ministers’
Conferences to research communicable diseases such
as poliomyelitis, typhoid, and cholera which was
posing a threat to the health of nationals and tourists.
f. Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency [CEDERA] – Emergency response

o Formed in 1991 and has bases across the Caribbean.
o Make immediate and coordinate response to any
disastrous event affecting any participating state,
once state request such assistance.
g. Caribbean Media Company [CMC] – Media

o Located in Barbados
o Provide and develop high-quality news and media
101
across the Caribbean
o Provides programming to the USA and other parts of the
world through its website and satellite programming
o Provides services in the mediums of TV, radio,
print satellite and new media.
h. The University of the West Indies [UWI] – Education

o Established in 1948 in Mona , Jamaica
o Provides Tertiary education to CARICOM citizens
across the region.
o Works with educational institutions in member states
to offer educational opportunities outside of its three main campuses.
i. Caribbean Examination Council [CXC] – Education

o Established in 1972
o Headquarters located in Barbados
o Produces primary and secondary school syllabi
o Provides training for teachers
o Advises governments on educational issues and
o Provides internationally recognized qualifications for school
leavers.
j. Caribbean Court of Justice [CCJ] – Justice

o Set up in 2005
o Based in Trinidad and Tobago
o Deals with courts cases that are referred through appeal from
criminal and civil courts
o Interprets and enforces conditions of the revised treaty in
disputes over trade and intra-regional relations between
members countries.
o CCJ has replaced the Privy Council in Barbados, Belize,
Dominica, and Grenada while other countries
are holding due to fear that CCJ will not be effective
or the belief that each Caribbean nation should
have its own FINAL Court of Appeal .
.
k. Regional Security System [RSS] – Regional security

o Established in 1982 and received juridical status in 1992.
o Made up of security forces [police and military ]from
across member countries of OECS and Barbados
o Headquarter is located in Barbados
o Aims is to bring stability and security to the region
through law enforcement and responding to incidents
102
across the region
o Respond to natural disasters working in conjunction
with other international organizations.
o Works with Canada and the USA to tackle the drugs trade
o Between these countries and the Caribbean.
TOPIC SUMMARY- KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER [OBJECTIVES: 9 – 10]
iv. Apart from economics and foreign policy, CARICOM countries cooperate in the
areas of agriculture, education, health, security and disaster management.
THE END
OF NOTES
References 1
SOCIAL STUDIES
SCHEME OF WORK-SOCIAL RE: EXTRACTED FROM SOCIAL STUDIES

SYLLABUS
FORM IV TERM 3
2018/19
WEEKS Content & Objectives Resource Methods & Comments

Materials Evaluation
Introduce students to the curricular content of
Social Studies at the Form IV level. Ensure
that they understand the course of study that Social Studies
they are about to embark and the SBA Syllabus
component.
103
Sustainable Development & Use of
Resources: Development & Use of
Resources.
Definition of Terms & Concepts associated

with Human & Physical Resources.
Students should be able to:

I. Understand the following concepts
related to human resources:
Population, birth/death rate, natural

increase, life expectancy, infant
mortality rate, fertility rate, migration,
immigration/emigration, brain drain,
urbanization, depopulation,
1 population density/distribution,
dependency ratio, employment,
unemployment, underemployment,
unemployable, labour force,
sustainable development, population
census, resource & human resource.
II. Understand the following concepts

related to physical resources:
Development, environment,
conservation, energy, renewable/non-
renewable resources,
Infrastructure, food security,
pollution, conservation, global
warming, greenhouse effect,
Environmental impact & assessment.
Resources
 Population structure, distribution,

change & statistics
1. Structure and Characteristics of

the population
2 Students should be able to:
i. Understand and describe the
major characteristics of a
population according to age, sex,
104
occupation, ethnicity, and
religion & dependency ratio.
2. Factors that influence the

distribution of population
j. Understand and relate to the
factors that influence the
distribution of population. These
would include: the relief
(gradient/slope) of the land,
climate, soil fertility, location of
mineral resources, level of
development & types of
vegetation.
3 3. Factors that influence population

change
Students would be able to:
k. Understand the factors that
influence population change over
time. These would include:
Changes in the birth/death rate,
effects of pull/push factors
[migration], crime, employment
opportunities or lack thereof, centre
of administration/education &
severity of criminal conduct.
4. The sources & use of population

statistics
i. Locate the sources of
population statistics:
the Central Statistical Office
(CSO), Social welfare
division, Ministry of
Education, Ministry of
Labour, Ministry of Health,
Ministry of Agriculture, the
National Housing Authority
(NHA).
ii. Identify the differing uses of
population statistics:
i.e. for planning related to
105
housing, healthcare,
education, employment, social
welfare, & infrastructural
development.

