cs;slf;fk; gf;fk;

1. vk;. rhh;sp]; 01 - 02

2. Nrhspa]; nkd;b]; 03 - 05

3. N[hu;[; fPj; 06 - 07

4. Nltpl; ngapd;uh ; 08 - 09

5. jhtb K. Jiurhkp 10 - 11

6. ngupajk;gp Rg;gpukzpak; 12 - 14

7. ypadhNlh lhtpd;rp 15 - 17

8. ikf;fy; MQ;rNyh 18 - 20

9. wghnay; rd;rpNah 21 - 23

10. flyhnjdpa tpfhiu 24 - 25

11. ,yq;fhjpyf tpfhiu 26 - 27

12. vk;gf;f Myak; 28 - 30

13. jyjh khspif 31

14. nkjty fw;J}z; tpfhiu 32

15. njfy;njhWt u[kfh tpfhiu 33 - 34

16. jk;Gs;s Fif tpfhiu 35 - 36

17. rpe;Jntsp ehfuPfj;jpd; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; 37 - 42

18. vfpg;jpa fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; 43 - 47

19. fpNuf;frpw;g fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; 48 - 52

 vk;.rhu;sp];
• vk;.rhu;sp]; my;yJ khypfhtNf rhu;sp]; vd;Dk; fiyQu; ,yq;ifapd;
rpj;jpuf; fiyapy; kWkyu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpa Af GU\uhff; fUjg;gLfpwhu;.
• ,tu; 1880 Mk; Mz;L a+d; khjk; 25Mk; jpfjp mk;gyhq;nfhilapy; gpwe;jhu;.
,tu; ghsp> rpq;fsk;> rk];fpUjk; vDk; nkhopfisf; frlwf; fw;whu;. nfhOk;G
khypfhfe;j tpj;Nahjag; gpupNtdhtpy; cau; fy;tpiaf; fw;whu;.
• mf;fhyj;jpy; Gfo;ngw;w Xtpauhd upr;rl; n\d;wpf;f]; vd;gtUld; goFk;
tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ. mj;Jld; fnlhy;fy;Nf kfh rpj;ju FUd;dhd;Nrapd;
fPo; tpfhiu Xtpaq;fs; tiua Muk;gpj;J mjidj; njhlu;e;jhu;. mtu;
tiue;j jdpj;Jtkhd Kjy; Xtpak; nfhOk;G khypfhfe;j tpfhiuapy;
mike;Js;sJ.
• fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if tho; kf;fs; gyu; Nkw;fj;jNja
gof; f tof; f q; f isg; gpd; g w; w paJld; tpf; N uhupah kfhuhzpapd; mur
FLk;gj;jpdupd; glq;fisAk;> ru;tNjr epyf;fhl;rpfisAk; jkJ tPl;Lr;
Rtu;fis myq;fupf;fg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; vk;.rhu;sp]; vd;Dk;
Xtpau; ngsj;j Xtpaq;fis tiue;J N[u;kdpf;F mDg;gp mtw;iw ypNjh
mr;R Kiwapy; mr;rpl;L rpq;fs ngsj;j kf;fSf;F tpepNahfpj;jhu;. fp.gp.1923
Mk; Mz;lstpy; ypNjh mr;R Kiwapy; fpl;lj;jl;l 36 Xtpaq;fs; mstpy;
mr;rpl;L ntspapl;lhu;. mtw;Ws; rpy:
• rpj;jhu;j;jupd; gpwg;G.
• jhkiug; g+tpy; ele;J tUjy;.
• fy;tp fw;wy;.
• rpj;jhu;j;jupd; jpUkzk;.
• rpj;jhu;j;jUk; gpu[hgjp NfhjkpAk;.
• Jwtwk; g+Zjy;.
• rPtyp gpf;F.
• vk;.rhu;sp]; mtu;fspd; Xtpaq;fspw; fhzf;$ba rpwg;gpay;Gfs; vit?
• ,tu; epu;khzpj;j ghupa Gj;ju; rpiy mike;j ,lk; vJ?
• ,tuJ ngsj;j Xtpaq;fs;: tpfhiu Xtpak;> ypNjh Kiwapy; mr;rplg;gl;l
Xtpaq;fs; vd ,U tiffisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
• vk;.rhu;sp]; fiyQu; jdJ Xtpaq;fis Nkw;fj;Njaf; fiy kugpd; jhf;fj;ijf;
nfhz;L mtw;Wf;F xj;jjhf tiue;Js;shu;.
• rpjj; puf; fiyiag; Nghd;Nw ,tu; rpiy nra;tjpYk; ty;ytuhff; fhzg;gl;lhu;.
khj;jiw ntn`wNfdapy; cs;s ghupa Gj;ju; rpiy ,tuJ jpwikia
vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.
• vk;.rhu;sp]; tiue;j Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLk; ngsj;j tpfhiufs;:
• nfhOk;G khypfhfe;j tpfhiu.
• fufk;gpl;ba RNghjhuhka.
• kj;Jfk ghe;jpa rpwp kq;fyhuhka.
• nghj;Jgpl;ba g+[huhka.
• vk;.rhu;sp]; Xtpaf; fiyQupd; Xtpaq;fspw; fhzg;gLk; fiy mk;rq;fs;
• rupahd xOq;fpizg;G.
• J}ujuprdj; jd;ik.
• xsp epoy; fhl;ly;.
• epwg; gpuNahfk;.
• myq;fhuj; jd;ik.
• INuhg;gpaf; fiy kugpd; xj;j jd;ik.
• ngsj;j rkaQ;rhu; Xtpaf; fiyf;F ngUk; gzpahw;wpa ,tu; 1955Mk;
Mz;L etk;gu; khjk; 21Mk; jpfjp ,iwgjkile;jhu;.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 1

 ,sturd; rpj;jhu;j;jDk; jhahUk; (ypNjh mr;Rg;glk;)

• Nkiyj;Nja /fPioj;Nja ,aw;ifthj Xtpag;ghzpiaj; jOtp ,e;j Xtpak;

tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.
• kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy Xtpaf; fiyQu;fs; tiue;j fd;dp kupahisAk; NaR
ghyfidAk; fhl;Lk; kNlhdh Xtpaq;fspd; jhf;fj;ij ,jpy; fhzyhk;.
• Xtpaj;jpYs;s kdpj cUtq;fspy; mofhfr; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s Milazpfs;
fPioj;Nja Xtpag;ghzpapd; jhf;fj;ijf; fhl;Lfpdw
; d. Fwpgg
; hf ,e;jpa kuigr;
Nru;e;j Milazpfspd; ,ay;Gfs; njspthfj; njd;gLfpd;wd.
• Xtpaj;jpy; gytu;zq;fisf; nfhz;L Kg;gupkhz ,ay;Gfs; kpfr; rpwg;ghf
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
• rpj;jhu;j;jFkhuDk; jhahUk; khspifapDs; jdpikahf ,Uf;Fk; fhl;rp
rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• xl;Lnkhj;j Xtpaj;jpd; Kd;gFjpAk;> gpd;gFjpAk; khj;jpuk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
khspifr; rhsuj;jpd; %yk; fhl;rpaspf;Fk; gpd;dzp J}uf;fhl;rp ,ay;Gfisf;
nfhz;l epyj;Njhw;wf; fhl;rpahff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jhkiug; kyu; kPJ ele;J tUjy; (ypNjh mr;Rg;glk;)

• Xtpa ntspapd; Mok; ntspg;gLj;JkhW J}uf;fhl;rp ,ay;Gfis cs;slf;fp>

,aw;ifthjg; ghzpapy; ,e;j Xtpak; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• Kd;gFjp> ,ilg;gFjp> gpd;gFjp vd;wthwhf jsj;jpd; kPJ J}uf;fhl;;rp
,ay;Gfspd;gb cUtq;fSk; gy epfo;TfSk; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• Xtpaj;jpd; gpd;gFjp ntspahdJ J}uf; fhl;rp ,ay;GfSld; epyj;Njhw;wf;
fhl;rpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
• Kg;gupkhz ,ay;Gfs; ntspg;gLkhW tu;zq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 2

 Nrhypa]; nkd;b];

• Nrhypa]; nkd;b]; fiyQd; fp.gp.1897 a+d; khjk; 17Mk; jpfjp rpyhgk;

khjk;igf;F mz;ikapy; cs;s kfhntt vDk; ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.
• mtuJ KOg;ngau; typKdp Nrhypa]; nkd;b]; MapDk; jw;NghJ mtu;
Nrhypa]; nkd;b]; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
• Nrhypa]; nkd;b]; fiyQdhy; khtpy Rkd FRkhuhka tpy; tiuag;gl;l
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Gj;juhf ,Uf;Fk; Gj;jupd; cUtk; vDk; gilg;Ng ,tuJ
Kjy; Xtpak; MFk;.
• ,tu; ,e;jpahtpy; Xtpaf; fiyiaf; fw;whu;. m[e;jh> vy;Nyhuh> ghf; vDk;
,lq;fspy; rpj;jpuk;> rpw;gk; vd;gtw;wpd; mikg;ig Muha;e;J fw;whu;. ,tw;wpd;
%yk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l mwpitf; nfhz;L Gjpa fsdp tpfhiuapy; cd;djkhd
xtpaq;fisj; jdf;nfd cupa ghzpapy; tiue;Js;shu;.
• fsdp tpfhiuapy; tiue;j Xtpaq;fistpl fPNo jug;gl;l tpfhiufspYk;
Xtpaq;fis mtu; tiue;jhu;.
• wd];fy;y tpfhiu.
• fpupcs;s nkj;njnghy tpfhiu.
• `guhJ}t gpl;bJ}t nfsdpnfhl tpfhiu.
• nghydWit = tp[a tpfhiu.
• Xtpaf; fiyQuhf kl;Lky;yhky; kdpj Neak; nfhz;l xUtuhfTk;
tho;e;Js;shu; vd;gij mtuJ gilg;Gfs; kl;Lky;yhky; nghJ
kf;fSf;fhf mtu; mspj;j ed;nfhilfs; vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

Gjpa fsdp tpfhiuapd; RtNuhtpaq; f s; ,Utifg; g Lk;

• Gj;jupd; tho;f;ifr; rk;gtq;fs;
• tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtq;fs;

Gj;jupd; tho;f;ifr; rk;gtq;fs;

1. kfhkhah Njtp fz;l fdT.
2. tay; cOjy;.
3. rpj;jhu;j;ju; fy;tp gapYjy;.
4. R[hjh ghw;NrhW jhdk; toq;Fjy;.
5. Gj;juhFjy;.
6. nrhj;jpg; gpuhkzu; Gy; toq;Fjy;.
7. ,iw gjk; miljy;.

tuyhw; W r; rk; g tq; f s;

1. tp[ad; ,yq;iff;F tUif jUjy;.
2. mDuhjGu vy;iyiaf; fl;Ljy;.
3. mYtpfhiuapy; jpupgplfk; E}yhf ntspaply;.
4. N`kkhyhTk; ee;j FkhuDk; Gdpj je;jj;ij ,yq;iff;Ff; nfhz;L tUjy;.
5. rq;fkpj;ij nts;suRf; fpisia ,yq;iff;F nfhz;L tUjy;.
6. ntyptpl;l = Rzq;fu NjuUf;F fPu;j;jp = uh[rpq;f kd;ddhy; rq;fg;
gjtpia toq;fy;
7. “Gj;jNfh\ fpkpad; tpRj;jp khu;fa” (Gj;Nfh~ vd;gtu; “tpRj;jp khu;fa” vd;w
E}iy vOJjy;)
8. Gj;jupd; ,yq;if tp[aj;ijf; fhl;Lk; ehd;F xtpaq;fs;
• kfpaq;fid • ehfjPgk; • fy;ahzq; (fsdp)
• gjyhQ;rdq; (=ghj /rptndhspghjkiy)

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 3

 N`kkhyhTk; je;j FkhuDk; Gdpj je;jj;ij ,yq;iff;Ff; nfhz;L
tUjy;
• fPu;j;jp = Nfftu;z murdpd; fhyj;jpy; (fp.gp. 301 - 328) ,t; murdplkpUe;J
Gdpj je;jj;ijg; ghJfhf;f N`kkhyhTk; ej;j FkhuDk; mij ,yq;iff;F
nfhz;L tUk; fhl;rpia rpj;jpupf;fpwJ.
• ,tu;fs; gpuhkz Ntlk; g+z;L te;jjhff; $wg;gLfp;d;wJ.
• ,J vy; N yhupdJk; kjpg; g P l ; L f; F s; s hd cd; d jkhd gilg; G vd
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
• kdq;ftu; tu;zq;fs; gpuNahfpfg;gl;Ls;sd. nkd;ikahd ,Nuiffs; yaj;Jld;
$ba kdpj cUtq;fNshL xUq;fpizj;J tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.
• clyoF> MilaoF Nghd;wtw;iw kpfr; rpwg;ghf tiue;Js;shu;.
• Nrhypa]; nkd;b]; fiyQdpd; Xtpaq;fs; fhyj;jhy; mopahjit
• Xtpaq;fis tu;zk; jPl;l ,Ushd kQ;rs;> kz;zpwk;> fWg;G> nts;is
epwq;fisg; gpuNahfpj;Js;shu;. ,jD}lhf tu;zNgjj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.
• ,aw;ifapd; mg+u;tj;jd;ikiaAk; ,aw;if jd;ikAk; NgZk; tpjj;jpy;
,t;Nthtpaq;fspd; gpd;dzpiaf; fhl;bAs;shu;.

