CLASS X COMMUNICATION SKILLS

UNIT- II COMMUNICATION SKILLS

1.1 COMMUNICATION PROCESS

A communication process is the one where a message or idea originates at the end of the person
sending it (the sender) and travels to the receiver via a communication channel.The receiver
decodes the received message and tells if he understood the message (feedback).

1.2 ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Sender - The communication process begins with the sender, who is known as the
communicator or source. Sender is the person who sends the message.
2. Receiver - The person to whom a message is sent is called the receiver or the interpreter.
3. Feedback - The communication process gets completed when it reaches its final point
when the message is successfully transmitted, received, and understood. The receiver in
turn informs the sender that the message has been received and understood properly.
4. Message - The information that the sender sends to the receiver.
5. Channel - The method or means of communicating the message.
6. Encoding - It is the process of converting the ideas into a message form by using words,
symbols, voice-tone or gestures.
7. Decoding - It is the processing to interpret the received message to get to the idea/feeling
shared by the sender.

1.3 METHODS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication can be done through various methods:
1. Face to Face Communication - Here two people communicate when in close proximity.
2. Letters/Memos/Emails - Here, the message is delivered in a specific written
Structure/format.
3. Posters/Infographs/Charts - Using this method, an important information is conveyed
using much text with the help of images and pictures.
4. Meetings/Seminars - This is a method of communication wherein discussion among a
group of people with similar interests is to be carried out
5. Print/Analog/Digital Media - This method includes conveying information using social
media or through phone calls, newsletters, newspapers, blogs etc.

1.4 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

There are various types of communication:
1. Verbal Communication - When a person expresses ideas, views or thoughts by speaking
or orally, it is known as verbal communication.
2. Non-Verbal Communication - When a person expresses ideas, views or thoughts by using
body language, gestures or facial expression, it is known as non-verbal communication.
3. Visual Communication - When a person expresses ideas, views or thoughts through
pictures, postures, charts, animation, etc. It is known as visual communication.
4. Written Communication - When a person expresses ideas, views or thoughts by
handwritten or printed information, it is known as written communication.

1.4.1 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Advantages
1. It saves time in communication as it is a direct communication between sender and
receiver.
2. Quick feedback can be taken once the communication is completed.
3. It provides clarity in communication as any further explanation if required can be given by
the speaker.
4. It is flexible and effective for all.

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Disadvantages
1. It can lead to emotional problems.
2. It has no legal validity.
3. It lacks any means of permanent storage of record.
4. Difficulty in communicating with distant people.

1.4.2 TYPES OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION

1. Intrapersonal communication
2. Interpersonal communication
3. Small group communication
4. Public communication

1.4.3 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF NON- VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Advantages
1. Very easy to demonstrate.
2. Very useful for conveying message.
3. No language barrier.
4. Very fast.

Disadvantages
1. Not suitable for lengthy messages.
2. An incomplete form of communication.
3. Chances of misinterpretation.

1.4.4 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION

Advantages
1. It can explain things in the way which are not possible through words.
2. It clears the barrier of qualification or language.

Disadvantages
1. Comparatively expansive.
2. Time-consuming.
3. Not a complete form of communication.

1.4.5 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

Advantages
1. Permanent storage.
2. Suitable for lengthy messages/information.
3. Identical

Disadvantages
1. Costly
2. Time consuming
3. A barrier of qualification/languages

1.5 EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Effective communication is the one where both parties participate in a constructive way.

