IJ¥"'4: ~~

1'he Age of lndustrialisatioa

CHAPTER AT A jIDLANCE
• Key Concepts:

· Guilds.
superviseAnthe of cr
standard of
association the work. or merchan ts following sa me craft to pmtect the members' intmst and
aftsmen

Tanning. Convert raw hide into leather by soaking in liquid containing tannic acid.
Food processing. Technique of chopping and mixing food for making jam, juices, etc.
Yi ctorian Britain. Britain durin g the reign of Queen Victoria.

Bre wery.
ferme A place wher e beer etc. is brewed commercially. Bcewing is a prncess of infusion . boiling and
ntation.

Vagrant. A person without a settled home or regular work.

Bo u rgeoi s. The upper middle class .

Gomastha. An India n word meaning an agent, a middle man between the me,chant and wearn-,.
Stapler. A perso n who staples or sorts wool according to its fibre.
• In dustriahsat10n: Product10n o goo s wi
• · · f d ·th the help of machines in factories. The first indusnialized :\anon-
F
H dmade goods to machme m ' · , .
Britain . ma d e goo ds . factories cottage to facton· . large scale production. started
England inanlater parts of. l st Ii Century. I n cou1
Jr.eatures, . . se o , .
f time il affected all svstems ol prndnct,on.
4
Before Industria l R evol ution

4 Proto-Induf>tr • 17 u .,,ntury /JJt1.:,;nns wor·k e d r01. mC'rchanls Lo prod uct' gL1ods. artisans took r,rn m:1tt'ri:1l
d . ialisation:
f-J r<J uctwnh in ' ' ,, . LL .. g·ps f'unct ioiw d ns n fnc!or~ .
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New tec:hnol c,g i<iH , wi ·n · Hlow Io Ii<' r1c1·t> pl I < •

0 H-45

• I @~
, ~a~
 ....... war.
Vfetorian Britain there was no shortage of human labov.
• In many industries the demand for labour was seasonal.
• Range of products could be produced only with hand labour.
• There was a demand for intricate designs .
• Upper classes preferred things produced by hand.
• Life of the worker:
• Abundance of labour affected the life of workers badly.
• Labour was seasonal.
• Fear of unemployment made workers hostile to new technology.
Women labours protested against the introduction of the Spinning Jenny.
• Introduction of railways opened greater opportunities.
• Industrialisation in the colonies:
• Textile industry was the centre of industrialization in India.

• Age of Indian textiles:

• Finer varieties of cotton from India were exported.
• A vibrant sea trade operated through pre-colonial ports.

• What happened to weavers?

· East India Company appointed "Gomasthas" to collect supply from weavers.
· Weavers lost bargaining power and lost lands for settling loans.
• Gomasthas: The Gomasthas were paid servants whose job was to supervise weavers,
collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.
· The aim of the East India Company behind appointing Gomasthas was to work out
a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs
and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk.
· Soon _there were clashes between the weavers and the Gomasthas who began ill-
treatmg the weavers.
· They did not allow the company weavers to sell their produce to other buyers . Once
an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material.
1
;:~:~:~ ::~h:a~:~:!~ea~ ~:~~ from the company had to hand over the cloth they

. The weavers we~e forced to sell their goods to company's offi . 1

When the American Civil War broke out and cott . c1a s.
off, Britain's demand for raw cotton f I d. . on supplies from the US were cut
rom n ia increased.
• Manchester comes to India:
. By 1950s, India began to im t M
. With th . . M por anchester cotton from Britain
. e rise m anchester imports, Indian ex .
Supply of raw cotton in India d port and local market declined
. ecreased. ·
Weavers were forced to buy cotton at h. h .
• F t · ig pnces
ac or1es come up: ·
. Industries were set u i d. f .
First cotton mill ca p. n Bl ferent reg10ns.
Th me m ombay . 185
e first jute mill came . m . 4.
1830s-1840s- Dwar k up m Bengal m 1855.
Ca it I a ana th Tagore setu · · ·
. p a was accumulated throu ·h p s1x-Jomt stock companies in Bengal.
Till the First World W g other trade networks.
·
of Ind·Ian industries. ar European man agmg · agencies• m. fact controlled large sectors
•