Resources
Migration: Causes & Consequences
i. Understand the Push &

Pull factors that influence
4 rural/urban, urban/rural
migration among
Caribbean countries and
ii. Migration between the
countries of the Caribbean
and other parts of the
world
iii. Understand the

consequences of migration
to the individual, the host
country and to the country
of origin.
Resources
Development of the Human Resources

5
o Understand the need &
justification for developing
the human resources.
l. These are related to the need for:
o Productive workers
o Creative and critical
thinking individuals
o Individuals that
possesses problem solving
skills
106
Resources
Development of the Human Resources

Understand the factors that contribute to the
6 development of Human Resources. These are
achieved through:
 Nutrition & health
 The availability of and access to
primary and curative health care
 Education
 The granting of scholarships
 Greater access to various types of
educational institutions
 Sports and
 culture

Resources
Influences on employment, unemployment &

underemployment
o Understand and
7 explain the
factors that
influence
employment,
unemployment
and
underemployme
nt through the:
- Availability & use of capital
- Level and range of skills
required vs those available
- Availability and creation of
markets, trading partners and
preferences
- The level of technology
available in relation to
resource development
required.
107
Resources
Location & uses of resources

 Locate the major natural resources
8  Identify the renewable resources:
Agricultural land, water, forests,
beaches, marine life, solar energy&
wind
v. Identify the non-renewable
resources: petroleum, bauxite,
gold, diamond, other minerals
& geothermal energy
Resources
The Proper/Improper uses of resources

Understand how to treat with natural
resources to maximize their contributions to
9 national development
o Proper use of
resources
i.e. conservation, re-forestation, crop
rotation, recycling etc.
Effects: food security, slow down the
depletion of resources, protection of
top soil and watershed areas
o Improper use of
resources
i.e. over cropping/grazing/fishing,
deforestation, rapid depletion of fossil
fuel reserves
Effects: pollution, global warming,
food shortage, low natural water
production, shortage of lumber,
desecration of the physical
environment.
Regional Integration
Related terms & Concepts associated with
108
Understand the following terms & concepts
related to regional integration:
10
 Bilateral agreements, multilateral
agreement, common market, single
market, single economy, economic
integration
 independent state, underdeveloped
countries, developing country,
developed country, trade
liberalization, globalization,
multinational corporation,
regionalism, trading bloc, fiscal
policy & monetary policies
The Caribbean’s unique challenges

m. The major challenges that affect
the Caribbean region. These are
related to:
i. Their small size &
relatively small
11 national markets
ii. Lack of
diversification
iii. Unemployment &
underemployment
iv. Low levels of
production &
productivity
v. Differences in
resource distribution
vi. High levels of
indebtedness
vii. High level & cost of
imports
viii. Shortage of skilled
labour
ix. Inadequate
technology (and/or
technology transfers]
x. Low value & limited
range of exports
109
[monocrop]
xi. Difficulties in
accessing markets of
the developed world
xii. Shortage of capital &
low levels of FDIs
xiii. High vulnerability to
natural disasters.
Stages in the Integration process

Trace the evolutionary stages of the
Integration process in the Caribbean.
This would include the:
West Indian Federation
Caribbean Free Trade Association
12 [CARIFTA]
Organization of Eastern Caribbean
States (OECS)
Association of Caribbean States
(OAS)
CARICOM Single Market &
Economy [CSME]
Identify the membership of the regional

organizations identified above.
Functions of Organizations within the
regional integration architecture

i. Understand the
13 functions of the
following regional
institutions:
ii. OECS Secretariat
iii. CARICOM
Secretariat
iv. Conference of the
Head of Government
Objectives of the Organizations within the
regional integration architecture
110
Identify and understand the objectives of the
various organizations within the region
integration process. These would include:
a. OECS & CARICOM
i. Functional cooperation
ii. Integration of the
economies of member
states
14 iii. Harmonization of foreign
policies
b. The CARICOM Single Market &
Economy
i. Free movement of goods
& services; right of
establishment
ii. Free movement of Capital
iii. Free movement of skilled
labour
c. CARICOM Single Economy
The harmonization of :
i. Fiscal (tax) policies
ii. Monetary policies
[including a single
CARICOM Currency]
iii. External trade policy
iv. Legislation [customs,
companies etc.]
v. Sectoral policies in
agriculture,
manufacturing, fishing etc.
d. The Regional Development Fund
Promoting Regional Integration

 Identify & understand the factors that
promote Regional Integration
15 i. Common cultural
heritage
ii. Common
economic & social
issues
111
iii. Effects of
globalization,
trade liberation &
trading blocs
iv. Vulnerable to
economic shocks
& natural disasters
Role of Individuals, Business &
Governments in the Integration process.

Understand the
role of
Individuals,
Business &
Governments in
the Integration
process through
their role as:
Citizens
15 vi. Entrepreneurship
(distinguished business
leaders)
vii. Supporting regional
producers [i.e. buy
regionally/locally]
viii. Demonstrating solidarity
& mutual support towards
regional fellow citizens
ix. Investing in regional &
local businesses
Business Organizations
vi. Improving competitiveness
vii. Increasing the range & quality
of the goods & services being
offered
viii. Providing
opportunities for investments
& employment
Government/Facilitator of development &

change
ix. Enacting enabling legislations
112
x. Harmonization of
development policies [trade,
education, crime & law
enforcement, sports relations
with foreign governments and
business organizations]
xi. Honouring protocols with
extra regional
business/governments
xii. Educate citizens about the
objectives & benefits of
regional integration
Role of Regional Agencies in the Integration
process.