rq;fkpj;ij nts;suRf; fpisia ,yq;iff;Ff; nfhz;L tUjy;

• mNrhf kd;dDila kfshd rq;fkpj;ij nts;suRf; fpisia ,yq;iff;F
nfhz;L tUk; fhl;rpia ,J fhl;LfpwJ.
• mg;NghJ ,yq;ifia Mz;l Njtek;gpajPrd; [k;Gf;Nfhs gl;lzj;Jf;F
nrd;W ePupy; ,wq;fp nts;suRf; fpisia Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; epfo;T
rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ghupa jsj;jpy; ,J tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ. mtUf;F Vw;gl;l rthy;fis ntd;W
ey;y kd xUikg;ghl;Lld; ,f;fhl;rpia tiue;Js;sikahdJ mt;Nthtpaf;
fiyQdpd; Kjpu;r;rpiaf; fhl;LfpwJ>
• mt;Nthtpaj;jpy; cs;s fg;gypd; tbtj;ij ,Nuiffshy; kpf EZf;fkhff;
fhl;bAs;shu;. fly; ePupd; miritAk; mtu; fhl;bapUf;Fk; tpjk; tpaf;fj;jf;fJ.
• yaj;Jld;$ba ,NuiffSf;F Gj;Japu; Cl;b mjw;Nf cupa tu;zq;fis
gpuNahfpjJ ; s;shu;. gr;ir> nts;is> fWg;G Nghd;w epwg;gpuNahfk; jdpjJ
; tkhd
gz;ig vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.
• RUf;fkhf vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; tpfhiuapd; midj;J Xtpaq;fSk; J}ujuprdk;>
Kg;gupkhzj; jd;ik> yaj;Jf;Nfw;wpUj;jy;> capu;gG ; ld; fhzg;gly;> ghtj;jpd;
ntsp;g;ghL> xOq;fikg;G vd;gd kpfr;rpwe;j tifapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
• nlk;guh Kiwapy; cyu;e;j rhe;jpy; ,t;Nthtpaq;fs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
Nrhypa]; nkd;b]; ,e;jpahTf;Fr; nrd;W Xtpaf; fiyiaf; fw;whu;. mg;NghJ
ej;jyhy; Ngh]; vd;gtu;fSld; goFk; tha;gG mtUf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. vdNt
mtUf;F ,t;thwhd cd;djkhd rpj;jpuq;fis tiuaf; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
• ,Us; xspj; jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jk; fpanuh];FNuh (Chiaros curo) vDk;
tu;ze; jPl;liy xj;j gz;Gfs; ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 4

 ,sturp N`kkhyhTk; ,sturd; ee;jTk; je;jjhJit ,yq;iff;Ff;
nfhz;L tUjy;

rq;fkpj;jpiu [a = kfhNghjpia (nts;suR kuf;fpisia)

,yq;iff;Ff; nfhz;L tUjy;

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 5

 N[hu;[; fPw;
• Mrpahtpy; Gfo;ngw;w Xtpauhd N[hu;[; fPw; fp.gp.1901 Mk; Mz;L 17Mk;
jpfjp fz;b mk;gpl;bahtpy; rpq;fs gwq;fpau; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.
• fz;b jpupj;Jtf; fy;Y}upapy; Muk;gf; fy;tpiag; gapd;whu;.
• 43 FOitr; Nru;e;j ,tu; Nfhjkp tpfhiu Xtpaq;fisAk; tiue;Js;shu;.
• mtUila Xtpaq;fs; ,e;J kjf; fiyr; nry;thf;iff; nfhz;ljhf
fhzg;gLfpwJ. gg;Nyh gpf;fhNrh Xtpaq;fSf;F xj;j jd;ik nfhz;ljhfTk;
fhzg; g LfpwJ. ,Ue; j NghJk; mtUf; N f cupaghzpapy; mtw; i w
tiue;Js;shu;. etPd fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j jpwikahd Xtpauhthu;.
• fp.gp. 1939 - 1940 fhyg; gFjpapy; nfhOk;G nghuis tpfhiuapy; ngsj;j kj
Xtpaq;fis tiue;J ghuhl;ilg; ngw;whu;. ,tUf;F Xtpaq;fs; tiutjw;fhfr;
Rtiu epu;khzpj;Jf; nfhLj;jtu; md;l;W Gnuhapl; vDk; fiyQd; Mthu;.
• Nfhjkp tpfhiuapd; rpj;jpuq;fs; njhluhf tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
• kfh khahNjtpapd; fdT.
• rpj;jhu;j;jupd; gpwg;G.
• eldf;fhu;fspd; Ml;lq;fisf; fhZjy;.
• aNrhjiu jpUkzk;.
• ehd;F Kd;dwpFwpfisf; fhZjy;.
• khu Aj;jk;.
• ,t;Nthtpaq;fs; 192 rjk kPw;wu; msT caukhd Rtupy; cap&l;lkhf
tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
• N[hu;r; fPw; Xtpaq;fis tiuAk; NghJ ,NuiffSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhu;. Neu;NfhL> FWf;Ff;NfhLfs;> tisNfhLfs; vd;gij
nghJthf ,tw; w py; fhzyhk; . ,Nuiffisf; ifahz; l KiwNa
Xtpaq;fSf;F capu; nfhLj;Js;sd. kdpj clypd; epiwTj; jd;ikia
,Nuiffs; %yk; njspthff; fhl;bAs;shu;.
• rptg;G> nts;is> kz;zpwk;> kQ;rs;> ePyk;> gr;ir vDk; tu;zq;fis
gpuNahfpj;J Nfhjkp tpfhiuapd; Rtu;fis tprpj;jpukhf myq;fupf;f N[hu;r;
fPw; Xtpaf; fiyQu; ngUk; gzpahw;wpAs;shu;.
• Nkw;Fwpgg ; plg;gl;l Xtpaq;fisj; jtpu tpfhiuapd; jpahd kz;lg cl;RtupYk;
ntspr;RtupYk; (gpujf;\pdh ghja) %d;W gf;fr; Rtu;fspy; ghupa mstpy;
%d;W rpj;jpuq;fs; tiue;Js;shu;. mit caukhd Rtupy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.

khu Aj; j k;

• Nfhjkp tpfhiuapd; Xtpaq;fSs; ,J Kf;fpakhdJ. ,t;Nthtpaj;jpy;

gpf;fhNrhtpd; fitbt thjj; jd;ikg; gz;Gfisf; fhl;bapUf;fpwhu;.
• tprpj;jpukhd Nfj;jpu fzpj tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Aj;jg; gilapdupd;
gaq;fukhd Rghtj;ijj; jpwikahf ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.
• gilfisr; rhk;gy;> fWg;G Nghd;w ,Ushd tu;zq;fisAk;> Gj;jngUkhidr;
rpjj
; upff
; kQ;rs; nky;ypa kz;zpwk; Nghd;w tu;zq;fisAk;; gpuNahfpjJ
; s;shu;.
• ,Nuiffspd; jd;ikiag; NghyNt Kg;gupkhzj;ijf; fhl;l tu;zj;ij
gpuNahfpj;j tpjKk; mtUf;Nf cupaghzpapy; mike;Js;sd.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 6

 ehapfh Xtpak;

• ehapfh Xtpaq;fs; gytw;iw N[hu;[; fPs; tiue;Js;shu;.

• vz;nza; tu;z Clfj;jhyhd fd;t]; Xtpag;gilg;Gf;fshFk;.
• ehapfh rpj;jpuq;fs; ePz;l tpopfisAk;> mfd;w cjLfisAk;
nfhz;ljhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• new;wpiaAk; %f;ifAk; fhz;gpff ; jdp Neu; Nfhl;ilg; gad;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhu;.
• ,t;Nthtpaq;fs; ,e;J rka kuGf;F xj;j ,ay;igg; ngw;wpUg;gjhf
tpku;rpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 7

 Nltpl; ngapd;uu;

• Njrpa Xtpaf; fiyQuhd Nltpl; ngapd;uu; Mq;fpNya ,dj; je;ijf;Fk;

rpq;fsj; jhahUf;Fk; 1900 Mk; Mz;by; ,e;jpahtpy; my;Nkwh vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy;
gpwe;jhu;. ,tuJ je;ijahu; xU fpwp];jtg; Nghjfuhthu;.
• ,q;fpyhe;J nrd;W Nwhay; mf;flkpapy; Xtpaf; fiyiaf; fw;Ws;shu;.
• INuhg;gpa kuG rhu;e;j ,aw;if thjg; ghzpg; gz;Gfs; ntspg;gLk; tifapy;
kdpj tbit Xtpakhf tiuAk; nghOJ clypd; moF> yak;> mf,ay;Gfs;
vd;gd rpwg;ghf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;L cs;sd.
• Njrpa Gfo; g+j;j Xtpauhd ,tu; ,yq;iff; fiyr; rq;fj;jpd; rkfhyf;
fiyQu;fSs; xUtuhtu;.
• Nltpl; ngapd;uJ gilg;Gf;fspd; tplag; nghUs;fs; tUkhW:
• gpujpik xtpak;
• kdpj cUt xOq;fikg;G
• jpupj;Jtj; Njthya RtNuhtpaq;fs;.

ntw; w pAld; n[&ryj; j pw; F s; gpuNtrpj; j y;

• Nltpl; ngapd;uu; Xtpaf; fiyQupd; gilg;GfSk; Xtpa xOq;fikg;G

,ay;GfSk;.
• capNuhl;lj;ijAk;> Nkdp moifAk; ed;F ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;
kdpj cUtq;fisr; rpj;jupj;jy;.
• kdpj nka;epiyfs;> czu;Tfis ntspg;gLj;jYk; fhj;jpuj; jd;ikiaf;
nfhz;bUj;jYk;.
• Kg;gupkhz ,ay;Gfs; ntspg;gLkhW gpufhrkhd tu;zq;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy;.
• fpwp];jtf; fUg;nghUs;fisr; rpj;jupf;Fk; NghJ INuhg;gpag; gz;ghLk;
epyTUtpy; ,yq;ifg; gpd;dzpAk; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 8

 • Njrpa fyhgtdj;jpy; epue;jukhff; fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j
Xtpak; fd;t];Jzp kPJ vz;nza; tu;zj;jpdhy; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• jsj;jpy; cUtq;fisr; rpj;jupf;Fk; NghJ Kd;gFjp> eLg;gFjp> gpd;gFjp
kPJ cUtq;fisj; ];jhgpj;J> Xtpaj;jpd; moFk; J}uNehf;F ,ay;GfSk;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
• Kg;gupkhz ,ay;GfSld; mjpf ,sQ;rptg;G epwk; rhu;e;j gpufhrkhd
tu;zq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
• Xtpaj;jpd; gpd;dzpahf> n[&ryk; ghiytdj;Jf;Fg; gjpyhf> ,yq;if
cyu;tyaj;ijr; Nru;e;j kiyg;ghq;fhd jiug; gpuNjrk;
rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ey; y rkhupad;

• ,J fz;b jpUj;Jtj; Njthyaj;jpy; tiuag;gl;Ls;s Xu; XtpakhFk;.

