Flexitallic Design

GASKET DESIGN
CRITERIA
SEALING SOLUTIONS -
THE ANSWER IS ALWAYS FLEXITALLIC
Fp6-7 l
B
f 8 JJ 09
Page
CONTENTS 3
MANUFACTURING
UNITS 4
INTRODUCTION 5
SECTIONI - GASKETSELECTION 7
NONMETALLICGASKETS 8
ELASTOMERS 9
COMPRESSED
NON-ASBESTOS
FIBRESHEETGASKETS 11
COMPRESSED
ASBESTOS
FIBRESHEETGASKETS 14
PTFEPRODUCTS 17
E~SETS 21
FLEXICARB
GRAPHITE
SEALINGMATERIAL 23
SEMI METALLICGASKETS 27
METALJACKETED
GASKETS 28
SPIRALWOUNDGASKETS 32
KAMMPROFILE
GASKETS 40
FLEXICARB
MRGGASKETS 43
NSRGASKETS 44
METALLICGASKETS 45
RINGTYPEJOINTS 46
SPECIALISED
RINGTYPEJOINTS 49
LENSRINGS 52
WELDEDGASKETS 53
SECTIONII - GASKETDESIGN FACTORS 54

SIZINGPARAMETERS
FORSPIRALWOUNDGASKETS 55
ASMEBOILER& PRESSURE
VESSELCODECALCULATIONS 57
PVRCCONVENIENT
METHOD 61
DIN 2505 CALCULATION 66
SHEETGASKETS
- ALTERNATIVE
DESIGNRULES 69
ADDITIONAL
DESIGNCONSIDERATIONS 70
SECTIONIll - GASKETINSTALLATION 71
ASSEMBLY
PROCEDURES 73
DEVELOPING
PRE-STRESS
IN BOLTING 74
JOINTLEAKAGE
- TROUBLESHOOTING 75
APPENDIX 1 76
METALLIC
GASKETMATERIALS
APPENDIX 2 80
BOLTINGDATA
ORDERINGGUIDE 85 /
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
3
C. -V.-l. . .a .mm . . ..C.aC..mm..- I..,II#u
FLtAl I ALL16 MANWAG I UKlNlj UN1 13
q HOUSTON- TEXAS- U.S.A. q AUCKLAND- NEWZEALAND
q FREEPORT
- TEXAS- USA I[p VALENCIA- VENEZUELA
Ip SARNIA- ONTARIO- CANADA a GUADALAJARA

- MEXICO
q CLECKHEATON
- YORKSHIRE
- U.K q LOSANGELES- U.S.A.
Ia BURSCHEID- GERMANY q JEDDAH- SAUDIARABIA
PI MADRID- SPAIN q STAVANGER

- NORWAY
q DURBAN- SOUTHAFRICA q ALKMAAR- HOLLANO
q BRISBANE- AUSTRALIA R!. SINGAPORE
q BOMBAY- INDIA
Member of The Flexitallic Group
Q U A L I T Y WORLDWIDE
4
G-&&p-. l
e
f 0 c!hJ 0
FlexitallicGasketDesignCriteria
INTRODUCTION
Flexitallic,the world’s leading manufacturerand supplier of static seals and
the originator of the Spiral Wound Gasket,are committed to providing
sealing securityfor all of today’s industry.
With greateremphasisthan ever beforeplaced on joint tightness, more
attentionmust be paid towards all variablesthat effectthe integrityof a
bolted gasketedjoint.
FlexitallicDesignCriteriaoffersthe design engineerand end user assistance
in meetingthis goal, outlining the fundamentalsof good static sealing
practice.
Developedand collated by Flexitallic’sworld-wide team of technical
engineers,this publication is the “engineer’shandbook”of static seals
technology.
Flexitallichas identifiedthree main areaswhich must be addressedin order
to ensurea leaktightjoint.
* GasketSelection
* GasketDesign
* GasketInstallation
Attentionto these subject areaswill greatly help reducecostly joint leakage
throughoutindustry.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
5
CI 0 l h 0 0
JJ 0 JJ 0
WHAT IS A GASKET?
A gasket is a material or combination of materials essentiallydesigned for inclusion
betweentwo stationary members of a flanged joint, the primary function of any
gasket being to effecta seal, preventingleakage of the media into the atmosphere.
The gasket material selected must be capable of sealing mating surfaces, resistant
to the medium being sealed, and able to withstand the application temperatures
and pressures.
HOW DO THEYWORK?
r A seal is effectedby the action of force upon the gasket surface, which compresses
the gasket, causing it to flow into flange imperfections.The combination of contact
stress betweenthe gasket and flange, and densificationof the gasket material,
preventsthe escape of confined fluid from the assembly
OVERCOMING FLANGE IMPERFECTIONS 3,,,~n,on
,ro”gh
~~ERCOMNG
RANGE
IMPmI’Crf”NS
On seating, the gasket must be capable of s”dT
:T2Ts- ~;-q--,::.;;
overcomingtwo main types of flange ,, L- ----,
imperfections.Macro defects such as non- , ~-\. : /l
parallel flanges, distortion troughs and L
deep surface scorings, and micro defects such -fj=?
as minor surface imperfections. , ;, i~“nyemO”nlRl
“orl”arallel
u/-- -. ~__
FORCESON A GASKET .“I1

1OBiTlC
iND
imcr
PREWRL a”bls
TIMESNliwnl
men
In order to ensurethe maintenance of the seal UPOh
L’,lllCH
PRESSURE
ACTS
--- -~ ~~~
4T
throughout the life expectancyof the assembly, rPi __ GAIKLISiRlS
--7 %;
sufficientlyhigh stressesmust remain on the ‘,nNC’S
_$Jr’-/GaKE’--
gasket surface to ensure that leakage does not &t t t]*~ i 1 i 7s Ftil
T Ibl lNIIRN”L
P?tssURE
occur. The resultant bolt load on the gasket UE”2BE~NG Pq-
t FiAl’D I
8°C
should at all times be greaterthan the L-- <J CLAMPIW
.OtsC
hydrostaticend force acting against it, in order -
to maintain a seal. The hydrostatic end force is the force produced by internal
pressurewhich acts to separatethe flanges.
FACTORSAFFECTING CHOICE
Many factors should be consideredwhen selecting a gasket, to ensure that it is
suitable for the intended application. The gasket propertiesshould be consideredas
well as the flange and application details, as follows.
GASKET APPLICATION FLANGES
*Blow out resistance *Pressureof media *Available bolt load
*Creepresistance *Temperatureof media *Configuration/Type
*Stressretention *Corrosivenature *Surfacefinish
*Ability to recover *Searchingability of media *Material
*Expectedservicelife *Viscosity
*Comparativecost
*Preventivecorrosion/erosionof flanges
*Easeof maintenance
*Fire resistance
*Chemicalresistance
L
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
6
c-&-&G--. l
a
f 0 JJ 8
SECTIONI
/ I
1 GASKETSELECTION
Gasketscan be clearly defined into three main categories, non-metallic, semi-
metallic and metallic types, The mechanical characteristicsand performanceof a
gasket will vary extensively,depending upon the type of gasket selectedand the
materialsfrom which it is manufactured.
Obviously,mechanical propertiesare an important factor when considering gasket
design, but the primary selection of a gasket type is influencedby the following
factors;
*Temperatureof the media to be contained.
*Pressure of the media to be contained.
*Corrosive nature of the application.
Usually composite sheet materialsfor low

pressureclass app1icat.ion.s.
Suitablefor a
wide range of general and corrosive
chemical services. Supplied in both non-
asbestos and asbestos materials.
Types:Elastomers,CompressedAsbestos
Fibre(CAF)Sheeting,Non-asbestos Fibre
Sheeting, PTFEgaskets, Insulating Gaskets,
GraphiteSheet Products.
Can be fabricated from one metal or a

combination of metallic materials, in a
variety of shapes and sizes. Suitablefor
high temperature/pressureapplications.
High loads are requiredto seat metallic
gaskets, relying on the deformation of the
material into the flange imperfections.
Types:Ring TypeJoints, Lens Rings, Welder
Gaskets,Clamp Joints
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
7
r
C.A.F. GASKETS
,HTERNAL
PRESSURE
(PSI)
_I:1
10(,22) 100<11*>1~0~102>2OOI,P2>IlUdOi> mw110>

IEMPERb.WRE
oegc (oegF)
NON-ASBESTOS FiBRE GASKETS

INTERNAL
PRESSURE
(PSI)
f=czzj
ja<,**> 100~112>1501302)1OWIP21210<402>100<170>
TEMPERATURE
oegc pegF)
GRAPHITE 6ASKETS
,HTERNdLPRESSURE
(PSI)
[[-
>w21*> *oo<,~*> ,001670> 400<16P> 1WiO)

TEMPERATURE
aeg c peg F)
These reference charts ore for general guldonce only For applications outslde the range, conl~lcl Flexltalllc TechnIcal Depoitmeni for adwe
8
GJj-pc. 8
8f 0cAJ 03
1 ELASTOMERS
I I
Elastomericsheetcompoundsmarkthe entry levelto Flexitallic’ssheetsealing rangeof products.

Consistingof basepolymerswith the insertionof vulcanising agents,fillers, pigmentsand various
additives,elastomericgasketsoffereffective,low seatingstresssealstypically for low temperature,
low pressureapplications.
Elastomericgasketshave relativelysoft compressioncharacteristicsrequiringrelativelylow loads to
effecta seal, incorporatedwith excellentrecoverypropertiesdue to their self energisingbehaviour.
Commonmaterialgradesinclude:
Natural Rubber(NR)
NaturalRubberexhibitsexceptionalelongation,excellenttear strength,good wear resistanceand
recoveryproperties.It exhibits goods resistanceto most inorganic salts, ammonia, mild acids and
alkalies. Naturalrubberdoes not offer good resistanceto oils and solventsand is not recommended
where exposureto ozone, oxygenor sunlight is prominent.
TemperatureRange-50 to 120 DegC (-60 to 250 Deg F).
Neoprene(CR)
Neopreneoffersexcellentoil resistance,low permeabilityto gasesand resistanceto ozone,
weatheringand abrasion.The materialis suitablefor moderateacids, alkalis, salt solutions,
petroleum,solventsand commercialoils and fuels. It is consideredunsuitablefor use with strong
acids, fats, greasesand most hydrocarbons
Nitrile (NBR)
Nitrile is a syntheticrubberofferingimprovedchemical resistanceand temperaturecapabilitiesto
neoprene.The materialoffersgood resistanceto oils and solvents,aromaticand aliphatic
hydrocarbons,petroleumoils and gasolines,animalfats and lacquersolvents. It offerspoor resistance
to strong oxidising agents,chlorinatedhydrocarbons,ketonesand esters.
Butyl (IIR)
Butyl, otherwiseknown as lsobutyleneor Isopene,is an elastomerofferingexcellentresistanceto
wear, tear and generalabrasionas well as good ozone and gas permeatationresistance,
Suitablefor mild acid and alkali serviceand esters,butyl offerslittle resistanceto commercialoils and
fuels.
Viton (FDM)
Viton (FluorinatedHydrocarbon)offersexcellentresistanceto acids, aliphatic hydrocarbons,oils,
gasolineand many corrosiveindustrial applications.The materialsoffersexcellentresistanceto
temperature,weatheringand gas permeability.It is not suitablefor use against amines, esters,
ketonessteamor low temperatureservice.
Ethylene Propylenediene(EPDM)
EPDMoffersgood resistance.toozone, heat, steam,strong acids and alkalis. It is not suitablefor use
in oils, solventsand aromatichydrocarbons.
Styrene Butadiene (SBR)
SBRsyntheticrubberoffersexcellentabrasion resistanceand is suitable for use with weak organic
acids and moderatechemicals.It is unsuitablefor use with ozone, strong acids and most
hydrocarbons.
Silicone
The silicone rangeof rubbersoffer excellenthigh and low temperatureproperties,far superiorto any
other grade.Theyare also unaffectedby sunlight and ozone. Theyare unsuitablefor use against
steamand many hydrocarbons
QUALITY W 0 R L D W --I D E
P. 8 G--. 8
JJ 0JJ (
1 ELASTOMERS
I J
2 P
rl
TABLE
1
Air or Oxygen
EZ
5Q
22
N
$2
8
g
A
e
5
A
E
Ls
R
s2
A
$
gg
R R
E
zs
g
2
R
22
g
s
R
eoz?
a.g
LLm
R
g
07
N
g
.P
c’
R
g
2
A
DiluteAcid R R A R R R N N N A R R A
DiluteAlkali R R A R R A N N N A R R A
Water R A R R R A A N N R R R R
LowerAlcohols R R R R R R N N N R R R R’
CommercialPetrols N N A N N R N A A A N R N
Fueland DieselOils N N R N N R N R A A N R N
LUBRICANT OILS:
(a) Mineral Based N R R N N R A R R R N A N
(b) SyntheticBased N N A N N N N N N A N A N
HYDRAULIC OILS:
(a) Mineral Based NNRNNRNRRANAN
(b) EsterBased(non-flam) N N N A A R A N N N N A N
(d) Chlorinated N N N N N A N N N N
(e) SiliconeBased N N A N N A N N N N N N N
(tJ Glycol-etherbrakefluids and vegetableoils R A N A R N N N N N R N R
R-RECOMMENDED A-ACCEPTABLE N-NOT RECOMMENDED
ELASTOMERCOMPARISONCHART*
*NUMERICALLY RATED FROM 1 TO 5 INDICATING COMPARATIVE SUITABILITY FORA GIVEN PROPERTY I E “1’‘-MOST RESISTANCE,“5”-LEAST RESISTANCE.
Q U A L I T Y W 0 R L. D W I D E
10
r/ 0 l c-j&&&g
c 09 f 09
COMPRESSEDNON ASBESTOSFIBRE GASKETS

r AlthoughCompressedAsbestosFibre(CAF)has servedindustn/‘sneedsfor many years, increasing
concernover the use of asbestosbasedproductshas necessitatedthe developmentand introduction
of totally non asbestosfibre basedalternatives.Developmentof thesenon asbestosfibre grades
began in the early 1980’s, with severalbrandsenteringinto the market.Unfortunately,these initial
materialsprovedinferiorto their asbestosbasedpredecessors,offeringdifferingchemical resistance,
inferiortemperatureand pressurecapabilitiesand lower creepresistanceto name but a few
limitations.
However,after many subsequentyears of researchand development,a wide rangedof high quality
non asbestosfibre sheetmaterialsare now available,offering in most instancessuitable alternatives
to the rangeof asbestosgrades.With a world wide emphasisto phaseout asbestosbased products,
non asbestossheetfibre materialnow accountsfor over 60% of the total sheetfibre productsales.
Predominatelyglass fibre or aramidfibre / glass fibre based,Flexitallic’sspecificgradesof non
asbestosfibre sheetsare blendedwith elastomericcompoundsor mixes in orderto providerequired
chemical resistanceand temperaturestability Theseelastomericbinders,the some as those used in
CAFsheeting,namely NBR,SBR,CRand Natural Rubberetc., attributefor a large percentageof the
materialand thereforemust be consideredin relationto chemical compatibility.
Glass Fibre- Glassfibre is inorganic, processedfrom complex metallicsilicates.The materialoffers
high tensile strengthand moderatechemical resistance.Most importantly,glass fibre does not
fibrillate and is considerednon respirable.
AramidFibre- Aromaticamidefibre (Aramid)is an organic materialofferinggood strengthand
stability. Althoughin its raw form, Aramidcan fibrillate and can thereforebe termedrespirablein the
sheetform, any risk is considerednegligible.
It must be notedthat the higher compressibilityof glass fibre sheetproducts(AFseries)comparedto
CAF,combinedwith the comparativeeffectsof thicknesson residualstressrequirethat these materials
should be selected at a reducedthicknessto that expectedfor CAFor Aramidsheetmaterials.i.e. It is
recommendedthat 1.OmmAF2100 be used in place of 1.5mm CAF.
Flexitallic’srangeof non asbestosfibre gasketgradesare available with or without SarkIll spray
releasecoating. This clear coating, applied evenly in a continuousfilm on each face of the material,
provideslow adhesionproperties,allowing easy removalof used sealsfrom flange facings. SarkIII
also contains a corrosioninhibitor.
Permanite AF 2100
PermaniteAF2 100 is a high performanceglass
,oo, PERMANITEAF21; fibre reinforcedcompressedmaterial,utilising NBR
PRESSWE
CONTAINMENT
AND
TEWERAT”RE elastomerbinder, recommendedfor sealing
CAPABiUTlESFORVARIOUSTHICKNESSES
against steam,water, gases,oils and mild acids
and alkalis. The materialshigh compressibility
meansthat the materialthicknessselectedis
4% normally less than traditional CAFmaterials.
\\ \ AF2100 can be suppliedSARKIll coated.
\’ \\\
\ \\ \\\ ASTMTensileStrength
m
0 \ \ \’ ‘$\ ~~~“,,“$~~&ibilijy ;gzpa
8
g
yzz - \ \\\\ y’ $j:L ~~kOpVeR~/axation:
!:I;
200
-
-0.~ SpecificationCompliance: Approvedby WRC
Approvedby DIN DVGW
~~\ \\ \ Approvedby B.A.M.
\ (Oxygenservice.)
- _ --’\
IO” ? -
.
30. ::
mm 20
mm i; 2 AP, 0“rn
75
20 10 8” 80 ICO
1% 140
PRESSURE
Bb.RS
1
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
11
- -
42 0 e b l a
JJ 0 JJ 0
1 COMPRESSEDNON ASBESTOSFIBRE GASKETS

Permanite AFM 2 100
PermaniteAFM2100 is a variation of PermaniteAF2100 glass fibre reinforcedsheetmaterialdevelops
as an alternativeto PermaniteMetallic H.P. Although recommendedfor use on the sameservice
conditions as AF2 100, the insertionof a fine wire gauze allows it’s selectionwhere fluctuating pressun
or severevibration may be encountered.AFM2100 can be suppliedSarkIII coated.
Pressure/Temperature capabilitiesas per PermaniteAF2100.
ASTMCompressibility: 16%
ASTMRecovery: 61%
ASTMCreepRelaxation: 16%
Permanite SF 3300
PermaniteSF3300 is the premiumquality compressednon asbestosgasketsheetmaterial,consisting
aramid/glass fibres with the inclusion of NBRelastomer.Developedfor generalindustrial applications
where non asbestosmaterialis desirableSF3300 is designedto be used at the samethicknessas the
CAFit replaces.SF3300 is supplied SarkIll coated.
MaximumTemperature: 400Deg C (750 Deg F)
MaximumServicePressure: 140 Bar (2000 psi)
ASTMTensileStrength(AcrossGrain):20 MPa
ASTMRecovery: 63%
SpecificationComplianceBS7531 GradeX
Permanite SF 2400
PermaniteSF2400 providesa standardquality aramidfibre reinforcedsheetbondedwith NBR
elastomericbinders.This low seating stressmaterialis suitablefor sealing against steam,water, gase:
oils and mild acids and alkalis.!9 2400 can be suppliedSarkIII coated.
Maximum Temperature: 300 DegC (572 Deg F)
Maximum ServicePressure: 140 Bar (2000 psi)
ASTMCompressibility:
ASTMRecovery: ELF%
Permanite SF 2440
PermaniteSF2440 is a standardqualify compressednon asbestosgasketsheetbasedon aramid fibn
bondedwith polychloroprene rubber. Its excellentcryogenicstability and self extinguishingproperties
particularlysuit this materialfor refrigerantand compressorservice.SF2440 can be suppliedSarkIll
coated.
ASTMRecovery: 52%
Permanite SF 1600
PermaniteSF 1600 providesa low cost mineralfilled calenderedsheet material,containing celluloseand
glass fibre reinforcements,This material was developedto suit low pressure,non critical applications
where a premium quality grade is not necessaryi.e. water systems,heatingsystemsetc. SF 1600 can
be suppliedSarkIll coated.
Maximum Temperature: 180 DegC (350Deg F)
ASTMTensileStrength(AcrossGrain):8.5 MPa
ASTMRecovery: 54%
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
12
F. 0 G--a 0
B
4zhtafk 0JJ 0
1 COMPRESSEDNON ASBESTOSFIBRE GASKETS
0 0
8 %
8 % Q
& 2
2 s ii
I
%
I
5
/ I
WATER
1 Boiler Feed I R 1 S
Condensate R S
Sea R S
STEAM
Saturated S R
Superheated ] S 1 R
ACIDS
Acetic F s
Formic F s
Hydrochloric x x
Hydrofluoric x x
Nitric x x
Phosphoric x x
Sulphuric x x
Sodium Hydroxide x F
REFRIGERANTS
1 Freons I s I s
EthyleneGlycol s s
Oils and Ammonia s s
ORGANICSOLVENTS
Acetone S R
Naptha S R
Toluene S R R= Recommended.S=Suitable. F= Fair Resistance.
Amy1Acetate S R D=Dependson Condition.X= Not recommended
*Please note that Flexitalliconly recommendthe use of sheetgasketmaterialsfor pressureapplicationsup to and inclusive of
class 300.
*If conditions determinethe preferreduse of sheetgasketmaterialsat servicetemperatures/pressurein excess of those

recommendedthe FlexitallicTechnicalDepartmentshould be consulted.
Q U A-L I T Y WORLDWIDE
13
JJ
G---e l c-a 0
0 JJ @
I 1
1 COMPRESSEDASBESTOSFIBRE GASKETS(C.A.F.) (
Compressedasbestosfibre sheetingconsistsof a high percentageof chrysotileasbestosfibre
accompaniedby otherfiller materials,pigmentsand elastomericbinders.The constituentsare bonded
togetherunder high pressureand cured into a homogeneoussheet.
The mechanicalpropertiesof the sheet materialare basically controlledby the asbestosfibre length
and the combinationof elastomericbinders. Basically,the longerthe fibre length,the higherthe tensile
strengthof the sheetmaterial.Thechemical resistanceof the sheet materialis also affectedby the
binderformulation.The most common gradesof elastomericbindersinclude NBR,SBR,CRand
Natural Rubber.Elastomersare often carefully blendedto offer optimum chemical resistancefor a
wide rangeof applications.
CAFsheetingis widely usedfor generallow pressureservicethroughoutthe chemicaland

petrochemicalindustries.It is suitablefor relativelymoderatetemperatureapplicationsand for a
variev of chemical media. Flexitallic’srange is ideal for sealing superheatedand saturatedsteam,air,
gas, alkaline solutions and petroleumdistillates.
Materialcan be supplied eitherstandardor graphitecoated.As it suggests,the surfaceof the sheet

materialis impregnatedwith a fine graphitepowder.The lubricating propertiesof graphitehelp reduce
adhesionwhich can occur betweenthe gasketand flanges on separation.
Furthermore,all materialgradesare available with or without SarkIll spray releasecoating. This clear
film, applied in a continuousfilm on each face of the material,provideslow materialadhesion
properties,allowing easy removalof used gasketsfrom flange faces. SarkIll also contains a corrosion
inhibitor.
CAFgasketsare availablefrom sheetsizes - 1.2m x 1.2m to 6.1 m x 1.5m (47” x 47” to