0__0c_ __'-' la\ Where did the

~ ~ • Most f th workers come from?
Hl:.U.M I ~ in•~ ~ ame
e workers c
0 f
ie~~'t'"l'.ndustrial
rom Indian villages.
a ... .nu.+1-. .
-fl; ,
'= The Age of lndustrlallsatlon
• During
d. fthe First World War Manchester imports to India declined.
1n ian actories supplied goods for war needs.
•
• Small scale industries predominated:
. Bengal and Bombay.
· were 1.o cated m
• Most of the Indust nes
• A small portion of total industrial labour worked in factories.
• Use of fly shuttle increased handicraft.
• Market for goods: Advertisements help in creating new consumers.
• When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on
the cloth bundles, to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company
familiar to the buyer. When buyers saw 'Made in Manchester', written in bold on
the label, they felt confident to buy the cloth.
• The labels carried images and were beautifully illustrated with images of Indian
gods and goddesses. The printed image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intended
to make the manufacture from a foreign land, appear familiar to Indians.
• Manufacturers also printed calendars to popularise their products .
· When Indian manufacturers advertised, the nationalist message was clear and
loud. If you care for the nation, then buy only 'Indian' products. Advertisements
became a vehicle of the nationalist message of Swadeshi.

ooo
 +4teten the Indusbial Revolution
OJ• ended SA-II (3 Marks) . .
H did a series of inventions m the
Q.t. ~teenth century increased the effi~iency of
each step of the production process m cotton
textile industry? Explain. (20l 3)
Ans. A series of inventions in the 13th century
increased the efficiency at every step of the
production process, especially of cotton. !he
process of producing co~t~n involved carding,
h-visting, spinning and milling.
- The inventions enhanced the output
per worker, enabling each worker to
produce more, and they made possible the
production of stronger threads and yarn.
Richard Arkwright then created the cotton
mill. Cloth production was spread all over
the countryside and was carried out in
village households.
Also now the costly new machines could
be purchased, set up and maintained in t~e
mill under one roof and management. This
allowed a more careful supervision over
the production process, a watch over the
quality and the regulation of labour, al~ of
which was difficult to do when p roduction
was in the countryside.
Q.2 Why did technological changes occur slowly in
Britain in early 19 th century? Explain any three
reasons. (201 2)
Ans. Technological changes occun·ed slowly in
Britain due to the following reasons:
(i) New technology wa s expensive and
m erchants and ind ustria lis ts were cautiou s
a bout using it. For example, a t th e beginning
of th e 19 th century, th ere were o nly 321
c,t<•am en gines. There were no bu ye rs of
c, tc·am engines for years.
(ii) 'f h<: machin e<; often broke down nnd rcpnir
wac, mc, t/y.
(iti) The• ma, hinC''> were· no l as l'ffecli ve .1s lht' ir
in vent<Jrc, and ,rnrnuf,1cturc•rs cla imed .
(iv) Machinl'c, wc·n • ori l'nl(•d to produ c(•
uniform, <-,lz111<.h1 rc.lit-,(•d goods for a mnss
m arket. Hut lhC' d(•milnd in llw rnnrkel
was oft(•n for goods with inlrirnll' des ign s