• ,NaR ehju; Nghjpj;j cz;ikf; fijnahd;wpd; xU mq;fNk ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy;
rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ mbthq;fpf; fhakile;j xUtUf;F ey;y
rkhupad; cjtp GupAk; re;ju;g;gNk ,JthFk;.
• ,NaR gpuhdpd; fijiar; rpj; j upf; F k; > fz; b jpUj; J t Njthya
RtNuhtpaq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;G> INuhg;gpag; gz;ghFk;. cUtk;> gpd;dzp
,yq;ifg; gpd;dzpapYk; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sikahFk;.
• ,yq;if kdpjupd; cUtq;fs;> Milazpfs;> #ow; jd;ik Mfpad ,q;F
njl;lj; njspthff; fhl;rpaspf;Fk; ,ay;GfshFk;.
• INuhg;gpa Xtpaf; fiyf; Nfhl;ghLg; gz;gpy; Moj;ijj; fhl;Ljy;> J}uNehf;F>
Kg;gupkhz ,ay;G Mfpatw;iw ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; fhzyhk;.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 9

 jhtb K.Jiurhkp
• Xtpau; jhtb K.Jiurhkp mtu;fs; 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy;
tho;e;jtu;.
• ,tu; njd; ,e;jpa jQ;rht+u; (Thanjavur) Xtpaq;fspd; ghzp Kiwiag;
gpd;gw;wpAs;shu;.
• INuhg;gpa ajhu;jj ; thjj;ijAk; (realism) fPioj;Nja Xtpag; ghzp Kiwfspd;
,ay;GfisAk; ,izj;J ,tu; tiue;Js;shu;.
• ey;Y}u; rl;lehju; rptd; Nfhtpypy; tiuag;gl;l nts;isf;if IaUk;
tpehafUk;> nts;isr; Nrty;> myq;fhuq;fs; vd;gd rpwg;ghdit.
• ,t;Nthtpaq;fspw; rpwg;ghf ,aw;ifahd tu;zq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;likAk;
fgpy> ePy epwq;fspd; ghtidAk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
• Rz;zhk;Gf; fhiuapd;(G+r;R) kPJ RtNuhtpakhf tiuag;gl;lit.
• fPioj;Nja kugpid gpdg ; gw;wpa Nfhl;il ikag;gLj;jpajhfTk; fgpy epwj;jpYk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. epwk; njhdp epiy Ntiyg;ghL nfhz;lJ.
• ,tuJ Nfhapy;rhu; Xtpaq;fSs; jhtb KUf%u;j;jp Nfhtpypy; cs;s ghw;
fhtbf;fhud;> ts;spia <d;w khd;> trpl;lUk; fhuhk; gRTk;> KUfd;
fPog;gpukhz Ntlj;jpy; Njhd;wp ts;spia ahidaplkpUe;J fhj;jy;> Ntlu;fs;
vd;gd rpwg;ghdit.
• ,tuJ Xtpaq;fs; aho;g;ghzf; fpl;lq;fp> fhq;Nfrd;Jiwf; fpl;lq;fp kw;Wk;
gy jdpahu; tPLfspYk; fhzg;gl;ld.

rl;l ehju;> rptd; Nfhtpy;> $Tk; nts;isr; Nrty; Xtpak;

• fk;gPukhd Njhw;wj;Jld; ajhu;j;j ghzpapy; NrtYf;Fupa Fzg;gz;Gfs;;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;L tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.
• INuhg; g pa ajhu; j ; j ghzpapd; cs; t hq; F if vd; g J ,q; F njspthf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
• ,sq;fgpy epwr;rhay; Xtpankq;Fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
• cyu; rhe;jpd; kPJ Xtpak; tiuAk; El;gKiwapy; ,aw;if tu;zq;fisf;
nfhz;L Xtpak; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,J ,q;fpUe;j KUfd; Xtpaj;jpd; Xu; gFjpahff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
• ,J ,q;fpUe;j KUfd; Xtpaj;jpd; Xu; gFjpahff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 10

 rl;lehju; rptd; Nfhtpy; nts;isf;if IaUk; tpehafUk;

• rl;lehju; Mya g+rfuhd nts;isf;if IauJk; tpehafuJk; cUtq;fs;

Nuiff;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.
• tpehafUf;F g+ir nra;tJ Nghy ,t;TUtk; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.
• fgpy epwr; rhay; nfhz;l tu;zq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• njd; ,e;jpa jQ;rht+u; Xtpaq;fspd; ghzpAk;> INuhg;gpa ajhu;j;jthjg;
ghzpAk; ,ize;jjhfTs;sJ.
• tpehafu; cUtk; myq;fupf;fg;gl;l xsp tl;lk; nfhz;lJ.
• jPghuhjidapy; <LgLk; nts;isf;if Iaupid tpehafupYk; rpwpjhff;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• gpd;dzp jl;ilahf tplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,aw;ifahd tu;zq;fisf; nfhz;L> Rz;zhk;Gf; fhiuapd;(G+r;R) kPJ
tiuag;gl;L ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 11

 ngupajk;gp Rg;gpukzpak;

• gpwg;G - 21.09.1923 - ,wg;G 15.03.2006 ey;Y}u;> aho;g;ghzk;.

• jkpo; kf;fspilNa Xtpak; gw;wpa ntFrd (Popular/vjpu;ghu;gg ; pd; Xu; tbtkhf
,tuJ Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• aho;g;ghzj;jpy; tho;e;j kpfg; gpurpj;jp ngw;w Xtpauhthu;.
• Rakhf Xtpaf;fiyiaf; fw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;.
• utptu;khtpd; Guhz ,jpfhr Xtpaq;fspd; njhlu;r;rpahd ,e;jpa ntFrd
fhl;rpg; gz;ghl;bd; ntspg;ghLfshd rpdpkhg; glq;fs;> fyz;lu; glq;fs;>
Rtnuhl;bfs; vd;gtw;wpD}L gutyhd nja;tg; glq;fspd; nry;thf;Ffs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• ,g;glq;fspy; khathj (illusionistic) ntsp;g;ghl;L Kiwapy; nja;t tpf;fpufg;
glq;fSk;> Guhz ,jpfhr rk;gtq;fSk; cs;slf;fkhff; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd.
• Nfhapy; Rtu; f spYk; > jpiur; r P i yfspYk; tiue; J s; s hu; . mNjNtis
gjhijfisAk; ntl;LUf;fisAk; (Cut out) kpfg; gpukhz;lkhd mstpy;
tiue;Js;shu;.
• ,tuJ Nfhtpy; Xtpaq;fs;> jpiur;Nriyfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fshf
• ey;Y}u; - ifyhr gps;isahu; Nfhtpy;
• ,Ztpy; - guuhrNrfu gps;isahu; Nfhtpy;
• RJkiy - mk;kd; Nfhtpy;
• ty;ntl;bj;Jiw - rptd;> mk;kd; Nfhtpy;
• ey;Y}u; - tPukhfhsp mk;kd; Nfhtpy;
• Ntyiz - mk;kd; Nfhtpy; vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitahFk;.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 12

 mfj; j paUk; tpehafUk; (,Ztpy; > guuhrNrfug; gps; i sahu; Nfhtpy; )

• mtuJ rpwe;j Xtpaq;fspy; xd;whf mfj;jpaUk; tpehafUk; (,Ztpy;

guuhrNrfug; gps;isahu; Nfhtpy;) mfj;jpaupd; fkz;lyj;jpidf; fhfkhf
te;j tpehafu; jl;bajhy; fhtpup MW Njhd;Wk; fij %d;W njhlu; fhlr;pfshf
rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J utptu;khtpd; rhaYila khathj cj;jp Kiwapy;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• Rz;zhk;G Rtupd; kPJ jsj; jahupg;Gf;fs; vJTkw;W vdhky; tu;zj;jhy;
Xtpak; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• J}u juprdk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kg;gupkhzk; epwj;jpd; njhdp NtWghLfSlhf
(tone) fl;bnaOg;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
• msTg; gupkhzk; ,aw;ifia xj;Js;sJ.
• ftu;r;rpfukhd epwg;ghtid.
• cUtk; tu;zj;njhdp epiyfspD}L fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtjdhy; Neubahff;
NfhLfs; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
• Kd;dzpapy; cs;s cUtq;fspd; nraw;ghLfSf;F nghUe;JtjhfTk; mjw;F
tYr; Nru;g;gjhfTk; gpd;dzpapy; epyTUf; fhl;rpfs; (jiuj;Njhw;w) (Land
scape) tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
• %d;W gpupTfshf cs;s Xtpaj;jpy; xt;nthU gFjpA ; k; NtWgl;l kdepiyfis
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. KjyhtJ gFjpapy; fhfj;jpid Juj;Jk; mfj;jpaUk;>
2Mk; gFjpapy; rpWtdhf khwpa tpehafiu mfj;jpau; Juj;jpr; nry;fpwhu;
mjpy; rpWtd; Nfyp nra; A k; ghq; f pYk; mfj; j pau; Nfhgj; j pYk;
rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• %d;whtJ fhl;rpapy; te;jJ tpehafu; vd czu;ej ; jhy; mfj;jpau; tpehafiu
gzpe;J topgLk; epiy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fhl;rp xOq;fpD}L mfj;jpaupd;
gzpTk; gf;jpg; gutr epiyAk; nfhz;L tug;gl;Ls;sJ.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 13

 ts; s pia ahid Juj; J jy; -(guuhrNrfug; gps; i sahu; Nfhtpy;
,Ztpy; )

• ahidahf te;j tpehafuhy; Juj;jg;gLk; ts;sp re;epahrpahf te;j KUfdplk;

milf;fyk; ngWjy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhdp epiy (tone) NtWghLfs;
Clhf Kg;gupkhzKk;> J}ujuprdKk; nfhz;L tug;gl;Ls;sJ.
• Rtu; kPJ jsj; jahupg;Gf;fs; VJkw;W vdhky; tu;zk; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ahidahf te;jJ tpehafu; vd;gJ FwpaPl;L uPjpahff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• epwk; FwpaPl;L mu;j;jj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. kpfTk; gpufhrkhd epwg;
ghtid fhzg;gLfpwJ.
• NfhLfsw;W xsp epow;gLj;Jif Clhf cUtq;fs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
tpehafUk; ahidAk; xU gFjpapYk;> ts;spAk; re;epahrpAk; kWGwj;jpYk;
,Ug;gpDk; ,t;tpU gFjpiaAk; xd;wpizg;gjhf epyTU fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
• ts;spf;F mr;rj;jpid Cl;Lk; tifapy; ahid rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
glj;jpy; jpfpYk; mr;rKk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 14

 ypadhNlh lhtpd;rp
• ypadhNlh lhtpd;rp kWkyu;r; r
; pf; fhyj;jpy; cUthd rpwe;j Gfo;ngw;w Xtpauhthu;.
• ,tu; fp.gp. 1452k; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk; 15Mk; jpfjp ,j;jhypapd; GNshud;];
efuj;jpd; tpd;rp vDk; rpwpa fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.
• ntuhr;rpNah vDk; Xtpauplk; Xtpak; gapd;W jdJ jpwikfis NkYk;
tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;;lhu;.
• Xtpaf;fiy kl;Lky;yhky; rq;fPjk;> nghwpapay;> fl;ll epu;khzk;> Gjpa
epu;khzq;fis mikj;jy; vd;gtw;wpYk; ehl;lk; nfhz;L mtw;wpy; jdJ
jpwikfisAk; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

,tuJ Xtpaq; f Ss; >

• ghiw Nky; fd;dp (Vergin of the rocks)
• ,Wjp ,uhg;Nghrdk; (The last supper)
• nkhdhyprh (Monalisa )
Kf;fpakhditahFk;.

ghiw Nky; fd;dp (Vi

rgin of the rocks)

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 15

 • fd;dp kupahSk; ,Ughyfu;fSk; fhzg;gLfpdw ; du;. fd;dp kupahSf;F mUfpy;
,U ghyfu;fSk; xU NjtJ}jDk;> kiyf;F Nky; cs;s xU fhl;rp ,jidg;
gpujpgypf;fpwJ.
• Kf;Nfhz khjpupapd;gb mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• fd;dp kupahspd; Kfj;jpy; fhUz;ak;> ghyfu;fspd; nkd;ik vd;gtw;iw
Xtpau; Jy;ypakhf vLj;jpf; fhl;bAs;shu;.
• gpd;dzpapy; jhtuq;fs;> gy tbtq;fspy; cs;s kiyfs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
J}uj;jpy; fhzf;$ba tifapy; g+kpiaAk; rpjj ; upjJ
; s;shu;. mjhtJ J}ujuprdk;
cgNahfpj;Js;shu;. xsp epoy; fhl;b tiue;Js;shu;.
• mtu; gpuNahfpj;j El;gKiw mtuJ Kjpu;r;rpia vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.
• fd;dp kupahspdJk; ghyfu;fspdJk; Kfj;jpy; xsp fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,tuJ tu;zj; jPl;ly; El;gKiw fpAnu];fpANuh (Chiaros curo) vdg;gLfpwJ.
• ,Ushd tu;zq;fs; cgNahfpjJ ; s;shu;. kz;zpwj;ijg; gy tpjjpy; gad;gLj;jp
cs; s hu; . jw; r kak; ,t; N thtpak; Y}tu; E}jdrhiyapy;
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,Wjp ,uhg;Nghrdk; (The Last Supper))

• ,J ypadhNlh lhtpd;rpapd; kw;WnkhU cd;dj gilg;ghFk;. kpyhidr; Nru;e;j

kupah nlyh fpurp nlhkpdpf;fd; Jwtpfspd; ,y;yr; Rtupy; nlk;guh Kiwapy;
(cyu;e;j rhe;jpd; Nky;) ,J rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• kpfTk; czu;Tg+u;tkhf ,J tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ. rpj;jpuj;jpd; kj;jpapy;
,NaRehjUk;> ,U Gwj;jpy; gd;dpU mg;Ngh];jyu;fSk; tiuag;gl;Ls;sdu;.
,NaR ehjiu fhl;bf;nfhLj;j A+jh]; vd;gtu; Kfj;jpy; Fw;wczu;T
ntspg;gLfpwJ. fpAnu];fpA+Nuh vDk; xsp - ,Us; tu;zf; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb
kj;jpapy; ,Uf;Fk; ,NaRehju; xspnghUj;jpahtuhfTk; VidNahu; ,Uz;l
tu;zq;fshYk; tiuag;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,J Xtpaupd; jpwikia vLj;Jf;
fhl;LfpwJ.
• fgpy tu;zj;jpd; ntt;NtW rhay;fisf; nfhz;l ,Us; epwq;fs;> Kg;gupkhz
,ay;gpidAk;> J}ujuprd ,ay;gpidAk; ntspgg ; Lj;JkhW gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 16

 nkhdhyprh ( Monalisa))