1.5.1BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION

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1. Linguistic Barriers: The language barrier is one of the main barriers that limit effective
communication .The fact that each major region has its own language is one of the barriers
to effective communication.
2. Psychological Barriers: There are various mental and psychological issues that may be
barriers to effective communication. Some people have stage fear, speech disorders,
phobia, depression, etc.
3. Emotional Barriers: The emotional IQ of a person determines the ease and comfort with
which they can communicate. A person who is emotionally mature will be able to
communicate effectively.
4. Physical Barriers: They are one of the most important barriers to effective communication.
They include barriers like noise, closed doors, faulty equipment used for communication,
closed cabins, etc.
5. Cultural Barriers: Different cultures have a different meaning for several basic values of
society. Dressing, religions or lack of them, food, drinks, pets, and the general behaviour
will change from one culture to another.
6. Organisational Barriers: If in an organisation, there is no clarity about the roles,
structures, responsibilities, it will hinder effective communication among the members of the
organisation.
7. Attitude Barriers: Certain people like to be left alone. They are the introverts or who are
not very social. Others Like to be social or are extroverts. Both these cases could become a
barrier to communication.
8. Perception Barriers: Different people perceive the same things differently. This is a fact
which we must consider during the communication process.
9. Technological Barriers: Technology is developing fast and as a result, it becomes difficult
to keep up with the newest developments. Hence sometimes the technological
advancement may become a barrier.

1.5.2 HOW TO OVERCOME BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION

1. Clarify the Ideas before Communication: Any issue to be communicated to a receiver
should be clearly and completely studied and analyzed by the superior.
2. Communicate According to the Need of the Receiver: The level of understanding and
education of the receiver must be very clear to the sender.
3. Language, Tone & Content of Message should be carefully chosen: The language
should be clear, simple and easily understandable. Similarly, the tone and content of the
message should not provide any harm to the sentiments of listeners, rather it should
stimulate them to give response.
4. Convey Things of Help and Value to Listeners: It is always better to know the needs and
interests of the listeners before communicating the message.
5. Ensure Proper Feedback: Proper feedback helps in improving the communication
process.
6. Overcome the barriers of culture and language: To overcome the problem of language.
Use nonverbal communication skills along with verbal communication. For cultural barriers,
try to find the culture of the people to whom you are sending the message and prepare
accordingly so that the receiver doesn’t feel offended.

2.1 IMPACT OF BODY LANGUAGE

Body language is your unspoken communication that is used to show your true thoughts and
emotions. It includes your gestures, facial expressions and posture.

2.1.1 DO’S OF BODY LANGUAGE

1. Sit Straight and make eye contact.
2. Always keep a smile on your face.

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3. Offer a gentle handshake showing confidence.
4. Place your feet firmly on the ground while walking.
5. Keep your shoulder relaxed down.
6. Listen to the speaker attentively.
7. Nod while listening to the speaker.

2.1.2 DON’TS OF BODY LANGUAGE

1. Don’t look away while conversing.
2. Do not drop your shoulders.
3. Don’t lean forward or backward while sitting.
4. Do not touch your face often.
5. Do not lean on wall or any other object.
6. Do not get close to your listener.

3.1 FEEDBACK
The receiver’s response or reply to the sender’s message is called feedback. Feedback ensures a
proper understanding between sender and receiver. Feedback provides information about the
success of the communication.

3.2 IMPORTANCE OF FEEDBACK

1. Feedback helps to achieve goals of the communication.
2. Feedback is a good basis of collecting information for planning on what next to be done
Especially statistical report.
3. Feedback is a basis for measuring the effectiveness of communication.
4. Feedback ensures better understanding between sender and receiver.

3.3 TYPES OF FEEDBACK

Feedback of communication can be of various types.
1. Formal & Informal Feedback : Formal feedback is planned and systematically scheduled
into the process. It has predefined points and format. Informal feedback can occur at any
time as it is something that emerges spontaneously in the moment or during action.
Examples:
Informal feedback : ”Good job! Congratulations!”
Formal feedback : “Congratulations on scoring A+ in your final test performance. You are
promoted to your next class.”

2. Descriptive & Non-Descriptive Feedback : Descriptive feedback is given with the

meaningful information in a detailed manner . Non-Descriptive feedback gives meaningful
information but is not given in a detailed manner.
Examples:
Non- Descriptive feedback : “I only liked your 2nd paragraph. Others need improvement.”
Descriptive feedback : “All paragraphs should cover basically one idea. Only one paragraph
was as per this specification, other paragraphs covered multiple ideas and the information
was also not cohesively linked.”