240” x 60”) and in thicknesses0.4mm, 0.5mm, 0,75mm, 1.Omm,1.5mm, 2.0mm
and 3.0mm (g411,%~1’,KY, !Q).
Permanite Oil GT (CAF 425) - Standard Grade

PermaniteOil GTis a top quality compressedasbestosfibre sheethaving superbgas sealing
properties.It is particularlyeffectivein applicationsinvolving oils, fuels and solventsand can also be
used with alkalis, mild acids, water, steamand generalchemicals. PermaniteOil GTis suppliedSark
Ill coated.
MaximumTemperature: 540 DegC (1000 Deg F)

ASTMTensileStrength(AcrossGrain)26 MPa
ASTMRecoven/: 56%
Specificationcompliance: BS 1832 Grade0, NFT48-001 Type D
Permanite Metallic H.P.(CAFM 425)

PermaniteMetallic H.P. is an adaptionof PermaniteOil GT(CAF425) incorporatinga fine steelwire -
insert. It is recommendfor use on the same serviceconditionsas PermaniteOil GT,but where
fluctuating pressureor severevibration many be encountered.As standard, PermaniteMetallic H.P. is
suppliedSark Ill coated.
MaximumTemperature: 600 DegC (1100 Deg F)

Maximum ServicePressure: 2 10 Bar (3000 psi)
ASTMCompressibility 9%
ASTMRecovery: 60%
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
14
/ a
c
l co l
0 JJ 8
1 COMPRESSEDASBESTOSFIBRE GASKETS(C.A.F.) (
Permanite Acid (CAF 393)

PermaniteAcid is a high quality compressedasbestosfibre sheetformulatedwith specialacid resistant
binders. Its is suitablefor use with hot and cold concentratednitric, hydrochloric,phosphoricand
sulphuric acid. PermaniteAcid is suppliedSarkIII coated.
MaximumTemperature: 180 DegC (350 DegF)
MaximumServicePressure: Dependenton conditions
ASTMCompressibility
ASTMRecovery Z%
Permanite 90 (CAF 90)

Permanite90 is a generalpurposesheetrecommendedfor use with steam,compressedair, water, mild
alkalis and weak acids. Permanite90 is suppliedSarkIll coated.
ASTMTensileStrength(AcrossGrain):15 MPo
ASTMCompressibility 10%
ASTMRecovery 46%
Specificationcompliance: BS 1832 GradeB, DIN 3754 It 200
Permanite Super (CAF 230)

PermaniteSuperis a superiorgradeof asbestossheetmaterialsuitablefor use with saturatedsteam,
superheatedsteam,gases,alkali, mild acids, solventsand o wide rangeof chemicals.PermaniteSuper
is suppliedSarkIll coated.
ASTMTensileStrength(AcrossGrain)26 MPa
ASTMRecovery: 46%
Specificationcompliance: BS 1832 GradeA, DIN3754 It 300
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
15
G-7 0 cl-e 0
cdi%wws 0JJ (I
COMPRESSEDASBESTOSFIBRE GASKETS(C.A.F.)
aa aa a? al aa
c c == g c
=z z+ ED
on 00 o- o= 60
cs E- E4 Ec, Ea
$0 f 2izE $
2 n n n
OILSAND DISTILLATES
Boiler Feed lR]S/SjSjSj AviationFuels S S X F F
Benzine s s x F F
DieselFuel s s x F F
Gasoline ISISIXIFIF
Hydrocarbons S S X F F
Engine S R X F F
I I I I
Gas S R X F F
Acetic / S 1 S 1 R ( X 1 S Heavy S R X F F
Formic S S R X F Kerosene S R X F F
Hydrochloric S S R X F Residue S R X F F
Hvdrofluoric (XIX(FIXIXI AIR ANDGASES
Nitric x x s x x
Phosphoric S S R X S
Sulphuric IF/F/R/X/X]
PotassiumHydroxide 1 R 1 S ) S 1 S ( S
Nitroaen 1 R 1 S / S / S / S
Oxygen R S\SIS/S
Propane S R F F F
GENERAL CHEMICALS
Bromine F F F F F
CalciumCarbonate I
R I
S I S I S I S
Chlorine / F 1 F 1 F 1 F 1 F
Dowtherm s s x x x
Ether S R S S S
MethylChloride D D F F D
SodiumSulphate I s Is
/ I
Is
I
Is
,
Is
I
Zinc Sulphate JsJsIsIsp
R= Recommended.S=Suitable. F= Fair Resistance.
D=Dependson Condition.X= Not recommended
*Pleasenote that Flexitalliconly recommendthe use of SheetGasketmaterialsfor pressureapplicationsup to and inclusiveof

class 300.
* If conditions determinethe preferreduse of SheetGasketmaterialsat servicetemperatures/pressurein excess of those

recommendedthe FlexitallicTechnicalDepartmentshould be consulted.
16
/ PTFEPRODUCTS
PTFESHEETGASKETS
Whereextremeresistanceis required to seal againsttoxic and highly corrosivemedia, PTFEis almost
totally chemicallyinert. It is only attackedby moltenalkali metalsand certainfluorine compoundsat
elevatedtemperatures.
However,the use of virgin PTFEsheetas a sealing materialis limited, since the materialsuffers
extensivelyfrom creepand cold flow when subjectedto compressiveloadings, even at ambient
temperature.This can result in excessivestressrelaxationon the gasketsurfaceand subsequent
leakage.
In orderto overcomesealing problemsassociatedwith virgin PTFE,a rangeof PTFEcompositesare
availablewith enhancedcreepand cold flow resistance.
Glass Reinforced PTFE

The PTFEresin is filled with approximately25% glass fibre. The addition of glass fibre improvesthe
creepresistanceof the materialand reducesthe cold flow characteristics,making it moresuitablefor
use as a sheetgasketmaterial.Theglass fibre addition has an insignificanteffecton the chemical
resistanceof the material.
Permanite Sigma
ThePermaniteSigmarangeof productsare comprisedof PTFEresin reinforcedwith Silica or Barium
Sulphate.Thesheetmaterialpossesses isotropiccharacteristicdue to the biaxial orientation.This
providesgood mechanicalstrengthin both directions,and a significant reductionin creepand cold
flow propertieswhen comparedwith virgin PTFE.
PermaniteSigmasheethas compatibilityover the entirespectrumof pH. Providingsustainedservice
from cryogenictemperaturesto 250 deg. C, (482 deg. F).
TYPICALPROPERTIES
AT 1.6 mm THICK
Density 3.0 g/cc 186 Ib/cu. in.
ASTMCompression 4% 4%
ASTMRecovery 45% 45%
ASTMTensileStrength 16 MPa 2,320 psi
DINResidualStress@ 17.5’C. 29 MPa 4,206 psi
DINGasLeakage 0.01 mL/min 0.01 mL/min
ASTMLiquidLeakage 4 ml/hour 4 mL/hour
PTFEproductsare suitablefor cryogenicapplications,and for

temperaturesup to 250 deg. C, (482 deg. F).
Flexitallicrecommendsthat all PTFEsheet productsare only

suitablefor pressureratings in accordancewith class 150 and
class 300.
Typical applications:
Corrosivechemicalsi.e. Nitric acid, Hydrochloricacid, Chlorine
gas and applicationsin the food and pharmaceutical
industries.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
17
JJ
G--. l c/ -. 0
8 JJ G
PTFE PRODUCTS
r
PERMANITEFLUOROSEAL
Permanrte Fluoroseal joint sealant tape is manufactured from 100% expanded PTFE.The unrque manufacturing
process produces a material which has good creep and cold flow resrstance propenres, whilst maintarnrng the
excellent chemical resistance of PTFEresins. Permanite Fluoroseal also possesses excellent weathering resistance
and WIII not detenorate with age.
The sealant tape IS supplied rn a range of widths from 3mm (1 /a”) to 25 mm (1 ‘I), ond as standard IS supplred
with a self adhesive strip for easy application Ideally suited for low pressure, irregular shaped flanges where low
gasket seating prevails Permanite Fluoroseal is soft and flexible; it easily conforms to irregular shapes, turns
corners and can be pushed into narrow openings.
As a guide, the width of the tape should be between one third and one half of the flange contact width. The gasket
compression table given below gives widths and thicknesses of sealant tape at full compression
WIDTHSAND THICKNESSES
OFFLUOROSEAL
AT FULLCOMPRESSION.
Sealant Sealant Compressed Compressed
Thickness Width Thickness Width
15mm (X611) 3mm (?Z) 0.3mm (0.010”) 6mm (0.24”)
2.0mm (3/321’) 5mm (X6’) 0.4mm (0.015”) 1Omm (0.40”)
2.5mm @21’) 7mm (%‘I) 0.45mm (0.018”) 13mm (0.50”)
4.0mm @7”) 1Omm (3/l) 0.55mm (0.022”) 20mm (0.80”)
5.0mm (W6”) 12.5mm (V) 0.8mm (0.031”) 24mm (0.95”)
5.0mm (3/;6”) 14mm (9/;6”) 0.8mm (0.031”) 25mm (1 .OD’)
6.0mm (X21’) 17mm (“X6”) 1 .Omm (0.039”) 29mm (1.14”)
6.0mm (‘/4”) 19mm (Xl’) 1.25mm (0.049”) 34mm (1.34”)
6.0mm (WI’) 25mm (1”) 1.25mm (0.049”) 45mm (1.77”)
Permanite Fluoroseal IS suitable for cryogenic application, and for
temperatures up to 250 deg C (482 deg F).
Typical applications:
Hydraulic systems, pneumatic systems, water supply systems, ventilation ducts,
L fan housing, fume ducts, engine case doors etc
VARIATION IN GASKETTHICKNESS
ANDWIDTH WITH BOLTINGFORCE
WIDTH THICKNESS
I’WTH
0-T) T,CNSS
(W ‘ilCKWSS
m,
- 009
a0 - 008
,000
2000
3000 3000
I 4000,000 I I, I,8000
II/ 4000
: I,5003
6000
/ 7000
80009000
10000 I, 2000,c
0 500 IO00 I11500 I
2000 0 500 1500
SOLTK)RCE
PER
U”lT SEAL L*ylral>)
LERGTH
OF SDLTKlRCE
PERUH[ILE”GTHOFSEAL liQl II)
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
18
G&&&G--. .
m 8
f 8 JJ
/ PTFEPRODUCTS
PTFEENVELOPEGASKETS
PTFEEnvelopeGasketsconsist of a
sheet/compositeinsert encapsulatedin the
bore by a thin PTFEsheath, 0.5mm (0.020”)
thick PTFEis normally employed.Compressed
non-asbestosfibre sheet,rubbersheetand
corrugatedmetalsare utilised in the
constructionof the insert.
PTFEEnvelopeGasketsoffer a cost effective
solution for sealing relativelylow temperature
and pressureapplicationscontaining corrosive
fluids. Theyare also usedto prevent
contaminationof the media i.e. food and pharmaceuticalprocessing.
The PTFEacts as a barrier,preventingthe mediafrom coming into contactwith the insert PTFEis
virtually chemically inert, with the exceptionthat it is attackedby moltenalkali metalsand certain
fluorine compoundsat elevatedtemperatures.
Thesheet/compositeinsert providesreasonableresilienceand recoverycharacteristicsto allOWthe
gasketto maintain a seal underfluctuating loads. The insert also providesadditional; creep
resistance,since pure PTFEflows readily under load and suffersreadilyfrom creep.
Compositematerialsare often used, incorporatinga corrugatedmetal core with sheetmaterialson
each face for addedresilience.
PTFEEnvelopeGasketscon be manufacturedin differentthicknesses,However,in the case of glass

filled sheet materialse.g. AF2100 for 3.2mm (l/8”) thick sheetgasketsit is necessaryto manufacture
the final sheetthicknessfrom two layersof 1.6mm (1/16”) thick material,due to the stressretention
propertiesof the material,referto Non-Asbestossheet materialspage 11 for further details
PTFEEnvelopeGasketsare normally suppliedto locate inside the bolt circle of the flange, howeverfull
face gasketscan be readily manufactured.Forstandardpipe flanges up to 24” diameter,the PTFE
envelopeonly protrudespart way acrossthe face of the sheet material.Its diameteris slightly
greaterthan the raisedface diameter of the flange.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
19
c/ e e c/ l l
JJ JJ 03 @
1 PTFEPRODUCTS
PTFEENVELOPEGASKETS
Availablestyles are as follows;
SPLITTYPE
Thesplit type PTFEenvelopegasketis one of the most
popularand cost effectivestyles. Comprisingof a PTFE
ring which is split and locatedaround a sheet materials
insert
Suitablefor most applications,with the exceptionof
abrasivefluids or where thick sheetinsertsare required.
I
MACHINEDSQUAREEDGETYPE
Theenvelopeis producedby machining from solid
PTFE,and is thereforemore expensivethan the split
Me.
Suitablefor use with thick insertsand abrasivefluids.
MACHINEDROUNDEDGETYPE
Againthe envelopeis producedby machining, but the
inside diameterhas a roundedprofile.
It is suitedfor sealing toxic chemicals,since there is less
risk of pinching the envelopeon irregularflange sealing
faces.
Largediameterenvelopesare producedby folding the
PTFEaround the insert and welding in position.
TYPICALPROPERTIES
Maximum operatingtemperatureof 250 deg. C. (482 deg F)
Maximum operatingpressuresup to and inclusive of class 300 (PN 40)
TYPICALAPPLICATIONS
Sulphuricacid, nitric acid, hydrochloricacid, phosphoricacid, hydrogenperoxideetc
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
20
r/ l l c. 0
c 0 JJ 03
INSULATINGSETS
lnsulatlng sets compnse of a phenolic one18

laminate or neoprene faced phenolic ‘h,Cii
p,cm l”S,,lOhQ lnS”l”lllg lnsu~ating
mm
laminate gasket (style NCA and NCB i,PFlWOS%lwsner‘01 ,PS;lOt,“g
S,ee”e
,ol gasket 01 WOSM, 10,!hlCH
PlOted
only) which is located between the flange in,eachn”’
sealing faces, phenollc laminate bolt
sleeves, two insulating washers per bolt
for maximum protection and two plated
mild steel washers per bolt. Stainless
steel washers can be supplied upon
request.
Insulating sets are essentially used for
pipeline flange corrosion protection,
where a seal is required between @D-f@
dissrmilar flange materials. The use of
dissimilar metallic flanges with a conductive gasket material accompanied with a suitable electrolyte may set up a
galvanic cell which will corrode the anodlc metal. Insulating sets are also used to electrically isolate flange joints,
preventing the flow of electrostatic charge along plpelines.
There are three standard styles of insulating sets available to suit rarsed face, flat face and ring grooved flanges, as
follows;
STANDARDSTYLES
X’ Thick steel washer
X’ Thick insulating washer
raised face flanges. This

M” Thick insuiatin style minlmises the ingress
of conductive foreign matter
1/8’Thick Insulating washer between the portion of the
flanges outside the raised
%” Thick steel washer
;/” Thick steel washe
!4 Thick insulating w inside Bolt Location Gasket

Insulating Set Assembly
Utilises o central gasket
i” Thick insulating gasket
X’ Thick lnsulatlng washe
v” Thick sfeel washer
6” Thick steel washer
X” Thick insulatin Ring Joint Gasket

insulating Set Assembly
Insulating oval section ring
joint will fit Into a standard
lnsulatlng ring lolnt gasket RTJ flange ring groove
!Q Thick insulating washer
X’ Thick steel wosher
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
21
G--. 0 c/ -0 0
JJ @JJ of
/ INSULATINGGASKETS
It is also recommendedthat for completeelectricalinsulation protection,that self adhesivetape is

wrappedaround the outside diameterof the flange, to preventthe ingressof foreign matter.
With style NCAand NCBinsulating sets, it is imperativethat the bore of the gasketis equal to that of
the pipe. This preventsforeign matterfrom accumulatingis the annular space betweenthe bore of the
gasketand the bore of the pipe thus preventingbridging.
TYPICALPROPERTIES
The phenolic laminate possessesgood electricalinsulating propertiesand corrosionresistance.
Typical propertiesfor 3 mm thick plain phenolic laminatesare as follows;
Maximum Compressive Stress Flatwise 3 15 MPa (45,700 psi)
Electric Strength, Flatwise in ail at 90 deg C (190 deg F) 23 kV/cm(58 kV/in)

Maximum operating tempeiature 120 deg C (250 deg F)
Minimum operating temperature -60 deg C (-76 deg F)
As standard Flexitollicinsulating kits are dimensionedto suit schedule80 pipe nominal wall thickness.
Insulatingsets are suitablefor use on standardand non-standardflange assembliesfor pressure
ratings up to and inclusive of class 2500.
TYPICALAPPLICATIONS
Offshoreinstallations,sea water environments,hydrocarbonservice,chemical installations,oil refining
pipeline applicationsrequiringgalvanic corrosion protectionand electricalinsulation.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
22
c. a Pa 0
m
JJ 0JJ 0
( FLEXICARB@
GRAPHITESEALING MATERIAL (
Flexicarbis without doubt the premiersealing materialon the markettoday. This pure exfoliated
materialprovidesexcellentsealing characteristics,exhibiting outstandingchemical resistance,thermal
stability and physical characteristics.
Flexicarbis a totally non - toxic graphitecompositioncomprising in it’s standardform of 95% or 98%
carbonwith no binder, respirablefibres, lubricatingagent or additive.
THEPREMIERSEAL
Flexicarb’sability to flow into flange imperfections,self lubricating structure,exceptionalchemical
stability and temperatureresistancemakeit the premierchoice of sealing material in a wide rangeof
Flexitallicproducts.
TYPICALPROPERTIES
- FLEXICARB(98%)
Melting Point: 3650 degC (6602 degF)
Tensile Strength: 5.5MN/m2(800 psi.)
Ash Content: 2%
Leachable Chloride ion’content: 50 p.p.m.(Certificate
on request)
Leachable Fluoride ion content: 50 p.p.m.(Certificate
on request)
Temperature Range:
Inertor Reducing
atmospheres: Cryogenic
to 3,000 degC (5400degF)
Oxidisingatmospheres: Cryogenic
to 500 degC (930 degF>
Gas Permeability: <: 1O-5cm3/s.
Specific Electrical Resistance:
Parallelto surface: 10 s1mm2/m.
Perpendicular to surface: 600 R mm2/m.
Thermal Conductivity:
Parallelto surface: 220W/mK.
Perpendicular to surface: 7W/mK.
TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE
Flexicarbcoversa wide temperaturespectrum,from cryogenicsthrough to elevatedtemperatures.
Flexicarbcan also be suppliedwith an inorganic passivatinginhibitor to increaseit’s oxidation and
corrosion resistance.
CHEMICALSTABILITY
The high purity Flexicarbis chemically inert to most medias,allowing for it’s choice on the most
critical of applications.(Pleasenote it’s limitations on oxidising compounds.)
NUCLEARGRADE
For nuclear applications, Flexicarbis also available in a high purity 99.9% grade.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
7.1
GJr&&7&6---. 0
f 0JJ (
1 FLEXICARB@
GRAPHITESEALING MATERIAL
(1 COMPATIBILITYOF CHEMICALS WITH FLEXICARB@FOIL
CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION
(% W/W) MAX. FLUIDTEMPERATURE
WATER
BOILERFEED ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
CONDENSATE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
SEA ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
STEAM
SATURATED ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
SUPERHEATED ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
ACIDS
ACETICACID ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
BORICACID ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
CARBONICACID ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
CITRICACID ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
FORMICACID ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
HYDROBROMICACID ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
HYDROCHLORICACID ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
HYDROFLUORICACID ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
HYDROGENCHLORIDE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
OXALICACID ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
STEARICACID ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
SULPHUR DIOXIDE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
ALKALIS
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
SODIUM HYDROXIDE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
POTASSIUMHYDROXIDE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
ORGANICCOMPOUNDS.
ACETONE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
ALCOHOL ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
BENZENE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
BENZYLSULPHONICACID ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
CARBONTETRACHLORIDE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
ETHYLCHLORIDE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
FATTYACIDS ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
FOLICACID ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
GASOLINE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
KEROSENE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
MONOCHLOROBENZENE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
TRICHLOROETHYLENE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
HEATTRANSFER
FLUIDS
DOW-THERM-A ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
MOBILTHERM ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
PETROLEUMBASED ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
THERMINOL-A ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
SALTSOLUTIONS
ALUM ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
ALIJMINIUM CHLORIDE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
AMMONIUM SULPHATE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
CUPRICCHLORIDE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
FERRICCHLORIDE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
FERROUSSULPHATE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
NICKELCHLORIDE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
STANNICCHLORIDE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
ZINC SULPHATE ALL 500 deg C (932 deg F)
When assessing the chemical compatibility of Flexicarb laminates, one must ensure that
compatibility of the reinforcement is also considered.
24
I 0 a c. 0
T&g&&& @JJ @
FLEXICARB@
NR
FlexicarbNRis a semi-rigid laminatedgraphitematerialmanufacturedby a specially developed
processwhich bonds 2 layers of graphitefoil to an ultra thin Nickelreinforcementlayer, 13 microns
(0.0005 ins) thrck.The bonding agent ISbasedon a nitrile phenolicadhesivewith special high
temperaturepropertiesand resistanceto chemical attack.Theadhesivelayer is less than 1% of the
total materialthicknessand does not effectthe sealing performanceof the materialin service.
Standard thicknesses 0.40mm 0.75mm 1.5mm