and ,c,pc_,cific shap(•s which required hurnnn
skill, not mc_,chaninil technology. AL that
time the uppc•r classes pre(erred things
QQ ~ uced by hand.
@ ~ ~~
Open-ended LA (5 Marks)
Q.3. Explain the process of industri.awlatiDII
Britain during the 19th century.
Ans. The most dynamic industries in Britain
clearly cotton and metals. Growing at a
pace, cotton wa~ t~e l_eading sector in the 6-
phase of industnahs~hon up to the 1840s.
Later iron and steel ~dustry ~ed the way. With
the expansion of railways_ m England front
the 1840s and in the colo~es from 1860s, ~
demand for iron and steel mcreased.
The new industries could not displace traditi<>naJ
industries. At the end of the 19th century
less than 20 per cent of the total workfor~
was employed in technologically advilllced
industrial sectors. The pace of change in the
'traditional' industries was not set by steam.
powered cotton or metal industries. Ordinary
and small innovations were the basis of growth
in many non-mechanized sectors such as food
processing, building, pottery, glass work,
tanning, furniture making and production of
implements.
The technological changes occurred slowly. New
technology was expensive and merchants and
indu strialists w ere cautious about using it.~
machine often broke d own and repair was costly.
♦ Industrialisation in the Colonies
Open-ended SA-II (3 Marks)
Q.4. How was foreign trade fro m India conducted
before the age of machine industries? Explain.
(2015)
Ans. (i) Before the age of machin e industries, sill.
and cotton goods fr om In dia dominated
the intern a tion al m a rkets in textile. Coarse
CL) tton s we re produced in many countri~
bu t fin e r v arieties came from India.
Armenian and Persian m erchants took the
good s fro m Punjab to A fghanistan, Ea5terll
Pers ia a nd Centra l Asia .
(ii) Ba les of fin e textiles w ere carried on can:
bac k through the mountain passes
North-Wes t Frontier. ""'
(iii) A vibrant sea trade operated through_P•;
colonial ports - Surat connected In~
the Gulf, Masulipatnam on the Coro
coast and Hooghly in Bengal had
links with So~ rts ..
' '
 were 'pma athaa ?' How did theY become
--,1 partn ers of the Britiah management
r-- 1
~ h · (2014, 201 5)
werl' paid serva nt s, w h osc Job .·
11te Goma st as
Alfll- .
was to super vise weav ers, coll(•c t su I' ·
1
examine the qualit y of cloth. The Lli , ppf h('S and
• ~ m O t c Eas t
Jndi,1 Comp any b chmd appoi nting goma s tha s
was to wor k out a system of mana ge ment·
. at a mass scale w hich floode d the Indian
and contro1 tJ1at would elimin ate co mpet1. hon
contro l cos ts and en sure regul ar . '
• c s upp 11es of
cotton and silk.
Soon there w e re clash es be tw een t11 e- w ea ve rs
and the go111ns flms w h o began ill-tre a ting the
weave rs.
It devel ope d a sys te m of m ana gem ent and
contro l tha t w ould elimin a te comp e tition,
contro l cos ts_an d en s ure regul ar suppl ies of
cotton and silk fro1n India. For this reaso n
gomasthas w _e re appoi nted to super v ise'.
collec t supp lies a n d exam ine the qualit y of
cloth.
They did no t a llow the comp an y weave rs
to sell their produ ce to other buyer s. On ce
an order was place d, the weav ers were
gi, ,en loans to purch ase the raw material.
Wea,-ers who had accep ted loans from the
