Love Jihad

This article may lend undue weight to

unconfirmed allegations reported by news
Learn more

Love Jihad or Romeo Jihad is an

Islamophobic[1] conspiracy theory[15]
alleging that Muslim men target women
belonging to non-Muslim communities for
conversion to Islam by feigning love.[20]
The movement has also been described
by some, including Inderpal Grewal, as
antifeminist due to paternalistic attitudes
towards women's choice in marriage and
by allegedly using women's rights as a
cover for Hindu nationalism.[17] The
concept rose to national attention in India
in 2009 with alleged conversions first in
Kerala and subsequently, in Karnataka[21].
The claims have subsequently spread
throughout India and beyond, into
Myanmar, Pakistan and the United
Kingdom. With waves of publicity in 2009,
2010, 2011 and 2014, the allegations of
Love Jihad in India have raised concerns
in various Hindu, Sikh and Christian
organizations, while Muslim organisations
have denied the allegations. The concept
has remained a source of political
contention and social concern for many,
although as of 2014 the idea of an
organized Love Jihad was still widely
regarded as a conspiracy theory by the
Indian mainstream, according to
Reuters.[22]

Background

India has been religiously pluralistic for centuries.

This map from 1909 shows Muslim regions in the
northwest in green mixing with Hindu regions
stretching across most of the region into Buddhist
Burma.
Burma.

Religious conversion through

emotional appeal

The Oxford Handbook of Religious

Conversion notes that the effectiveness of
emotional appeals in converting people
from one faith to another is well known
and often exploited by religious leaders.[23]
Religious groups have utilized techniques
like love bombing and Flirty Fishing to
interest potential recruits.[23] Love Jihad is
an alleged activity wherein Muslim youth
utilize such emotional appeals, using
charm to entice girls into conversion by
feigning love – in some reports, as an
organized, funded behavior.[16][24][25]

Regional historical tensions

In a piece picked up by the Chicago

Tribune, Foreign Policy correspondent
Siddhartha Mahanta reports that the
modern Love Jihad conspiracy has roots
in the 1947 partition of India.[26] This
partition led to the creation of India and
Pakistan. The creation of two countries
with different majority religions led to
large-scale migration, with millions of
people moving between the countries and
rampant reports of sexual predation and
forced conversions of women by men of
both faiths.[26][27][28] Women on both sides
of the conflict were impacted, leading to
"recovery operations" by both the Indian
and Pakistani governments of these
women, with over 20,000 Muslim and
9,000 non-Muslim women being recovered
between 1947 and 1956.[28] This tense
history caused repeated clashes between
the faiths in the decades that followed as
well, according to Mahanta, as cultural
pressure against interfaith marriage for
either side.[26]

As of 2014, Hindus were the leading

religious majority in India, at 81%, with
Muslims at 13%.[29]

Marriage traditions and customs

India has a long tradition of arranged

marriages, wherein the bride and groom
do not self-select their partners. Through
the 2000s and 2010s, India witnessed a
rise in love marriages, although tensions
continue around interfaith marriages,
along with other traditionally discouraged
unions.[30][31] In 2012, The Hindu reported
that illegal intimidation against
consenting couples engaging in such
discouraged unions, including inter-
religious marriage, had surged.[32] That
year, Uttar Pradesh saw the proposal of an
amendment to remove the requirement to
declare religion from the marriage law in
hopes of encouraging those who were
hiding their interfaith marriage due to
social norms to register.[30]

One of the tensions surrounding interfaith

marriage relates to concerns of required,
even forced, marital conversion.[31][33]
Marriage in Islam is a legal contract with
requirements around the religions of the
participants. While Muslim women are
only permitted within the contract to
marry Muslim men, Muslim men may
marry "People of the Book", interpreted by
most to include Jews and Christians, with
the inclusion of Hindus disputed.[34]
According to a 2014 article in the Mumbai
Mirror, some non-Muslim brides in
Muslim-Hindu marriages convert, while
other couples choose a civil marriage
under the Special Marriage Act of 1954.[31]
Marriage between Muslim women Hindu
men (including Sikh, Jaina and Buddhist)
is legal civil marriage under The Special
Marriage Act of 1954.