(0.016in) (0.030in) (0.060in)
Density (Facing) 1 .0g/cm3 1 .Og/cm” 1 .0g/cm3
(62lb/cuft) (62lbWft) (62lb/cutt)
ASTMCompressibility (at 34.5 MPiV5,OOOp.s.i.) 23% 50% 56%
ASTMRecovery 44% 20% 13%
ASTMStress Relaxation 1 .4% 5% 6.2%
B.S. Stress Relaxation 40.6 MPa 38.7 MPa 39.0 MPa
(5887 p.s.r.) (5612 p.s.i.) (5655 psi.)
ASTMOil 1 Thickness increase 3% 4% 2%
ASTMOil 3 Thicknessincrease 4% 4% 3%
ASTMFuel A Thicknessincrease 5% 4% 4%
ASTMFuel B Thickness increase 6% 7% 4%
Tensile Strength 32.8MN/m2 16.4MN/m2 9.5MN/m2
(4756 p.s.i.) (2378 p.s.i.) (1378 p.s.i.)
All thicknesses demonstrate the following properties:
Leachable Chloride content: Less than 50 p.p.m.
Leachable Fluoride content: Lessthan50 p,p.m
Maximum Temperature: 700°C(1292°F)
Temperature Range: Cryogenic to 700°C (1292°F).inert or reducing atmospheres
Cryogenic to 500°C (932”F)-oxidising otmospheres
FlexicarbNRsheetis specifiedwhere a high integrity, 4” NB CLASS30016

gasketis required(Class 300 and below). Flexicarb’s CAF425 v FLEXICARBNR
exceptionalsealablility,temperatureand chemical SEALlNO
PBEss”RE
(FL?,)
~ha”smdS)
resistanceillustrateit’s superiorperformanceto that of 5
a standardC.A.F.or Non AsbestosFibregasket,For 4
any critical, low pressureapplication, FlexicarbNRis
the most suitable choice.
;---r-T-j
0 100 200 400 500 600
In orderto maintain gasketstrengthand handleability, LOAiYLN)
f FLEXICARB NR
Flexitallicrestrictgasketsize to a maximum O/D of w CAF 425
500mm (approx 20”). Abovethis diameter,a AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

FlexicarbMRGis the preferredchoice.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
76
u l 0 u * l
JJ 0 jd d
FLEXICARB@
TSR
FlexicarbTangedSteelReinforcedGraphite(TSR)is a graphitesheetlaminatematerial,comprisingof
graphitefoil layers mechanicallybondedto a 0.1 mm (0.004”) thick tanged 316 stainlesssteelcore.
Thestainlesssteeltanged reinforcementenhancesthe mechanicalstrengthof the graphitefoil.
This low seatingstressmaterialis suitablefor sealing against steam,water, gases,oils,
hydrocarbons,alkalis etc.
FlexicarbTSRis only suited for use with relativelyhard flange materials.Theteeth of the tanged steel
core could indent metalssofterthan 3 16 stainlesssteel. It is not recommendedfor use on glass,
bronze,aluminium flanges etc.
TemperatureRange
Cryogenicto 700 deg C (1292 deg F) in an inert or reducingatmosphere
Cryogenicto 500 deg C (932 deg F) in an oxidising atmosphere.
Pressure Range
Recommendedfor class 150 and class 300 applications
1 FLEXICARB@
SR j
FlexicarbSteelReinforced(SR)is a high performancelaminatecomprisingof graphitefoil chemically
bondedto each face of a 0.05mm (0.002”) thick 3 16 stainlesssteelcore.
This low seatingstressmaterialpossessesgood mechanicalproperties,and is suitablefor sealing
steam,water, gases,0115,hydrocarbons,alkalis etc.
TemperatureRange
Cryogenicto 500 deg C (932 deg F) rn an oxidising atmosphere.
Pressure Range
Recommendedfor class 150 and class 300 applications.
Typical Properties
ASTMCompressibility(at 34.5 MPa/ 5,000 psi) 45%
ASTMRecovery 13%
1 FLEXICARB@
WR
FlexicarbWire Reinforced(WR)comprisesof 2 layersof graphitefoil each face of a 3 16 stainless
steel woven wire mesh
FlexicarbWR is suitablefor sealing low pressureapplicatrons.
TemperatureRange
Cryogenicto 500 deg C (932 deg F) in an oxidising atmosphere.
Pressure Range
Recommendedfor class 150 applicationsonly
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
26
+diskw%
P. .p. l
*
0 cdzwtz& @
!!
1001211) I1DOOW 100<170> 100<7~2> mw101
TEMPERATURE
oeg c peg F)
IHTERNAL
PRESSURE
(PSI)
-r_ll
I
00 IOU2121 11WiPI~
TEMPERAITURE
1wlio~
oeg c peg F)
1DWili
I
Iw(SW
FEEXEARBMM3 GASKET
These reference chOrts are for Qenerol Quldonce Only FOI 0ppl1C0l10n~ ouhde the range. ContOCt FleXltOll~CTechnlcol Deootiment tOr educe
G--a 0 6-a 0
JJ 0JJ @
/ METALJACKETEDGASKETS
MetalJacketedGaskets,as the name suggests,compriseof a metallicouter shell with eithera metallic
or non-metallicasbestosfreefiller. Thefiller materialgives the gasketresilience,while the metaljacket
protectsthe filler and resistspressures,temperaturesand corrosion.
A wide rangeof materialsare available,to suit specifictemperatureand corrosiveconditions.
Metallic Non-Metallic
Aluminium Non-asbestosMillboard
Brass PTFE
Copper Flexicarb”
Soft Iron Ceramic”
StainlessSteel (Asbestosavailable upon request)
Monet’
Nickel’
lnconel’#
OtherMaterialson request
MetalJacketedGasketsare manufacturedusing hand madetechniques,ana are available in a wide
range of sizes and configurations.Theyare traditionally usedfor heat exchangerapplications,pumps
and valves, howeverthe resilienceand recoverypropertiesof these gasketsare limited. MetalJacketed
Gasketsrequireexactingconditions of flange surfacefinish, high bolt loads and flange flatness in order
to effecta seal.
MetalJacketedGasketscan be divided into four main categories,as follows;
FRENCH-TYPE GASKETS
Thefiller materialis enclosedin a metaljacket,which coversthe inside diameterof the gasketand
completelycoversthe sealingfaces on both sides.
Availablein threesvles which are ideal for both small and large diametersin narrow and wide flange
widths and in both circular and non-circularconfigurations Typicalapplicationsincludevacuum seals
and valve bonnetseals of low pressure.Minimum flange width 6.4mm (%“).Nominalgasketthickness
3.2mm (W).
Style 130 Style 131 Style 132
SINGLEJACKETEDGASKETS
Thefiller materialis enclosedin a metaljacketwhich coversthe inside and outsidediameterof the
gasket.Style 120 has one of its contact surfacescoveredand is ideally suited for comparatively
narrow flange widths in circular and non-circularconfigurations.Svle 124 is an overlappedsingle
jacketedgasket,where the filler is completelyenclosedon the inside and outsidediametersand on
both contact surfaces,Style 124 is moresuited for high temperatureapplicationsof narrow flange
widths.
Typical low pressureapplications include boilers, compressors,pumps and diesel and gasoline
engines.Style 120 is not recommendedfor standardpipe flanges. Minimum flange width 6.4mm (Xl’)
Nominalgasketthickness3 2mm (%‘I).
Style i24 Style 120
FI!zYlm
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
28
c-p&&F. 0
e
f 0 JJ 0
METALJACKETEDGASKETS
1
DOUBLEJACKETEDGASKETS
Thefiller materialis completelyenclosedby a two piecemetaljacket,which coversboth the inside and
outsidediametersand both contactsurfaces.
Svle 126 is similar to style Style 123 with the exceptionthat the metaljacket is formedfrom a
corrugatedjacket providing betterresiliencethan the Svle 123, since the corrugationsform multi-seals
acrossthe flange sealingface.
Style 127 is a doubleshell gasketconstructedof two reversedwrap-round shells This provides
superiorflange supportand handleabilityand providesbetterresistanceto high pressures.
DoubleJacketedgasketsare used on boiler and heat exchangerapplicationswhen ample bolting is
availableto correctlyseatthe gasket.Theyare designedfor high pressureand temperatureapplications
up to and inclusiveof class 900. Thetemperaturelimitation of the gasketis dictatedby the
combinationof metallic and non-metallicmaterialsused in its construction.
Flangewidths as narrow as 8mrr (s61’)can be manufactured,dependenton diameter.Verylarge
gasketdiameterscan also be produced.Nominalgasketthickness3.2mm (j/“).
Gasketscan be manufacturedwith either integralor welded pass partition bars, in a variety of complex
configurations.Someof the most common pass bar configurationsare shown on page 31.

-
?A<6 /
i’\P
!
/‘ii /I I/
JoA.\.
m ciszzr
SOLIDCORRUGATED METALGASKETS
As the namesuggests,the solid corrugatedmetal gasketis comprisedsolely of metal and does not
contain any non-metallicfillers in its construction.Thetemperaturelimitation of the gasketIStherefore
only effectedby the metalselected.
Thecorrugationsprovidemulti-sealsacrossthe face of the gasketand inherentresilience A minimum

of threecorrugationsis recommendedand gasketthicknessis approximately50% of the corrugation
pitch. Pitchcorrugatronscan be 3.2mm (l/8”), 4.8mm (3/l 6”) or 6.4mm (l/4”).
Typrcallyusedfor high temperatureapplicationsand applicationsinvolving steam,water, gas, oil etc

up to 1000 psi. in the case of Style129 and 102 and up to 500 psi in the case of Style 100.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
29
( METALJACKETEDGASKETS
When pass partition bars are required,it is sufficientto utilise a gasketwith a welded pass bar
construction,as opposedto an integral pass bar construction.
If leakageoccurs acrossthe pass partition bar, then fluid will

flow along the length of the pass bar arrangement,and then
flow to the outer diameterof the gasketbeing retainedonly by
the secondaryseal. The intermediatepart of the gasketdoes
very little to effectthe sealing capabilitiesof the gasket.
FILLER
MATERIAL
8 -METALJACKEi
SFCTION
A4
With a welded pass bar arrangementthe fluid is retainedby

the primaryseal at the inner diameterof the gasket.Thusthe
primaryseal maintains its function, providing a seal of higher
integrity.
FILLER
MATERlAL
P -METALJACKET
SECTlOh
AA
Dueto the high bolt loads requiredto seat metaljacketed

gaskets,designersoften incorporatestressraising nubbins on
the flange sealing face, the principle being that the majorityof
the applied bolt load is acting on a relativelysmall proportion
I
G
of the gasketsurfacearea, thus high surfacestressesresult.
If nubbins are utilised, then it is essentialthat the gasketis

installedwith the smooth side towards the nubbin. NUkN
DOUBLEJACKETEDGASKET
I
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
30
G 0
JJ
0 G-- l 0
*
0 JJ 8
/ SCHEDULEOF STANDARDSHAPES FOR HEAT EXCHANGERGASKETS /
.Oc~eDoEis,e,e
emFDFDF?GeG
!5%q3?3@GP”@
a (zz!x!Y@“@“@
Ii~:~:~:@“~“~l~~
L
,-@$33
f3,-@
!3,B,-@
,o,-ii@
,@,B,@L@@
ii+3J5@KBK@K
KmK@.*@.@K@ 0
OTHERBARCONFIGURATIONSAVAILABLEON
REQUEST
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
31
JJ
G--o l G--e l
8 JJ G
:-
I
SPIRAL WOUND GASKETS
A requirementof any gasketis the ability to recoverunder variable loads. Theeffectsof pressureand
temperaturefluctuations,the temperaturedifferenceacrossthe flange face, togetherwith flange
rotation, bolt stressrelaxationand creep,demanda gasketwith adequateflexibility and recoveryto
maintain a seal undervariable and unevenloading. The spiral wound gasket,inventedby Flexitallic,
meetstheserequirements.
A spiral wound gasketis manufacturedby spirally winding
a preformedmetal strip and a filler on the outer periphery
of metalwinding mandrels.Thewinding mandreloutside
diameterforms the inner diameterof the gasketand the MetalStrip -
laminationsare continually wound until the requiredouter
diameteris attained. Normalpracticeis to reinforcethe
inner and outer diameterswith severalplies of metalwith
no soft fillers being introduced.Our methodof manufacture
includescustom designeddeviceswhich providecontrol of
gasketdensitythat permitcompressionto the operating
thicknessunder a specifiedload. This engineeredproduct
is thus “tailor made”to be compatiblewith the flanged
closure in which it is to be used. Forexample,a closure
designedfor vacuum selvice may requirea gasketof
exactlythe same dimensionsas a closuredesignedfor
1500 psi service.The closuredesignedfor the vacuum
servicewould have relativelylight bolting indicatingthe
necessityfor a soft gasket,while the 1500 psi application
would have heavy bolting indicating a relativelydense
gasket.It is usually within our capabilityto satisfy both
requirements.
CHARTNO. 1
GASKETCOMPRESSION CHARACTERISTICS
BOW onCo”str”ctlo”
Design
meiopmentsG’Sh# CG GOSkel
loMeet
APIBaltlng
slo”dolds COnlOCi
Am 147squareInches
mgmoiGasket
ThlckneSS
0175’
This
cnanShcnNScompresslo”
10130““deiSWsiress
Of30.000
PSIOfmotore0
262.000
9
GASKETDENSITY
The service conditions under which o FLEXITALLIC splrol-
wound gasket is expected to hold Its seal dictate the
density of the gasket Gaskets that have ldentlcal Inside
and outslde diameters con be either hard or soft OS
shown on the left The avallable compressive force IS the
basis for calculating Ihe density of the gasket structure lo
support specific bolting loads
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
32
G-j&&r-L l
*
f 8 JJ 8
1 SPIRAL WOUND GASKETS

STYLER
Basic constructiontype, inner and outer diametersare reinforced
with severalplies of metalwithout filler to give greaterstability and
bettercompressioncharacteristics.
Suitablefor tongue and grooveor male and femaleor groovedto
flat face flange assemblies.
STYLERIR
Solid inner metal ring acts as a compressionstop and fills the
annular space betweenflange boreand the inside diameter.
Designedto preventaccumulationof solids, reduceturbulentflow
of processfluids and minimize erosionof flange faces.
Suitablefor male and femalepipe flanges.
STYLECG
Utilizesan externalring which accuratelycentresgasketon flange
face; providesadditional radial strengthto preventgasketblow-
out and acts as a compressionstop. A generalpurposegasket
suitablefor use with flat face and raisedface flanges.
Class900 and abovean internal ring is recommended
I
STYLECGI
A StyleCGgasketfitted with internal ring which gives an additional
compressionlimiting stop and providesheat and corrosionbarrier
protectinggasketwindings and preventingflange erosion.Suitable
for use with flat face and raisedface flanges and specified for
high pressure/temperature service- class 900 and above or
where corrosiveor toxic mediaare present.
STYLEHX-RIR
The style HX-RIRis a variation of the style “RIR”spiral wound gasket,
developedfor use on heat exchangerTEMAtype flange
arrangements.In conjunctionwith an inner ring,thestandardspiral
wound constructionalso supportsan outer wound steel nose,
designedfor the purposeof accurategasketlocation. Availablewith
or without pass partition bars.
STYLELS”
ANOTHER NEWDEVELOPMENT FROMFLEXITALLIC. Thestyle LS
spiral wound gaskethas beenengineeredby Flexitallicto providean
alternativeto sheetgasketsin Class 150 and Class300 service.
StyleLSgasketshave the inherentstrength,resiliencyand blowout
resistanceof spiral wound gaskets,yet requirelow bolt load for
seating.Theyare manufacturedwith high purity Flexicarbflexible
graphitefiller or PTFEfiller for optimumsealability, and are available
for the full rangeof standardClass 150 and Class300 flanges, as
well as other non-standardlow pressureflanges. StyleLSgaskets
are a safe, economicalalternativeto tangedflexible graphitegaskets.
*PATENTPENDING.* USPATENT5161807. Seepage36 for
further details.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
33
6r-L 0 6-a 0
JJ 0JJ Q
STYLEHE
StyleHEgasketsare for heat exchangerswhere pass bars are
required.The outer portion is of standardspiral-wound construction,
whereasthe rib portion is normally of single or double-jacketedstyle,
securelyfastenedto the I.D. of the spiral-wound portion.
STYLEHE-CG
This style is identicalto the Style HEabove, exceptthat it is fitted with
an outer ring on the O.D.
Note wle HE and St@ HE-CG gaskets have a primary seal of spiral-wound
construction with its inherent resiliency ond excellent sealing quollfy It IS necessary thot
dimenslonol drawings locating the pass ribs and the configurations be submItted for all
inquiries and orders for these sn/le gaskets.
STYLE CG-RJ
This style designatesa SpecialCGgasketsized to be used on
standardring joint flanges as noted in our SpiralWound Gasket
catalogue.Theouter ring is dimensionedto coverthe ring joint
groovesand to preventthe spiral wound portionfrom enteringthe
groove.This type of gasketshould be used only as a maintenance
repair item. If FLEXITALLICgasketsare to be used in new
construction,it is advisableto use standardraisedface flanges and
our StyleCGgaskets.
CARRIERRING
The carrier ring gasketconsists of two spiral wound gasketseals
recessedinto each face of a metallic core. Themajor benefitsof the
carrier ring are the high recoverycharacteristicsof the double spiral
arrangementand it’s increasedstrengthand handlabilityover a
standardconfiguration.Carrierrings can be used on flat face, raised
face and tongue in groovetype flanges, or any non standard CROSSSECTION
THROUGHCJRRIERPIHGASSEMBLV
assembly,where high operatingpressure/temperatureconditions

dictatethe selectionof the absolutesoiral wound seal.
STYLE625
Style625 spiral wound gasketsare similar to style R gaskets,
exceptoriginal thicknessis 0.0625”. Thesegasketsare widely
used whereverspace restrictionsindicatethe needfor a wafer thin
gasketdesign capableof sealing high pressures
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
34
0 l
f&&f& /&&g&
Pa e
0 f 8
,
SPIRAL WOUND GASKETS /
STYLET
This designatesgasketsfor boiler handholeand tube cap
assemblies.Theyare availablein round, oval, obround, square,
pear and diamondshapes. Referto our generalcataloguefor
standardStyleT gaskets. Basicspiralconstruction
Pleasenote StyleT gasketsrely on internal pressurein the boiler of StyleT Gaskets
to properlyseat the gasket.This means,when a hydrostatictest is
performedon the gasket,the pressureexertedagainstthe plate
will furthercompressthe gasket- and it is necessaryto tighten
each nut to compensatefor the additional compressionof the
gasketunder load.
STYLEM, MC & MCS

Thesestyles are designedfor boiler manholecover assemblies.
Theyare usually of round, obroundor oval shape, depending,of
course,upon the manholeplate configuration.StyleMCgaskets
have preformedinner and/or outer ring assembledto the gasket.
This centeringguide permitsthe gasketto assumeits correct
position and to compensatefor inequalitiesin plate contoursand
fillets in cold-pressedplatesas well as to preventshoulderingand
pinching causedby radial misplacement.StyleMCSgasketsare
manufacturedwith a solid metal inner ring which also prevents
over-compressionof the gasketin high pressuresystems.
MISCELLANEOUS
On rare occasions,applicationsfor FLEXITALLIC gasketsarise where it is necessaryto utilize a spiral
wound inner and/or outer ring. Thespiral wound inner or outer rings are used primarily as centering
devicesand are chosenin lieu of a so!id metal ring, becauseof limited space or when the use of a
solid metal ring would be prohibitedbecauseof the difficulty in fabrication. Otherspecialitydesigns
are also available. Contactour engineeringdepartmentfor non-standarddesigns
Noteon use of inner rings:

ASMEB16.20 which coversspiral wound gasketsrequiresthe use of solid metal inner rings in:
- Pressureclass 900, nominal pipe sizes 24” and larger
- All PTFEfilled gaskets
ASMEB16.20 recommendsthe use of inner rings if the user’sexperiencehas shown inward

buckling of the gasket.
Flexitallicrecommendsthe use of inner rings in the following applications:

- Vacuumserviceor suction side of rotaryequipmentsuch as pumps and compressors
- Aggressivemedia,excessivepressureor temperature
- Surfacefinishes smootherthan 125 micro-inch
- If over-compressionof the gasketis a concern
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
35
G-x 0 c/ -e 0
JJ 0JJ (3
/ SPIRALWOUND GASKETS
1 FLEXITALLICSTYLE‘LS’ SPIRAL WOUND GASKETS I
THE ALTERNATIVETO SHEETGASKETS
APPLICATIONS
1
Applicationscurrently using asbestossheetgaskets.Many potential
Customerswould like to switch to non-asbestosmaterialsbut are
concernedabout the suitability of currentasbestosalternatives,as
there have been numerousmisleadingclaims madeabout many of
I
these materials.The ‘Ls’ offersboth a provendesign (spiral wound)
and a provenand acceptedmaterial(flexible graphite).
Applicationscurrentlyusing tangedflexible graphitegaskets.Many Flerilallic LS gasket

customershave expressedconcernabout personnelsafetywhen ryplcol gasket compiesslon under on
applied gaskeetstress of 5000~~1
using tanged gaskets,as the sharp, jagged edgestend to slice or
perforateworker’sfingers. Generalhandleabilityof tangedgasketsis
also somewhatof a concern,e.g., surfaceblemishes,cracking,etc.
Tangedgasketsolso do not offerthe blowout resistanceof spiral
wound gaskets.
Upgradefrom sheetgasketsdue to fugitive emissionsconcerns.