• ypadhNlh lhtpd;rpapd; Gfo;ngw;w Xtpaq;fspy; xd;whd nkhdhyprh Xtpak;

gpuhd;]; ehl;by; Y}tu; E}jdrhiyapy; kf;fs; ghu;itf;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• nkhdhyprh nghg;yu; vDk; tifg; gyifapy; vz;nza; tu;zj;jpdhy;
tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.
• gpuhd;rp];Nfh [pNahnfhz;lh vDk; tzpfdpd; kidtpapdJ nka;AU(Portrait)
vd Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,t;Nthtpak; gw;wp NtW fUj;Jf;fSk; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
• ,t;Nthtpaj;jpYk; J}ujuprdk; nrk;ikahf;ff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. J}uj;jpy;
epyTUf;fhl;rpiaf; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. Kfk;> khu;G iffs; vDk;
gFjpfSf;F xsp fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• nkhdhyprhtpd; nkd; i kahd Gd; d ifAk; > vq; f pUe; J ghu; j ; j hYk;
ghu;itahsidg; ghu;g;gJ Nghd;w ghu;itAk; ,urpg;gtu;fis ,d;Wk;
ftUfpd;wd.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 17

 ikf;fy; MQ;rNyh
• ikf;fy; MQ;rNyh fp.gp.1475 ,y; ,j;jhyp ehl;by; /GNshud;]; efupy; fhry;
fg;uP]; vDk; ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.
• mtu;> Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> nrJf;FNtiy> fl;llf;fiy Mfpatw;wpy; ,ay;ghd
jpwidf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpw; Njhd;wpa Gfo;g+j;j fiyQuhf
,tu; fzpf;fg;gLfpd;whu;.
• Muk; g j; j py; [u; y d; l hNah> gu; l y; N lh Mfpa fiyQu; f splj; N j fiy
gapd;Ws;shu;.
• jkJ 15taJ njhlf; f k; Xtpaq; f s; > rpw; g q; f s; gilg; g jpy; jpwidf;
fhl;bAs;shu;.
• ,tu; ryitf; fy;ypy; gilj;j kpfr; rpwe;j rpw;gq;fs;:
• gpnal;lh
• Nltpl;
• Nkhr];
• ,wf;Fk; mbik
• fyff;fhu mbik
• 11Mk; [_ypa]; ghg;ghz;ltupd; fy;yiw
• G&f]; md;id kupahs;
Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
• ikf;fy; MQ;rNyh rp]i ; ld; Njthya Xtpaq;fisAk;> fd;t]; kPJ vz;nza;
tu;zj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Gdpj FLk;gk; vDk; Xu; Xtpaj;ijAk; gilj;Js;shu;.

gpnal; l h ((Pieta))

• rpYitapy; kuzpj;Jf; fisag;gl;l NaRgpuhdpd; capuw;w cliy md;id

kupahs; kbapy; itj;jpUf;Fk; fhl;rpiaNa ikf;fy; MQ;rNyh ,e;jr;
rpw;gj;Jf;fhd fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;Ls;shu;.
• ryitf; fy;ypy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;jr; rpw;gk; NuhkhGupapy; Gdpj gPw;wu;
Njthyaj;jpy; jw;NghJ fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• NaRgpuhdpd; capuw;w clypd; jd;ikAk;> md;id kupahspd; MilfSk;
re; j j; J f; f ika ,ay; g hd tifapy; jj; & gkhf ryitf; fy; y py;
tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• jhiaAk;> kfidAk; rk tajpdu;fshf fhl;bAs;sjdhy; ,UtupYk; Njt
Nyhfj;jd;ikia vLj;Jf;fhl;l Kaw;rp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
• kdpjj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd gupTzu;T ,e;j rpw;gj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 18

 Nltpl; ( David)

• typik> JzpT> khDl ,uf;fk;> ,sik Mfpa gz;Gfs; ,r;rpw;gj;jpd; %yk;

ed;F fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ryitf; fy; Clfj;jpy; KOg; Gilg;Gr; rpwg; khf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,r;rpiy
14 mb 3 mq;Fy caukhd epu;thz Mz; cUtkhFk;.
• fpNuf;f - cNuhk rpw;gf;fiyg; ghuk;gupag;gb kdpj clypd; moF> vLg;ghd
jd;ik> rhe;jk; Mfpad ,ay;ghfTk;> jj;&gkhfTk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

Mjhikg; gilj;jy; ((The creation of Adam)

• ikf; fy; MQ; rNyhtpdhy; > cNuhkGupapy; rp]; iud; Njthyaj; jpy; nukguh
El; gKiwapy; gilf; fg; gl; Ls; s tpjhd Xtpaq; fSs; Kf; fpakhd
xd;whFk;.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 19

 • ngUk;ghyhd fpwp];jtf; fiyQu;fshy; rpj;jupf;fg;glhjjhf flTspd; cUtk;
,q;F rhjhuzkhd xU kdpjdpd; cUtj;ijg; Nghd;W rpj;jupf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;
,jd; rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.
• typik> JzpT> khDl ,uf;fk;> ,sik Mfpa gz;Gfs; ,t;Nthtpaj;jpd;
%yk; ed;F fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• Njtu;fSld; ,Uf;Fk; flTs;> Mjhkpd;ghy; ifia ePl;b mtDf;F capu;
nfhLf;Fk; tpjKk;> Mjhk; flTis Nehf;fpf; ifia ePl;bf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
epiyAk; ,q;F rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• flTspd; KJikAk; Mjhkpd; ,sikAk; ed;F fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• mtuJ rpw;gq;fspy; nghjpj;Js;s typikAk; cWjpAk; ,e;j Xtpaj;jpYk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,Wjpj; jPu;g;G Last Judgment)

• cNuhkGupapy; tj;jpf;fhd; efu rp];iud; Njthyaj;jpd; gypgPlj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dhy;

cs;s Rtupy; ,e;j Xtpak; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• cyfpd; kpfg; ngupa gpnu]; Nfh GtNdh Xtpankdf; fUjg; gLk; ,J> Vwj; jho
48 x 44 mb msitf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
• ikf;fy; MQ;rNyh ,e;j Xtpaj;ijg; gpujhdkhd 3 gFjpfshfg; gpupj;J
mtw;iw Rtu;f;fk;> kdpjupd; cyfk;> kW cyfk; vdf; FwpaPl;L uPjpapy;
rpj;jupj;Js;shu;.
• fiyQu; jkf;NfAupa ,ay;ghd jj;&gkhd ghzpapd; gz;Gfis cs;slf;fp
,e;j Xtpaj;ij gilj;Js;shu;.
• kdpj cUtq;fspd; cly; ,ay;GfSk;> nraw;gL jd;ik ,ay;GfSk;> czu;T
ntspg;ghLfSk; ed;F rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 20

 whghnay; rd;rpNah
• whghnay; rd;rpNah kWkyu;rr ; pf; fhyj;jpy; tho;ej
; rpwe;j Xtpaf; fiyQuhthu;.
• cr; r kWkyu; r ; r pf; fhyj; j py; (High Renaissance) cyfshtpa uP j papy;
Xtpaf;fiyf;F wghnay; rd;rpNah ngUk; gzpahw;wpdhu; vd;why; kpifahfhJ.

vnjd;]; gs;sp (School of Athens)

• ,tu; 1483Mk; Mz;L Cu;gpNdh vDk; ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.

• vnjd;]; efu gs;sp vd;Dk; Xtpaj;ij ];nld;]hnlyh rpf;dheRuh vDk;
fl;llj;jpy; tiue;jhu;. (Stanza della Segnatura)
• Xtpaj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s fl;ll epu;khzk; wghnay; rd;rpNah fiyQupd;
jpiwikiaAk; cs;Szu;itAk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wnjd Ma;thsu;fs;
$Wfpd;wdu;
• jj;JtQhdpfshd mup];Nlhly;> gpNsl;Nlh> igjfu]; Nghd;wtu;fs; ,q;F
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. jj;Jtk; gw;wp tpthjpf;Fk; xU fhl;rp vd mijg; gw;wp
Ma;T nra;jp Ma;thsu;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;.
• XUq;fpizg;ig Nehf;Fk; NghJ vnjd;]; efu gs;spiar; rpj;jupf;Fk; Xtpak;
cd;dj epiyapy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
• fz;izf; ftuf; $ba tu;zq;fs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fgpy tu;zj;jpd;
ntt;NtW jd;ik> ,Ushd kQ;rs; tu;zj;jpd; ntt;NtW jd;ik> nts;is
tu;zq;fspd; cgNahfk; ,t;Xtpaj;jpy; fhzyhk;.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 21

 kNlhdh Xtpaq; f s;
• ughaypdJ gilg;Gf;fSs; Kf;fpakhd fUg;nghUshff; fhzg;gLtJ
kNlhdh mjhtJ fd;dp kupahisAk; ,NaR ghyfidAk; rpj;jupf;Fk;
gilg;Gf;fshFk;.
• kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy Vida fiyQu;fspd; kNlhdh Xtpag;gilg;Gf;fistpl
wghaypdhy; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;l kNlhdh Xtpaq;fs; rpwg;ghd gilg;Gfshff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
• ,e;j Xtpaq;fs; vz;nza; tu;z Clfj;ijf; nfhz;L fd;t]; Jzpapy;
tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
• Kf;Nfhz khjpupnahd;wpd; kPJ> czu;T ntspghl;Lld; cUtq;fs; rpjj ; upf;
fg;gl;Ls;sik ,e;j Xtpaq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;GfSs; xd;whFk;.

Gy;ntspapy; kNlhdh (Madonna of the Meadows)

• J}uf;fhl;rp ,ay;GfSldhd jiuj;Njhw;wf; fhl;rpapy; jhtuq;fs;> kyu;

fisf; nfhz;l fpuhkpag; gpd;dzpapy; rhjhuzkhd xU ngz; Nghd;W
rpj;jupf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ ,e;j Xtpaj;jpd; rpwg;ghFk;.
• md;id kupahisg; g+upj;j clYlDk;> nkd;ikAk; ,uf;fKk; jJk;Gk;
Kfj;JlDk; czu;Tfisf; fhl;Lk; tifapYk; rpj;jupf;f fiyQu;
Kaw;rpj;Js;shu;.
• kug;gyif kPJ vz;nza; th;zj;jpdhy; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;s Xh; XtpakhFk;.
• ,e;j Xtpak; jw;NghJ tpad;dh efhpy; fiy mUk;nghUl;fhl;rpaj;jpy;
fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 22

 kNlhdh nlyh Nrjpah (Madonna Della Sedia)

• tl;l tbtj; jsj;jpd; kPJ tiuag;gl;Ls;s ,e;j Xtpak;> md;id kupahSld;

mizf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; cs;s ,NaR ghyfidAk; mtu;fisg; ghu;j;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; Nahd; gg;up]; ghyfidAk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
• %d;W cUtq;fSk; mz;ikf; fhl;rpahf xNu jsj;jpy; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• kdpj clypd; NkdpaoFk; Milfspd; tpupthd ,ay; G fSk; ed; F
rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• md;id kupahspd; fUizAk; ,uf;fKk; ghyfu;fspd; nkd;ikahd nry;ykhd

tdg;ghd ,ay;Gfs; ajhu;j;jg+u;tkhfr; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• wghnaypd; Vida kNlhdh Xtpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; tpupthd gpd;dzp
jiuj;Njhw;wf; fhl;rpfSf;Fg; gjpyhf ,e;j Xtpaj;jpd; gpd;dzp Mokhff;
fhl;lg;gltpy;iy. khwhf ,Uz;l tu;zj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 23

 flyhnjdpah tpfhiu
• flyhnjdpah tpfhiu fk;gisf; fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j xU fiyg;gilg;ghFk;.
• fp.gp 1341 - 1351 fhyj;jpy; fk;gisia Ml;rp nra;j 4Mk; GtNdfghF
kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; jk;kfpjj
; p NjNuhtpd; mwpTWj;jy;fSf;fika Nrdhjpyq;fhu
mikr; r upd; jiyikapy; rj; j u; k jpyf vDk; flyhnjdpa tpfhiu
epu;khzpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• ,jd; fl;ll epu;khzj;jpy; <Lgl;ltu; fNz];tuhr;rhupahu; vDk; njd; ,e;jpa
fiyQDk; mtupd; rPlu;fSk; Mthu;fs;.