Hindu Nationalism and Right Wing

Politics
Love jihad in politics has been closely tied
to Hindu nationalism, particularly the
more extremist form hindutva associated
with BJP Prime minister of India Narendra
Modi.[17] The anti-islamic stances of many
right wing hindutva groups like Vishva
Hindu Parishad (VHP) are usually hostile
to inter-religious marriage and religious
pluralism, which can sometimes result in
mob violence motivated by allegations of
love jihad.[35]

History
This section may contain indiscriminate,
excessive, or irrelevant examples.
Prehistory

Similar controversies over inter religious

marriage were relatively common in India
from the 1920s until independence in
1947, when allegations of forced marriage
were typically called "abductions".[36] They
were more common in religiously diverse
areas, including campaigns against both
Muslims and Christians, and were tied to
fears over religious demographics and
political power in the newly emerging
Indian nation. Fears of women converting
was also a catalyst of the violence against
women that occurred during that period.
Modern History

Allegations of Love Jihad first rose to

national awareness in September 2009.[24]
Love Jihad was initially alleged to be
conducted in Kerala and Mangalore in the
coastal Karnataka region. According to
the Kerala Catholic Bishops Council, by
October 2009 up to 4,500 girls in Kerala
had been targeted, whereas Hindu
Janajagruti Samiti claimed that 30,000
girls had been converted in Karnataka
alone.[37][38][39] Sree Narayana Dharma
Paripalana general secretary Vellapally
Natesan said that there had been reports
in Narayaneeya communities of "Love
Jihad" attempts.[40][41] Reports of similar
activities have also emerged from
Pakistan and the United Kingdom.[42][43]
According to an opinion piece by Liberal
Politics blogger Sunny Hundal, "In the 90s,
an anonymous leaflet (suspected to be by
Hizb ut-Tahrir followers) urged Muslim
men to seduce Sikh girls to convert them
to Islam."[44]

The Sikh Council received reports in 2014

that girls from British Sikh families were
becoming victims of Love Jihad.
Furthermore, these reports stated that
these girls were being exploited by their
husbands, some of whom afterwards
abandoned them in Pakistan. According to
the Takht jathedar, "The Sikh council has
rescued some of the victims (girls) and
brought them back to their parents."[45]

The fundamentalist Muslim organization

Popular Front of India and the Campus
Front have been accused of promoting
this activity.[25][46] In Kerala, some movies
have been accused of promoting Love
Jihad, a charge which has been denied by
the filmmakers.[47]

Following the controversy's initial flare-up

in 2009, it flared again in 2010, 2011 and
2014.[48][49][50] On 25 June 2014, Kerala
Chief Minister Oommen Chandy informed
the state legislature that 2667 young
women were converted to Islam in the
state since 2006. However, he stated that
there was no evidence for any of them
being forced conversions, and that fears
of Love Jihad were "baseless."[50]

The discourses of Love Jihad are also

prevalent in Myanmar.[51] Wirathu, the
leader of 969 Movement, has said that
Muslim men pretend to be Buddhists and
then the Buddhist women are allured into
Islam in Myanmar.[52][53] He has urged to
"protect our Buddhist women from the
Muslim love-jihad" by introducing further
legislations.[54]

2009

Various organisations have joined

together against this perceived conduct.
Christian groups, such as the Christian
Association for Social Action, and the
Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) banded
against it, with the VHP establishing the
Hindu Helpline that it indicates answered
1,500 calls in three months related to
"Love Jihad".[16] The Union of Catholic
Asian News (UCAN) has reported that the
Catholic Church is concerned about this
alleged phenomenon.[55] The Vigilance
Council of the Kerala Catholic Bishops'
Council (KCBC) raised an alert for the
Catholic community against the
practice.[37] In September, posters
appeared in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
under the name of right-wing group Shri
Ram Sena warning against "Love
Jihad".[56] The group announced in
December that it would launch a
nationwide "Save our daughters, save
India" campaign to combat "Love
Jihad".[57]