PVRCtesting has shown that the ‘LS’providesa tighter seal than
asbestos,which is the benchmarkagainst which all gasketsare
compared.The ‘LS’even out performstangedflexible graphitein the
PVRCtests. The latest reportfrom EcolePolytechalso statesthat the
‘LS’is consideredfiresafe,as determinedby the PVRCFITTtest. The
‘LS’gasketprovidesperformancethat is superiorto sheetgaskets,at
lower bolt loads.
‘RENT PENDING
GUsbe, mcrneir
CGd150LB
ins
____ i
Wherethere is concernabout exceedingallowable design bolt Flexitallic LS gasket
stresses,Somecustomersadherestrictly to the ASMEB&PVCodeor iyplcal goslcersealing profile
to ASME831.3 and will not exceed25000 psi bolt stress.At 25000 ,.lm Seal PiesUre psi
psi bolt stressthere is insufficient load to compressa standardClass ,250

)
150 or Class300 spiral wound gasket,but the ‘Ls’ is designedto ,m ;I!,

seat at 25000 psi bolt stress.
-.L
I + “L
WhereASMEflange design calculations indicatethat flangeswill be am

I
over-stressedif a standardClass 150 spiral wound gasketis used. ?cc 1-m;
The‘Ls’ gasketis designedto compressat significantly lower bolt ~
load than standardClass 150 spiral wound gaskets,thereby 00 / 2 3 4
G’XW stress KS3
5 6
maintainingflange stresseswithin allowable,limits. CG r150m
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
36
/ 0 0 6-J-p
r$Q&& @f 0
i SPIRAL WOUND GASKETS
, I
II SPIRAL WOUND GASKETMATERIALS

I
METALWINDING STRIP
Type 316L stainlesssteel Titanium”
Type304 stainlesssteel Nickel200”
Type 304L stainlesssteel Duplex
Type 309 stainlesssteel Zirconium”
Type 310 stainlesssteel Tantalum”
Type3 16Ti stainlesssteel Copper
Type 321 stainlesssteel Phos-Bronze
Type347 stainlesssteel Carbonsteel
Type 430 stainlesssteel
Type 17-7 PH stainlesssteel
Alloy 20
Monet
lnconel 600”
lnconel 625”
lnconel X-750’
HastelloyB2”
HastelloyC276”
lncoloy 800”
lncoloy 825”
Full details of specificmaterialsare specifiedin the MetallicGasketMaterialsselectionof this

publication Seepage 76.
FILLER MATERIALS
FLEXICARB”
FLEXICARB is high purity flexible graphitewith no bindersor fillers. It exhibits superiorsealability, and
excellentresrstanceto a wide rangeof chemicals. FLEXICARB can be used ot temperatures
from cryogenicsto 500 deg C (900 deg F) in an oxidising atmosphere,and up to 3300 deg C
(6000 deg F) in a reducingor neutral atmosphere.Its unique combinationof low permeability,
inherentlubricity, and compressibilitymake FLEXICARB suitablefor critical gas and vacuum service.
Leachablechloridecontentof FLEXICARB is 100 ppm maximum. Availablein standard,nuclear or
corrosioninhibitor grades
FLEXITETMSUPER
FlexiteSuperis an asbestosfree,low chloridefiller material,developedby Flexitollic,
consistingof a Chloritemineralwith Graphiteand acrylic binder.
It may be used in generalserviceapplicatronsat temperaturesfrom cryogenicsto 450 deg. C
(842 deg. F)*
“Although FlexiteSuperhas successfullybeenused at elevatedtemperatureswe recommend

that you consult our EngineeringDepartmentfor specificapplications.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
37
P-G---. a
f 0JJ (
SPIRAL WOUND GASKETFILLER MATERIALS
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE
(PTFE)
PTFEis usedas a filler materialin FLEXITALLICgasketswhereextremechemicalinertnessis requiredfor temperatures rangingfrom
cryogenicto 250 degC (482 deg F) PTFEis unaffectedby any knownchemicalsexceptmoltenalkalimetalsand fluorineprecursors.
Becauseof its low permeability,PTFEis also frequentlyusedas a fillermaterialon FLEXITALLIC
gasketsin vacuumapplications.
Gasketswound with PTFEshouldbefully confinedeitherby fitting in a grooveor providingbothan externaland internalring.
CERAMICFIBERPAPER
Consistsof aluminiumsilicatefiberwith an organicbinder.Thismaterialhas excellenthightemperaturestabilityto 1250 degC (2300
deg F). It resistsattackfrom mostcorrosiveagents(excepthydrofluoricand phosphoricacids)as well as concentratedalkalies
ASBESTOSFILLERS
Althoughlesscommonlyspecifiedthan FLEXITESUPERand FLEXICARB fillers,a wide rangeof asbestosfillermaterialsareavailableas
follows: blue-dyedCanadianasbestospaper(Chrysotile)with a vegetablerubberlatexbindercontentof 7%; compressedasbestos
fiber(CAF)with a combinationNRand SBRbindercontentof 12%, and variouscompressedasbestossheetpackingsutilizingBunaS,
Neoprene,or BunaN as a binder.FLEXITALLICU.S.operationsno longersupplyasbestosfilledspiralwound gaskets.
1 GASKETIDENTIFICATIONGUIDERING COLOURCODING- COLOURCOOINGFORTHEGASKETS

YOUNEED
Gasketsarecolourcodedto helpexpeditethe selectionand identityof the gasketsyou need.Thecolourof the outsideedgeof the
centeringring identifiesboththe winding and filler materialsThemetallicwinding materialis designatedby a solidcolour.Thefiller
materials(exceptfor Canadianasbestos)aredesignatedby colourstripesat equalintervalson the outsideedgeof the centeringring.
TheFlexitalliccolourcodemeetsthe industrvstandardfor metaland filler materialswhich has beenadoptedby ASMEB16.20 and the
MetallicGasketdivisionof the FluidSealingAssociation.
*Note these steels oie not covered by ASME Speclfled colours are chosen by
Flexilallic to aid material ldentlflcatlon
38
g&&&j!& /&&&&&
l 0
63 f
c. 0
j SPIRALWOUND GASKETS
) AVAILABLEGASKETSIZES AND MANUFACTURINGTOLERANCES /
FLEXITALLIC gasketsare availablein sizes from %’ I.D. to approximately200” I.D. dependingupon

gasketthickness.Table 1 indicatessize rangesavailable in various thicknesses,maxlmumflange
widths and the recommendedcompressedthickness.
FLEXITALLIC gasketsare subjectto standardmanufacturingtolerances.If tighter tOleronCeS are

required,consult our EngineeringDepartment.
RECOMMENDEDDESIGNPARAMETERS
Gasket
Maximum
inside
Recommended
Flange
T Recommended
Compressed
Thickness Dimension Width Thickness**
0.0625” uptow 3/l 0.050”/0.055”

0.0625” 6” to 15” %” 0.050”/0.055”
0.100” lo” %” 0.075”/0.080”
0.125” up to 20” 1” 0.090”/0.100”
0.125”* 20” to 40” 3% 0.090”/0.100”
0.175” up to 40” 1” 0.125”/0.135”
0.17!Y* 40” to 60” 1I1 0.125”/0.135
0.175”* 60” to 70” ‘X 0.125”/0.135”
0.175”* 70” to 75” x4” 0.125”/0.135”
0.250” 90” 1” 0.180”/0.200”
0.285” 185” 1#a 0.200”/0.220”
Note 1 - Preferredsize range in relationto thicknessshown tn bold type.
Note 2 - “PTFEfrlled FLEXITALLIC gasketsIn this size rangeare unstableand are subjectto
“springingapart” in shipping handling. Specitynext gasketthicknessup.
Note 3 - ** The recommendedcompressedthicknessis what experiencehas Indicatedto be the
optimum range in orderto achievemaximum resiliencyof the gasket.Additional
compressionof .OlO” may be toleratedon 011gasketthicknesseswith the exceptionof the
0.625 and the ,100” thick gasket.This is on the assumptionthat the flange surface
finishes are relativelysmooth. Referto “FlangeSurfaceFinish”on page 73. When
attemptingto contain hard to hold fluids, or pressuresabove 1000 psi, it is suggestedthat
compressronbe maintarnedat the lower rangeof the recommendedcompressed
thickness.
,
TOLERANCES
GasketDiameter Inside Diameter Outside Diameter
up to lo” I l/64” -t l/32”
lo” to 24” i- l/32” * l/16”
24” to 60” ix 3/64” * l/16”
60” & Above i l/16” k l/16”
Toleranceon gasketthicknessISplus 0.005”, minus 0.005” (measuredacross metalwinding) on all
thicknesses.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
39
6---L 0 6-a 0
JJ 0JJ G
1 KAMMPROFILEGASKETS
The Kammprofileoffersa safe, effectiveseal
under the most exacting conditions on both
standardpipeworkand specralist
applications
The Kammprofilegasketoffersexcellent
flexibrlityand recoverycharactenstics,
allowing seal integrity under pressureand
temperaturefluctuatrons,temperature
differentialacrossthe flange face, flange
rotatron,bolt stressrelaxatronand creep.
The Kammprofileis basically a two part assembly,consistingof a precrsionserratedmetallic core with

the addition of soft gasketsealing materialsbondedto eitherface. Althoughthe soft gasketsealing
materialprovidesinitial low stressgasketseating,the serratedgeometryof the metallic core enhances
sealing performanceby meansof inducing stressconcentratronon the sealing layers,whilst
containing thesesealing faceswithin the radial grooves,thus minimising lateral flow, ensuring applred
load is confined upon the sealing faces and not dissipated.A furtherfunction of the metallic core is to
provideexceptionalgasketrigidity and blow out strength,as well as offenngan integralcompression
stop.
As standard,graphiteis selectedas sealing face material,due to Its excellentstability and flow
characterrstics,although other materialsare available (CAF,PTFE,Non asbestosand soft metals.)
The metallic core must be selectedto suit the applicationsdesrgnconditions and the mediato be
sealed,with both chemical resrstancepropertresand temperaturestability characteristicstakrnginto
account. A full rangeof metallic core materialsare avarlable,from the relativelylow cost carbon
steels,through the rangeof stainlesssteelsup to the “exotic”alloys Forfull listing, pleasereferto the
metallicgasketmaterialslisting on page 76.
J
Sfyle ZG Kammprofile
4” NPSDIN 2697
Sealing Pressure- PSI(Thousands)
5
4-
0 2 4 6 8
AmbientTemperature GasketStress- PSI(Thousands)
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
40
I l l Ce e
r&&f&
I
0 JJ
I
@
j KAMMPROFILEGASKETS
I /
STYLEPN
BasrcconstructronKammprofilegasketconsrstingof serrated
metalliccore, incorporatingsoft gasketsealing facings. Style PN
Kammprofilesare selectedfor use in confined locations, including
male and female,tongue and groovedand recessedflange
arrangements.
Standardcore thrcknessis 4mm, whilst soft gasketfacings are
usually 0.5mm thick, although thesevalues can be adjustedto
meetspecific needs.
Suitablefor Class 150 to 2500 service
STYLEZG
Variationof PN Kammprofile,utilising an integralouter location
ring for correctgasketpositioningwithin the mating flange bolt
circle. StvleZG Kammprofilesare recommendedfor use on
standardraisedface and flat face flonge assemblies.
Standardcore materialsare 4mm thick, whilst the soft gasket
facings are 0.5mm thick, although thesevalues can be adjusted
to suit specific needs.Thicknessof outer location rrng is 2mm as
standard
Suitablefor class 150 to 2500 servtce.
STYLEZA
TheStyleZA is a slrghtvariation on the StyleZG.The integralouter
location ring is replacedby a loose fitting independentalternatrve,
providing a slightly lower cost product.The St)le ZAis
recommendedfor use on standardflat face and raisedface
flange assemblres.
Standardcore materialsare 4mm thick, whilst the soft gasket
facinas are 0.5mm thick, although thesevalues can be adjusted
to suit specrficneeds.Thickness-ofouter location ring IS 1.5mm
~ ~ as standard.
Suitablefor class 150 to 2500 service.
VARIATIONS
For non standardflange applrcations,such as for heat exchangerconfigurations,specialised
Kammprofiledesignsare available.
For heat exchangerapplrcations,Kammprofilegasketcan be designedto suit TEMAmale and female
flange arrangementsas well as tongue In grooveflanges in rangea thicknesses,with any pass bar
configurationcateredfor. For heat exchangerapplicatronsIn partrcular,where bolting restrictionoften
prevail, the Kammprofileprovidesan effective,conformablelow seatingstressseal
The Kammprofileis also avarlablefor other non standardflange arrangements,such as those found In
pumps and valve assemblies.ContactFlexitallicTechnIcalDepartmentfor asststance.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
41
6 0 a b 0 0
JJ 0 JJ c
; KAMMPROFILEGASKETS
I I
I
) KAMMPROFILEGASKETMATERIALS I
METALLICCOREMATERIAL
Monel”
lnconel 600’
lnconel625”
HosteltoyB2”
HastelloyC276”
lncoloy 800”
lncoloy 825”
Titanium”
Nickel200”
Full details of specific materialsare specifiedin the MetallicGasketMaterialsselectionof this

publication Seepage 76.
SOFTGASKETFACINGMATERIALS
FLEXICARB”
StandardKammprofilefacing material. Flexicarbis a high purity flexible graphite materialcontaining
no bindersand fillers. The materialexhibits excellentflow characteristics,allowing the selectionof a
highly conformablesealing material.Flexicarb’sexcellentcorrosionresistanceand temperature
stability further enhanceFlexicarbas the premiergasketfacing material. Forfull details on Flexicarb,
referto the graphitesealing materialsection, page 23.
NON ASBESTOSFIBRE
Flexitallic’swide rangeof standardnon asbestossheet materialmay also be utilised as facing material
on Kammprofiletype gaskets.Most commongradesinclude PermaniteAF2100 and SF3300. Full
details of materialsspecifiedin the CompressedNon AsbestosFibreGasketsection, page 11
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE
(PTFE)
In applicationswhere extremechemical inertnessis required,PTFE(Teflon)materialis availablefor
gasketfacings. PTFEis unaffectedby any known chemrcalsexceptmoltenalkali metalsand fluorine
precursors.Temperaturerangeof PTFEis from cryogenicto 250 DegC (482 Deg F).
ASBESTOS
On specific request,Flexitallicmay supply CompressedAsbestosFibreKammprofilefacing material.
Specificgradesupon request.
FlexitallicU.S.due to legislativerequirements,no longersupply asbestosfaced kammprofiles.
SOFTMETALS
Whererequired,various gradesof soft metal may be utilised as facing materials,including oluminlum
or silver.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
42
r 0 0
JJ
~6-7 l
8 8
i
I
FLEXICARBMRG GASKETS I
A FlexicarbMRGis o rigid laminatedgraphitegasketconsistrngof graphite layers bondedto each face

of Qsolid steelcore by a high temperature/chemicalresistantsynthetic bonding agent.
Whilst the solid steel core provideshigh gasketblow-out strengthand rigidrty,the soft graphitefacings
provrdeon exceptionalgasketseal. It is the Flexicarb’sability to flow easily into the flange faces that
allows for this high rntegntyseal, even under low applied seatingstresses.
Thesteel core matenalis selectedto suit the applicationsdesign conditions and the mediato be
sealed.A wide range of core materialsore available, from the relativelylow cost carbon steels,
through the rangeof stainlesssteelsup to the “exotic”alloys Forchemical resistanceand
temperaturestability purposes,the correctcore materialmust always be selected Corethicknessis
selecteddependentupon gasketdiameteror on special considerationsconcerningthe applications
flange arrangement.Standardcore material ISeither grade 304 or 316 stainlesssteel.
Thesoft gasketfacings ore manufactured from Flexrcarbgraphite layers, each of controlleddensity, in
orderthat subsequentgasketcompressioncon be accuratelymonitored.The Flexicarbfacings offer 0
hrgh quality seal, high temperaturestability and resistanceto the majorityof chemical meckas
Referto data sheeton Flexicarbgraphitesealing material page 23.
Construction
Gasket Nominal Core Graphite
Diameter Thickness Layers
Up to 720mm 1.5mm 0.5mm
(24 in. NB) (l/16”) (0.020”)
721 to 1200mm 2.0mm 0.5mm
(26in. to 42inNB) (0.080”) (0.020”)
Over 1201 mm 3.0mm 0.5mm
(44in. NB and above) (l/87 (0.020”)
The above constructionsmay by alteredto suit customers
requrrementswhere on exrstingflange confrgurationdictates
the final thicknessof the compressedgasket
L
Suitableup to pressureClass 900, the MRGISwidely used in the chemtcaland petrochemical

environment,where a high temperature/corrosionresistant,high integrityjoint ISrequired.Although
the MRGgasketcon be utrlisedon standardflange applicationsin place of conventionalC.A.F.or in
some instancesSprralWound Gaskets,it is on specroltype ossemblieswhere the MRGISmainly
utilrsed.Dueto loser manufacturingtechniques,any type of gasketshape con be produced,crrcular,
rectangularor Intricatepass bar arrangements.
The MRGgasketis predomrnantlyutilised on heat exchangerapplicotrons,primarily replacingC.A.F,
DoubleJacketedand Soft Iron Gasketswhere on improvedsealing performanceis required.Multr puss
bar arrangementscon be simply producedby loser, whilst the graphitecoatings con be cut to suit
Wherethere is rnsuffrcrentspaceto install a conventronalspiral wound gasketin an exchanger,or
insufficientload ISavailableto seat It, the MRG’snarrow flange wrdth make it ideal for FloatingHead
arrangementsin exchangers,where seatingwidth and bolting ore often restncted.
Generalthicknessof corefor heat exchangerapplicationsis 3mm. (j/81’)
M and Y factorsfor ASMEVIII calculatrons.
FlexicarbMRG- “m” = 2
“y” = 2,500 PSI
Thusis irrespectrveof core materialor thickness,since it is the Flexrcarbfacings which providethe
seal
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
43
c/ 0 l b 0 l
JJ 0 JJ R
FLEXITALLICNSR GASKETS
Whereservicedictatesthe necessityfor elastomericor glass lined pipework,the selectiona standard
semi metallicgasketdesign could provedetrimental,with possibleflange face damageas a result of
contactwith the gasket’ssemi metallicsealing element.Forthis type of application,a requirement
existsfor a high integritysemi-metallicgasket,free of any metallic contentupon the sealingfaces.
The FlexitallicNSRmeetsthese requirements,offeringa speciallydevelopedcomposite

metallic/elastomericsoft face gasket.In it’s standardform, the NSRgasketconsists of a thin gauge
metallic core with mouldedserratedelastomericfacings. The rigid metalliccore provideshrgh gasket
strengthand resilience,whilst the soft elastomericfacings are reliedupon to providea high
integrity/low seatingstresstotally non metallicseal. In orderto assist with correctgasketlocation
upon raisedor flat faced flange assemblies,an additional metallic outer supportingring is attachedto
the basic sealing element.
Thefundamentalbenefitsof the NSRgasketare:
Eliminationof possibledamageto flange coatings.

Minimal seatingstressrequirements.
High quality gasketperformance.
GASKETSTYLES
STYLENSR- IBGR
The NSR- IBGRconsists a gasketsealing elementwith the inclusion
of an outer guide ring to locatewithin the raisedface or flat face
flange assembliesinner bolt circle.
Standarddesign.
H
STYLENSR- FFGR
Whererequrred,a style NSR FFGRgasketdesign can be offered,
providingfull face gasketlocation.
due to the positioningof the neoprenefacings
Standardelastomericfacings compriseof Neoprenerubber,providinggeneralchemical resistance

capabilities.However,on request,alternativeelastomericfacing materialsare availablewhere specdic
chemical resistantrequirementsdictate. Forfull listing of elastomericcoatingsavailable, referto
elastomericgasketsection of this publication.
Metalliccore material,due to it’s total enclosureby the elastomericcoating, ISusually selectedas

carbon steel. However,on requesta rangeof stainlesssteelcore materialsare also available. Outer
location rings are available in carbon steelor stainlesssteel.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
44
c&&r-’ l
fe
f 8 JJ 0
I
20 I,?.,: PC::“: ?ODIO, 10011121 500<‘%, T I I, .,D
TMPERATURE neg c peg F)
STYLE
“RX”81“Bx” RINOTYPEJOINT
Pressure/Temperature mtings
in uccordancetiith API6A
LENS RINGS
::<TERH/d
PRESSURE
(KS,)
WELDEDRINGS
f
i zi nU :,. 1oc192 joo /.“) .oU ,>, ioFt15c .oo,-~~2
TEMIPER&T”RE Dee c (Del: F)
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
45
1 RING TYPEJOINTS
The ring type joint was initially developedfor use in the petroleumindustry, where high
pressure/temperatureapplicationsnecessitatedthe needfor a high integrityseal. Theyare mainly
used in the oil field on drilling and completionequipment.Ringtype joints are aIS0commonly used on
valves and pipeworkassemblies,along with some high integrity pressurevesseljoints.
STYLER
Thestyle R ring type joint is manufacturedin accordance
with API 6A and ASME6 16.20, to suit API 6B and
ASME/ANSIB 16.5 flanges.
St)le R ring type joints are manufacturedin both oval and
octagonalconfigurations.Both styles are interchangeable
on the modernflat bottomgroove, howeveronly the oval
style con be used in the old type round bottomgroove.
Style R ring type joints are designedto seal pressureup to
6,250 psi in accordancewith ASME/ANSI816.5 pressure
ratings and up to 5,000 psi in accordancewith API 6A
pressureratings.
STYLERX AND SRX

Thestyle RXring typejoint is manufacturedin accordance
with API 6A and ASMEB 16.20, to suit API6B and
ASME/ANSIB 16.5 flanges.
Style RXring type joint is a pressureenergisedadoptationof I
the style R ring type joint. Thestyle RXis designedto fit the
modernflat bottomgroove,and is interchangeablewith the
standardstyle R ring type joint. However,since the style RX I
is significantlytaller than a style R, largerflange make up ~
distanceswill result
Style R ring type joints are designedto seal pressureup to
6,250 psi in accordancewith ASME/ANSIB16.5 pressure
ratings and up to 5,000 psi in accordancewith API 6A
pressureratings. The modifieddesign uses a pressureenergisedeffectwhich improvesthe efficiency
of the seal as the internal pressureof the system increases.
Selectedsizes incorporatea pressurepassagehole to allow for pressureequalisationeach side of the
sealing faces.
STYLEBX AND SBX

Thestyle BXring type joint is manufacturedin accordance
with API 6A.
Thestyle BXring type joint design exhibits a pressure
energisedeffectwhich improvesthe efficiencyof the Sealas
the internal pressureof the system increases.All BXring type
II joints incorporatea pressurepassagehole to allow for
pressureequalisationeach side of the sealing faces. On
i’ll assembly,metalto metal contact of the flange faces iS

achieved.
The style BX is not interchangeablewith any other Style,and
is only suited for API 6BXflanges.
Style BXring type joints are designedto seal pressureup to
20,000 psi in accordancewith API 6A pressureratings.
NOTE:StyleSBXand SRXrings are manufacturedin accordancewith API 17D for use on subsea
wellhead and Christmastree equipment.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
46
Pa 0 P. 0
m
Y&t&&c 0 JJ 8
RING TYPEJOINTS
I HOW THEYWORK
Underaxial compressiveload, ring type joints plastically deformand flow into the
irregularitiesof the flange groove. Sincethe load bearingarea of the ring type joint is
relativelysmall, very high surfacestressesresult betweenthe sealing faces of the ring type
joint and the groove,these stressesare further increasedon the pressureenergisedtypes.
This allows very high internal pressuresto be sealed.
Sincering type joints are solid metal, their recoverycharacteristicsare poor. The seal is
maintainedby the action of axial load upon the gasket.
SURFACEFINISH REQUIREMENTS
With all metal to metal type seals, it is imperativethat the gasketand groove sealing faces
are freefrom indentations,score marks, tool/chatter marks etc. The surfacefinish of the
gasketand groovesealing faces is also critical and should not exceedthe following;
Style R and RX 63 CLAmicro inches maximum
Ra 1.6 micro meters
Style BX 32 CL4 micro inches maximum
Ra 0.8 micro metres
REUSE
Ringtype joints are designedto have a limited amount of positiveinterference,which
ensuresthat the ring type joint seats correctly into the groove on compression.Their reuseis
not recommendedfor two reasons;
* The initial seatingof the gasketwill be impaired.
* Whenthe gasket is plastically deformed,work hardeningof the externalmetal surface
occurs. This results in higher bolt loads being requiredto effecta seal on subsequent
reuse.Also indention of the flange groove can occur.
RTJStyle R Oval
2” NPSClass 1500lb. 316SS
SealingPressure- PSI(Thousands)
10
8-
6-
0 100 300 400 500 600