comp any had to hand over the cloth they
produ ced to the gomasth.as only.
Q.6. Expla in any three factor s respo nsible for the
declin e of the cotton textil e indus h'y in India
in the mid-n inetee nth centu ry.
for
Or, Descr ibe any three main reaso ns
declin e of textil e expor ts from India in the
century.
Ans. (i) As cotton indus tries devel oped in Engla
began to press urize
indus trial group s
se impo rt duties
Go vernm ent to impo
hester
cotton textile s so that Manc
ng
could sell in Britai n wilho u l faci
comp etitio n fr om oulsi Jc.
(1i) At the same lim e inJu., Lria li sls pl'rsu i.l dL•d
the East In ciic:.i C omp,r ny lo se ll Brilish
manu factur es in Jn Jiiln 11rnrk('I ,is wl' II .
Expor ts o f Brili sli , o tt o n good s i rlLTl'il" Wd
drama tica ll y in tlH · <·.i rl y 1<Jlli cl'11 L11ry.
(iii) fhe c·xpo rt rn t1rki'l for tlw Jndiu n c o 11
,ind th (' loc,tl 111.irk
wc:avc.:rs coJJ..q y,c-d
shrank , l:x·ing glutll' d with M.ind ,,,1, ·r Hllj lorh.
u
1 lH', lj >,rnd
( 1v) The impor ll'd I ull1JJ1 good ½ w,•n•
our weJve rs u,ulJ 11ul co 11 11wh• wi th tl wn 1.
(v) By 1860, Inc.Ji.in wv.iv1 •r-, (.iLnl " rn ·w
proble m . ·1hey cou ld n o t gl'I <-: u ff 1civ 11t
suppl y of rJw co ll o n o f good qu,1tit y . Th i..,
Q Q@ flPpencJ beca use a C ivil Wa r h.1 d _bro
~ t m Ame r ica a nd thl' cotton suppl 1l'1-
~~~
the US to Britain were cut off and Britain
turned to India. A. raw cotton expor t from
India increa sed, the p rice of raw cotton shot
up. India n weave rs were forced to buy raw
cotton a t a very high price, ~ weavi ng did
not rc•ma in p rofi table.
(vi) Fac tories in Ind ia also p roduc ed goods
markets. Thu s the Indian weavc.,rc, faced a
tough time an d it becam e difficu lt to ~urviv e.
Open -ende d LA (5 Mark s)
Q.7. Why were there frequ ent clashe s between
goma s thas and weave rs in the villages? (2012)
Ans. The 'go masthas' were paid serva nts whose job
was to s uperv ise weave rs, collec t suppl ies and
exami ne the cloth. In many weavi ng villag es
there w ere clashe s betwe en the gomasthas and
the weave rs w h o began ill-tre ating the villag ers.
(i) The earlie r suppl y merch ants had lived
within the villag es and had a close relatio n-
ship with the weave rs, lookin g after their
needs an d helpin g them in times of crisis.
(ii) The n ew gomasthas were outsid ers \\ith no
long-term social link with the villag e.
(iii) They acted arroga ntly and punis hed weave rs
for delay s in su p p lies, beatin g and floggi ng
them with the help of sepoy s and peons .
(iv) The weave rs lost their freedo m to barga in
for prices and sell to differ ent buver s and
receiv ed miser ably low prices &om the
comp any.
(20 13)
the (v) The loans they had accep ted had tied them
th to the Britis h Comp any.
19
(20 14)
♦ Facto ries Com e Up
nd,
the Open -ende d SA-II (3 1\lnrk s)
on Q.8. Descr ibe the role of e.uly entre prene urs of
good s India in the devel opme nt of indus tries. (20.2 t)
a n y Or, Descr ibe the .1chie vemen ts of any tlsrer early
indus h·ialis ts in Britis h lndi.1 .
An s. TJ,c l///li1111 i111/11strit1li$tS 1111d c11trt·pre11e11rs
ut
I ltc o;t1, a //II I 9t1, n-11 ht ri1•s:
(i) Dw.1r.1k,m.1th T.1gorc. lk im 1..'~ted in
s h1~1p111g . ..; hipbu ildin~, minin ~ b,111.k. ing.