Muslim organizations in Kerala called it a

malicious misinformation campaign.[58]
Popular Front of India (PFI) committee-
member Naseeruddin Elamaram denied
that the PFI was involved in any "Love
Jihad", stating that people convert to
Hinduism and Christianity as well and that
religious conversion is not a crime.[55]
Members of the Muslim Central
Committee of Dakshina Kannada and
Udupi districts have responded by
claiming that Hindus and Christians have
fabricated these claims to undermine the
Muslim faith and community.[59]

2010
In July 2010, the "Love Jihad" controversy
resurfaced in the press when Kerala Chief
Minister V. S. Achuthanandan referenced
the alleged matrimonial conversion of
non-Muslim girls as part of an effort to
make Kerala a Muslim majority
state.[48][60] PFI dismissed his statements
due to the findings of the Kerala probe,[60]
but the president of the BJP Mahila
Morcha, the women's wing of the
conservative Bharatiya Janata Party,
called for an NIA investigation, alleging
that the Kerala state probe was closed
prematurely due to a tacit understanding
with PFI.[61] The Congress Party in Kerala
responded strongly to the Chief Minister's
comments, which they described as
deplorable and dangerous.[48]

2011

In December 2011, the controversy

erupted again in Karnataka legislative
assembly, when member Mallika Prasad
of the Bharatiya Janata Party asserted
that the problem was ongoing and
unaddressed – with, according to her, 69
of 84 Hindu girls who had gone missing
between January and November of that
year confessing after their recovery that
"they'd been lured by Muslim youths who
professed love."[49] According to The
Times of India, response was divided, with
Deputy Speaker N. Yogish Bhat and House
Leader S. Suresh Kumar supporting
governmental intervention, while Congress
members B. Ramanath Rai and Abhay
Chandra Jain argued that "the issue was
being raised to disrupt communal
harmony in the district."[49]

2014

During the resurgence of the controversy

in 2014, protests turned violent at growing
concern, even though, according to
Reuters, the concept was considered "an
absurd conspiracy theory by mainstream,
moderate Indians."[22] BJP MP Yogi
Adityanath alleged that Love Jihad was an
international conspiracy targeting India,[62]
announcing on television that the Muslims
"can't do what they want by force in India,
so they are using the love jihad method
here."[29] Conservative Hindu activists have
cautioned women in Uttar Pradesh to
avoid Muslims and not to befriend
them.[29] In Uttar Pradesh, the influential
committee Akhil Bharitiya Vaishya Ekta
Parishad announced their intention to
push to restrict the use of cell phones
among young women to prevent their
being vulnerable to such activities.[63]
Following this announcement, Times of
India reported, Senior Superintendent of
Police Shalabh Mathur "said the term 'love
jihad' had been coined only to create fear
and divide society along communal
lines."[63] Muslim leaders have referred to
2014 rhetoric around the alleged
conspiracy as a campaign of hate.[29]
Feminists voiced concerns that efforts to
protect women against the alleged
activities would negatively impact
women's rights, depriving them of free
choice and agency.[31][64][65][66]

In September 2014, controversial BJP MP

Sakshi Maharaj claimed that Muslim boys
in madrasas are being motivated for Love
Jihad with proposals of rewards of, "Rs 11
lakh for an "affair" with a Sikh girl, Rs 10
lakh for a Hindu girl and Rs 7 lakh for a
Jain girl." He claimed to know this through
reports to him by Muslims and by the
experiences of men in his service who had
converted for access.[67] Abdul Razzaq
Khan, the vice-president of Jamiat Ulama
Hind, responded by denying such
activities, labeling the comments "part of
conspiracy aimed at disturbing the peace
of the nation" and demanding action
against Maharaj.[68] Uttar Pradesh minister
Mohd Azam Khan indicated the statement
was "trying to break the country".[69]
2015