AmbientTemper&u@ Load KN
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
47
JJ
P. l G--. l
03 JJ 0
j RING TYPEJOINTS
HARDNESSOF MATERIALS
On compressionof the flange assembly,it is imperativethat the ring type joint is significantly softer
than the flange groove,such that it is the gasketwhich plastically deformsand not the groove.The
use of harderring type joints can result in flange groovedamageand indentation.Forthis reason,ring
type joints are suppliedwith the following maximum hardnessvalues;
Werkstoff Maximum Hardness

Material Identification
Number Brinell* Rockwell Bt
SoflIron 90 56 D
LowCarbonSteel 120 68 S
4-6%Chrome%%Moly. 130 72 F5
Type304 StainlessSteel 1.4301 160 83 s304
Type316 StainlessSteel 1.4401 160 83 S316
Type347 StainlessSteel 1.4550 160 63 s347
Type4 IO StainlessSteel 1.4006 170 86 s410
* Measured with 3000Kg load except sot7 lran which 1s measured with 5OOKg load
t Measured wlh 1OOKg load and l/16 in diameter ball
Somematerialscan be suppliedwith NACEcertifcationon request
PROTECTIVE
COATING
In accordancewith APISpecifications,sofi iron and low carbon steel RingTypeJoints are protected
with electroplatedzinc to a maximum thicknessof 0.0005”. Alternativematerialcoatings can be
supplied on request.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
48
Pm 0 r-L .
e
JzLwb&b 0 chJ 8
( SPECIALISEDRING TYPEJOINTS
Forcritical and non standardapplications,where RingTypeJoints are unsuitable in their standard
form, Flexitallicoffer a rangeof specialisedRing TypeJoints Gasketsto suit the needsof the
PetrochemicalIndustry
STYLER RING TYPEJOINTS
WITH PTFEINSERTS
Oval and OctagonalRing TypeJoints can be !
suppliedwith a PTFEinsertwhich is locatedin
a machinedrecessin the bore of the gasket.
The insert is specially sized to suit the flange
- 1
boreand pipe schedule.On assembly,the
insert is completelytrappedbetweenthe make
up of the flanges,filling the annular space
!I
betweenthe inside diameterof the gasketand
the bore of the flange. PTFEInsert
Theabove arrangementreducesturbulentflow acrossadjoining flanges and also eliminates

flange/gasketerosionwhich can occur with high velocity fluids.
STYLERX RINGTYPEJOINTS
y PTFEInsert
WITH PTFEINSERTS
Svle RXRingTypeJoints can also be supplied
with PTFEinserts, in orderto reduceturbulent
flow and eliminategasket/flangeerosion.
The insert is specially designedwith radially
drilled pressurepassageholes so that the self
energisingperformanceof the RXRing Joint is
not impaired.
As can be seen right, the insert is located
betweenthe inside diameterof the Ring Type
Joint and the bore of the flange. On assembly,
the insert is completelytrappedbetweenthe
makeup of the flanges, filling the annular
space betweenthe flange bore and gasket.
RX Ring Type Joint 1
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
49
JJ
r. l c/ -a 0
0 JJ c
1 SPECIALISEDRING TYPEJOINTS
FLANGEGUARDS
Flangeguards are suppliedto suit all API,ASME/ANSI,BS and MSSSP44 Ring TypeJoint flanges.
In the case of Style R and RXRing TypeJoints, the flange guard locatesbetweenthe outside diameter
of the Ring TypeJoint and the outside diameterof the flange, with the correspondingbolt holes
incorporatedin it. ForStyle BX RingTypeJoints, the flange guard locatesbetweenthe raisedface and
the outsidediameterof the flange.
Flangeguards are manufacturedfrom closed
cell neoprenefoam, which compressesreadily
under load. Onceassembled,they protectthe
outside diameterof the Ring TypeJoint from
corrosion i.e. Salt Spray.
TRANSITIONRINGTYPEJOINTS
Theseare combinationrings which consist of
two differentsizes having the same pitch circle
diameter.Theyare usedfor sealing Ring Type
Joint Flangeswhere the mating flanges have
differentring groovediameters.
Transition Ring TypeJoints can be
manufacturedfrom standardmaterials,as Well
as exotic alloys. TransitionRingTypeJoints are
availablewith eitheroval or octagonalfacings.
N.B. TransitionRing TypeJoints are not in
accordancewith APISpecification.
RXRing Type Joint
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
50
J&&a&l&
Pa 0 p. l
*
0 JJ 8
SPECIALISEDRING TYPEJOINTS
RUBBERCOATEDRINGTYPEJOINTS
This is an oval Ring TypeJoint which is totally enclosedin a nitrile rubbercoating. The Ring TypeJoint
materialis usually soft iron or low carbon steel.
This type of gaskethas three main functions, as
follows;
l It is used in pressuretesting to minimise damage j
to flanges
l The rubbercontact points provideadditional seals )
while protectingthe flange surfaces. I
l It providesincreasedassuranceagainst
corrosion,which can occur between
conventionalRingTypeJoints and the engaged
surfacesof the groove.
A wide rangeof standardsizes are available,

with special sizes available on request.
BLIND RINGNPE JOINTS

SpecialRingTypeJoints can be manufactured
to blank off flanges and pipework.Theyconsist
of standardRing TypeJoints with integralsolid
metallic centres.
Blind RingTypeJoints can be supplied in all
standardmaterialsand exotic alloys.
Forfurther informationon any of the specialised
RingTypeJoint products,pleasecontact
Flexitallic’sTechnicalDeoartment.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
JJ
co l c. l
@ JJ @
/ LENS RINGS
In certainapplications,the
specificationof a high integrity
metallic seal has usually lead to the
selectionof the LensRing concept,
ratherthan the more generally
recognisedRingTypeJoint solution.
The manufactureof LensRing is
coveredsolely by the DIN 2696
specification.
The LensRing providesa metallicgasketdesign incorporatingsphericalseatingfaces designedto suit

specificallymating flange recesses,providingthe user with a high integrity, high pressure/temperature
metalto metalseal.
As with all metallicgaskets,the Lens Ring materialshould be specifiedsofterthan the flange material,
thus ensuringapplied compressiveload leadsto the elastic/plastic deformationof the lens ring and
not the flange sealingface. The distributionof high compressiveloads leadsto the spreadof the
gasketfacings, ensuringover stressingof the gasketis prevented.
In accordancewith DIN 2696 generalmaterialsore limited to o rangeof specifiedcarbon steelsand

stainlesssteel grades,although alternativegradesore available upon request.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
JiJ
Pa 0 p. l
m
0 JJ 0
1 WELDED GASKETS
Anothergasketconcept,with origins from the Germanindustrial market,is welded gaskets.As
standard,two variants exist, WeldedMembranegasketsin accordancewith DIN 2695 and Weld Ring
gaskets.
WELDEDMEMBRANEGASKETS
TheWeldedMembraneGasketconsistsof
two similar rings each of 4mm thickness.For SINGLESEALRING
chemicalcompatibilityand in orderto ensure
controlledthermal conductivityand weld
compatibility,the gasketmaterialmust Yff/f/ffA I
always be the same as the flange material. 1 I-i-1
Eachring is individually weldedto it’s mating -6 w
flange and upon flange assembly,a second
welding operationensuresthe joining of the
rings on their outer diameter,thus providinga
fully weldedjoint.
WELDEDRINGGASKETS
As with MembraneWeldedGaskets,Weld Ring Gasketsare utilised in pairs. As standard,each ring is
15mm thick and manufacturedto similar materialsto that of the flange, thus ensuring full
compatibility All welding is conductedon the outsideof the gasketand flange, thus ensuring easeof
location, especiallyin restrictedapplicationswhere space is of a minimum.
Two styles exist, StyleSRand Svle SRL.
STYLESR STYLESRL
W
d,
1% /c--d’,-
c
wire ring selves as

welding old (seollng
Of Ilp space agamst
penetration of
condensate
hAILABLE MATERIALS- LENSRINGS& WELDEDGASKETS
r Type of Steel Werkstoff

MATERIALS
Temperature * Dlstingulshlng
1
AISI No marks on outer edge
(abbrevlatlon) Number of fluid CC)
ST37 1.OllO I upto 425 none

15Mo3 1.5415 A204Gr.4 1 punchmark
13CrMo44 1.7335 I Al 82Fll , 2 punchmarks
lOCrMo9 10
Xl 0 CrNiMoTi
18 9
1.7380
1.4541
I Al 82F22 3 punchmarks
4 punchmarks
X10CrNiMoTi18 10 1.4571 5 punchmarks
* Lens Rings Only
NOTE: Temperature ratings are in accordance with DIN 2696
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
53
JJ
p. l G---a l
@ JJ (3
SECTIONII
1 BASIC GASKETDESIGN FACTORS
Followingyears of experience,Flexitallichas becomethe world leadersin the design and
manufactureof specialisedstatic seals, with the experiencethat has beenemployedso successfully
for standardflange assembliesbeing extendedto coverthe wide rangeof applicationswhere no
industrywide standardsexist. Whateverthe application, be it a cold water utility systemor a high
integritynuclearcooling system. Flexitallichas the gasketto satisfy the engineersneeds.
As discussedearlier in this publication, many factors must be consideredwhen selectinga gasket,
ensuringthat the most suitable choice is made.Thesefactors can be categorisedinto threegroups.
GASKETTYPE
The engineermust always be aware of the abilities and limitations of the gaskettypes and materials.
Factorssuch as blow out resistance,creepresistance,stressretention,recoverycharacteristicsand
cost must all be considered.
APPLICATION
When determiningthe type of gasketto be utilised, design pressuresand temperaturesmust always
be considered.Mediawill further dictate gasketselectionand what manufacturingmaterialsmay or
may not be utilised, ensuring chemicalcompatibility is upheld. Always considerspecialfeaturessuch
as thermalcycling,thermal shocks,vibrotion, erosion etc.
FLANGEDESIGN
Attentionto the flange design is critical when designinga gasket.Flangeconfiguration,available bolt
load and materialsall have obvious effectson gasketselection.Flangeconfigurationdeterminesthe
style and basic dimensionsof the gasketwhilst the available bolt load is the basis for calculating
gasketdensity Compatibilitybetweenflange and gasketmaterialmust be ensured,thus preventing
the possibilityof corrosion.
When a joint assemblyis placedin service,three basic forces becomeactive and affect it’s sealing
qualities.
1) ENDFORCE- which originateswith the pressureof confinedgasesor liquids and tends

to separatethe flange faces.
2) GASKETLOAD- the function of the bolting or other meanswhich appliesforce upon the
flange faces to compressthe gasket.
3) INTERNAL
PRESSURE
- Forcewhich tends to move, permeateor bypassthe gasket.
Takingthe abovefactors into consideration,attention must be paid to the initial force appliedto a
joint. Firstly,the appliedforce must be sufficientto seat the gasketupon the flange faces,
compensatingfor any surfaceimperfectionswhich may be present.Secondly,the force must be
sufficientto compensatefor the internal pres’suresacting against the flange assembly.i.e. the
hydrostaticend force and internal pressure.Finally,the appliedforce must be sufficientto maintain
a satisfactoryresidualload upon the joint assembly.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
54
YY
G--e l G--. l
a
8 JJ 8
SIZING PARAMETERSFORSPIRAL WOUND GASKETS
Regardlessof the type of flange facing in use, FLEXITALLIC

gasketsmust be sized to ensurethe spiral
wound elementis seatedagainst a flat surface.This is of utmost importance.If a spiral wound
elementprotrudesinto the flange boreor extendsbeyonda raisedface, mechanicaldamagewill
occur to the gasketduring initial compression,and ultimatefailure will result, In addition, should the
gasketprotrudeinto the flange bore,the windings can possiblyenterthe processstreamwith severe
damageto other equipmentresulting.With recessedflange facings, limiting dimensionsof the gasket
are establishedby dimensionsof the groove.On flat or raisedface flanges, considerableleeway is
available. Notethat due to radial growth and clearancerequirements,spiral-wound gasketsare
normally sized differentlythan othertypes of gaskets.Thefollowing rules will be generallyapplicable
for limiting dimensionsof spiral wound components.
GASKETCONFINEDON BOTHI.D. & O.D.

This is the type facing encounteredin tongue and groovejoints, and grooveto flat face joints.
Standardpracticeis to allow 1/16” nominal diametricalclearancebetweenthe I.D. of the grooveand
the I.D. of the gasketand l/l 6” nominal diametricalclearancebetweenthe O.D. of the gasketand
the O.D. of the groove.*
GASKETCONFINEDON THE O.D. ONLY

This is the type of facing encounteredwith male and femalefacings and femaleto flat face facings.
Standard practiceis to allow 1/16” nominal diametricalclearancebetweenthe O.D. of the gasket
and the O.D. of the groove.* If possible,allow a minimum l/4” diametricalclearancebetweenthe
I.D. of the seatingsurfaceand the I.D. of the gasket.
*Note - l/16” nominal O.D. clearancefor gasketsup to 60” O.D.;from 60” O.D.to 80” O.D., allow
5/64”; above80” O.D., allow 3/32” nominal O.D. clearance.
GASKETUNCONFINEDON BOTHTHE I.D. & O.D.

Allow a minimum l/4” diametricalclearancebetweenthe gasketI.D. and the I.D. of the seating
surface.TheO.D. should be keptas close as possibleto the bolt circle to minimizeflange bending
moments.If the gasketis used with raisedface flanges, allow a minimum l/4” diametricalclearance
betweenthe gasketO.D. and the raisedface O.D. and determinethe I.D. on the basis of the desired
flange width. Important - Please note the above rules establish general limits for sizing
FLEXITALLICgaskets. It is frequently necessaryto adjust dimensions in order to achieve a proper
balance between gasket area and bolt area in order to maintain a reasonable compressiveforce
on the gasket and the minimum gasket factor ‘m” of three. Please refer to section covering
ASMEBoiler and PressureVessel Code.
METALGUIDERINGS
When Flexitallicgasketsore requiredto be equippedwith outer metal rings or with inner metal rings,
limitations on the minimum flange widths of the solid metal ring are necessarydue to the availability
of machiningfacilities and rigidity of completedassemblies.Thetable below indicatesthe minimum
flange width for solid metal rings basedon the ring I.D.
TABLE
Diameterof Ring MinimumFlangeWidth*
OuterRing InnerRing
Upto lo” InsideDiameter % %
10”to 24” InsideDiameter %s %
24”to 50” InsideDiameter % %
50” to 70” InsideDiameter % !A
70” andLarger 34 %
*Note -Where space is llmited and narrower flange widths are necessary, it may be
possible to supply inner and outer spacer rings of metal spiral wound construction.
Consult our Engineering Deportment for odvlce.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
55
c&&&c--. a
4
f 8 JJ
r SIZING PARAMETERSFOR SPIRAL WOUND GASKETS I
Standardpraciticeis to size outer rings with the outsidediameterequal to the diameterof the bolt
circle less the diameterof one bolt for rings up to 60” O.D. Above60” O.D., rings are sized to the
diameterof the bolt circle less the diameterof one bolt hole. Inner rings are normally sized with an
inside diameterequal to the flange bore plus l/8”.
NON-CIRCULARSPIRALWOUNDGASKETS
FLEXITALLIC gasketscan be fabricatedin non-circularshapeswithin limitations. As a generalrule, if
the ratio of the long I.D. to the short I.D. exceeds3 to 1 and should any of thesesides approacha
straight line, it may not be possibleto manufacturea FLEXITALLIC gasketthat would be suitable. Our
productrequiresa definite radius or curvatureto give it inherentstrengthand stability and to preventit
from springing apart. Any application requiringa non-circulargasketshould be submittedto our
TechnicalDepartmentfor reviewto determinethe feasibility of producinga satisfactorygasketas early
as possiblein the design stage.
The commentsabove and on the previouspage relatingto availability of sizes and recommended
clearancesfor propersizing of FLEXITALLIC gasketsare generalin nature. Many applicationswill a
rise where the recommendedclearancesare impracticaldue to space limitation on the flange.
Frequently, clearancesbetweengasketsealing memberand groovesmust be reducedin orderto
effectivelymaintain a seal under operatingconditions, particularlywhen the higher pressuresare
encountered.Undersuch circumstances,FLEXITALLIC engineersshoud be consultedprior to finalizing
designs.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
56
G--. 0 6-a 0
m 0 JJ 03
J!%af%
1 ASME BOILER AND PRESSUREVESSELCODE CALCULATIONS 1
SectionVIII, of the ASMEBoiler& PressureVesselCode,establishescriteriafor flange design and

suggestsvalues of ‘m” (gasketfactor) and ‘y (minimum gasketseating stress)as appliedto gaskets.
Forthe most part, the definedvalues have provensuccessfulin actual applications. However,much
confusion exists regardingthesevalues, primarily due to a misunderstandingof the definitionsof the
terms and their significancein practicalapplications.
MandatoryAppendixII, in SectionVIIIof the BoilerCode,requiresin the design of a boltedflange
connection,completecalculations shall be madefor two separateand independentsets of conditions.
OPERATINGCONDITIONS
Conditionone (1) requiresa minimum load be determinedin accordancewith the following equation:
(1) Wmi = 3.14G2p+ 2b 3.14GmP
4
This equationstatesthe minimum requiredbolt load for operatingconditions and is the sum of the
hydrostaticend force plus a residualgasketload on the contact area of the gaskettimes a factor
times internal pressure.Statedanotherway, this equation requiresthe minimum bolt load be such
that it will maintain a residual unit compressiveload on the gasketareathat is greaterthan internal
pressurewhen the total load is reducedby the hydrostaticend force.
GASKETSEATING
Conditiontwo (2) requiresa minimum bolt load be determinedto seat the gasketregardlessof
internal pressureand utilizes a formula:
(2) Wmz = 3.14bGy
The‘b” in this formula is definedas the effectivegasket width and J”’ is definedas the minimum
seating stressin psi that dependsupon the type of gasket.Forexampletable UA-49.1, SectionVIIIof
the BoilerCodesuggesta minimum ‘y” value for a spiral-wound gasketof 10,000 psi winter 1976
Addenda).Thesedesignvalues are suggestedand not mandatory.
Theterm ‘b” is definedas:
b=b, when b,<=1/4” b = 0.5 4 b, when b, > l/4”
AfterWml and Wmz are determined,the minimum requiredbolt area. Am is determinedas follows:
Am’=% where Sb is the allowable bolt stress at Operating temperotUre, and

sb
Am:=? where So is the allowable bolt stressat atmospherictemperature.

a
ThenAm is equal to the greaterof Am1or Am2 Bolts are then selectedso the actual bolt area, Ab, is
equal to or greaterthan Am.
At this point, it is importantto realisethe gasketmust be capableof carrying the entire compressive
force applied by the bolts when prestressedunless provisionsare madeto utilize a compressionstop
in the flange design or by the use of a compressiongauge ring. Forthis reason,FLEXITALLIC’S
standardpracticeis to assumeW is equal to Ab Sa.
We are then able to determinethe actual unit stresson the gasketbearingsurface.This unit stress.
Sg, is calculatedas follows:
(3) sg (psi) = Ab Sa
,785 [(do - .125*)’ - (di)‘]
*Note: Basedon 4.5mm (3/l 6”) thick spiral wound gasket.
Usingthe unit stresswe can assign constructiondetails which will lead to the fabrication of a gasket
having sufficientdensityto carry the entire bolt load.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
57
JJ
c. 0 r. l
4
0 JJ
1 ASME BOILER AND PRESSUREVESSELCODE CALCULATIONS /
GASKETSEATINGSTRESS“Y”
Definedas the applied stressrequiredto seat the gasketupon the flange faces.
The actual seatingstressis a function of flange surfacefinish, gasketmaterial,density,thickness,fluid
to be sealedand allowable leak rate.
Roughor irregularflange finish, difficult to contain fluids and specifiedlow allowable leak rateswill
indicatethe needfor different)i” values. Additionalwork to determinethe effectof thesevariables is
indicatedand is presentlybeing sponsoredby a sub-group of the PressureVesselResearch
Committee,Welding ResearchCouncil.
GASKETFACTOR‘M”
AppendixII, SectionVIII,of the BoilerCodeunder paragraphVA-49 makesthe statement‘The‘m’ factor
a function of the gasketmaterialand construction.”We do not agreeentirelywith this interpretationof
‘m”. Actually, the gasketdoes not createany forcesand can only reactto externalforces.We believea
more realistic interpretationof ‘m” would be \ the residualcompressiveforceexertedagainstthe gasket
contactareamustbe greaterthan internalpressurewhenthe compressiveforcehas beenrelievedby the
hydrostaticendforce.”It is the ratioof residualgasketcontactpressureto internalpressureand mustbe
greaterthan unity otherwiseleakagewould occur.It followsthen,the useof a highervaluefor “m” would res
in a closuredesignwith a greaterfactorof safety Experiencehas indicateda valueof 3 for “m” is satisfactor
for flangeddesignsutilizingSpiralWoundgasketsregardlessof the materialsof construction.
In orderto maintaina satisfactoryratioof gasketcontactpressureto internalpressure,two pointsmustbe
considered.First,the flangesmustbe sufficientlyrigidto preventunloadingthe gasketdueto flangerotation
when internalpressureis introduced.Secondly,the bolts mustbe adequatelyprestressed.
TheBoilerCoderecognisesthe importanceof pre-stressingboltssufficientlyto withstandhydrostatictest
pressure.AppendixS, in the Code,discussesthis problemin detail
/ NOTATIONS
Ab = Actualtotal cross sectionalroot area of bolts or section of least diameterunder stress;
square inches.
Am = Total requiredcross sectionalarea of bolts, taken as greaterof Am1 or Am2 square inches
Am’ = Total requiredcross sectionalarea of bolts requiredfor operatingconditions; squareinches.
Am2 = Total requiredcross sectionalarea of bolts requiredfor gasketseating;square inches.
b = Effectivesealing width; inches.
bo = Basic gasketseatingwidth; inches.
2b = Joint-contact-surfacepressurewidth; inches.
G = Diameterof location of gasketload reaction;inches.
m = Gasketfactor.
N = Radialflange width of spiral-wound component;
P = Designpressure:psi
Sa = Allowable bolt stressat atmospherictemperature;psi
sb = Allowable bolt stressat designtemperature;psi
W = Flangedesign bolt load; pounds.
Wml = Minimum requiredbolt load for operatingconditions; pounds
Wm2= Minimum requiredbolt load for gasketseating; pounds
Y = Minimum gasketseatingstress;psi
%I = Actual unit stressat gasketbearingsurface:psi.
do = Outsidediameterof gasket,inches.
4 = Inside diameterof gasket,inches.
The Asme boiler and pressure vessel code is currently under review by the PressureVessel
ResearchCouncil. Details of these proposed improvements, including the effects on gasket design
procedures are highlighted on pages 61to 65.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
58
cp6-7 .
*f 0cdiJ 0
ASME BOILER AND PRESSUREVESSELCODE CALCULATIONS
GASKETMATERIALS
AND CONTACTFACINGS
Gasketfactors (m) for OperatingConditionsand Minimum DesignSeatingStress(y)
Minimum Seating Width
Gasket . Sketches (See table)
GASKETMATERIAL Factor ii%r and
(n-0 “g.) aY) Notes Gasket Column
group
Self-Energising Types
O-Rings, metallic, elastomer, and other gaskef types 0 0
considered as self-sealing
Elastomers without fabric or a htgh percentage of asbestos fiber,

Below 75A Shore Durometer 0.50
75A or higher Shore Durometer 1 .oo 2:0
Asbestos wrth a surtable brnder for l/8” thrck 2.00 1600

the operating condrtions l/l 6” thick 2.75 3700
l/32” thick 3.50 6500
Elastomers with cotton fabric Insertion 1.25 400 (la), (1 b).