fl; l lf; fiy epu; k hzpg; G f; f s;

flyhnjdpa tpfhiu - rpiy tpfhiu

• flyhnjdpa tpfhiu 1Mk; kz;lgk;> mu;j;j kz;lgk;> fu;g;gf;fpufk; vDk; 3

gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ.
• tpfhiuapy; Nky; jsk; fUq; fy;yhy; MdJ.
• mjd; $iu jl;ilahdJ. fPoj ; ; jsj;jpy; eldf;fhuu;> Nksf;fhuu; tupirahfr;
nrJf; f g; g l; L s; s NjhL> mt; T Utq; f s; capNuhl; l Kk; mirTk;
ciladthfTs;sd.
• ehY Kf vl;L ntl;Lf; nfhz;l %d;W J}z;fshyhd njhFjpfis nfbNf
vdg;gLk;. tl;lr; rpfuf; $iu nfhz;l ,g;ngsj;j tpfhiu njd;dpe;jpa
tp[a efu ,e;J fl;llf; fiyapd; nry;thf;iff; fhl;b epw;fpd;wJ.
• J}z;fspd; mbg;gFjpy; jiyia cau;j;jpa epiyapyhd rpq;f cUtKk;
J}z; cr;rpapy; kw;WnkhU rpqf ; cUtKk; J}zpd; jz;Lg; gFjpr; rl;lfq;fspy;
up\gj;jpy; Vwpa kdpjTUTk;> kPd; kPJ Vwpa kdpjTUTk; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• ngupa J}Zld; rpwpa J}z; f is ,izg; g jw; f hff; fw; g l; b xd; W
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ ,jd; rpwg;gk;rk; MFk;.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 24

 tp[a cj; g ha

• 12 mb cauk; nfhz;l mbj;jsj;jpy; mku;e;j epiy Gj;ju; rpiyfs; 4

itf;ffg;gl;Ls;sd.
• ,it fy; y pdhy; epu; k hzpf; f g; g l; l it. ,jd; kP J vl; L j; jpirfis
Nehf;fpapUf;Fk; tz;zk; 8 ahidfspd; cUtq;fs; nrJf;fy; Kiwapy;
epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• fl;llj;jpd; kj;jpa gFjpapy; 40 mb caukhd J}gp epu;khzpf;fg;gl;L
$iuaplg; g l; L s; s J. J}gpiar; Rw; w p ehd; F rpwpa irj; j paq; f s;
epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit rpiy kidapd; $iuapy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Gj; j u; rpiyfs; .

• fu;g;gf; fpUfj;jpy; mku;e;j epiyg; Gj;ju; rpiynahd;Wk; epd;w epiyg; Gj;ju;

rpiyfs; ehd;Fk; cs;sd. ,r;rpiyfs; fz;bau; fhy rpiyfspd; gz;Gfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sd.
• jpwe; j fz; f s; > miy kbg; G f; nfhz; l fhtpAil Mfpad %yk;
Gj;ju;ngUkhdpd; Md;kPfg; gz;Gfistpl> Gw ,ay;Gfis ntspf;fhl;Ltjpy;
fiyQu; Kaw;rp nra;Js;shu;.
• tu;ze; jPl;lg;gl;l mku;e;j epiyg; Gj;ju; rpiyapd; gpd;Gwj;Nj mofpa kfu
Njhuzk; cs;sJ.
• tPuhrd epiyapy; mku;e;jpUf;Fk; mku;e;j epiy Gj;ju; rpiyapd; jpahd
Kj;jpiuAk; rpurg;gl;ilAk; mikf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; rpwg;gk;rq;fshFk;.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 25

 ,yq;fhjpyf tpfhiu
• fk;gisf; fhyj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l ,yq;fhjpyf tpfhiu gd;`y;fy vDk;
fw;gug;gpd; kPJ mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• 4Mk; GtNdfghF kd;dd; fhyj;ijr; (fp.gp.1341 - 1351) Nru;e;jJ.
• ,J Nrdhjpyq;fhu mikr;rupd; MNyhridg;gb ,e;jpahitr; Nru;e;j
];ugjpuhau; vDk; fiyQuhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

fl;llf; fiyg; gilg;Gf;fs; - ,yq;fhjpyf tpfhiu

• ,f;fl;ll epu;khzj;Jf;fhf nrq;fy;> Rz;zr;rhe;J Mfpad
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mf;fhyj;jpy; ,J ehd;F khbfisf; nfhz;ljhf
mike;jpUe;jjhf E}y;fspy; gjpthfpAs;sJ.
• ntspg;Gw Rtupy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s ahid cUtq;fSk;> J}z;fSk;
tpfhiuf;F moFNru;f;Fk; mk;rq;fshFk;.
• rpiy kidAld; ,ize;j tifapy;> ehd;F jpirfspYk; tpgP\z> cGs;td>
(tp\; Z ) fjpu; f hk>(KUfd; ) fznjtp(gps; i sahu; ) MfpNahu; f ; f hf
epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l Ie;J (5) Myaq;fs; cs;sd. mtw;wpy; nja;tr; rpiyfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Gj; j u; rpiyfs;
• rpiy kidapy; cs;s mku;e;jpUf;Fk; epiyg;Gj;ju; rpiyapd; fz;fspuz;Lk;
jpwe;j epiyapYk;> fhtpAilapy; kbg;Gf;fs; miy tbtpYk;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; ,r;rpiy epkpu;e;j epiyapYk; cs;sJ.
• tPuhrd epiyapy; mku;ej
; epiyapy; cs;s ,g;Gj;ju;rpiy jpahd Kj;jpiuia
ntspf;fhl;LfpwJ.
• g+Ntiyg; g hL> nfhb Ntiyg; g hLfs; %yk; myq; f upf; f g; g l; L s; s
kfuNjhuznkhd;W rpiyf;Fg; gpd;Gwkhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Xtpaq; f s;
• fz;bf;fhy Xtpag; ghuk;;gupaj;ij xj;j ,yq;fhjpyf tpfhiu Xtpaq;fSf;F
,ilNa #tprp tptuza> (24 Gj;ju;) nrhnsh];k];jhda> (16 Gdpj ];jyq;fs;)
rj;rj;jpa (VO thuk;) Nghd;w Xtpaq;fs; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.
NkYk; fPu;j;jp = uh[rpq;f kd;dd;> Nrhdjpyq;fhu mikr;ru; MfpNahupd;
cUtq;fSk; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• ,q;F fhzg;gLk; ehd;F md;dq;fspd; $l;L gy jpwdha;thsu;fspd; ftdj;ij
<u;e;Js;sJ. mJ tpjhdj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; kuG uPjpahd
Xtpaq; f Sf; F ,ilNa mofpa nfhb myq; f huq; f s; ngUkstpy;
mike;Js;sd.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 26

 ,yq;fh jpyf tpfhiu gpujhd Gj;ju; rpiy

#tprp tptuza - xU gFjp ehd;F md;dq;fspd; $l;L

gy;NtW myq;fhu
tbtikg;Gf;fs;

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 27

 vk;gf;f Myak;
• fk;gisf; fhyj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l vk;gf;f Myak; fz;b khtl;lj;jpy;
cLEtu kj;jpa gFjp jpf;nfaapy; mike;Js;sJ.
• 14Mk; E}w;whz;by; Ml;rp nra;j III Mk; tpf;fpukghF kd;dd; fhyj;jpy;
njy;kl %yhr;rhup cl;gl mtuJ rPlu;fshy; ,J epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,J Nksthj;jpaf;fhuu; fz;l fdT xd;wpd; gpujpgydhf fjpu;fhkf; flTSf;F
mu;g;gzpf;f epu;khzpf;fg;gl;lnjdf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

vk;gf;f Myak; eLky; (knlhy; FUght)

• thapy; kz;lgk;> ePs;kz;lgk;> fu;g;gf;fpufk; vd;gd vk;gf;f Myaj;jpy;

fhzf;$ba rpwg;G mikg;GfshFk;.
• vk;gf;f Mya kuj;J}z;fspYk; nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;ghLfisf; fhzyhk;.
• vk;gf;f Njthyaj;jpd; $iuapy; 26 if kuq;fs; xU gyif MzpAld;
nghUj; j g; g l; L epu; k hzpf; f g; g l; L s; s J. ,J “knlhy; FUght” vd; W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J ,yq;iff; fl;lf; fiyQupd; iftz;zj;ij vLj;Jf;
fhl;LfpwJ.

thapy; kz;lgk;
• 10 J}z;fisf; nfhz;lit
• xt;nthU J}zpYk; rJuq;fs; ehd;F tPjk; cs;sd.
,jw;Nfw;g 10 J}z;fspYk; 40 rJuq;fspy; nrJf;fy;fs; cs;sd.

ePs; kz;lgk;
• 32 J}z;fisf; nfhz;lit. xt;nthU J}zpYk; rJuq;fs; 4 tPjk; cs;sd.
• ,q;Fs;s nrJf;fy;fspd; vz;zpf;if 128 MFk;.
• vk;gf;f Njthyaj;jpd; nrJf;fy;fs; Ntq;if> rpj;jpuNtk;G gyifapy; rpW
Gilg;G Kiwapy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• gpujhdkhd 5 fUg;nghUs;fspd; fPo; ,r;nrJf;fy;fs; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. fw;gid tpyq;F cUtq;fs;
2. tpyq;F cUtq;fs;
3. kdpj tho;ifAld; njhlu;Ggl;l nrJf;fy;fs;
4. fiu myq;fhuk; (yP];ju)
5. g+f;fs; nfhbfs;; myq;fhuk;

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 28

 • ghuk;gupakhd rpqf; s myq;fhu tbtikg;Gf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;ghd fw;gid
tbtikg;Gf;fspy; gy vk;gf;f Mya kur; nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;ghLfspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• fiyg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l fw;gidahd gpuhzp kw;Wk; Vida gpuhzp
Mf;fq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
- Nguz;lg;gl;rp - ,U jiyg;gl;rp - fpd;dug;ngz;
- ahidg; gl;rp (vw;fe;j ypfpdpah) - ehupyjh
- rungj;jpah
- up\g FQ;ruk;

Nguz;lg; gl;rp fpd;dug; ngz; md;dg;gpd;dy;

up\g FQ;ruk; md;dk; rpq;fk;

• vk;gf;f Mya nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;ghLfSs;> rpwg;ghditahff; fUjg;gLgit>

rkfhy r%f tho;f;if epfo;Tfisf; fhl;Lk; nrJf;fy;fshFk;. gpd;tUtd
mt;thwhdtw;Ws; rpythFk;.
- wghd; ,irg;gtd; - ky;Aj;jk;
- Fjpiu tPud; - eld khJ
- Nghu; tPud; - Foe;ijf;Fg; ghY}l;Lk; jha;.
• Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l nrJf;fy; gilg;Gf;fNshL> fiu myq;fhu tbtikg;Gf;fhf
mUk;G> fy;gpj;J> Fe;jpupf;fd;> Nghd;w caupa tbtikg;Gf;fSk;> jhtu
tbtikg; GfSk; > gpiukyu > g+q; nfhb Nghd; wdTk; gad; gLj; jg; gl; Ls; sd.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 29

 gpiukyu; nrJf;fy; tbtikg;nghd;W eldkhJ

Foe; i jf; F g; ghY}l; L k; jha; ky; A j; j k;

ntspehl;Lg; Nghu; tPud; RNjr Nghu; tPud; wghd; ,irg;Nghd

ghd;

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 30

 jyjhkhspif
(nrq;flfy) Gdpj je;j Myak;
• ,J ,yq;if tho; ngsj;j kf;fspd; Kf;fpa topghl;blkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
gy Gduikg;Gf;fSf;F cs;shfpAs;sJ. ,uz;lhk; tpkyju;k#upadhy; (fp.gp
1687 - 1707) fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,q;Fs;s jyjh kz;lgk;> rgh kz;lgk;(kFy; kLt)> vz;Nfhz kz;lgk;
(gj;jpupg;G)> ePuhLk; ,lk;>(cy;ngd;nfa) muru; Xa;T kz;lgk;(jpaj;jpyf;f)>
gpujhdpfs; kz;lgk; vDk; gpupTfs; th];J Kiwg;gb fl;lg;gl;l fl;llq;fs;
MFk;.
• ,jpy; vz; Nfhz kz;lgk; (gj;jpupg;G) tpNrl ,lj;ijg; gpbf;fpwJ.
• ,f;fl;llk; vz;Nfhz tbtj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• fl;llj;ijr;Rw;wp tisTfs; fhzg;gLtJld; ad;dy;fs;> J}z;fs;> fjpuhjpfs;
xOq;F Kiwapy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• gj;jpupg;Gig mikj;j ngUik NjNte;jpu %yhr;rhupiar; NrUk;.
• jyjh khspifapy; fz;b kuig ehl;ba gy Xtpaq;fspidf; fhzyhk;.
jhtu ,iy> g+> myq;fhuq;fs;> fw;gid cUtq;fs; ,tw;wpy; fhzf;$ba
rpwg;G mk;rq;fshFk;.
• fz;bf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa kpfr; rpwg;ghd re;jputl;lf;fy; jyjh khspifapy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
• Kf;Nfhz mikg;ig cila ,r;re;jpu tl;lf; fy;ypd; kj;jpapy; rw;Wau;e;j
jhkiu kyUk; ,UGwj;jpy; g+q;nfhb myq;fhuq;fSk; cs;sd.