In January, Vishwa Hindu Parishad's

women's wing, Durga Vahini used actor
Kareena Kapoor's morphed picture half
covered with burqa issue of their
magazine, on the theme of Love Jihad.[70]
The caption underneath read: "conversion
of nationality through religious
conversion".[71]

2017

In May 2017, the Kerala High Court

annulled a marriage of a converted Hindu
woman Akhila alias Hadia to a Muslim
man Shafeen Jahan on the grounds that
the bride's parents were not present, nor
gave consent for the marriage, after
allegations by her father of conversion
and marriage at the behest of the Islamic
State of Iraq and Syria. It ordered the DGP
of Kerala to investigate cases of "love
jihad" and probe incidents of forced
conversion, emphasising "the existence of
an organisational setup functioning
behind the scenes of such cases of 'love
jihad' and conversions." The decision was
apparently taken based on large number
of radicalised youths from Kerala joining
ISIS. It also observed, "Are there any
radical organisations involved, are
questions that plague an inquisitive mind.
But sadly, there are no answers available
in this case."[72] The father had claimed
that his daughter had been radicalised and
influenced to marry a Muslim man by
some organisations so she no longer
remained in her parents' custody.[73]

The woman's father, Ashokan Mani, had

earlier filed a habeas corpus petition in
January 2016 after she disappeared from
the campus where she studied. He alleged
his daughter was forcefully converted to
Islam, and his family were reportedly told
by her that she was being held against her
will by two of her classmates Jaseena
Aboobacker and her sister Faseena.
However, after she was found, Akhila
claimed that she was following Islam
since 2012 and left her home out of her
own will. She also stated that she was not
under any confinement against her free
will. She stated that she had come under
the religion's influence after hearing its
teachings from her roommates. She said
that she had joined a course run by
Tharibathul Islam Sabha, Kottakkal to
learn Islam. In her affidavit, she stated she
lived with Aboobacker for a brief period
and then shifted to Satyasarani's hostel in
Manjeri, an institution allegedly promoting
conversion to Islam and reported to be
closely connected with the Popular Front
of India. The institution introduced her to
Sainaba in Ernakulam with whom she lived
after her father filed the petition. The court
allowed her to stay with Sainaba and later
dismissed Ashokan's petition in June
2016, after she produced records of her
admission to Satyasarani. Two months
later, he filed another petition and alleged
that his daughter was converted at the
behest of ISIS and feared she may be
taken to join it in Afghanistan, citing cases
of two Kerala women joining the group
after conversion and marriage to Muslim
men. By December, Akhila had married
Shafeen and Ashokan's petition came up
for hearing in January 2017. Akhila
showed the marriage certificate and
marriage registration certificate, but it was
annulled.[72][73]

The decision of the court was challenged

by Shafeen Jahan in the Supreme Court of
India in July 2017.[73] Shafin had met her
with his family in August 2016 in response
to her advertisement on a matrimonial
website.[74] The Supreme Court began
hearing the case on 4 August 2017. The
counsel of the father of the woman
alleged she had been psychologically
indoctrinated.[75] The Supreme Court
meanwhile sought response from the
National Investigating Agency (NIA) and
the Kerala government.[76] It ordered a NIA
probe headed by former SC Judge R. V.
Raveendran on 16 August while the NIA
had earlier submitted that the woman's
conversion and marriage was not
"isolated" and it had detected a pattern
emerging in the state, stating they came
across another case involving the same
people.[77] The NIA has stated that the
husband in this case was allegedly in
touch with two individuals charged in
another Islamic State of Iraq and the
Levant-related case and that one of these
individuals may have coordinated the
marriage.[78]
The Supreme Court on 8 March 2018
overturned the annulment of Hadiya's
marriage by the Kerala High Court and
held that the she had married out of her
own free will. However, it allowed NIA to
continue investigation into the allegations
of a terror angle.[79]

2018

In June 2018, Jharkhand High Court

granted divorce in alleged love jihad case
in which accused lied about his religion
and forcing the victim to convert to Islam
after marriage.[80]
2020