(10, (10
(4X (5)
Elastomers wtth asbestos fabric insertion, 3-PlY 2.25 2200 5
with or without wire reinforcement. WV 2.50 2900
1-PfV 2.75 3700
Vegetable fiber 1.75 1100
MRG 2.00 2,500

Kammprofrle 2.00 2,500
Flexrcarb based products K 2.00 2,500
2.00 2,500
TSR 2.00 2,500
Spiral wound metal, asbestos frlled

Carbon
Stainless or
2.50 10,000 II
Monel and Nickel - (‘a),(‘b)
based Alloys 3.00 10,000
Spiral wound Svle LS, Flexrcarb filled/PTFE filled 3 00 5,000
Corrugated metal Sofl alumrnrum 2 50 2900 (1 oh (1 b)
asbestos inserted Soft copper or brass 2.75 3700 c?-aa
Iron or sofl steel 3.00 4500
krrugated metal-jacketed Monel or 4%.6% chrome 3.25 5500
asbestos filled Stamless Steels & Ntckel based Alloys 3 50 6500
Soft aluminium 2.75 3700 (la), (1 b).

Soft copper or brass 3.00 4500 UC), (ld)
Corrugated metal Iron or soft steel 3.25 5500
Monel or 4%.6% chrome 3.50 6500
Stainless Steels & Nickel based Alloys 3.75 7600
Soft aluminium 3.25 5500 (1 a& (1 bh2

Sofl copper or bross 3 50 6500 ?izzzz
Flat metal-jacketed, Iron or soft steel 3.75 7600 (’ %Y d),
asbestos filled Monel 3.50 8000
4%.6% chrome 3.75 9000
Stainless Steels & Nrckel based Alloys 3 75 9000 s
Sofl aluminrum 3 25 5500 (la). (1 b).

Soft copper or brass 3.50 6500 ‘I,$ g’
Grooved metal Iron or soft steel 3.75 7600 dii@ ’
Monel or 4%.6% chrome 3.75 9000
Soft aluminium 4.00 8800 (la), (lb),
Solid flat metal

Soft copper or brass
Iron or soft steel
4.75
5.50
13000
18000
“,si yp I
Monel or 4%.6% chrome 6.00 21800 (4): (5)
Iron or soft steel 5 50 18000

Ring joint Monei or 4%.6% chrome 6.00 21800 (6)
Stainless Steels & Nickel bosed Alloys 6.50 26000
., 1
iUOW
(1) This table gws 0 list of many commonly used gasket moteriols and conioct lacings with suggested design VOIUE ot m and y thol have generally proved sotisfoctoiy !n octuol sewlce when
wng effective goskel swttng width b glen in the table on the next poge The design values and other details given r this table are suggested Only and are not mandatory
(2) The sulfate of CIgasket having 0 lop should not be ogolnst the nubbin
59
c&&&z&b
6=-o l G--. l
0 JJ
1 ASME BOILER AND PRESSUREVESSELCODE CALCULATIONS

/ EFFECTIVEGASKET SEATING WIDTH*
Basic Gasket Beating Width, ba

Facing Sketch
(Exaggerated) Column I Column II
N N
* ? T
(1b)
See Note (1)
(2)
w+N w + 3N
l/64 in. Nubbin Fs w’ N’2 4 8
.N
(3)
N
&+--+ w< N/2 5
l/64 in. Nubbin
-
(4)
3N 7N
See Note (1) B ii?
(5)
N 3N
See Note (1) li -E-
(‘3)
I Effective Gasket Beattng Width, b
b = bo, when bd l/4 in.; b = 0.5 dbo, when bo1 l/4 in.
location of Gasket Load Reaction
G G
0.D Contact Foe
in.
NOTES
(I) Where serrotlons do not exceed l/64 m depth and I /32 m width spmng, skelches (I b) and (Id) shall be used.
(2) The gasket factors listed only apply to flanged joints in which the gasket IS contmed enllrely wllhin the inner edges of the bolt holes
Q U AWL I T Y WORLDWIDE
60
P. 0 F. 0
*J!%wws 0JJ 8
1 DESIGN METHODFORTHE FUTURE
L
PVRC CONVENIENTMETHOD
Currentgasket design calculations for flange joint connections such as ASMEVIII,

DIN 2505 etc., have many shortcomings surrounding the expectedtightness and
optimum operating stress levelsto ensure against joint leakage, In general, current
design methods only ensurethat the optimum bolt load is availableto seat the
gasket and accommodate the hydraulic loads created by the internal pressure,little
information is given regardingthe function of the connection following hydrotestor
the optimum levelof gasket stress to fulfil the legislative,environmentaland
company emission requirementsat the source of application.
Flexitallicfinancially supports, and is actively involvedwith the researchefforts of
the ASME’sPressureVesselResearchCouncil (PVRC)to update to review and
update current gasket design methodology.The PVRChas through many years of
researchand development(involving hundreds of actual gasket tests), conceiveda
new philosophy that addressesthe mechanisms of sealing that will benefitgasket
manufacturers,vesseldesigners and the operators of pressurevessels in general.
The result is a package that recommendsminimum levelsof gasket assembly
stressto fulfil the operational requirementsof the user. The new procedureis similar
to the existingASMESectionVIIIcalculation, except it incorporates new gasket
factors (to replacetraditional M & Y gasket factors) that are determinedthrough an
extensivetest program.
The new gasket factors are (Gb) (a) and (Gs).
(Gb) and (a) representthe initial gasket compression characteristicsand relateto
the bolt behaviour,while (Gs) representsthe unloading characteristicstypically
associated with the operating behaviour.
ldealisationof StressVs Tightnessshowing the basis

for the gasketconstantsGb, a and Gs
iasket
tress
Gb
Gs
Q U A L I-T Y WORLDWIDE
61
JJ
c. l G--a l
0 JJ 03

1 PVRC CONVENIENTMETHOD
THE PVRCCONVENIENTMETHOD
The‘ConvenientMethod’for determiningflange bolt loads using the PVRCgasketconstantshas over
many years, beenrefinedand establishedusing the following techniques.
1 Determinethe tightnessclass ‘TC’,that correspondsto the acceptableleak rate for the application
(legislative,environmentalor companyemissionlegislation).
T2: Standard;Representsa mass leak rate per unit diameterof O.O02mg/sec/mm-dia
T3: Tight; Representsa mass leak rate per unit diameterof 0.00002mg/sec/mm-dia.
2. Selectthe tightnessconstantthat correspondste the chosen tightnessclass.
C = 1.Ofor tightnessclass T2 (Standard).
C = 10.0 for tightnessclass T3 (Tight).
3. Selectthe appropriategasketconstants(Gb), (a) and (Gs) for the gasketstyle and material,
(see table, page 63).
4. Determinegasketparameters(N), (bo), (b) and (G) as per table 2.5.2 in the ASMECode
(seetable, page 60).
5. Gasketseating area, Ag = 0.7854(0D2-ID*).
6. Hydraulicarea, Ai = 0.7854G7.
7. Minimum requiredtightness,Tpmin = 0.1243 x C x Pd
Pd = DesignPressure
8. AssemblyTightness,Tpo = 0.1243 x C x Pt
Pt = Test Pressure(Typically 1.5xPd).
9. TightnessParameterRatio,Tr = Log (Tpa)/Log(Tpmin)
10. GasketOperatingStress,Sml = Gs[Gb/Gsx TpaO]lnr
11, GasketSeatingStress,Sm2 = Gb/[e x 1.51Tpa” - Pd(Ai/Ag)
e = 0.75 for manual bolt up
e = 1.Ofor Hydraulictensioners& ultrasonics
12. Designfactor, MO= the greaterof 2, Sml /Pd or Sm2/Pd
13. DesignBolt Load,Wmo = Pd(AgMo+ Ai)
1 EXAMPLEOF PVRCCONVENIENT
METHODFORA FLEXITALLIC
SPIRALWOUNDGASKET /
Gasket ‘Jeta& Slyle R

3 1GL/Flexicarb
27” x 25” x 4.5mm Thk
Input Parameters T2 T3
OD = 27 INS Tpmin = 93 15 931.50

ID 25 INS Tpn = 139.73 1397.25
Pd 750 PSI Tr = 1.089 1.059
Pt 1125 PSI
WI 2300 PSI* syo = 9888 17065
0.237 PSI* Sm2 = 1717 6501
;:I 13 PSI* Sml = 4405 8701
N INS Sml/P = 5.87 11.60
b’ .50 INS Sm2/P = 2.29 8.67
G 26 INS MO = 5.87 11.60
Ai 530.9 SQR. INS
As 81.7 SQR. INS Wmo = 757980 1108923
AI/AS 6.50 sg = 9280 13576
e .75
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
62
J!zLdd%
Pa 0 Pa l
l
0 JJ @

1 PVRC CONVENIENTMETHOD I
GASKETFACTORS
Note:All data presentedin this table is basedon currentlyavailable publishedinformationof which the
PVRCcontinueto refinedata reductiontechniques,and values are thereforesubjectto further review
and alteration.
Flexitalliccontinueto add to their extensiveproduct range, pleasecontactthe FlexitallicTechnical
Departmentfor updatedbulletins on this area of activity.
Type Material Gb (psi) a Gs (psi)
SpiralWound ‘LS SS/Flexicarb 598 0.385 0.03

(Class 150 & 300)
SpiralWound SS/Flexicarb 2300 0.237
(Class 150 to 2500) SS/FlexiteSuper 2600 ;;
SS/Asbestos 3400 Ei 7
MRG SS/Flexicarb 1665 0.293 0.02
CarrierRing SS/Flexicarb 1251 0.309 11
SheetGaskets Flexicarb 1047 0.354 0.07
(Class 150 to 300) FlexicarbNR 818 0.347 0.07
CorrugatedGaskets Soft Iron 3000 0.160 115
StainlessSteel 4700 0.150 130
Soft Copper 1500 0.240 430
MetalJacketed Sot?Iron Steel

Stainless 2900 0.230 ;z
SoftCopper 1800 0.350 15
MetalJacketedCorr. Soft Iron 8500 0.134 230
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
63
P. 0 P. 0
JJ I
8JJ ,
0
Severalfactors must be taken into considerationwhen designing a spiral wound
gasket. The ability of a gasket to maintain its tightness and carry the applied bolt
forces must be consideredat the initial design stages. Tables,page 65 illustratethe
relationshipbetween gasket diameter, internal pressure,gasket flange width (N)
and the operational gasket stress if minimum operational tightness thresholds are
to be achieved.
The yellow zone representsa combination of factors which will ensure the optimum
gasket geometry and loading parametersare combined to offer a minimum T3
tightness level.All gasket designs should be aimed at operating within this zone to
ensure satisfactory gas tightness. A T3 tightness parameter representsa helium
gas leakage rate of 0.00002 mg/sec/mm. dia of gasket, and representsa high
levelof tightness for gaseous volatile substances. The gasket stress (Sg) values are
dependenton the bolting configurations of the flange, and the allowable operating
flange stresses- both need to be consideredas integral parts of the gasket design
process.
Thesediagrams are used by FlexitallicEngineersin conjunction with ASMEcode

calculations and representthe performance characteristics of Flexitallicspiral
wound gaskets. To achievethis levelof performance,the gasket must be
manufacturedto pre-definedconstructions, which, cannot be replicatedby
alternativegasket suppliers.
The design representedin tables, page 65 is specifically relatedto the tightness

achievedfor Flexicarbfilled spirals, This data is based on experimentalresearch
and actual gasket tests. Data is available for alternativefiller material and gasket
designs.
For full design referencesand appraisals, contact FlexitallicTechnicalServices.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
ktzdkdb
Fe l p* 0
1
0 JJ 6
1-DESIGNMETHODFORTHE FUTURE
50mm (2”) Inside Diameter 1OOmm (4”) Inside Diameter
Flexicarb Filler Flexicorb Fillel
1000
Internal Pressure, PSI
200mm (8”) Inside Diameter 300mm (12”) Inside Diameter

Flexicarb Filler Flexicarb Fhler
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0 luuV
Inn 1"""
V” .-“-
400mm (16”) Inside Diameter 500mm (20’7 Inside Diameter

Flexicarb Filler Flexicarb Filler
Gasket Stress, KSI
SE
24
;i
18
16
14
12
IO
:
4
i
--
Inn 1000 I Y””
Internal Pressure, P9 Internal Pressure, PSI
600mm (24”) Inside Diameter 1OOOmm(40”) Inside Diameter

Flexicarb Filler Flexicarb Filler
, “-” I “YY
internal Pressure, PSI Internal Pressure, PSI
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
65
l
JJ
c. 0 c.
0 JJ (
1 DIN 2505 - CALCULATION

CalculationOf GasketLoad accordingDIN 2505:
Thefollowing calculationfor gasketsis valid just for applicationwherejoints are in “series

connection”.Thegasketfactors within the DIN 2505 are specificfor certaintypes and materials.
Gasketmanufacturershave to performtests in orderto evaluatereasonablevalues for thesefactors
Within the calculationyou find 4 differentgasketfactors, such as:
ovu [N/mm-21 is the minimum surfacestress

which is the force exertedon the gasketagainstthe
averagecircumferenceof the area A of the joint
locatedin the line of force and against the width of
the gasketsubstitutedin the calculation.
ova [N/mm^2] is the maximum averagesurface

stressat ambienttemperatureat which the gasket
just fails to be destroyed,i.e. does not loose its
characteristicshape. Influencingvoriablesinclude
the surfacefinish of the flange contact surface,the
gasketdimensionsand the gasketmaterial.
m is the gasketfactor of test and operatingstate. m = u

P
‘3so[N/mm*] is the maximum averagesurfacestressat the operatingtemperatureat which the

gasketjust fails to be destroyed,i.e. does not loose its characteristicshape. This value dependson
the operatingtemperature.
Duringa calculation all relevantforcesare comparedagainst each other, where:
F,,u [N] is the maximum seatingforce. Thevalue of it exertedon the gasketrequiredin orderto
achieveinitial deformationdependson the shape, dimensionand materialof the gasketas well as on
the surfacefinish of the flange face. It is independenton the internal pressurep.
FDVU= d, x x x b, x o,,
F,,, [N] is the maximum seatingforce a gasketcan withstand.
FDVO= do x TCx b, x ova
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
Pa 0 Pa 0
lA2%ta%b
l
0 chJ 8
( DIN 2505 - CALCULATION

Fo,u[N] is the minimum operatingforce. To ensuretightnessduring assembly,the force exertedon
the gasket,shall be at least as in the following equation.
A safetyfactor S is intendedto accountfor unforeseencircumstancesduring operation.
The minimum safetyfactor requiredis : S= 1.2
Forsoft materialgasketsthis factor can be modifiedup to 1.3.
Fosu = do X 7t X bb X oeu X S , with osu = m X p
Fo,,[N] is the maximumoperatingforce. Underoperatingconditions,the maximum permissibleforce

appliedon the gasketis:
FDBO= do X j’t X bo X oeo

Ft [N] is the force generatedby the internal pressure
do2 x TC
F, = -XP
4
Fseu[N]is the minimum bolt stressfor operatingconditionswhich should be generatedon the gasket
by the bolting.
FSBU >= FDBU + h
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
67
1 DIN 2505 - CALCULATION
CHART:GASKETFACTORSOF MOSTPOPULARGASKETS
Type of gasket Materials m WI ova OBO

100°C ZOO~C300% 4o0°c 500%
SWG 1.4541, 1.4571 etc. 1.3 65 150 140 130 120 110 100
single chambered PTFE,Graphite
SWG 1.3 65 300 200 180 170 160 140

fully chambered
SWG
“no serious connection” 1.3 65 500 200 180 170 160 140
(Flanges on Block)
Kammprofile
Gaskets 1.1 15 500 480 450 420 390 350
“Machined Gaskets” soft iron 1.3 240 500 480 380 300 250 170
1.4541, 1.4571 etc 1.3 350 750 720 680 630 570 500
1.4828 1.3 400 880 860 820 750 680 580
“handmades” Alloys/Graphite 1.8 80 250 230 210 190 170 140
PTFE-envelope PTFE/non-asbestos 1 .O 1~~-25)60(-80)50 30 -

Goskets inserts (+ corrugated ring)
NOTATIONS
A = Gasketarea in mm2
b = Gasketwidth in mm
dD = mean gasketdiameterin mm
dl = ID of the gasketin mm
d2 = OD of the gasketin mm
Fl = internal pressureforce in min,operatingforce in N
FDBu= min. operatingforce in N
FDVu= min. seatingforce in N
Fssu = min. bolt force for operatingconditions in N
Faso = max. operatingforce in N
FoVO= max. seatingforce in N
S = safetyfactor
P = internal pressurein N/mm2
Fsso = max. bolt forcefor operatingconditions in N
G vu = min. initial surfacestressin N/mm2
0 vo = max. initial surfacestress in N/mm*
ci =
BU min. surface Stress operatingconditions in N/mm2
for
0 BO = min. surfacestressfor operatingconditions in N/mm’

m = gasketfactor for test and design
Go = initial bolt force in N
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
RR
11
p. 0 G--a l
D
8 JJ Go
/ SHEETGASKETS
ALTERNATIVE
DESIGNRULES
Calculationsto determinethe requiredgasketstressto be applied have traditionally beenundertaken
adoptingthe ASMEequation. However,for calenderedgasketmaterials,this calculation may under-
estimatethe requiredgasketseatingstress,especiallyin situationswith a high internal pressureor very
large pipe diameter.
As a consequence,a modifiedcalculation has beenestablished,taking into considerationthe actual

behaviourof the individual gasketmaterialduring operation,thus ensuringthat more realisticgasket
seatingstressvalues can be established.Theform of this calculation, shown below, has been
adoptedby the FluidSealingAssociationwithin the U.S.A.and is an approvedmethodof load
calculationfor “soft gaskets”.
CALCULATION
OFSEATINGSTRESS
G=Y+mP+H -
Ag
WHERE:
G is the minimum recommendedgasketstressin MPa
Y is seatingstressin MPa
m is the gasketfactor (dimensionless)
P is the containedpressurein MPa
H is the hydrostaticend thrust in Newtons
Ag is the stressedarea of the gasketin mm*
The hydrostaticend thrust, H, is calculatedas below.
H = PAb
Where:
P is the containedpressurein MPa
Ab is the internal cross sectionalarea of the pipe or vessel in mm2
Fromthe abovecalculation, the load to be applied to each of the bolts to generatepre-stressis:
G x Aa
n
Where:
n = No of bolts
‘M’ & ‘y’ VALUESFORALTERNATIVE

DESIGNRULES
Material GasketFactor SeatingStress
M Y (MPa)
CompressedAsbestos 4.8 18”
FibreBS1832 GradeA
CompressedAsbestos 4.8 17”
FibreBS1832 GradeB
AF2100 3.7 23
SF1600 3.5 18
SF3300 3.7 23
* NOTE:Thesevalues apply to containedpressuresof lessthan 1,000 psi
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
69
JJ
p. l G-. a
0 JJ @
1 ADDITIONAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