1) l,llll,1l ilH\ ~ ,rnd insur,1nl.'1. '
. in t8.,0s . These
Wt'l'l' hb si , jL,int ~tl1ck. l'LHnp. 1ni1..'S . He
0 11
tr,Hkd with Cl11n,\ ,,1st,.
d
(,i) I'.rn, i:-- lil-.l' l)ins h,1w l'l'tit ,1nd J,1msitje ~
Nw;..;,• n v,111 jl'l' T,, t.1 whl, built hug1..' ind. ustri«l
l' m p 1rt'S tn lnd i,1, ,IL't-' u m ul ,ltl' d t h e ir w ealth
p.ir tl y lrtHn t' ,por ts to C h ina and partly
I rn 111 1\ \ W co llun :,;hipn wnts to En g lilnd .
(iii) Sl'lh l luk.unwh,1r1d ,,1 l\1<1rw,1ri bus inessm an,
sl'l up tlw firs t lndi,111 Jute mill in Calcu tta
>
kt•n
from
in I l) I 7.

. father and grandfather of G.D. Birla
(ro) ~~ traded with China in the 18th and 19th
centuries. d ·th
(v) Other Indi~ traders also trade wi
many countries.
9 Anal se the contribution of Dwarkanath
0- · T go~e in the field of industrial development.
a (2015)
Ans. (i) In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his
fortune in the China trade before he turn~d
to industrial investment. He set up six
joint-stock companies in 1830s an~ 1840s.
(ii) Tagore's enterpris_es sank _along ':i~h those
of others in the wider business cns1s of the
1840s, but later in the 19 th century m an y
of the China traders became successful
industrialists.
(iii) Dwarkanath Tagore believed that India
would develop through westernization and
industrialisation. He invested in shipping,
mining, banking, plantation an d insurance.
He had visions of developing industrial
enterprises in India.
Q.10. How did many Indian Entrepreneurs survive
despite of tight economic controls imposed by
the British Government? (2013, 20170D)
Ans. • Many Indians became junior players
in the trade with China by providing
finance, procuring supplies and shipping
consignments.
• Some merchants from Madras traded with
Burma, Middle East and East Africa and
accumulated capital.
• Certain other commercial groups operated
within India by carrying goods from
one place to another, banking money,
transferring fund s between cities and
financing traders.
Q .11. Why was it difficul t to get jobs i n Indian
factori es and milJ ~ even wh en so many of
t~ em had come ~p tn th e 19th century? (20'/5)
Ans. fwcn when the mill s mul tipli ed and de mand for
workc•rs increa sed, it was d iffi cu Il lo ge l jobs.
The reason was th at:
(i) The• number S(•vking jobs nlways ren1 ai ned
mon• than llw johc; c1va il ab lc.
(ii) During the: s.i nw time ag ricu lture w .
1 as
a ',o not prospl•ro us. Tlw rt•fo rl', tlw re
w,is al wayh a l_c.1rgt• infl ux o f unemployed
you th s fro m vdlagt•s who ca me lo ciLies
and l~>w ns look in g for jobs in llw rw wl y set
up m1 I ls and foc lori(•s.
(iii) Entry into the mills was also restricted .
••oa Indus trialis ts us ually employed jobbe rs to
REDMI 9 POWER I S~NDESl-;I
1111111 Board Exams Queatk,n a... (
get new recruits. Very often, the ·
an old and trusted worker. He got
from his own village, ensured them jobs
helped them settle in the city. Grad~
they began to demand money and gifts f •
this favour and began controlling the liv:
of workers.
♦ The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth
Open-ended SA-II (3 Marks)
Q.12. Why did the industrial production increase in
India during the First World War? (2014)
Ans. The War had crea ted a new opportunity for the
industrial production in India:
(i) Th e War situation h ad force d the British
mills to produce things tha t were needed
for the army. This had led to the decline of
Manchester imports into India. Suddenly,
· Indian mills had a vas t h om e market to
supply to:
(ii) As the War prolonged, Indian factories
were called upon to supply war needs: jute
bags, cloth for army unifor ms, tents and
leather boots, horse and mule saddles and
a host of other items.
(iii) New factories were set up and o ld ones ran
multiple shifts. Many new workers were
employed and everyo ne was mad e to work
longer hours.
Over the war years, industria l production
boomed, local industries consolid a ted their
position, s ubstituting foreign man ufac tures and
capturing home markets.
Open-ended LA (5 Marks)
Q.13. Highlight any five points which enabled the
handloom sector score over machine made
goods and face the competiti on. (2013)
Ans. The handloo,n sector scored over the machine mad£
goods and was able to face competition because:
(i) This happened partly because of
technological advancem ents. By the
second decade of the 20 th centu ry, weavers
started using fly shuttle . This increased
productivity of every worker, sped up
production a nd red uced labour demand_
By 1941 , over 35 per cent of handloorns
in India were fi tted wi th fl y shuttles. In
regio ns li ke Travancore, Madras, Mysore{
Cochin and Be ngal, 70 to 80 per cent 0
ha ndl oo ms h ad fl y shuttles. .
(/·1·) Tl
1e re w e re many other sma 11 m · vention
. ·ty5
that h e lped w eavers improve productIVI
. .. and compete with mills. . . cloth
(lll) Also the demand for finer varieties of
bought by the J:48:l,~ -$t~ 1bt t ~
'tJ:XJ&!ll A
 (rr)
4: •
IMl•"""'
Afla of tnduatrtalla.Uon
fanunet did not affect the salt• of n
" :,arttS.
Mill proJudlun l'ould nut imit,,i ,
l"\lnlpt'lt'
at1ars1 or

with spt•1:i,1ILwd wt• ' lV , ..., such

l ,md 1s
or Sarasw1t1 was al110 intended to make the
manufa, turc from a fon~ign land, appear
fon11har lo Indian~
(m) M,1nuf,1dun 1 rti ,1f<;o printt-d calendars to
•
tht' (.u1HlllS s.trt'l's. with wovt•n I)on 1ns ,md ' pop11l,1ri',(· tlwir products. f ht.'SC calendars
ttw f t,1mrn1s /1111,r,.;h ,md h,rnd'"-' , ll. 1lit' f', of
'-I Wt·n• 11•11'd t'Vl'fl by tlw il11tcrat1• Tht:y were
l \ ,ll r,1~. hung 111 ll•,1 shop'> t1nd rn the hornt..>s of th<·
Q.l-1, How did the F~rst World War prove 10 be a poor ,rnd (• Vl'n 111 ,,ff,u•s and middle class
t,oon to the Indian Industries? Expla' (2 ' apclrlmc•nl',
. \ \' I I • < I 11. () I 3)
·tns. fir,· . r,n.t or,
. \Var proved to l,c l
a 10011 to · (v) When lndic1n manufar lurcrs advertised, the
1,111,,w l11d11str1es: nat1oncJli '> l m1 ",'>og<' wds clPar and loud . If
til ~hl' _war _creall~d- ,1 dramdlic,,lly new you cclfe for LhC' nation, then buy only 'Indian'
s1tu.1tmn• with Bnttsh Mills• •)u L ,,"y w1' ti 1 war
products. AdvNtic;emcnts became a vch1dc
productmn to meet the needs of ti 1C ,ir my, of lh e nc1 Lionc1 l1o:;t message of Sv- adec;h1
, , . . •
~t.mdu:.':;ter imports 111to India declined. Open-ended LA (5 Marks)
(1i) Suddenly, Indian mill s h,1d ,1 vas t home Q.16. Explain any fiv e ways by which new markets
mark.et to supply to . and consumers were created in India by British
t:"11) As the war prolonged, Indian factories manufacturers. /2'114