Despite drawing severe criticisms, the

Syro Malabar Church continued to repeat
its stand on ‘love jihad’. According to the
church, Christian women are being
targeted, recruited to terrorist outfit
Islamic State, making them sex slaves and
even killed. Detailing this, a circular, issued
by Church chief Cardinal Mar George
Alencherry, was read out in many parishes
at the Sunday mass.[81][82]

In the circular (dated January 15) that was

read out in churches on Sunday, it is
stated that Christian women are being
targeted under a conspiracy through inter-
religious relationships, which often grow
as a threat to religious harmony.
“Christian women from Kerala are even
being recruited to Islamic State through
this,” the circular read.[83] Further, Kerala
Catholic Bishops Conference’s (KCBC)
Commission for Social Harmony and
Vigilance, claimed that there were 4,000
instances of “Love Jihad” between 2005
and 2012.[84]

In September 2020, Chief Minister Yogi

Adityanath asked his government to come
up with a strategy to prevent "religious
conversions in the name of love" and even
considered passing an ordinance for the
same if needed.[85][86]

In September 27 2020, protests erupted in

India when graphic video showing a young
Muslim man gunning down a 21-year-old
Hindu woman in broad daylight outside
her college campus went viral. The family
of a 21-year-old girl student, who was shot
dead by jilted lover and his associate
outside her college in Faridabad, has
echoed the "love jihad" conspiracy theory,
saying that she was forced to convert and
marry the accused.[87][88]

Official investigations
National

In August 2017, the National Investigation

Agency (NIA) stated that it had found a
common mentor in some love jihad cases
in August 2017.[89] According to a later
article in The Economist, "Repeated police
investigations have failed to find evidence
of any organised plan of conversion.
Reporters have repeatedly exposed claims
of "love jihad" as at best fevered fantasies
and at worst, deliberate election-time
inventions."[90] According to the same
report, the common theme regarding
many claims of "love jihad" have been the
frenzy objection to an interfaith marriage
while "Indian law erects no barriers to
marriages between faiths, or against
conversion by willing and informed
consent. Yet the idea still sticks, even
when the supposed “victims” dismiss it as
nonsense."[90]

Karnataka

In October 2009, the Karnataka

government announced its intentions to
counter "Love Jihad", which "appeared to
be a serious issue".[91] A week after the
announcement, the government ordered a
probe into the situation by the CID to
determine if an organised effort existed to
convert these girls and, if so, by whom it
was being funded.[92] One woman whose
conversion to Islam came under scrutiny
as a result of the probe was temporarily
ordered to the custody of her parents, but
eventually permitted to return to her new
husband after she appeared in court,
denying pressure to convert.[93][94] In April
2010, police used the term to characterize
the alleged kidnapping, forced conversion
and marriage of a 17-year-old college girl
in Mysore.[95]

In late 2009, The Karnataka CID (Criminal

Investigation Department) reported that
although it was continuing to investigate,
it had found no evidence that a "Love
Jihad" existed.[96] In late 2009, Director-
General of Police Jacob Punnoose
reported that although the investigation
would continue, there was no evidence of
any organised attempt by any group or
individual using men "feigning love" to lure
women to convert to Islam.[96][97] They did
indicate that many Hindu girls had
converted to Islam of their own will.[98] In
early 2010, the State Government reported
to the Karnataka High Court that although
many young Hindu women had converted
to Islam, there was no organized attempt
to convince them to do so.[98] According
to The Indian Express, Sankaran's
conclusion that "such incidents under the
pretext of love were rampant in certain
parts of the state" ran contrary to Central
and state government reports.[99] A
petition was also put before Sankaran to
prevent the use of the terms "Love Jehad"
and "Romeo Jehad", but Sankaran
declined to overrule an earlier decision not
to restrain media usage.[99] Subsequently,
however, the High Court stayed further
police investigation, both because no
organised efforts had been disclosed by
police probes and because the
investigation was specifically targeted
against a single community.[19][100] In early
2010, the State Government reported to
the Karnataka High Court that although
many young Hindu women had converted
to Islam, there was no organized attempt
to convince them to do so.[98] A petition
was also put before Sankaran to prevent
the use of the terms "Love Jehad" and
"Romeo Jehad", but Sankaran declined to
overrule an earlier decision not to restrain
media usage.[99] Subsequently, however,
the High Court stayed further police
investigation, both because no organised
efforts had been disclosed by police
probes and because the investigation was
specifically targeted against a single
community.[19][100]
The Karnataka government stated in 2010
that although many women had converted
to Islam, there was no organized attempt
to convince them to do so.[98]