3. Specific & Non-Specific Feedback : Specific feedback usually gives the main points of
the feedback instead of giving a general review. Non-specific feedback gives a general
overview instead of talking about the main points or specific points.
Examples:
Non-Specific feedback: “I like your story. It’s good.”
Specific feedback: “I like the way you described your grandpa’s character. It makes me feel
like I know him too.”

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4.1 WRITING SKILLS

Writing skills is an important part of communication.

4.2 PHRASES
A phrase is a group (or pairing) of words in English. Some examples of phrases are :
In the air, Beside the bed, Along the road, To live and breathe
All the above examples make a sense but do not convey the full meaning.

4.3 KINDS OF SENTENCES

1. Assertive or Declarative Sentences: These are the sentences that state facts, or declare
statements. For example, India is a secular country. The sun rises in the east, etc.
2. Interrogative Sentences: The sentences that ask questions or inquire about something
are interrogative sentences. For example, Is she serious? Are you going to the party? Etc.
3. Imperative Sentence: These sentences convey orders, pieces of advice, orders, requests,
Etc. For example, Shut the door.
4. Exclamatory Sentences: They express the strongest emotions of fear, excitement,
happiness, sorrow, shock, etc. The exclamatory sentences often end in an exclamatory
mark ‘!’. For example, Alas! I forgot my phone.

4.4 PARTS OF A SENTENCE

A sentence is a group of words that are put together to make a complete thought. The two most
important parts of a sentence are subject and predicate:
1. The subject of a sentence is the person, place or thing that is performing the action of the
sentence.
2. The predicate expresses action related to that person, place or thing

4.5 PARTS OF SPEECH

1. Noun: Nouns are a person, place, or thing. They are normally capitalized while writing. For
example: Pirate, Caribbean, Ship, Captain Jack, Sparrow, Chennai.
2. Pronoun: Pronouns stand in for nouns in a sentence, ie, the words used at the place of
noun. For example: I, you, he, she, it, ours, them, who, which, anybody, ourselves.
3. Verb: Verbs are what happens in a sentence. They’re either action words or show the state
of being (is, was) of the subject of the sentence.
For example: sing, dance, believe, seem, finish, eat, drink, be, become.
4. Adjective: Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns. They specify which one, how much, Or
what kind.
For example: hot, lazy, funny, unique, bright, beautiful, poor, smooth.
5. Adverb: Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, or even other adverbs. They specify when
something happened, where, how, why, and how much.
For example: softly, lazily, often, only, hopefully, sometimes.
6. Preposition: Prepositions show a relationship between a noun (or a pronoun) and the
other words in a sentence. They come at the start of a prepositional phrase.
For example: up, over, against, by, for, into, close to, out of, etc.
7. Conjunction: Conjunctions join words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence. For example:
and, but, or, so, yet, with.
8. Interjection: Interjections are expressions that can stand on their own as complete
sentences. They are words that often carry emotion.
For example: ah, whoops, ouch, Wow!

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4.6 ARTICLE WRITING

Article writing is the process of creating a non-fiction text about current or recent news, items of
General interest or specific topics.
The following figure represents the format of Article writing:

Format of Article Writing

Topics of Article
By: XYZ

1. Introduction of the topic (Meaning + Present Status).

2. Causes of the topic (If it is a problem).
3. Statistics of the topic (Problem) (If Known).
4. Advantages/Disadvantages of the topic (Problem).
5. Conclusion with warning/message/advice/steps required.

4.7 PARAGRAPH
A paragraph is a set of sentences grouped together. It all begins with one idea and everything
familiar that is related to the idea fits into one paragraph. These ideas should not be random
rather they are arranged into a logical chronological order that flows in one direction making it
easier to read.

4.7.1 WRITING GOOD PARAGRAPHS

Steps for Writing a Paragraph:

1. The first step is the introduction. It is an introduction about the main topic that you are writing
about in that paragraph. It should not be in detail.
2. The second step is the body of the paragraph which has the information or ideas you wish
to convey. They need to follow your introduction and make it logical in sequence.
3. The third and last step is to use your concluding sentence, or series of sentences, to finish
off this particular fragment of subject matter.

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