jyjh khspif fz;bf;fhyr; rj;jpu tl;lf;fy;

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 31

 nkjty fw;W}z; tpfhiu

• J}z;fs; kPJ mikf;fg;gl;l tpfhiu vd;gjhy; ,ij “fw;W}z; tpfhiu” vd

miof;fg;gLfpwJ. fz;bf;F mz;kpjj ; nkjty vDk; fpuhkj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
• ,J 1 mb 8 mq;Fyk; cauk; nfhz;l 34 fw;W}z;fs; kPJ mike;Js;sJ.
kj;jpa fz;ba ghuk;gupaj;ijr; Nru;e;j kpf EZf;fkhd> kpfr; rpwg;ghd
Xtpaq;fs; ,t;tpfhiuapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• ,t;tpfhiuapy; [hjff; fijfs;> rj;rj;jpa (VO thuq;fs;) Nghd;w jiyg;Gf;fspy;
fz;izf; ftUk; Xtpaq;fs; rpWgl;bfshf tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
• Xtpag;gilg;ghf;fj;jpd; gpujhdkhf rpwg;gpay;Gfs;:
• gf;fg; ghu;it cUtq;fs;.
• rpWgl;bfspw;Fs; Xtpak; fhzg;gLjYk; fijapd; njhlu;r;rpahd jd;ik.
• ,Ugupkhz ,ay;GfSld; jl;ilahd tu;zg; gad;ghL.
• kQ;rs;> gr;ir> rptg;G> fWg;G> nts;is Nghd;w epwq;fspd; gad;ghL.
• nlk;guh gpnu];Nfh El;gKiw.
• cUtq;fisr; #o epiwitf; fhl;Ltjw;Fupa rpwg;ghd EZf;fkhd NfhLfs;
,lg;gl;Ls;sd.
• gpd;dzpahf gOg;G epwk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
• gpd;dzp ntspfis epug;Gtjw;fhf ntt;NtW myq;fhu tbtikg;Gf;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
• xl;Lnkhj;j Xtpaj;jpYk; msTj;jpl;lk;> J}ujuprd tpjpKiwfs; ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;sg;glhik.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 32

 • njfy;njhWt u[ kfh tpfhiu Fif tpfhiu tifiar; Nru;e;j fz;bau;
fhyj;J Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;ghd Xu; ,lk;.
• fPu;j;jp = uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (fp.gp.1747 - 1782) ,t;tpfhiuiaf; fl;Ltpj;jhd;.
• fiyQu; njtufk;gy rpy;tj;jd ,q;F Xtpaq;fis tiue;jhu;. nfh];tj;Nj
rpj;ju ieNjAk;> ePyfk gl;lnge;jpAk; ,tUf;F cjtpajhf tuyhw;wpw;
$wg;gl;lLs;sJ.
• fu;gg; f;fpufj;jpDs; EioAk; thapypd; ,U Gwj;jpYk; cs;s gl;bfspy; nt];]e;ju
[hjff; fijAk;> Rj;jNrhk [hjff; fijAk; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
• tpNrlkhf nt];]e;ju [hjf fijapYs;s ahidfs; jhdk; gz;Ztijf;
fhl;Lk; Xtpak; kpfr; rpwg;ghd xU gilg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ahidfspd;
,ay;ghf mirTfSk;> re;jKk; fhzg;gLtNj mjw;fhd fhuzkhFk;;.
• njfy; njhWt Xtpag; gilg;Gf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;:
• gl;bfspy; (tupir) fijj; njhlu;r;rpahf rpj;jupj;jYk;> gf;fj; Njhw;w
cUtq;fSk;.
• ,Ugupkhz ,ay;GfSld; jl;il tu;zg; gad;ghLk;> gpd;dzpf;fhf ,Uz;l
rptg;G epwg; gad;ghLk;.
• kQ;rs;> gr;ir> rptg;G> fWg;G> nts;is Nghd;w epwq;fspd; gad;ghL.
• nlk;guh gpnu];Nfh El;gKiw.
• cUtq;fisr; #o epiwitf; fhl;Ltjw;Fupa rpwg;ghd EZf;fkhd NfhLfs;
,lg;gl;Ls;sd.
• gpd;dzp ntspfis epug;Gtjw;fhf ntt;NtW myq;fhu tbtikg;Gf;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik
• xl;Lnkhj;j gilg;ghf;fj;jpy>; msTj;jpll ; k;> J}uf;fhl;rp tpjpKiwfs; ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;sg;glhik.
• ,t; tpfhiuapd; tpjhdj;jpy; tiuag;gl;Ls;s “khw guh[a“ (khwidj;
Njhw;fbj;jy;) XtpakhdJ rpwg;ghd r%f ntspg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;l xU
gilg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
• khwidj; Njhw;fbj;jy; Xtpaj;jpy; ifapy; Jtf;F Ve;jpa khwdpd; jug;gpdu;;
fhl;lg;gl;bUj;jy; %yk; ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; Xtpak; tiuag;gl;l rkfhy
mDgtq;fisAk;> nghUs;fisAk; rpj;jupg;gjw;fhf fiyQd; vLj;Js;s
Kaw;rpia ,dq;fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 33

 njfy;njhUt tpfhiu

khwidj; Njhw;fbj;jy;.

nt];]e;ju kd;dd; - ahidfisj; jhdk; gz;Zjy;

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 34

 jk;Gs;s tpfhiu
• fp.gp. Kjyhk; E}w;whz;by; tyfk;gh kd;duhy; (tl;lfhkpdp mga) ,t; tpfhiu
fl; L tpf; f g; g l; L s; s J. ,J Ie; J ngUk; fw; F iffisf; nfhz; l J.
,t; t pfhiuapy; cd; d j gilg; G fshd gy Xtpaq; f Sk; > rpiyfSk;
fhzg;gLfpwd.
• Njt uh[ Fif
• kfh uh[ Fif
• kfh Gjpa tpfhiu
• gpd;tpfhiu
• ,uz;lhk; Gjpa tpfhiu

• kfhuh[ Fifapy; Gj;jupd; rpiyfSk;> muru;fspd; rpiyfSk; cs;sd.

• jk;Gs;s tpfhiu Xtpaq;fspd; gz;Gfs; fz;bf; fhyj;Jf;F cupad. mDuhjGu
fhyj;Jf;Fupait vdf; fUjg;gLk; Xtpaq;fisAk; ,q;F fhzyhk;.

jk;Gs;s tpfhiu Xtpaq;fis tiue;j ngUik ePyfk; guk;giuiar; rhu;e;j

JwtpfisNa rhUk;.
• jk;Gs;sf; fhy Xtpaq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
• Nghjprj;Jtupd; tho;f;iff; fl;lq;fs;.
• ,Ugj;njl;L tptuzq;fs; (#tprp tptuza)

• Gj;jupd; tho;f;iff; fl;lq;fs;.

• khwidj; Njhw;fbj;jy; (khwkuh[a)
• nghw;fhRfs; gug;gp N[jtdj;ij g+irahf toq;Fjy;.
• tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;.
• tp[ad; tUif
• kfpe;jupd; tUif
• = kfhNghjpf;fpis (nts;suRf; fpis) nfhz;L tUjy;.
• vy;yhsd; - Jl;lifKD Aj;jk;.
• Xtpag; gilg;Gf;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;.
• gf;fj;Njhw;w cUtq;fs;.
• ,Ugupkhz ,ay;GfSld; jl;ilahd tu;zg; gad;ghL.
• kQ;rs;> gr;ir> rptg;G> fWg;G> nts;is Nghd;w epwq;fspd; gad;ghL.
• cyu; rhe;jpd; kPJ RtNuhtpaq;fs; tiuAk; gpnu];Nfh rpf;Nfh El;gKiw
gad;ghL.
• cUtq;fisr; #o epiwitf; fhl;Ltjw;F rpwg;ghd EZf;fkhd
NfhLfs; ,lg;gl;Ls;sd.
• gpd;dzp ntspfis epug;Gtjw;fhf ntt;NtW myq;fhu tbtikg;Gf;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
• xl;Lnkhj;j gilg;ghf;fj;jpy; msTj;jpl;lk;> J}ujuprd tpjpKiwfs;
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;glhik.
• khwidj; Njhw;fbj;jy; (khwguh[a) Xtpaj;jpy; Gj;ju; g+kp gupr Kj;jpiu
epiyNahL fhzg;gLfpwhu;.
• ,t;Ntis g+kpj; jha; Gj;ju; epiyia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; vOk; fhl;rp
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU Gwj;Nj khwdpd; Gjy;tpfspd; %tUk; khwdpd; NridAk;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; rpwg;ghdJ.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 35

 jk;Gs;is Fif tpfhiuj; njhFjp Gj;ju; rpiyfSk; Njtu; rpiyfSk;
(rkd; nja;tuk; )

khwidj; Njhw;fbj;jy; Xtpaj;jpd; khwidj; Njhw;fbj;jy; Xtpaj;jpd;

xUgFjp xUgFjp

Mapuk; Gj;ju; cUtq;fs; mNdhjg;j Vup (mNdhje;j Fsk;)

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 36

 rpe;Jntsp ehfuPf fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;

• nkrg;nghj;Njkpah> vfpg;J Nghd;w Guhjd tuyhw;Wf;Fupa cau; ehfuPfq;fspw;F

xg;ghd juj;ijf; nfhz;lnjd rpe;Jntsp ehfuPfk; fUjg;gLfpwJ. N[hd;
khu;~y; vDk; njhy;nghUs; Ma;T mwpQupd; ek;gpf;if rpe;Jntsp ehfuPfk;
fp.K.3250 - 2750 ,w;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpiaf; nfhz;lnjd;gjhFk;.
Mdhy; rpe;Jntsp ehfuPfk; fp.K.2500 - 1500 ,w;F ,ilg;gl;lJ vd
,e;jpaj; njhy;nghUs; Ma;thsu;fs; fUj;J ntspapl;Ls;sdu;.
• ,e;j ehfuPfk; nkhnfQ;rhjhNuh> `ug;gh ehfuPfk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;;.

• rpe;jp nkhopapy; nkhnfd; - nrh - jhNuh vd;gJ “,we;jtu;fspd; fl;blk; “

vd;Dk; fUj;ijj; jUk;. ,J jw;NghJ ghfp];jhDf;F cupa rpd;jp fp
yu;fhdh khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
• `ug;gh jw;nghOJ ghfp];jhdpy; Nkw;F gQ;rhg; gpuNjrj;jpy; nkhd;upNfhkwp
khtl;lj;jpy; wht; ejpf; fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ.