Kerala

Following the launching of a poster

campaign in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala,
purportedly by organisation Shri Ram
Sena, state police began investigating the
presence of that organisation in the
area.[56] In late October 2009, police
addressed the question of "Love Jihad"
itself, indicating that while they had not
located an organisation called "Love
Jihad", "there are reasons to suspect
'concentrated attempts' to persuade girls
to convert to Islam after they fall in love
with Muslim boys".[101][102] They
documented unconfirmed reports of a
foreign-funded network of groups
encouraging conversion through the
subterfuge, but noted that no
organisations conducting such
campaigns had been confirmed and no
evidence had been located to support
foreign financial aid.[103]

In November 2009, DGP Jacob Punnoose

stated there was no organisation whose
members lured girls in Kerala by feigning
love with the intention of converting. He
told the Kerala High Court that 3 out of 18
reports he received expressed some
doubts about the tendency. However, in
absence of solid proof the investigations
were still continuing.[97] In December 2009,
Justice K.T. Sankaran who refused to
accept Punnoose's report concluded from
a case diary that there were indications of
forceful conversions and stated it was
clear from police reports there was a
"concerted effort" to convert women with
"blessings of some outfits". The court
while hearing bail plea of two accused in
"love jihad" cases stated that there had
been 3,000-4,000 such conversions in past
four years.[104] The Kerala High Court in
December 2009 stayed investigations in
the case, granting relief to the two
accused though it criticised police
investigations.[105] The investigation was
closed by Justice M. Sasidharan Nambiar
following Punnoose's statements that no
conclusive evidence could be found for
existence of "love jihad".[19]

On 9 December 2009, Justice K T

Sankaran for the Kerala High Court
weighed in on the matter while hearing
bail for Muslim youth arrested for
allegedly forcibly converting two campus
girls. According to Sankaran, police
reports revealed the "blessings of some
outfits" for a "concerted" effort for
religious conversions, some 3,000 to 4,000
incidences of which had taken place after
love affairs in a four-year period.[104]
Sankaran "found indications of 'forceful'
religious conversions under the garb of
'love'", suggesting that "such 'deceptive'
acts" might require legislative intervention
to prevent.[104]

In January 2012, Kerala police declared

that Love Jihad was "[a] campaign with no
substance", bringing legal proceedings
instead against the website
hindujagruti.org for "spreading religious
hatred and false propaganda."[19][21] In
2012, after two years of investigation into
the alleged love jihad, Kerala Police
declared it as a "campaign with no
substance". Subsequently, a case was
initiated against the website where fake
posters of Muslim organisations offering
money to Muslim youths for luring and
trapping women were found.[19]

In 2017, after the Kerala High Court ruled

that a marriage of a Hindu woman to a
Muslim man was invalid on the basis of
love jihad, and an appeal was filed in the
Supreme Court of India by the Muslim
husband where court, based on the
"unbiased and independent" evidence
requested by the court from NIA,
instructed NIA to investigate all similar
cases for establishing the pattern of love
jihad. It allowed NIA to explore all similar
suspicious incidences to find whether
banned organisations, such as SIMI, are
preying on vulnerable Hindu women to
recruit them as terrorists.[106][107][108][109]
NIA had earlier submitted before the court
that the case was not an "isolated"
incident and it had detected a pattern
emerging in the state, stating that another
case involved the same people who acted
as instigators.[77]
Uttar Pradesh