GASKETSEATINGSTRESSES(Sg)
By determiningthe actual unit stressto be applied on a gasket’sbearingsurface(Sg), Flexitalliccan
determinea suitable manufacturingconstructionin orderto establishthe correctgasketdensityfor the
serviceand bolting conditions.
As the table below highlights, spiral wound gasketdensity can be extensivelyvaried in orderto
accommodatea wide rangeof compressiveforces.
GASKETDENSITY
Theserviceconditions under which a FLEXITALLIC
spiral-wound gasketis expectedto hold its seal
dictatethe density of the gasket.Gasketsthat have
identical inside and outsidediameterscan be either
hard or soft as shown opposite.Theavailable
compressiveforce is the basis for calculating the
densityof the gasketstructureto supportspecific
bolting loads.
TYPICALSG VALUES-SPIRAL
WOUNDGASKETS
StandardConstruction 10,000 TO 25,000 PSI
LSConstruction 5,000 TO 15,000 PSI
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
70
r. a 6-0 a
D
11 0JJ 8
SECTION111
/ GASKETINSTALLATION
REMEMBER FLANGE ASSEMBLIES LEAK NOT NECESSARILY GASKETS
A Flexitallicgasketwill providea reliableseal if properlyinstalled in the applicationfor which it was
designed.Pleaserememberthat the performanceof any gasketis not solely dependenton the gasket
itself but on a combinationof variables,many of which are outsidethe control of the gasket
manufacturer.Experiencehas shown that leakageis not necessarilyan indication of a faulty gasket,
but is more likely to be a resultof improperinstallation, assemblyor bolting procedures,damaged
flanges, or a combinationof the hundredsof variablesthat comprisea bolted-gasketedassembly.
GASKETQUALITY:
Obviously, gasket quality IS of paramount importance Always deal wtth Reputable Suppkers or
manufacturers who are capable of high qualrfy products and sound Technical support
NEVERINSTALLA PREVIOUSLY
USEDGASKET!
FLANGESURFACEFINISH:
When establishing a jornt seal, we must consrder the reaction between the gosket and the mating
flange faces and therefore we must consider the quality of the flonge face finishes In order to
prevent the formation of radial leak paths, a concentrrc or phonographic finish IS preferred, with a
roughness selected to stilt the gaskets seatrng charucteristtcs.
FLANGESURFACE
DAMAGE:
Any flange surface damage (I e. radrol tool marks) IS a potentral leak path and therefore must be
avorded if at all possrble If necessary, flange face remochinrng may be required for severe
blemishes.
FLANGEFLATNESS:
If must always be ensured that a gasket IS evenly compressed to withrn specified limrts. If the flange
faces are convex, concave or srmply out a parallel, then the gaskets sealing performance WIII be
subsequently affected due to the resultant uneven compresston.
BOLTAND NUTQUALITY:
m
I--_
The flange bolt assembly has two functtons, firstly to generate sufficient lood to tnitially seat the
gasket and secondly to maintain load on the assembly during operating conditions in order to
ensure the seal Therefore, we must select a bolt material wrth sufficient strength to seat the gasket
and one which is capable of retaining stress at the operating temperatures
1m~Ilar~*n~L~~~C
BOLTLUBRICATION:
m/e
F
Good bolt lubricofion IS vital in marnfaining the consistency of Induced bolt stresses at assembly
:-
/--
a
The many brands on the market provide the low coefkctent of fiction necessary in manual
:-
~,I , ..LL assembly techniques,as well as providing anti-setze properttes at temperature
m/II
SE ;,l_ ““1 I- ,.~ ,. I/.
-.. ->
ASSEMBLYTECHNIQUES:
The use of good ossembly techniques is essential for optimum gasket installation Ensure the use of
experienced staff and the correct equipment SEE GASKET INSTALLATION PROCEDURES.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
71
c. a r-. 0
JJ I
8JJ I
0
1 GASKETINSTALLATION- CONSIDERATIONS /
FLEXITALLIC suppliesthousandsof differentgasketsfor specialflange designsthat must successfully
pass a hydrostatictest and maintain a satisfactoryseal under operatingconditions.As already
discussed,our experiencehas indicatedthat virtually everytime a leakingassemblyis encountered,
the actual causeof failure relatesto somethingotherthan the gasket.
1 On low pressureapplications,flange designershave followed the Codesuggestionsfor a minimum

seatingstress(y value) that we know from experienceare impracticaland hence,neitherthe
bolting nor the rigidity of the flanges are adequateto initially seatthe gasketto obtain a seal.
2. Flangedesignersdo not take into considerationthe rotationof the flanges, and the necessityfor the
flanges and the bolting to maintain a sufficientlyhigh residualunit load on the gasketcontact
surfaceto contain internal pressure.
3. The insistenceof some inspectionpersonnelthat hydrostatictest conditions must be carriedout at

stressvalues for initial pretensioningof bolts at the allowable design stressesspecifiedin the Code.
AppendixS, in the Code,specificallycoversthis area and must be taken into considerationanytime
a hydrostatictest is to be performed.Froma practicalstandpoint,when a flange is designedfor
pressureconditionsof 600 psi and the hydrostatictest pressureis to be performed’at900 psi, it is
obvious that a higher prestressmust be appliedto the bolts if a satisfactorytest is to be achieved.
4. Careshould be takenwith the use of low yield bolting material,such as the austeniticstainless
steelsor ordinary carbon steel machine bolts. With both materials,it is relativelyeasy to stressthe
bolts beyondtheir low yield point. In orderto successfullypass a hydrostatictest, it is often
desirableand permissibleto utilize a high strengthalloy bolt for hydrostatictesting purposes.The
following stepsare recommended:
a. For hydrostatictesting, use ASTMA 193, GradeB7 bolting material,or equivalent,to initially
seat the gasketand performthe hydrostatictest.
b. Afterachievinga successfulhydrostatictest, relievethe tension on the bolts to approximately
50% of the allowable bolt stressand replacethe bolts one at a time with the requiredbolting
material.
c. When replacementis made,the bolts should be stressedto the allowable stressfor operating
conditions
5. On high temperatureapplications,considerablerelaxationof bolt stresscan occur due to creepof

the bolt material.The levelof relaxationdependsupon the bolt materialand the temperatureto
which the bolt is subjected.In applicationswhere a bolt is operating nearthe upper extremityof its
recommendedtemperaturerange, it is highly feasiblethat the relaxationwill be so greatthat
leakagewill occur after a period of time on a flange that has successfullypassedthe hydrostatic
test. It is thereforeessentialto prestressa bolt to a degreethat will guaranteemaintenanceof a
stresslevel at operatingconditionsthat will ensurea leak-tightjoint.
6. As discussedunderthe headingof “FlangeSurfaceFinish”,the ability of a gasketto seal depends,

to a very large degree,on the condition of the flange face, and particularattentionshould be given
to recommendationsdetailedunderthis heading.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
72
J&hzbd%
P l a c-- a .
l
0 JJ 8
1 GASKETINSTALLATION
r ASSEMBLYPROCEDURES
When installing a gasket,regardlessof it’s type Flexitallicadvisethat certain assemblyproceduresare
employed,thus ensuringthat the optimum quality of seal is achieved.This procedureshould be
employedeach and everytime a gasketis fitted, whateverthe tighteningtechnique.
1, Ensurethat the gasketis kepton it’s backingboard, horizontally, until immediatelyprior to

assembly.Inspectthe gasket.Checkthat the gasket’stype, style and materialsare correct.Check
for defectsand possiblemechanicaldamage.IF IN DOUBT-CHECK!!!!
2. Examinethe flange assembly.Ensurethat all seatingfaces are clean, freefrom imperfectionsand
true. Makesure that the flange seatingfaces have similar concentric/phonographicfinishes,
correctfor the type of gasketbeing utilised. SeeChart If any defectsdo exist, consult the Flexitallic
TechnicalDepartment.Flangeremachiningmay be required.
3. Examinethe studs or bolts, and mating nuts. Ensurethat they are the correctmaterial.Checkfor
any damage,galling, pitting, thread damageetc. Wherenecessary,replacethe damageditems.
4. Lubricateall stud or bolt threadsand nut faces in orderto reduceand control friction betweenload
bearingsurfaces.Flexitallicrecommendthe use of molybdenumdisulphideor similar nickel based
compound.
5. Locatethe gasketcentrallywithin the flange assembly.Do not use any gasketcompounds.Under
no circumstancesforce the gasketinto position,this will only result in its damage.Forvertical
applications,gasketmay be locatedto the flange by meansof nylon screws, Checkwith
Flexitallic’sTechnicalDepartment.
6. Install all the bolts, ensurethat they are clean and well lubricated.Runup all nuts finger tight. You
1 are now readyto generatethe requiredbolt stresses.
GASKETDESCRIPTION
SpiralWound Gaskets 3.2 - 6.3

I
Kammprofiles
MetallicSerratedGaskets
Flexicarb“MRG’Gaskets
Solid MetalGaskets
MetalJacketedGaskets
Soft Cut SheetGaskets
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
73
G-&&g-. l
f 8 JJ 0
/ GASKETINSTALLATION
DEVELOPINGPRE-STRESS
IN BOLTING
In orderto achieveand maintain a seal on a flange connection,it is extremelyimportantto provide
adequatebolt stressto meetboth operatingand hydrcstatictest conditions.Althoughthe correctlevel
of bolt stresscan be determinedas detailedunder the section headed‘ASMEBoilerand Pressure
VesselCodeCalculations”and with due considerationto the additional commentsmade, it is the
inability to adequatelyachievethe correctlevelof stressthat is anothercommoncause of joint
leakage.
Althoughvarious types of bolt tighteningtechniquesare availabletoday, torque methodsore still the
most frequentlyused. The use of torquewrencheshowever,introducesmany variables,and are not
normally reliablemethodsof determiningthe actual bolt stressesdeveloped.
All of thesevariableshave a markedeffecton the amount of torque requiredto producea given stress
When conditionsare fairly constantand reasonablycontrolled,it is possibleto generatea certain
torquevalue and obtain stressesthat are a constantwithin reasonablelimits. Thetables on Page84
providea relationshipbetweentorque and bolt stressvalues. Thesevalues are basedon steel bolting
utilising a heavygraphiteand oil lubrication mixture. Notethat any deviation in lubricationwill have a
markedeffecton the torque/stressconversion.
In orderto effecta seal, it is very importantthat the gasketis compressedevenly. In orderto achieve
this, a very definitebolt-up proceduremust be followed;
Requiredbolt stressmust be developedin a minimum of four stagesin orderto allow even gasket
compressionand minimisegasketdamageand subsequentbolt relaxation.
BOLTINGUPSEQUENCE
Stage 1 - Torquebolts up to approximately
30% of the final torquevalue following the
diametricallyopposedsequencespecified QQf=J
in table.
Stage2 - RepeatStage1, increasingthe
torquevalue to approximately60% of the 4BOLT FIANGE 8BOLT FLANGE 16BOLT FLANGE
final torquevalue.
Stage3 - RepeatStage2, increasingthe torquevalue to the final requiredtorquevalue.
Stage4 - A final tightening should be performedfollowing an adjacentbolt to bolt sequenceto ensure
that all bolts have beenevenlystressed.
By following the abovesequence,reasonablyeven compressionof the gasketmay be achieved.

However,becauseof the varying frictional conditionsof neighbouringbolts and the fluctuations in
stresslevelsof bolts which occur as the bolts are individually tightenedaround the flange, the final
level of stressin all bolts around the flange can vary considerably.Evenunder ideal conditionswhere
all bo!ts have beenlubricatedto the samedegreeand the recommendedbolting up sequenceis
followed using controlledtorques,tests have shown that the final stress
levels around the flange can vary as much as +/- 20% from the
average.Obviously,where uncontrolledmethodsof tightening are isi&&&%
employed,massivevariations in appliedstresslevels in bolts around the P,I- ,_,Ij. _,;
“; ,.&”
_I”\:--Pl,si
flange occur. ,,,, ; ; i: ~,,~::‘ ,‘_:“,,sl/“.I”.
I . ,“,_,
..”,, I .,I_,., E li
In view of the inaccuraciesassociatedwith conventionalbolt tightening I.,.,\,l ,.,%.& *r, _
techniques,Hydraulicbolt tensioning methodsmay be a suitable “,$,m’
~~LL .l,,.L.l
1’L’
m,,,;,,
ec 3,.,.
j ;.,,
.~“_L1,,.
alternative.By hydraulicallytighteningthe studs simultaneously, :,‘i<:“:::, ~_
assemblytime is significantly reduced,with the accurate,even ,,“,”
LJ~~/ ,.
::,..::‘:.
prestressingof oil the bolts in one singular pass .;,.,‘,,,>,,:;.,.^
,;‘.,.‘Y;:
.* b ir
In addition to bolt tensioning, ultrasonic bolt stressmonitoringequipment L1 J,.y_
.jl 1 11“,,
,,: j, ,..
/.“.W,“,,,,~“I_
>,.
may be utilised to verify actual bolt stressvalues. :“‘.,>‘I
.F,“S
,;:;.“.r
.,*1‘a.“_
,I .I ...,
,.,l,E I d
*
A FlexitallicInformationCardis available giving full details on correct (I =a
,‘,;,;>,~.-I,.,,Lo“.,” .,
GasketInstallationInformation * 2.,m..,m * 1’
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
74
&t&t&&
PO l F. l
D
0 JJ 8
1 GASKETINSTALLATION
I
JOINT LEAKAGE- TROUBLESHOOTING /
Oftenas not, when joint leakageoccurs, a simple examinationof the used gasketcan determine
the cause of failure.
FIRSTLY,ALWAYSENSURETHATTHESPENTGASKETIS CORRECT TOSPECIFICATION.
OBSERVATION PROBABLE
CAUSESAND REMEDIES
MECHANICALDAMAGE
1) Damageto gasket.sealing element Incorrectgasketdimensions.
due to it’s protrusionover raised
face or into flange bore. Reviewthesedimensionsin orderto allow
correctgasketseating.
2) Extrusionof gasketbetweenflange Excessiveloading applied upon gasket
faces. Incorrectflange surfacefinish.
Reduceapplied loading upon gasket( if feasible)or
selectalternativegasketmaterialwith improvedload
bearingcapacity
Checkflange surfacefinish.
COMPRESSION CHARACTERISTICS
1) Overcompressionof gasket Excessiveloading applied upon gasket
(sheetmaterials)
Reduceapplied loading upon (if feasible)or select
alternativegasketmaterialwith improvedload bearing
capacity.
2) Overcompressionof gasket Excessiveloading applied upon gasket
(Spiralwound variety) Incorrectgasketdensity
Incorrectflange make-updistance.
Increasedensity of gasket,thereforeincreasingits load
bearingcharacteristics.
Utilisemetallic guide rings to act as compressionstops.
Redesignflange makeuparrungement.
3) Undercompressionof gasket. Insufficientload applied upon gasket.
Gasketdensity too high.
If applicable,increaseapplied load upon
gasketor alternativelyselectsoftergasket
material/construction.
4) Unevencompressionof gasket. Improperbolting up procedures.
Unevenflange faces.
Follow correctbolting up proceduresas discussed.
Re-machineflange facesflat.
CORROSION RESISTANCE
1) Corrosionof gasketmaterials Incompatibilityof gasketmaterialswith
application media.
Re-evaluategasketmaterialswith application media.
Selectmaterialswhich are chemicallycompatiblewith
media.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
75
JJ
c. l 6---. .
0 JJ Q
APPENDIXI
1 METALLICGASKETMATERIALS
CRITERIA FOR MATERIALSUSED IN GASKETCONSTRUCTION
Theselectionof materialsof constructionfor FLEXITALLIC gasketsrequiresconsiderationof the

following aspects:
1. The corrosivenatureand concentrationof the fluid to be confined.
2. Theoperatingtemperature.
3. The expectedlife of the installation.
4. The relativecost of alternativematerials.
Specificrecommendationsfor materialsof constructionare beyondthe scope of this paper.The

resistanceto corrosiveattack by the various materialsused in FLEXITALLIC gasketsfluctuateswidely,
dependingupon the concentrationof the corrosiveagent, presenceof other contaminatesand the
operatingvariablesof temperatureand pressure.Lackingspecific experiencewith the corrosivenature
of any particularagent and those materialsthat would have sufficientcorrosionresistanceto the
media, designersare recommendedto contactthe manufacturersof alloyed material,who have
available extensiveinformationon the chemical resistivityof their productsto various corrosivemedia.
Anotherexcellentsource of corrosionresistanceis containedin “CorrosionDataSurvey”publishedby
the Association of CorrosionEngineers,Houston,Texas. It is frequentlynecessaryto conduct
laboratorycorrosivetests and /or pilot plant operationsin orderto obtain factual and reliable
information.
When consideringthe choice of materialsfor FLEXITALLIC gaskets,designersshould be guided by the

following generalcomments:
1 StressCorrosion- FLEXITALLIC gaskets,when installed, are highly stressed, particularlyin the area
of the engineeredwire formation, and adjacentto the flange seatingsurfaces.The 18-8 stainless
steelsare particularlysubjectto stresscorrosionor stresscorrosioncrackingwhen exposedto certain
media. In such cases,alternativematerialsmust be selectedthat are less susceptibleto stress
corrosioncracking.
2. IntergranularCorrosion- Whenaustentiticstainlesssteel steelsare subjectedto temperaturesin the
rangeof 800” or 15Oo”F,carbidesare precipitatedalong the grain boundaries.When exposedto
certain chemicals,intergranularcorrosionwill occur. When handling these media,special attentionto
materialselectionis necessary.
3. ExpectedLife of the Installation- Thetrend in industrytoday is to lengthenthe time between
overhaulsand consequently,the best possiblematerial,regardlessof initial cost, is frequentlythe most
economical.Gasketsare relativelylow cost itemswhen comparedto labour costs to install, downtime
on equipmentand loss of productivityshould prematurefailure occur. Hence,for “permanent”
installations,the cost of specialgasketingmaterialsshould be equatedagainst increasedproductivity
and reliability. FLEXITALLICmaintains a substantial inventoryof a wide variety of metalsand filler
materialsto meetspecific operatingconditions and requirements.
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
76
cpr-. l
a 8
f 0 c&t&G
METALLICGASKETMATERIALS- STRIP/PLATE
TRADE TCUDEDBTllDF
mLm.lr L-*YRm. 1 HA”““‘-”
.K”NC33 ’
MATERIAL NAME DESCRIPTION RANGE IVALIJE(BRINELL) COMMENTS I
CARBON
gi
L For General applications only.
STEEL led Steel. Often referred
316 $1Excellent corrosion reSiStanC@ /
:?@j
#&
*L&i
316L Variation of 316, carbon content reduced to 815 Deg C max !pd
0.03% maximum (1500 Deg F) ~~~
304
304L Variation of 304. Carbon content reduced to 540 Deg C mox $$

(1000 Deg F) f&@&i
0.03% maximum. &v$$!!
~$l:.q&4
321 An 18-l 0 chromium/nickel austenitic stainless 870 Deg C max ta

steel with a titanium addition (1600 Deg F) #
347 An 18-l 0 chromium/nickel austenitic stainless 870 Deg C max

stainless steel with the addition of columbium (1600 Deg F)
410 An 12-9 chromium/nickel ferritic stainless steel 850 Deg C max

(1560 Deg F)
Titanium Titanium High Purity Titanium material 540 Deg C max

I1 nnn
Allay 600 lncanel A 70% Nickel, 15% chromium, Excellent high temperature
600” 8% Iron alloy steel strength/corrosion properties.
Excellent resistance to oxidation
nitridine and carborisation
Allov 625 lnconel A nickel/chromium alloy with substantial Outstanding corrosion resistance
625’* in a wide range of acid, neutral
Alloy 800 lncalay

800” ~
Alloy 825 lncoloy A nickel, chromium, iron, molybdenum and

825’
@ cracking.
I :,
77
l
JJ
c. 0 P.
09 cd%&&
METALLICGASKETMATERIALS
TRADE TEMPERATURE HARDNESS
MATERIAL NAME DESCRIPTION RANGE VALUE(BRINELL) COMMENTS I
Alloy 200 Nickel Commercially pure (996%) wrought nit:kel 760 Deg C max sistant to various
200@ (1400 Deg F) chemicals and caustic
-
Alloy Monel” A 67% Nickel/30% copper alloy steel 820 Deg C max
400 400 (1500 Deg F)
Alloy B2 Hastelloy A nickel/molvbdenum allov steel 1095 Dea C max Excellent chemical resistance to
82” hydrochloric acid, sulphuric,
Alloy C276 Hastelloy A nickel/chromium/molybdenum alloy steel Excellent corrosion resistance to

C276” both oxidising and reducing
Alloy 20 zarpenter An iron/nickel/chromium OllOysteel

20
Alloy lnconel~
x 750 x 750
:$
Aluminium Comercially pure wrought aluminium 425 Deg C max :$ ~ I~rr
(800 Deg F) ~~~~~~~
/&?,~,
@#j
Brass Commercial copper/zinc alloy 260 Deg C max a@2
(500 Deg F) .“)Qb@ )@q
g&“f
*gn~j &%?i
g&g
Copper Commerciallv oure cooaer 315 &a C max f&j General corrosion resistonce.
ADDITIONALMATERIALSINCLUDE, TANTALUM,ZIRCONIUM, PLATINUM,GOLD, PHOSPHORAND BRONZE.
Reprintedfrom 1967 Corrosion Data Survey, NACE,2400 W. Loop S., Houston, TX. 77027
CORROSIVES WHICH INDUCEINTERGRANULAR CORROSIONIN AUSTENTICSTAINLESSSTEEL
AceticAcid l AceticAcid + SalicylicAcid l Ammonium Nitrate l AmmoniumSulfate l AmmoniumSulfate + H&04 0
BeetJuice l Calcium Nitrate l Chromic Acid l Chromium Chloride l CopperSulfate l Crude Oil l Fatty Acids l
FerricChloride l FerricSulfate l FormicAcid l HydrocyanicAcid l HydrocyanicAcid + Sulfur Dioxide l Hydroflouric
Acid + FerricSulfate l LacticAcid l LacticAcid + Nitric Acid l MaleicAcid l Nitric Acid l Nitric Acid + Hydrochloric
Acid l Nitric Acid + HydrofluoricAcid l Oxalic Acid l Phenol + NapthenicAcid l PhosphoricAcid l PhthalicAcid l
Salt Spray l Sea Water l Silver Nitrate + Acetic Acid l Sodium Bisulfate l Sodium Hydroxide + Sodium Sulfide l
Sodium Hypochlorite l Sulfite Cooking Liquor l Sulfite Solution l Sulfite DigesterAcid (Calcium Bisulfite + Sulfer
Dioxide) l Sulfamic Acid l Sulfur Dioxide (Wet) l Sulfuric Acid l Sulfuric Acid + Acetic Acid l Sulfuric Acid +
CopperSulfate l SulfuricAcid + FerrousSulfate l SulfuricAcid + Methanol l SulfuricAcid + Nitric Acid l Sulfurous
Acid l Water + Starch + Sulfur Dioxide l Water + Aluminium Sulfate
78
11
Pa a c. l
l
8 JJ 0
1 STAINLESSSTEELMATERIALS- WORLDWIDE EQUIVALENTS 1

USA U.K. DIN FRANCE ITALY SPAIN JAPAN SWEDEN
AISI/SAE BS DIN /W-Nr AFNOR UNI UNE JIS ss
304 304315 XSCrNi18 Q/ 1.4301 ZGCN18.09 X5CrNi18 10 X5CrNi18 10 sus304 2332
304L 304s12 X2CrNi18 9 / 1.4306 Z2CN 18.10 XPCrNi 18 11 RCrNi19 10 SUS304L 2352
2333
309 309824 XlSCrNi Si 20 12 / 1.4828 Z15CNS20.12 X15CrNiSiPO 12 SUH309
310 XlSCrNiSi25 20 / 1.4841 ZlZCNS25.20 XlGCrNiSi25 20 X15CrNiSi25 20 SUH310
316 316316 X5CrNiMo 18 lO/ 1.4401 ZGCND17.11 XSCrNiMo 17 12 X5CrNiM 17 12 SUS316 2347
316L 316Sll XPCrNiMo 18 10 / 1.4404 Z2CND18.13 X2CrNiMo 17 12 X2CrNiMo 17 12 SUS316L 2348

316512
316Ti 320331 XlOCrNiMoTi18 lO/ 1.4571 Z6CNDT17.12 XGCrNiMoTil712 XGCrNiMoTil712 - 2350