• rpe;Jntsp ehfuPfk; kpf tprhykhd epyg;gug;gpy; gue;J ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,e;jg;

gz;ghl;ilf; nfhz;l 70,w;F Nkyhd ,lq;fs; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• nkhfQ;rjhNuh> `ug;gh ehfuPfj;jpw;F cupa efuthrpfs; cau;fiy
tpw;gd;du;fshf jpfo;e;Js;sdu; vd;gjw;F ,q;F mfo;tha;Tfspd;NghJ
fpilf;fg;ngw;w nghUl;fs;> cgfuzq;fs; %yk; mwpaf;$bajhfTs;sJ.
,f;fiy Mf;fq;fSf;fpilNa
- fy;> cNyhfr; rpiyfs;.
- fl;ll epu;khzq;fs;
- Kj;jpiufs;. (,yr;rpidfs;)
- Mguzq;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;.
- tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fs;
Mfpait Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.

rpe;J ntsp ehfuPfr; rpwg;Gf;fs;.

g+rfu; cUtk;

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 37

 • g+rf cUtk; nkhfQ;rjhNuh efuj;jpypUe;J fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. clypd;
Nkw;gFjp fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• capu; g ; g hd xUtiur; rpj; j upg; g jw; F Kaw; r p vLf; f g; g l; L ; s sikiaf;
fhzKbfpwJ.
• 19 nrd;up kPw;wu; caukhd ,J nrQ;Rz;zhk;gpdhy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,J g+rf cUthFk; vd;gJ nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• clypd; xU gf;fj;ij %bAs;s rhy;it> ghjp %ba fz;fs;> ghjp topff ; g;gl;l
jiy> jpahd epiy Nghd;w ,ay;Gfs; ,t;TUtpidg; g+rfu; cU vdf;
Fwpg;gpLtjw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.
• rhy;it %d;W ,jo; nfhz;l kyu; my;yJ ,iy tbt Nfhyj;jpdhy;
myq;fupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• new;wp kPJ tisaj;Jld; $ba new;wpg;gl;b mike;Js;sJ.
• jj;&gkhd gilg;ghf;fkhf md;wp> Nkhbg;gLj;jg;gl;l xU fiyg;gilg;ghf
,J fhzg;gLfp;wJ.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 38

 eld khjpd; tbtk;

• fiy tpku;rfu;fspd; mtjhdj;jpw;F cl;gl;l Mf;fq;fspilNa `ug;ghtpy;

,Ue;J fpilf;fg;ngw;w ntz;fyj;jpdhy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l eld khjpd;
cUtr;rpiy gpujhd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ.
• md;W rpe;Jntsp ehfuPfthrpfs; cNyhf thu;g;Gj; njhopy;El;gj;; jpwd; ngw;W
,Ue;jjw;F ntz;fyj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l eldkhjpd; tbtk; rpwe;j xU
rhl;rpahf mikfpwJ.
• cNyhf thu;g;G Kiwapy; KOg;gilg;ghf Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,jd; cauk; 4 ½
mq;FykhFk;.
• ngz; clypd; espdj; jd;ik rpwg;ghf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ghjp %ba fz;fs;> Nfhgk; nfhz;l cly;epiyapy; epd;W nfhz;L xU
ifia ,ilapd; kP J itj; J > kW if rpwpJ klf; f p fhypd; kP J
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• nkype; j cly; t hFld; epu; t hzkhf mikf; f g; g l; l ,g; n gz; cUtr;
rpiyahdJ kpFe;j fiyr; rpwg;GilaJ.
• fOj; j py; khiy xd; W k; > ,UiffspYk; epiwe; j tisay; f Sk;
mzpag;gl;Ls;sjhy; mf;fhyj;jpy; Mguzq;fs; mzpe;jikf;Fr; rpwe;j
rhd;whFk;.
• ,jpy; Myaj;jpy; eldkhLk; ngz; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
• jw;NghJ GJby;ypapy; cs;s Njrpa njhy;nghUl;rhiyapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 39

 rptg;G kzw; fy;ypdhy; Md kdpj Kz;l cUtk;

• kdpj clypd; moif kpf nkd;ikahfTk;> El;gkhfTk; fhl;Lk; Kz;l

kdpj cUtk;. rpe;Jntsp ehfuPfj;jpd; cau;juj;ij cila xU fiy
Mf;fkhFk;.
• fpNuf;f Mf;fq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w Nkd;ikr; rpw;g ,ay;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,r;rpw;gj;jpy; jirfspd; ,ay;Gfisr; rpwg;ghf ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• 4’’ mq;Fyk; (10 nrd;wp kPw;wu;) cauj;ijf; nfhz;l ,r;rpiy rptg;G epw
Rz;zhk;Gf; kzw; fy;ypy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. OOg; gilg;G Mf;fkhf
`ug;ghtpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,r;rpw;gj;jpd; %yk; fl;Lkhdkhd
Mz; xUtUila cly; ,ay;G ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. epu;thzkhff;
fhzg;gLk; ,t;tbtk; rptDila %yf;fhl;rp epuk ; hzpgG
; vdf; fUjg;gLtjw;fhd
Vnddpy; ,r;rpw;gj;jpw;F ehd;F iffs; ,Ue;jjw;Fupa rhd;W
fhzg;gLfpd;wikahFk;.
• jiy> iffs;> fhy;fs; fhzg;gltpy;iy. jiyAk;> if> fhy;fSk; NtWNtW
gFjpfshf nra;ag;gl;L nghUj;jg;gl;L cs;sik njupfpd;wJ. ,g;gFjpfis
,izj; J f; nfhs; t jw; f hfj; Jisfs; gad; g Lj; j g; g l; L s; s ijf;
fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ.

rhk;gy;epw kzw; fy;ypy; nra;j Kz;l kdpj cUtk;

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 40

 • `ug;ghtpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fg; ngw;w ,e;j Kz;l kdpj cUtk; rhk;gy; epw
kzw; fy;ypdhy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• 10 nrd;up kPw;wu; cauj;ijf; nfhz;lJ. ,lJ fhiy Nkyhfj; J}f;fpathW
eld epiyapw; fhzg;gLfpwJ. vdNt ,J rptngUkhdpd; eld tbtj;ij
ntspg;gLj;Jk; eluh[u; tbtk; vd;gJ tpku;rfu;fsJ fUj;jhFk;.
• cNuhk rpw;gq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ,aw;ifahd gz;Gfs; ,e;j Kz;lj;jpy;
ntspg;gLfpwJ.

Kj;jpiufs; (,yr;rpidfs;)
• rpe;Jntsp ehfuPfj;jpy; ,Ue;J 2000 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l vz;zpf;ifiaf;
nfhz;l Kj;jpiufs; (,yr;rpidfs;) fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.
• ,k;Kj;jpiufs; tzpfg; nghUl;fspy; milahsk; (FwpaPLfs;) ,Ltjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
• ,k; Kj;jpiufs; ePs;rJuk;> vz;Nfhzk;> rJu tbtikg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
,e;j Kj;jpiufspy; cUtq;fSk;> vOj;Jf;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy;
,t;ntOj;Jf;fis ,d;W tiu thrpj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy.
• ,k;Kj;jpiufspd; %yk; rpe;Jntsp ehfupf kf;fspd; rka ek;gpf;iffs;
ntspf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
• mtu;fsJ tho;f;ifg; ghq;F> gz;ghl;L ,ay;Gfs;> fiyj;jpwd;fs;>
njhopy;El;gj;jpwd;fs; Nghd;wit gw;wpa jfty;fisAk; mit jUfpd;wd.

jpkpSld; $ba vUJ cUtk;

• rpe;Jntsp ehfuPfj;jpy; vUJtbtj;ijf; nfhz;l Kj;jpiufs; 25 ,w;Fk;

Nkw;gl;lit fpilf;fg;ngw;wd. mtw;wpilNa fiyak;rj;Jld; fUj;ij
ntspg;gLj;Jk; Kj;jpiuahdJ jpkpSld; $ba vUJ tbt Kj;jpiuahFk;.
• ,jpy; vUjpd; ,ay;Gfs;> rpwg;Gf;fs; ,aw;ifj; jd;ikAld; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;L
cs;sikiaf; fhzyhk;.
• rptngUkhdpd; thfdk; ee;jp vDk; fUj;ijNa ,J FwpaPlhff; nfhz;L
cs;snjdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
• fOj; j py; fhzg; g Lk; kbg; G kbg; g hd RUf; f khdJ NkYk; moif
ntspf;fhl;LfpwJ.
• rpy vUJ tbt Kj;jpiufspy; vUijr; Rw;wp thridg; Gifg;nghUl;fs;
fhzg;gLtjhy; vUJ g+irf;FupaJ vd kjpjJ ; > topgl;L g+ir nra;jpUf;fyhk;
vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
• ,k;Kj;jpiufisj; jtpu jdpf; nfhk;G vUJ> FWq;nfhk;G vUJ tbtf;
FwpaPLfisf;; nfhz;l Kj;jpiufSk; ngUkstpy; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sik
gjpthfp cs;sJ.
• vUJ cUtk; xU gf;fj;ij khj;jpuk; fhl;Lk; tifapy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mj;NjhL typik> vLg;ghd jd;ikAk; njspthff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 41

 gRgjp (rpt) Kj; j piu

• ,e;j Kj;jpiu nfhk;Gj; nja;tk; vd ,dq;fhzg;gLfpwJ.

• ,t;TUtpd; jiyapy; ,U nfhk;GfSld; $ba jiyazp xd;Ws;sJ.
• Mrdj;jpd; fPo; khd;fs;> Rw;wptuf; fhz;lhkpUfk;> Gyp> ahid> vUJ
tbtq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
• ,J rptngUkhdpd; %yj;ij Gyg;gLj;Jtjhf N[hd; khu;\y; mtu;fs;
fUj;Jj; njuptpj;Js;shu;.
• rptdpd; xU tbtkhfpa gRgjp (capu;fspd; mjpgjpAk;> tptrhaj;Jf;fhd
mjpgjpAk;) ,jd; %yk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• nja;t cUtk; Kd;Gwj;Njhw;wj;jpYk;> Vida gpuhzpfspd; cUtq;fs;
gf;fj; Njhw;wj;jpYk; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 42

 vfpg;jpa fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;

• iey; ejpf;fiuapy; mikT ngw;wpUe;j gz;ila ehfupfkhfpa vfpgj ; pa ehfupfk;

fp.K. 3000 - 30 tiuahd fhyj;Jf;FupaJ.
• vfpg;jpa ghuhNth (Pharaoh ) kd;du;fspd; Gfiof; $Wk; khngUk; gpukpl;Lfs;>
fl;l
; l epuk
; hzq;fs;> Xtpaq;fs;> rpwg
; q;fs;> epuk
; hzpff
; %yfhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ
,wg;Gf;Fg; gpd; tho;f;if vDk; vz;zf;fUtpd; ek;gpf;ifNa MFk;.
• mku;zh> fP]h Mfpa efuq;fis mz;b vfpg;jpa epu;khzq;fs; gy
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

];gpd;f;]; ((Spinx)

• fp.K. 2440 fhyg; gFjpf;Fupa ];gpd;f;]; rpw;gk; FG gpukpl;Lf;F Kd;dhy; 66

mb caukhfTk; 240 mb mfyj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• vfpg;jpaf; fiyapy; gy ];gpd;f;]; rpw;gq;fs; fhzf;;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
,tw;Ws; khngUk; ];gpdf; ]; (Great Sphinx) vDk; rpwg
; k; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej
; J.
kdpj KfKk; tpyq;FlYk; (rpk;kk;) nfhz;l ,J vfpg;jpa fiyfspDs;
rpwe;j xU rpw;gk; MFk;.
• ];gpd;f;]; gilg;ghdJ ghuhNth kd;ddpd; typikiaAk;> ghJfhg;Gj;
njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUitAk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ vd;gJ tpku;rfu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 43

 ];fpiwg; (vOJgtu;) ((Scribe)

• vfpg;jpa rpw;gq;fspy; vOj;jhsu; my;yJ ];fpiwg; xU Kf;fpa gz;ila

fhyg; gilg;G MFk;.
• ,t;thwhd gy ];fpiwg; rpw;gq;fs; vfpg;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd MapDk;>
gpuhd;]; ,y; cs;s Y}tu; E}jdrhiyapy; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; ];fpiwg;
rpw;gk; rpwg;ghdjhFk;.
• Rz;zhk;Gf; fy;ypdhy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s 2 mb caukhd ,J Kf;Nfhz
tbtj;jpy; fl;likg;igf; nfhz;lJ.
• KOg; Gilg; G Kiwapy; gilf; fg; gl; Ls; sJ. gspq; Ff; fy; ypdhy;
fl;Fopfs; epug;gg;gl;Ls;sd.
• tu;zk; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. fp.K.2600 - 2350 fhyg; gFjpiar; Nru;e;jJ.
• rfhuh (Sakkara) gpuNjrj;jpy; xU fy;yiwf;Fs; ,J fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,J jkJ v[khd; $Wk; vijNah vOJtjw;Fj; jahuhf ,Ug;gtupd;
Njhw;wj;ijf; Fwpj;J epw;fpwJ.

negpupw;wp murp ((Neferiti)

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 44

 • vfpg;jpa mku;zh Afj;ij mjhtJ Gjpa ,uhrjhdp fhyj;jpw; gilf;fg;gl;l
negupw;wp murpapd; cUtk; jw;NghJ Ngu;ypd; mUk;nghUl; fhl;rpafj;jpy;
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,J ngz; clypd; Nkw;gFjpiaf; fhl;Lk; KOg;Gilg;G El;gKiwapy;
gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpw;gkhFk;.
• vfpg;jpaf; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ghzp rhu;e;j ghuk;gupaj;jpypUe;J
tpLgl;L> ,aw;gz;ghd ghzpapd; ,ay;Gfs; ,r;rpw;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• 20 mq;Fy caukhfg; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,r;rpw;gk;> Rz;zf;fy; Clfj;jpy;
gilf;fg;gl;L> tu;ze;jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• vfpgJ; guhNth muru;fspy; xUtuhd Gjpa ,uhrjhdpapd; mf;Ndjd; (Aknenaten)
murdpd; murpahff; fUjg;gLk; negpupw;wpapd; ,r;rpw;gk; fp.K. 1375 fhyj;Jf;F
cupaJ.
• jiyapy; mzpe;Js;s caukhd kFlKk;> fOj;jpy; mzpe;Js;s khiyAk;
rpw;gj;Jf;F mo$l;Lk; tifapy; mike;Js;sNjhL Nguurpapd; typikiaAk;>
ngUikiaAk; fhl;b epw;fpd;wd.

vfpg; j pa Xtpag; g ilg; G f; f s;