In September 2014, following the

resurgence of national attention,[50]
Reuters reported that police in Uttar
Pradesh had found no credence in the five
or six recent allegations of Love Jihad that
had been brought before them, with state
police chief A.L. Banerjee stating that, "In
most cases we found that a Hindu girl and
Muslim boy were in love and had married
against their parents' will."[22] They
reportedly indicated that "sporadic cases
of trickery by unscrupulous men are not
evidence of a broader conspiracy."[22]
That same month, the Allahabad High
Court gave the government and election
commission of Uttar Pradesh 10 days to
respond to a petition to restrain the use of
the word "Love Jihad" and to take action
against Yogi Adityanath.[26][62][110]

Uttar Pradesh Police in September 2014

found no evidence of attempted or forced
conversion in five of six reported cases of
love jihad reported to them in past three
months. Police said sporadic cases of
trickery by unscrupulous men are not
evidence of a broader conspiracy.[22]

See Also
 Interfaith Marriage
Miscegenation
Dawah

References
1. Frydenlund, Iselin (24 September
2018). "Buddhist Islamophobia:
Actors, Tropes, Contexts" . Handbook
of Conspiracy Theory and
Contemporary Religion: 279–302.
doi:10.1163/9789004382022_014 .
ISBN 9789004382022.
2. Farokhi, Zeinab (3 September 2020).
"Hindu Nationalism, News Channels,
and "Post-Truth" Twitter: A Case
Study of "Love Jihad" ". In Boler,
Megan; Davis, Elizabeth (eds.).
Affective Politics of Digital Media:
Propaganda by Other Means .
Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-16917-1.
Retrieved 19 September 2020 – via
Google Books.
3. George, Cherian (September 2016).
Hate Spin: The Manufacture of
Religious Offense and Its Threat to
Democracy . MIT Press. pp. 83–109.
ISBN 978-0-262-33607-9. Retrieved
19 September 2020 – via Google
Books.
4. Nair, Rashmi; Vollhardt, Johanna Ray
(October 2019). "Intersectional
Consciousness in Collective Victim
Beliefs: Perceived Intragroup
Differences Among Disadvantaged
Groups" . Political Psychology. Wiley.
40 (5): 917–934.
doi:10.1111/pops.12593 . Retrieved
19 September 2020 – via
ResearchGate.
5. Purewal, Navtej K. (3 September
2020). "Indian Matchmaking: a show
about arranged marriages can't
ignore the political reality in India" .
The Conversation. Retrieved
19 September 2020.
6. Byatnal, Amruta (13 October 2013).
"Hindutva vigilantes target Hindu-
Muslim couples" . The Hindu.
ISSN 0971-751X . Retrieved
19 September 2020.
7. Dhara, Tushar (26 July 2019). "In
Rajasthan, a case of "love jihad" cuts
stereotypes of caste and party
allegiances" . The Caravan. Retrieved
19 September 2020.
8. Bhanutej, N. (23 December 2013).
"Socialise at your peril in Indian
district" . Al Jazeera. Retrieved
19 September 2020.
 9. "Hindu radicals risk sectarian tension
by pushing 'love jihad' conspiracy
theory" . Agence France-Presse. 26
October 2014. Retrieved
19 September 2020 – via South
China Morning Post.
10. Daniyal, Shoaib; Yamunan,
Sruthisagar (31 August 2017). "Love
jihad bogey: Hadiya committed no
crime. Why has she been in
confinement for a year now?" .
Scroll.in. Retrieved 19 September
2020.
11. Vetticad, Anna MM (23 July 2020).
"Let's talk about the Hindu-Muslim
amity in Sushant Singh Rajput's films,
and other inconvenient truths" .
Firstpost. Retrieved 19 September
2020.
12. Bhattacharjee, Manash Firaq (19
December 2019). "An Unnatural
Politics and the Madness of the
Indian State" . The Wire. Retrieved