were called upon to s uppl y war need s, jute Or, Describe the techniques which were adopted
bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents a nd by the Manchester industri alists to sell their
leather boots, h or se a nd mil e saddles a nd goods in India. (.W:.5)
a host of other items. Ans. (i) When Ma nches ter industrialistc: be£an
(1z•) ;\ew factories were se t up a nd o ld ones ra n se lling clo th in India, they put l.::ibet-. on
multiple s hifts. th e cloth bundles, to make che place o:
(,) ;\,1any new workers were emp loyed manufacture and the name of the com'.'.'a.'1\
and e,·eryone was made lo work longe r familiar to the buyer. '
hours. Over the war years industria l (ii) Wh e n buyers saw 'Made in ~[ar:che:;:~r ,
production boomed, loca l industrialists wr itten in bold on the label the\ id:
consolidated their position, substituting confident lo buy the cloth.
foreign manufactures and capturing home (iii) But labels did not earn- \\ L~rd .; ,rnJ text-
They carried image<; a~,i. \\ ere !:--e.1uttfulh
markets.
illustrated with images l,f InJi.m ;1..''-1::- .rnJ
goddesses. The printed im.1se 1..'t :--...r - ~n.1
♦ \farket for Goods 1
or Saraswati \\ ,1s ,1ls1..) intt'n-ied t,, fl'.L, t' t '1t'
Open-ended SA-II (3 Marks) manufacture frlH11 .1 f1..)rlc',fl1 ,1n,:{ .H','<-'.lr
Q 15. Ad vertisements pla ye d a part in expanding the familiar tl) lndi,111-:
markets for produ cts and in shaping a new (iv) M,1nuf.1cturl'I''- ,11--l, rnntt'\.l ,·.1\' kLU::- t,1
consumer culture. fxpJain . (2014) pnpul,iri"l' thc11 1-'rl,,i.ud-- I 1<.'- 1-' ••1kn,Ln,
Ur, Explain the role played by advertisements \Vl'l'L' Ll'-l'd l'\ t'l1 t,, th,' di lt't.lll' I ill'\ \\ l'fl'
in crea ting n ew conwm,•r'> for the Bri ti sh ht1n g 111 ll',l ,hl)f'' ,111-l 1n tlk' 11-, 11<', ,, l·1c
1
product'>. (?0 / / ) I'' )(II' ,111d 1'\ l'll Ill llttt, ,':- ,\lhl 11\ J,i 1.' , .1----
(Jr, In whi ch wayr, did llw Hrithh ,1nd tlw Jndi.111 ,1p,11 t llll'l1t--
manufacturer'> and tr.id,•n-, ,1dv,•ifi1-,,• 1thl'ir (, ') j ,' j~~l ll l''o 11! illlf'l'lt,Hlt r,'l"c'l'-1:~l'" ,)t
product'>? ( 11 I111l! 1·1111 ll'i\11... ,llld 11,l\\ .,t,, ,hl,i1 th.'-l th,'
An~ (1) Wlw11 Jvf,i11< /11 •.., 11 ·1 111d11 •, lr1,il1 •,h IH'l',• ,llh l ' I 11 -.l•1111•11t, .ind ,,1l,'111.k1-. I h,· 1n,,, . . _,~,·
•,11ll111g , Jc,t/ 1 111 f 11di,1 , ilw y 11111 1.tl wh l, 11 pl 1,•11 -.,•,·11H',I t,1 -.,l\ tlut 11 , , 1 u r,''t'..,', l ,1
11 1
HI\ ,d ltf,lllt ' tllt'll H •..,.,,·d tlu, t'tl ,lud _,.., it
t!w , lutli l1111icll1·•,, to 111 ,il 1• tlw 1d, , . id 1 11
111 1
\\,h b,•111~~ 11-.,•d l1, \..111~~ ...
11 1,111uf.11 fu11 • .111d 1111 11.11111' "' tlw 1 11 .1 \
(1' /) \\'l\\'11 l1 11li,1t1 lll.llllll,11. lttt,'l" ,hh ,•t 11--t,i
f ,1111dJ,JJ f IJ 11i, 1111 )" I '
(11) Wlw11 IJtt V' i •, f), 1w ' M.1d1• 111 M.1 111 11, .. ,11•1 ' th,· 11,tt11111,1li-.t 1111•..,,,1~,t· ,, ·"', k.u .11hl 1,,ud
w11tf 1·11 J11 liuld rn1 1!11 l,dwl, 1111' \' li'll It , 1H1 , .11,• ltll tin' 11.1t11i11 tht'll bu, ,,nh
lt1tl1 ,1 11 p1,1d11, t-. \ d, ,'111,,•nwnt, l•,x,u1ll'
t1111f1d 1•11t t,i 1,11v till' , l11 tl1
11
f.JlwJ .., did 11111 ,,1 11 \' WtJ Jd ', .1 d fi •" l'o
,I \ 1•!111 It- lll till' 11.1111111,di,t tlh''-"•'~'' ,,t
(Ill) H11t
I li1 •y ',lfl wd 1111,1g1 ·•, .i11d w1• 11 · lu •.11il1htlh '," ,td,,..,111 .