320317
321 321S12 XlOCrNiTi18 19/ 1.4541 ZGCNT18.10 X6CrTi 18 11 X7CrNiTi 18 11 SUS321 2337
347 304817 XlOCrNiNb 18 9 / 1.4550 ZGCNNb18.10 XGCrNiNb 18 11 X7CrNiNb 18 11 sus347 2338
410 41OS21 XlOCrl3 / 1.4006 Z12C13 X12Cr13 Xl2 Cr13 sus410 2302
79
c&&i&b
P. l F. .
4
8 JJ
APPENDIXII
BOLTINGDATA
YIELD STRENGTH(ksi) vs TEMPERATURE
1 SPEC 1 GRADE 1 TEMPERATUREdegF(deg C)
ASTM B6 85 76 72
Al93
B7 75-105 65-92 60-85 53-74
B&CL1 30 21 18 17
B16 85-105 79-98 75-93 67-83
ASTM L7,L7A 105 92 84 73 i

A320
ASTM 660 85 82 81 80
A453
BS NIMONIC 90 73
4882 B80A
ELASTICMODULUS(X 1O6psi) vs TEMPERATURE

SPEC GRADE TEMPERATUREdegF(deg C)
-200 (7200) 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

(-129) (204) (316) (427) (538) (649) (760)
ASTM B6 30.7 29.2 27.3 26.1 24.7

Al93
B7 31.0 29.7 27.9 26.9 25.5
B8-CL1 29.7 28.3 26.5 25.3 24.1
B16 31.0 29.7 27.9 26.9 25.5
ASTM L7 31.0 29.7 27.9 26.9 25.5

A320
ASTM 660 29.7 28.3 26.5 25.3 24.1

A453
BS NIMONIC 31.2 >22.7

4882 B80A
J%&h&b
c-0 0 p. l
l
8 JJ 8
( BOLTINGDATA
DESIGNSTRESSVALUES(ksi) vs TEMPERATURE
SPEC GRADE TEMPERATUREdeg F(deg C)
650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100
(343) (371) (399) (427) (454) (482) (510) (538) (566) (593)
ASTM B6 21.2 21.2 21.2 19.5 15.6 12.0

Al93
87 (*I 25.0 25.0 23.6 21.0 17.0 12.5 8.5 4.5
B7M(*) 20.0 20.0 20.0 18.5 16.2 12.5 8.5 4.5
B8-CL1 11.2 11.0 10.8 10.5 10.3 10.1 9.9
B16 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 23.5 20.5 16.0 11.0 6.3 2.8
ASTM L7 25.0 25.0

A320
BS B17B 20.0 19.8 19.8 19.8 19.7 19.7 19.6 19.4 19.3 16.6
4882
(*) FORBOLT DIAMETERSI2.1/2"

PLEASE NOTETHATTHEABOVEVALIJESARE FORREFERENCEPURPOSESONLY VALUESSHOULD BE EXTRACTEDFROMASMEORBS5500.
RECOMMENDED
WORKINGTEMPERATURES
OFBOLTMATERIALS STRESSRETENTION
PROPERTIES
OFBOLTMATERIALS
MATERIAL T TEMPERATUREOCC
MIN.
F)
MAX
1 1OOr
CARBONSTEEL -2O(-4) 300(572)
B7, L7 -lOO(-148) 400(752)
B6 0 (32) 500 (932)
B8 -250(-418) 5?5(1067)
i 25-
B16 0(32) 520(968)
B17B -250(-418) 650 (1202)

01 , ,
750 (1382) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
B80A -250(-418) Temperature deg C
Stress relaxation behavlour of varvxs bolting materials showing

percentage of lnitlal stress retalned at temperature
81
USEFULTECHNICALDATA
BOLTINGDATAFORASME/ANSIB 16.5 & BS 1560 FLANGES
cLASs150 CLASS300 CLASS 400 CLASS 600

NOMINAL
PIPE BOU B.C. FIANGE NO. BOLT B.C. 1 FLANGE NO. BOLT B.C. FLANGE NO. 1 BOLT 1 B.C.
SIZE DIA. DIA. DIA. OF DIA. DIA. DIA. OF DIA. DIA. DIA. OF DIA. DIA.
BOLTS BOLTS BOLTS
--
% 2x 3% 4 K 2s 3% 4 x 2x 3% 4 w 2Yi
K 2% 3% 4 x 2% 3% 4 x 2% 3% 4 K 2s
K 2% 456 4 58 35 4% 4 % 3Kl 4% 4 % 3x
K 3M 4% 4 56 3K 41 4 5Q 3K 41 4 % 311
K 3K 5% 4 58 3% 5L 4 % 3w 5u 4 % 3%
K 3% 6!4 4 % 4K 6M 4 % 4!4 6X 4 % 4!4
% 4% 6H 8 % 5 6X 8 34 5 6X 8 3Q 5
34 58 ?K 8 Y 5% 711 a % 5s 7x a % 5%
5Q 6 81 8 1 6% 81/a 8 % 656 8% 8 % 6%
9 7 9 8 % 71 9 8 ?4 7X 9 a w 7x
% 7K 10 8 % JW 10 8 m 7% 10% a % a%r
% ax 11 a % 9% 11 a w 9% 13 8 1 10x
% 9x 12K 12 % 10% 12K 12 w 10% 14 12 1 11K
% 11% 15 12 % 13 15 12 1 13 16K 12 lk 13%
B 14K 1711 16 1 15K 1Jk 16 IX 15x 20 16 1% 17
b 17 20K 16 1M 17% 2O%i 16 1X 17% 22 20 lti 19!d
1 18% 23 20 1X 201 23 20 1L 205 23% 20 1% 20%
1 21Jd 25K 20 1% 22x 25x 20 1% 225 27 20 1% 23%
1% 22% 28 24 1% 24% 28 24 1% 24% 29% 20 1% 25%
I!4 25 30X 24 ll/ 27 30K 24 1X 27 32 24 1% 2ab
II 29E 36 24 111 32 36 24 1% 32 37 24 1% 33
CLASS 900 cLASs15DC CLASS2500

NOMINAL
PIPE FLANGE NO. BOLT B.C. FLANGE NO. BOLT B.C. FLANGE NO. BOLT B.C.
SIZE DIA. OF DIA. DIA. DIA. OF DIA. DIA. DIA. OF DIA. DIA.
BOLTS BOLTS BOLTS
K 4% 4 % 3L 4% 4 % 3!d 5% 4 % 3H
% 5& 4 % 3K 5M 4 % 3K 5ti 4 % 3%
1 5% 4 B 4 5% 4 I 4 61 4 % 4M
I!4 6% 4 % 4% 6)/ 4 ;Q 4% -IN 4 1 5!4
1H 7 4 1 4% 7 4 1 4s a 4 1!4 5%
2 ah 8 w 6K aM a B 6H 9% a 1 6%
24 9% 8 1 7K 9% a 1 7x 10M a 1iB 7%
3 9%; a % JK 10x 8 1% a 12 8 1L 9
4 11H 8 1% 9% 12u 8 1X 9X 14 a 1K 10%
5 13% a ii/ 11 14% a 15 11!4 16K a 1% 12%
6 15 12 ll 12K 15K 12 1% 12K 19 a 2 14H
8 185 12 1% 155 19 12 1% 15s 21% 12 2 17x
10 2lK 16 1% 18X 23 12 1% 19 26K 12 211 21%
12 24 20 1% 21 26K 16 2 22K 30 12 2% 24%
14 25% 20 1X 22 29K 16 2& 25
16 27% 20 1% 241/ 32H 16 2K 27%
18 31 20 1% 27 36 16 2% 30K
20 33% 20 2 2911 38% 16 3 32% 1
24 41 20 2K 35K 46 16 3x 39
DIMENSIONSIN INCHES
82
USEFULTECHNICALDATA
FACINGDIMENSIONSFORASME/ANSIB 16.5 & BS 1560 FLANGES
CLASS150,300,400,600,900, 1500AND2500
OUTSIDE DlAMETER'See Note3 DUTSIDEDIAMETER~Sc?eNote3 HEIGHT
RAISEDFACE
RAISED FACE, LARGE&
LAPPED, I.D.OF LARGE I.D.OF SMALLMALE
LARGEMALE, LARGE FEMALE& LARGE& &TONGUE
NOMINAL &LARGE SMALL SMALL & SMALL LARGE SMALL SMALL SMALL RAISED FACE cLpss DEF'THOF
PIPE TONGUES MALE TONGUE TONGUE GROOVE FEMALE GROOVE GROOVE CLASS 4DD,SDD,GDD GROOVEOR
SIZE See Note5 See Notes See Note5 See Notes See Note 5 See Note4 See Note 5 See Note3 '50B3DD 15W&25W FEMALE
4&5 3&5 See Note5 See Note5
R S T u W X Y Z See Note1 See Note 2
% 1% =/s 1% 1 I'/10 *%2 17116 '916 '/I6 % %a
% 1"/16 'SiM l"h6 lY16 1% 1 1% II 'I16 Y 3/E
1 2 13116 1% 15 2vI6 1X l'Yl6 1716 '/lb l/d %b
1Jd 2K 1K 21/ 1% 29116 1%6 2Yta 1 ‘%a 'I16 % VI6
IH 2% 1% 2w 2M 2'5116 1 '3/b 2% 2 'I16 '/IO x 3116
2 3% 2x 3!4 2s 3"/16 25/16 35116 2'3116 'ii.5 I %6
2% 4% 2"lla 3% 3% 43116 2% 3'3116 35116 'ha I J/l6
3 5 35iia 4% 4!4 5via 3% 4"/ia 43116 VI6 % Yl6
3H 5x 3'3/16 5L 4% 5%6 3% 5Yl6 4"/16 '/I6 % 3116
4 63/~6 45116 5"ha 53116 6L 4% 5% 5M ‘ha yd 716
5 75116 5% 6'?16 65/16 7% 57116 6% 6U 'iI6 y4 3116

6 8% 6% a JK a9i16 6'h a'/16 ma 'II6 yd %a
a 10% 8% 10 9% 10"/16 8'116 lo'/16 9Y16 VI6 1 %a
10 12% IOH 12 11g 12'3116 109/!6 12'116 11%6 'ha % 716
12 15 12x 14x 135 15'116 129116 145ha 137116 '/16 % %6
14 16% 13% 15% 14% 16716 13'3ii6 159ha 14"h 'I16 % %5
16 18K 15% 17% 16% i a% 15'3116 1796 16'ha 'ha M %6
18 21 17% 2Oh 19X 21via 17'3116 203ha 1Q3/16 '116 I 3116
20 23 19% 22 21 23'ha 19'3/~a 22'116 2O'Yl6 ‘I16 I %a
24 27X 23% 26X 25X 27% 23% 26% 25% ‘/lb % %6
DIMENSIONS
IN INCHES
NOTES
1. Regularfacing for class 150 and 300 steelflangedfittings and 4. Forsmall maleand femalejoints careshould be takenin the use
companionflange standardsis a l/16”raised face included in of thesedimensionsto insurethat pipe used is thick enough to
the minimum flange thicknessdimensions.A %6” raised face permit sufficient bearingsurfaceto preventthe crushing of the
may be suppliedalso on the class 400, 600, 900, 1500, and gasket.Thedimensionsapplyparticularlyon lineswherethe joint
2500 flange standards,but it must be addedto the minimum is madeon the end of the pipe.Screwedcompanionflangesfor
flangethickness. smallmaleand femalejoints arefurnishedwith plainfaceand are
2. Regular facing for class 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 threadedwith AmericanStandardLocknutThread.
flangethicknessdimensions. 5. Gasketsfor male-femaleand tongue-groovejorntsshall coverthe
3.Tolerance of plus or minus 0.016 in. ‘X4” is allowed on the bottomof the recesswith minimumclearancestakinginto account
insideand outsidediametersof all facings. the tolerancesprescribedin Note3.
83
qrpG-7 .
a
f 0 JJ
TORQUEREQUIREDTO PRODUCEBOLTSTRESS
Thetorque or turning effort requiredto producea certain stressin bolting is dependentupon a numberof conditions, some of
which are:
1. Diameterof bolt.
2. Typeand numberof threadson bolt.
3. Materialof bolt.
4. Conditionof nut bearingsurfaces.
5. Lubricationof bolt threadsand nut bearingsurfaces.
Generally,standard Flexitallicspiral-wound gasketswill requirethat standardASMEflange bolting be stressedto 30,000 psi for
propergasketseating. However,it is the users responsibilityto follow ASMECodecalculations,and to ensurethat sufficient pre-
load is appliedto withstand internal pressure,properlyseat the gasket,and compensatefor the effectsof bolt relaxation.
Thetable below reflectthe resultsof many tests to determinethe relation betweentorque and bolt stress.Valuesare basedon
steel bolting well lubricatedwith a heavygraphiteand oil mixture.
TORQUEDATAFORUSEWITH ALLOYSTEELSTUDBOLTS
Load in Poundson Stud Boltswhen TorqueLoadsare Applied
NOMINAL NUMBER DIAMETER AREA STRESS

DIAMETER OF AT ROOT AT ROOT
OF BOLT THREADS OF THREAD OF THREAD 30,000 PSI 45,000 PSI 60,000 PSI
Torque Compression Torque Compression Torque Compression
(Inches) (Per Inch) (Inches) Sq. Inch Ft/Lbs Lbs Ft/Lbs Lbs Ft/Lbs Lbs
l/4 20 ,185 ,027 4 810 6 1215 a 1620

5/16 ia ,240 ,045 a 1350 12 2025 16 2700
3/8 16 ,294 ,068 12 2040 18 3060 24 4080
7/16 14 ,345 ,093 zi 2790 30 4185 40 5580
l/2 13 ,400 ,126 3780 45 5670 60 7560
9/16 12 ,454 ,162 45 4860 68 7290 90 9720

5/a 11 ,507 ,202 60 6060 90 9090 120 12120
3/4 10 ,620 ,302 100 9060 150 13590 200 18120
7/a 9 ,731 ,419 160 12570 240 18855 320 25140
1 a ,838 551 245 16530 368 24795 490 33060
l-l/a a ,963 .728 355 21840 533 32760 710 43680
l-1/4 a 1088 929 500 27870 750 41805 1000 55740
l-3/8 a 1.213 1.155 680 34650 1020 51975 1360 69300
l-1/2 a 1338 1.405 800 42150 1200 63225 1600 84300
l-5/8 a 1.463 1.680 1100 50400 1650 75600 2200 100800
l-3/4 a I.588 1.980 1500 59400 2250 a9100 3000 118800

i-718 a 1713 2.304 2000 69120 3000 103680 4000 138240
2 1.838 2.652 2200 79560 3300 119340 4400 159120
2-l/4 i 2.088 3.423 3180 102690 4770 154035 6360 205380
2-l/2 a 2.338 4.292 4400 128760 6600 193140 8800 257520

2-3/4 a 2 588 5.259 5920 157770 8880 236655 ii840 315540
3 8, 2.838 6.324 7720 189720 11580 284580 15440 379440
Repmled with permlss~on of Crane CO (Page 383, Crane NO 80 VOlVe LOtolOg )
Q U A L-I T Y WORLDWIDE
84
Fe
B 0 c. 0
JJ
&hz?wM% 03 8
1 ORDERINGFLEXITALLICGASKETSFORSPECIALFLANGEDESIGNS (
In orderfor the FLEXITALLIC GASKETCOMPANY to designa gasketsuitablefor the application, it is

imperativethat completedetails be submittedfor review. The informationwe requireis the following:
1 Typeof flange facing
2. Dimensionsof the gasketseatingsurfaces
3. Number,size and materialof bolts
4. Bolt circle diameter
5. Operatingpressure& temperature(Processmaterialif known)
6. HydrostaticTest pressure
7. Initial bolt pre-stress
8. Customerpreferenceon gasketmaterials
FLEXITALLIC suppliesengineeringdata sheetsat no cost on which this informationmay be submitted.
As a gasketmanufacturer,it is impossiblefor us to revieweveryflange designto makecertainthat
flange rotationand flange stressesare within allowable limits definedin the Code.We proceedon the
assumptionthe designengineerhas followed the design criteriaestablishedby the ASMEBoilerCode
and that the flanges are sufficientlyrigid underthe most severecondition to precludethe possibilitythe
gasketcouldbecomeunloadedeitherduring operatingconditionsor hydrostatictest conditions.We are
aware that most flange designersdo not take into considerationflange rotationat test conditions prior
to finalizing his design,We also, of a practical necessity,must assumethe boltmaterialbeing used is
adequatefor all conditions including operatingpressureat operatingtemperatureand hydrostatictest
pressureat ambienttemperature.
The use of the optimum materialfor bolts is a very complexsubjectand we suggestreviewing
currentlyavailabletechnical literaturefor the guidancein the properselection of bolting materialfor
piping and pressurevesselapplications.
GASKETENGINEERING
DATA
Company Date
Address Order/InquiryNo.
SERVICE CONDITIONS CUSTOMER

PREFERENCE
OperatingPressure PSI GasketMaterial
OperatingTemperature “F GasketFiller
Substanceto be sealed Ring Metal
Unusualcondition GasketSvle
FLANGEDESCRIPTION FLANGEDIMENSIONS
FigureNo. (Below) q Material II T
Welding Neck q Threaded I/ Numberof Bolts
Lap Joint 0 Sketch(Back) 0 C 1, Size of Bolts
Slip on 0 PrintAttached c] D Bolt Material
Blind 0 SurfaceFinish RMS
/ Ro$$~O’ 1 ( Male &Female 1 ( Tongue&Groove 1
( Smooth Face ) ( ‘$$+$z’e 1 lGroove1o Smooth Face/
QUALITY WORLDWIDE
85
l
JJ
Pa 0 c.
d’
0 JJ
ma
WARRANTY
is a RegisteredTrade Mark of FlexitailicLimited
Flexltalllc lnc guarantees lhaf any product of 11smanulaciure which, upon exomlnollon by o Flex~tall~crepresenlallve. is lour,d lo be Uefeci~vein elrher workmanship or maierlal
whereby it IS nol sultable under proper usage and seiv~ce for the purpose for whict? I?was designed will be replaced or repaIred lree of charge Including transporlorlon charges
but nol cost of lnstallotlon or, at our optlon, the puicnase price will be reiunded The products ore not guaranteed as to peilormance under any speclflc SeWIce nor Ior any specific
period of time The sale of our products under any other worrnnry or guarantee expiess o! lrriplied IS not aulhonred by the company
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS
The Flexitallic Group
450 Gears Road, Suite 790,
Houston,Texas 77067, USA
Tel:+1 713 356 3700 Fax:+1 713 356 3701
MAJOR MANUFACTURING PLANTS

Flexitallic LJ?
69 15, Highway 225
Houston,Texas, 77536, USA
Tel:+1 713 356 3600 Fax:+1 713 356 3601
Bolt and Gasket Inc.

725 North Drennan, Houston,Texas, 77003- 1320, USA
Tel: +I 713 356 3500 Fax:+1 713 356 3501
Flexitallic Ltd,
F!O. Box 3, Dewsbury Road, Cleckheaton,
West Yorkshire, BD I9 5BT, England
Tel:+44 1274851 273 Fax:+44 1274851 386
http://www.flexitallic.com
MEMBER OFTHE FLEXITALLIC GROUP

Flexitallic Design

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Flexitallic Design

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GASKET DESIGN

SECTIONII - GASKETDESIGN FACTORS 54

q HOUSTON- TEXAS- U.S.A. q AUCKLAND- NEWZEALAND

Ip SARNIA- ONTARIO- CANADA a GUADALAJARA

Ia BURSCHEID- GERMANY q JEDDAH- SAUDIARABIA

PI MADRID- SPAIN q STAVANGER

q DURBAN- SOUTHAFRICA q ALKMAAR- HOLLANO

q BRISBANE- AUSTRALIA R!. SINGAPORE

Member of The Flexitallic Group

FORCESON A GASKET .“I1

Usually composite sheet materialsfor low

Can be fabricated from one metal or a

10(,22) 100<11*>1~0~102>2OOI,P2>IlUdOi> mw110>

NON-ASBESTOS FiBRE GASKETS

>w21*> *oo<,~*> ,001670> 400<16P> 1WiO)

Elastomericsheetcompoundsmarkthe entry levelto Flexitallic’ssheetsealing rangeof products.

COMPRESSEDNON ASBESTOSFIBRE GASKETS

1 COMPRESSEDNON ASBESTOSFIBRE GASKETS

*If conditions determinethe preferreduse of sheetgasketmaterialsat servicetemperatures/pressurein excess of those

CAFsheetingis widely usedfor generallow pressureservicethroughoutthe chemicaland

Materialcan be supplied eitherstandardor graphitecoated.As it suggests,the surfaceof the sheet

CAFgasketsare availablefrom sheetsizes - 1.2m x 1.2m to 6.1 m x 1.5m (47” x 47” to

Permanite Oil GT (CAF 425) - Standard Grade

MaximumTemperature: 540 DegC (1000 Deg F)

Permanite Metallic H.P.(CAFM 425)

MaximumTemperature: 600 DegC (1100 Deg F)

Permanite Acid (CAF 393)

Permanite 90 (CAF 90)

Permanite Super (CAF 230)

*Pleasenote that Flexitalliconly recommendthe use of SheetGasketmaterialsfor pressureapplicationsup to and inclusiveof

* If conditions determinethe preferreduse of SheetGasketmaterialsat servicetemperatures/pressurein excess of those

Glass Reinforced PTFE

PTFEproductsare suitablefor cryogenicapplications,and for

Flexitallicrecommendsthat all PTFEsheet productsare only

PTFEEnvelopeGasketscon be manufacturedin differentthicknesses,However,in the case of glass

lnsulatlng sets compnse of a phenolic one18

X’ Thick steel washer

X’ Thick insulating washer

raised face flanges. This

;/” Thick steel washe

!4 Thick insulating w inside Bolt Location Gasket

i” Thick insulating gasket

X’ Thick lnsulatlng washe

v” Thick sfeel washer

6” Thick steel washer

X” Thick insulatin Ring Joint Gasket

!Q Thick insulating washer

X’ Thick steel wosher

It is also recommendedthat for completeelectricalinsulation protection,that self adhesivetape is

Maximum Compressive Stress Flatwise 3 15 MPa (45,700 psi)

Electric Strength, Flatwise in ail at 90 deg C (190 deg F) 23 kV/cm(58 kV/in)

Minimum operating temperature -60 deg C (-76 deg F)

Standard thicknesses 0.40mm 0.75mm 1.5mm

FlexicarbNRsheetis specifiedwhere a high integrity, 4” NB CLASS30016

500mm (approx 20”). Abovethis diameter,a AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

Style i24 Style 120

Style 123 Style 126 Style 127

Thecorrugationsprovidemulti-sealsacrossthe face of the gasketand inherentresilience A minimum

Typrcallyusedfor high temperatureapplicationsand applicationsinvolving steam,water, gas, oil etc

Style 100 Style 102 Style 129

If leakageoccurs acrossthe pass partition bar, then fluid will

With a welded pass bar arrangementthe fluid is retainedby

>w21> oo<,~*> ,001670> 400<16P> 1WiO)