The role that regional agencies play in
advancing the process of regional integration
Students should research & become familiar

with the role of the following regional
agencies in advancing the process of regional
integration:
i. The Caribbean
Agricultural
Research and
16 Development
Institute
[CARDI] –
Agriculture
ii. West Indian
Cricket Board
of Control
[WCBC]
iii. Confederation
of North,
Central
America &
Caribbean
Association of
Football
[CONCACAF]
iv. OECS Sports
Desk - Sports
113
v. Caribbean
Environmental
& Health
Institute
(CEHI)
vi. Caribbean
Epidemiology
Centre
[CAREC] –
Health
vii. Caribbean
Disaster
Emergency
Response
Agency
[CEDERA] –
Emergency
response
viii. Caribbean
Media
Company
[CMC] –
Media
ix. The University
of the West
Indies [UWI] –
Education
x. Caribbean
Examination
Council
[CXC] –
Education
xi. Caribbean
Court of
Justice [CCJ] -
Justice
xii. Regional
Security
System [RSS]
– Regional
security
114
References 11
Food shortages, causes, effects and solution
ACC. (2008). Global Food Shortage and Organised Crime. Retrieved August 27, 2012 from
http://www.crimecommission.gov.au
Hood, Leroy. "Population Growth and Ecosystem Limits." N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://www.paypervids.com/population-growth-ecosystems-limits/>.
BBC. (2011) Somalia food crisis reaching 'unimaginable price
What is food security?
https://www.google.com/search?
rlz=1C1AVFB_enTT762TT764&biw=1170&bih=790&ei=CoNxXMeqEYe1ggfvh4CICw&q=w
hat+is+food+security&oq=WHAT+IS+FOOD+SECURITY&gs_l=psy-
ab.1.0.0i67l2j0l2j0i67j0l5.541734.546569..551766...0.0..0.185.3209.0j21......0....1..gws-
wiz.......0i71j0i131.t3Yw-HL2Y3U
115

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FIVE RIVERS SECONDARY

Prepared by: Jennifer Derrick- Phillip, B.A., M.A., Teacher 3

DEVELOPMENT AND USES OF RESOURCES

TOPIC: POPULATION STRUCTURE, DISTRIBUTION, CHANGE & STATISTICS

 Explain and use correctly concepts and terms associated

 Describe the structure and characteristics:

 Explain the factors influencing population distribution:

 Outline factors influencing population change:

 Outline the sources and uses of population statistics:

- Definition of terms and concept associates with population:

 Topic Summary: Key points to remember [Objectives: [1 to 5] ................ 22-23

 Explain the causes and consequences of migration

o Consequences of migration to the individual,

 Topic Summary- Key points to remember [Objective 6] ……….............. 29

 Explain the need for developing human resources:

 Explain the factors that contribute to the development of

 Topic Summary- Key points to remember [Objectives: 7& 8]………… 37

 Explain the factors that influence employment, unemployment

 Explain terms and concepts relating to employment

 Definition of terms and concepts related to

- types of unemployment, causes,

 Describe the factors and procedures to be considered in choosing

c. Rights and responsibilities of workers.................................................... 48 -49

 Topic Summary- Key points to remember [Objectives: 8, 9 &10]……. 49

ii. Non- renewable – petroleum, bauxite,

b. Uses of natural resources........................................................................... 51 - 53

 Describe proper and improper practices related to

- Effects of proper practices, for example:

- Improper practices of resources, for example:

- Effects of Improper practices of resources, for example:

o Data related to human and physical resources:

SECTION B (ii) REGIONAL INTERGATION

 Explain and use correctly concepts and terms associated

 Describe the major challenges facing the Caribbean Regions

 Outline the major stages in the integration movement

 State the functions of:

 Outlines of the objectives of the Organizations Eastern

 Topic Summary- Key points to remember [Objectives: 1 - 5]……… 88

 Outlining the factors that promote regional integration

 Describe the factors that hinder regional integration.

 Topic Summary- Key points to remember [Objectives: 6 – 7]……... 93

 Analyze the benefits of regional integration

 Examine the role of individuals citizens, business organizations

 Explain the role of regional agencies in the integration process

 Topic Summary- Key points to remember [Objectives: 9 - 10]….. 102

Scheme of Work……………………………………………………………….. 103-112

References …………………………………………………………………… . 113

THEME: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT & USE OF RESOURCES

DEVELOPMENT & USE OF RESOURCES

TOPICS: POPULATION STRUCTURE, DISTRIBUTION, CHANGE & STATISTICS

TOPIC: TERMS AND CONCEPT ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN AND PHYSICAL

At the end of the lesson the student should be able to:

- Understand the following concepts related to human resources

o Explanation of terms and concepts associated related to:

Terms and Concepts Definitions

Population The number of people living in a place at a particular

Population Density Population Density