1 111

~--~
illu 1, t1,1t1 •d w1tl1 1111.i)'t ", uf J11d1.111 1;• " " • d
11
goddt•..,St•s . l lw 111 11.'t, •d 1111.ir,1 • uf " •, lui.1

••ou
REDMI 9 POWER I S~ NDESJH
 Self Assessment Test
I
I saoRT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Name .
some of the Indian industr·1a11sts of th e 1gth
Q.1·
century.
· t ,gomasthas '
Company ap porn
Q·2·
WhY· did the East India
Q 3 What are t h e four steps in a product"
· · textile industry? ion process in a

Q.4, Name four indus~ries in which manual labour to .

was preferred by mdustrialists. machmes
Q.5. Who was Dwarkanath Tagore?
Q.6. What were the functions of the Euro Pean Ma nagmg . m
· Agencies . Name some of the prominent
. India?
ones. • ·
Q.7. Who were 'jobbers'?

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q.8. Why c~uldn't t~e merc_ha_nts expand production within towns, and had to move to the countryside?
Q.9. How did proto-mdustnahsation benefit the poor peasants and artisans?
Q.10. During proto-industrial period, how was cloth manufactured in England?
Q.11. How had a series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficiency of each step of the
production process in cotton textile indu stry? Explain.
Q.12. In 1772, an East India Company official had said that the demand for Indian textile would never
reduce, since no other country produced goods of the same quality. Then why did the Indian textiles
th
lose their world m arkets continuously through th e 19 century?
Q.13. How did cotton factories become an intimate part of the English landscape in the early nineteenth
century? Explain.
Q.14. How was foreign trade from India conducted before the age of machine industries? Explain.
Q.15. Who were 'gomasthas?' How did they become good partners of the British management system?
Q.16. What was the effect of the decline of Indian textiles in the world market on Indian weavers'?.
th
Q.17. Enumerate the main industries set up in India in the 19 century.
th
Q.18. Why did industrialists in India, by the first decade of the 20 century, begin shifting from ~-am to
cloth production?
Q.19. How did the First World Wnr change the economic life of the people in Britain'? Explain.
Q.20. Adverti sem ents played a part in ex panding the markets for product's a nd in shnping- n new consum8r
culture.· Explain.
h - l d L . g m"..v l'onsunwrs lor
d , •Li s('m c nLH in ~r l'n t.1n .., ..
, tlw British products.
r, ..
0 E I · xp am t c r o e
1• p aye ,,y
h. I a vt 1 , • . . .
.. ·tdO JJLl'd by Llw Mnnclwsll'l' 111dustnnltsts to st'll the1r .
goods m
0 r, De8cnb e Lechniqu cs w ic 1 w< n ' · •
India. . k f' ·rJ Jll wor l< l'or IIH' lndi nn indu~d rit's?
10
Q·21 · Wh ere did. Lhe.. wor
. <;rs <:< J1n<· ! r• · I, di ·in l'nrl orit •s n11d n1ill . s t'Vl' I\ wlwn so mnn~· of. thl'lll had L'Ome
11
Q·22 · Why was ,t d1ff1 cu lt Lo gC'L J" >H 1J1 1
'
1
23 up in the J 9 11r <.;en Lury'! II .
dolll prod11l'l1011 • : nlnwst tn hl111g
t•x pn 11dt•d s lt•ndily · between
Q· · In the twcnLidh c;e r1Lury , llan< oo ni ,
24 l90() to 1910. Whttl w< •r<' L11,!
A . rt •; ison H?. I h 'l'n gort' i11 t lw (1l
1 .
. ltl lll. 11Hlust . l dt' \'l' lnpnll'nt.
rin
Q· · nalyl:le Lhe contribution of l) wnr 1wr1.i '

H-59
-«Se SCAN
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