• vfpg;jpa Xtpag;gilg;Gf;fis (fy;yiw) gpukpl;Lf;fspYk;> Njthyaq;fspYk;
fhzyhk;.
• ,U gupkhzj;jd;ik> gf;fj;Njhw;wk; Nghd;w ,ay;Gfis ,e;j gilg;Gfspy;
fhzyhk;.
• epwe;jPl;Lk; NghJ ngUk;ghYk; jl;ilj;jd;ik gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• fw;gidahd vz;zf;fUf;fs;> kf;fs; tho;fi; fapy; gy;NtW epfo;Tfs;> muru;fs;>
murpfs; njhlu;ghd epfo;Tfs; Nghd;wdtw;iw vfpg;jpa fl;ll epu;khzq;fspy;
fhzyhk;.
• vfpg;jpa Xtpaq;fSf;F ,ilNa Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s i`nuhf;ypgpf;]; (Hiero-
glyphics) mjhtJ cUt ml;ruq;fs; vOj;Jf;fspd; KjyhtJ fl;lk; vd;w
tifapy; ,d;Wk; njhy;nghUs; Ma;thsu;fspd; Muha;r;rpf;Fk; mtjhdpg;Gf;Fk;
cl;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

kPlk; thj;Jf;fs; ((Geese of Meidum)

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 45

 • fp.K. 2630 fhyj;ijr; Nru;ej
; ,e;j Xtpak;> vfpgj
; pa gz;ila Xtpag;gilg;Gf;fSs;
xd;whFk;.
• kPlk; ,y; k];jhgh tifiar; Nru;e;j rkhjpf;$lnkhd;wpy; fhzg;gl;l ,e;j
Xtpaj;jpd; xd;wd; gpd; xd;whfr; nry;Yk; MW thj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
me;j MW thj;Jf;fSk; Kk;%d;whf ,uz;L gf;fq;fspYk; xd;wd; gpd; xd;whfr;
nry;tJ Nghd;W rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• cUtq;fisj; jsj;jpd; kPJ Nru;khdQ; nra;Ak;NghJ> Kd;dhYs;s thj;Jf;fspd;
jiy epyj;ij Nehf;fpajhf ,Uf;FkhWk; capNuhl;lkhd jd;ikAilajhfTk;
mtw;wpd; nka;epiyfisg; gb xOq;F Kiwahff; fhl;Ltjw;Fk; fiyQu;
Kaw;rp nra;Js;shu;.
• epwe;jPl;Lk; NghJ fWg;G> nts;is> fgpy epwq;fspd; ntt;NtW rhay;fs;
ntspg;gl;Ls;sJ. NfhLfs; %yk; EZf;fkhfTk;> tpupthfTk; tbtq;fs;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j ,ay;Gfs; vfpgj; pa kdpj cUt Xtpaq;fs; tiutjw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. mjhtJ epwq;fs;> NfhLfs; %yk; ,aw;ifahd
,ay; G fSfNshL Kg; g upkhz ,ay; G fs; ntspg; g Lj; j g; g l; L s; s ikiaf;
,dq;fhzyhk;.

gwit Ntl;il (Fowling Scene)

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 46

 • gwit Ntl;il Xtpak; fp.K. 1580 - 1350 ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Gjpa
,uhrjhdp Afj;ijr; Nru;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
• ,J tu;ze;jPl;lg;gl;l xU XtpakhFk;. ,J jpg]; ,y; neghKd; (Nebamun)
fy;yiwapy; ,Ue;J fpilj;jJ.
• vfpg;jpa gpuGthd neghKd; Xlnkhd;wpy; Vwp iey; ejpapy; jkJ ifapy;
cs;s tis jbiag; (Boomereng) gad;gLj;jp gwit Ntl;ilahLk; tpjk; ,e;j
Xtpaj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• mtuJ xU ifapy; Ntl;ilahba %d;W gwitfs; cs;sd. ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy;
fhzg; g Lk; ngz; cUtq; f s; mtuJ Gjy; t pAk; kidtpAkhtu; vdf;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
• igg;gpu]; (Popyrus) gw;iwfSf;F ,ilNa gwitfs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> mjw;F
mUNf cs;s Ntl;ilg;G+id> fhy;fshy; ,uz;L gwitfisAk; thapdhy;
xU gwitiaAk; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; tpjk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• kdpj cUtq;fs; kughu;e;j ghzp uPjpahf gf;fj;Njhw;wkhfTk;> gpuhzpfSk;
jhtu ,iyfSk; kpf ,ay;ghd tifapYk; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• gl;bifr; rpj;jpupg;ghff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. ,r;rpj;jpur; rl;lfj;jpDs; gy;NtW
epfo; T fspd; Nru; k hdk; fhl; l g; g l; L s; s NjhL> mjd; %yk; Xtpaj; j pd;
njhopw;ghl;Lj;jd;ik vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,J cyu;e;j rhe;jpd; kPJ gpnu];Nfh rpf;Nfh El;g Kiwapy; tiuag;gl;l Xu;
XtpakhFk;.
• cUtq;fSf;F epwe;jPl;Ltjw;fhf kQ;rs;> rptg;G> nts;is> fWg;G Nghd;w
epwq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> Xtpaq;fs; ,Ugupkhzj; jd;ikAilad.
• Xtpaj; j pd; gpd; d zpapy; i`nuhf; y pgpf; ] ; (Hierglyphics) mjhtJ cUt
ml;ruq;fisf; fhzyhk;.
• jw;NghJ ,J yz;ldpy;> gpupj;jhdpa mUk;nghUl; fhl;rpafj;jpy; fhl;rpf;F
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 47

 fpNuf;f rpw;gf; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;
tPd]; jp nkNyh (Venus de melo)

• gpuhd;R ehl;by; Y}tu; mUk;nghUl;fhl;rpafj;jpy; fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;s

tP d ]; b nkNyh rpw; g khdJ fpNuf; f j; nfydp];j pf; (Helanistic)
fhyj;jpw;Fupa xU fiyg;gilg;ghFk;
• iffspuz;Lk; cile;J NghAs;s ,e;j ryitf; fw;rpw;gk; fp.gp. 1820 ,y;
nkNyh jPtpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
• ,lJ ifapy; Ve;jpa fz;zhbapdhy; jdJ clyoifg; ghu;f;Fk; xU
ngz; ,r;rpwg; j;jpdhy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ fiytpku;rfu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;.
• ngz;zpd; moFk;> ngz; clypd; yypjj;jd;ikAk; rpwg;ghff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s
,r;rpw;gk;> fpNuf;fr; rpw;gf;fiyg;gilg;;Gf;fSs; caupa juKila xU
gilg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
• ngz; cUtpd; ,iliar; Rw;wpAs;s Milapd; kbg;Gfs; rupAk; tpjk;
,ay;ghd Kiwapw; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,r;rpw;gk; mnyf;rhd;nlh]; vDk; fiyQuhy; gilf;fg;gl;lJ.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 48

 gupjptl;lk; vwpgtu; (Discobolus)

• gupjptl;lk; vwpgtu; rpw;gkhdJ fpNuf;fj; njhd;ik Afj;ijr; Nru;e;j

fiyg;gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l xU gilg;ghFk;.
• gupjptl;lk; vwpa Maj;jkhFk; tpisahl;L tPuu; xUtu; ,r;rpw;gj;jpy;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,g;gilg;gpy; tpisahl;L tPudpd; nka;e;epiyapd;gb> Mz; clypd; typik>
tYthd mirT> clypd; rkepiy> re;jk; Nghd;wit kpfr;rpwg;ghff;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
• jirr;nraw;ghl;ilf; fhl;Lk; tifapy; tpisahl;L tPudpd; nka;epiy
rpwg;ghff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ,r;rpw;gk; ryitf; fy;ypdhy; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• fp.K. 450 fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j gupjptl;lk; vwpgtu;> rpw;gj;jpd; %yg;gilg;G
ntz;fyj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gl;bUf;ff;$Lk; vd ek;gg;gLtNjhL mJ rpwg;Gf;
fiyQu; ikud; (Myron) ,dJ gilg;ghFk;.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 49

 N`u;kpfhk; lNahdPRk; (Hermes and Dionysus)

• fp.K. 330 - 320 fhyj;ijr; Nru;ej ; ,r;rpw;gk; fpNuf;f ehl;L> xypk;gpahtpypUe;J

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l xU rpwg;ghd KOikg;Gilg;Gr; rpw;gkhFk;.
• fpNuf;f njhd;ik Afj;ijr; Nru;e;j fiyg;gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l ,J
gpnuf;rpNly;]; (Praxiteles) vDk; rpwg
; f; fiyQuhy; tbf;fg;gl;l xU gilg;ghFk;.
• ,r; r pw; g k; 7 mb 1 mq; F y cauKilajhf> ryitf; fy; y pdhy;
tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• N`u;kp]; jdJ tyJ fhiy Cd;wp> ,lJ fhiy Koq;fhypy; kbj;J
itj;jpUg;gNjhL> ,lJ ifapy; lnahdPr]; vDk; Foe;ijiaj; J}f;fp
itj;jpUg;gjhf ,r;rpw;gk; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• N`u;kp]; ,dJ cUtj;jpy; tyJ if cilj;J NghAs;sNjhL> mjd;
kprr
; Ks;s gFjpia Nehf;Fifapy>; mf;ifia NkNy cau;jj ; p itj;jpUf;Fk;
epiyNa fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
• mf;ifapy; xU nfhj;J jpuhl;irg; goq;fs; ,Ue;jpUf;ff;$Lk;.
• Mzpd; clypy;fhzj;jf;f jirfspd; jd;ik> Fzg; gz;Gfs;> tpfpjhrhuk;>
Nghd;w ,ay;Gfs; rpwg;ghf ,r;rpw;gj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
• ,lJ ifapy; jhq; f papUf; F k; Jzp fhuzkhf rpw; g j; j pd; rkdpiy
Ngzg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,q;F fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Foe;ij cUtpy; nkd;ik> koiyf;Fzk; Nghd;w
,ay;Gfisf; fhl;Ltjpy; fiyQd; ntw;wpngwtpy;iy vdj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.
• ,r;rpw;gk; jw;NghJ fpNuf;f ehl;L> xypk;gpahtpy; njhy;nghUl; fhl;rpafj;jpy;
fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 50

 mjPdh Njtijapd; cUtk; (Athena Parthenon)

• rpw;gk; fp.K. 5Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j gPba]; (Phidias ) vDk; fiyQdhy;

tbtikf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
• njhd;ik Afj;ijr; Nru;e;j ,r;rpiy Vwj;jho 48 mb caukhdJ.
• Xu; kuj;jpy; nrJf;fg;gl;L jq;fj;jpdhYk;> ahidj; je;jj;jpdhYk;
ftrkplg;gl;Ls;s mjPdh Njtijapd; cUtk; kpfr; rpwg;ghdnjhd;whFk;.
• ,lJ ifapy; Xu; <l;biaAk; xU Nflaj;ijAk; jhq;fpAs;sJ.
• tyJ cs;sq;ifapy; ief; (nike) mjhtJ ntw;wp vd;gij FwpaPlhff;
fhl;Lk; gz;ila fpNuf;fj; Njtijapd; cU fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
• Nflak;> ghjk;> jiyf; ftrk;> ghjzp Mfpa gz;ila fpNuf;f ehl;L
MilazpfSld; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• nkd;ikahd Milapd; jd;ikiaf; fhl;Ltjhf kbg;Gf;fis EZf;fkhf
ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; fiyQu; ntw;wp fz;Ls;shu;.
• mjPdh Njtij cUtj;jpd; %yk; typik> Nghu;> tPuj;Jtk; (epkpu;e;j epiy)
ngz;Zf;Fupa espdk; Nghd;w ,ay;Gfs; ed;F ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 51

 yf;$d; rpw;gk; ((Laocoon )

• yf;$d; rpw;gk; n`ydp];upf; fhyj;ijr; (fp.K.5) Nru;e;j fiyg; gz;Gfisf;

nfhz;l xU gilg;ghFk;.
• ,J ryitf; fy;ypdhy; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU fiyg;gilg;ghFk;.
• ghupa flw; ghk;nghd;wplkpUe;J jg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf xU je;ijAk;> ,uz;L
Gjy;tu;fSk; vLf;Fk; Kaw;rp ,r;rpw;gj;jpy; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• je;ijapd; KJikiaAk; Gjy;tu;fspd; ,sikiaAk; njspthf vLj;Jf;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. tNahjpgj; je;ijapd; ijupaKk; typikAk; ghk;gplkpUe;J
jg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F vLf;Fk; Kaw;rpAk; rpwg;ghf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ahjhu;j;j ghzpf;F mikthf Kfj;jpy; Ntjid> mr;rk;> jpfpy;> tplhKaw;rp>
Nghd;wit ed;F vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
• vl;L (8) mb caukhd ,r;rpw;gk; jw;NghJ cNuhkGupapy; tj;jpf;fhd;
mUk;nghUl;fhl;rpafj;jpy; fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

J.Lipiraj , BFA.Hons (Special - Visual And Technological Arts) 52