BIOCHEM

 The simple sugar that we can found from grapes is fructose.

 C12H22O11 is a disaccharide.
 The molecule of glucose has same number of hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms.
 Lactose is composed of glucose and galactose.
 Most mammals are unable to metabolize cellulose and lactose.
 Glycogen is a highly-branched polysaccharide found in animals.
 Transport proteins serve as a channel across biological membranes that allow their substrate to pass.
 Defensive proteins help in producing antibodies to help your immune system from foreign bodies.
 Contractile proteins mediate sliding and shrinking fibers of a cell’s cytoskeleton.
 Enzyme is a protein that serve as a chemical catalyst that changes the rate of chemical reaction.
 Structural protein is responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement.
 Palmitoleic acid is a common constituent of glycerides of human adipose tissue and generally found in liver.
 Omega-6 is a fatty acid which is colorless liquid at room temperature.
 Oleic acid is found in animal and vegetable sources like insects such as bees and ants.
 Trans fat is fat that do not promote good health and is toxic for the body. Also present in junk food.
 Omega-3 is a family of unsaturated fatty acids that benefits the health to prevent cancerous and lifetime diseases.
 Triglyceride functions as a long-term energy storage that contain three (3) fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule,
fat and oil.
 Types of nucleic acids: DNA, RNA, double-helix molecule
 DNA: A-T, C-G / RNA: A-U, C-G
 Untrue about nucleic acid: DNA is single-stranded in some viruses.
 Photosynthesis and respiration both occur in plants.
 Two (2) ATP molecules are used in the initial steps and four are produced in the latter stages, for a net gain of two (2)
ATP molecules.
 Pyruvate is a 3-carbon molecule and is one of the final products of glycolysis.
 ATP Math -2+4=2
 Glycolysis produces ATP, pyruvate, and NADH by oxidizing glucose.
 The breakdown of sugar takes place in Cytoplasm.
 Pyruvate is transformed into Acetyl CoA and CO2 in preparatory phase.
 Acetyl CoA is responsible in breaking down pyruvate.
 Cellular Respiration is the “charging station”.
 Cellular Respiration do not turn NADH and NAD+, instead, it produces 2 net ATP, converts ADP to ATP and produces 38
ATP up to ETC.
 When a plant produces 4 pyruvates after the process of glycolysis. It will have 4 Acetyl CoA and 4 CO2 after the prep
stage.
 Mitochondria is the organelle where Kreb’s cycle and the beginning of prep step occur.
 Aerobic respiration is the continuing process to produce more energy.
 There is more energy in aerobic (38) compare to anaerobic (2).
 Aerobic Respiration is essential for alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation.
 NADH and FADH2 are the products of Kreb’s Cycle essential for oxidative phosphorylation.
 Single molecule of glucose generates 2 molecules of Acetyl CoA.
 Acetyl CoA is formed from pyruvate by oxidative decarboxylation reaction.
 During the Kreb’s cycle, Isocitrate, Succinate are formed, not lactate.
 Mitochondrial matrix is the organelle responsible in conducting the process of Kreb’s cycle.
 Acetyl CoA is the carbon compound that enters the Krebs cycle and serve as an indicator to start the process.
 In converting succinate to fumerate, FADH2 is produced.
 In converting ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA, CO2 and NADH are produced.
 Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate = Citrate
 Oxidation is the loss of electrons caused by oxidizing agents.
 Electron Transport System is present in inter-membrane space.
 ATP synthesis by ATP synthase is driven by the movement of protons.
 Oxidative Phosphorylation results in the formation of ATP+H2O.
 PO4 is added to ADP to produce ATP at the end of ETC.
 O2+4E-+4H+ = 2 H2O in ETC.
 ETC has nothing to do with FAD.
 Oxygen molecule is absent during alcohol fermentation.
 Ethanol and CO2 are products of alcohol fermentation.
 Butter making is not a common use of yeast for alcohol fermentation.
 Ethanol is produces when pyruvate undergoes decarboxylation.
 Muscle cells sometimes turn to lactic acid fermentation when they do not receive enough oxygen during strenuous
exercise.