19 September 2020.
13. Sharma, Betwa (5 February 2018). "As
The Right-Wing Pushes Its 'Land
Jihad' Conspiracy Theory, A Hindu
Property Agent Struggles To Help His
Muslim Client" . HuffPost. Retrieved
19 September 2020.
14. Chandni Doulatramani (13 March
2019). "Ad on Hindu-Muslim unity
gets far right in a twist" . Asia Times.
Retrieved 19 September 2020.
15. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
16. Ananthakrishnan G (13 October
2009). " 'Love Jihad' racket: VHP,
Christian groups find common
cause" . Times of India. Retrieved
18 April 2014.
17. "Muzaffarnagar: 'Love jihad', beef
bogey sparked riot flames" .
Hindustan Times. 12 September
2013. Retrieved 18 April 2014. Cite
error: The named reference ":8" was
defined multiple times with different
content (see the help page).
18. Khalid, Saif. "The Hadiya case and the
myth of 'Love Jihad' in India" .
www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved
3 October 2017.
19. Padanna, Ashraf (4 January 2012).
"Kerala police probe crack 'love jihad'
myth" . The Gulf Today. Archived
from the original on 11 December
2013.
20. [16][17][18][19]
21. Wahab, Hisham ul (7 June 2018).
"Kerala's 'Love Jihad' Incidents
Haven't Ended With Hadiya" .
TheQuint.
22. Nair, Rupam Jain; Daniel, Frank Jack
(5 September 2014). " 'Love Jihad'
and religious conversion polarise in
Modi's India" . Reuters. Retrieved
6 September 2014.
23. Rambo, Lewis R.; Farhadian, Charles
E. (18 February 2014). The Oxford
Handbook of Religious Conversion .
Oxford University Press, US. p. 145.
ISBN 978-0-19-971354-7.
24. " 'Love jihad' piqued US interest" . The
Times of India. 6 September 2011.
Retrieved 8 September 2012.
25. Nelson, Dean (13 October 2009).
"Handsome Muslim men accused of
waging 'love jihad' in India" . The
Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group
Limited. Retrieved 14 September
2012.
26. Mahanta, Siddhartha (5 September
2014). "India's Fake 'Love Jihad' " .
Foreign Policy. Retrieved
24 November 2015.
27. Bhavnani, Nandita (29 July 2014).
The Making of Exile: Sindhi Hindus
and the Partition of India . Westland.
pp. 253–255. ISBN 978-93-84030-33-
9.
28. Huynh, Kim; Bina D'Costa; Katrina
Lee-Koo (30 April 2015). Children and
Global Conflict . Cambridge
University Press. pp. 274–275.
ISBN 978-1-316-29876-3.
29. Mandhana, Niharika (4 September
2014). "Hindu Activists in India Warn
Women to Beware of 'Love Jihad' " .
The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved
6 September 2014.
30. "Indian Laws, Culture Boost Inter-
Faith Marriages" . Voice of America.
12 August 2002. Retrieved
7 September 2014.
31. "Jihad in the time of love" . Mumbai
Mirror. 31 August 2014. Retrieved
7 September 2014.
32. Dhar, Aarti (24 January 2012). "Law
Commission's new draft wants khap
panchayats on marriages declared
illegal" . The Hindu. Retrieved
7 September 2014.
33. "Two booked for forcing wives to
embrace Islam in Madhya Pradesh" .
Times of India. Retrieved 28 February
2015.
34. Cornell, Vincent J. (2007). Voices of
Islam: Voices of life : family, home,
and society. Greenwood Publishing
Group. p. 61. ISBN 9780275987350.
"This includes Jew, Christians and
Sabeans (a sect that most Muslims
believe no longer exists).
Zoroastrians, certain types of Hindus,
and Buddhists are accepted by some
Muslims as 'People of the Book' as
well, but this is a matter of dispute."
35. Sarkar, Tanika (1 July 2018). "special
guest contribution: is love without
borders possible?" . Feminist Review.
119 (1): 7–19. doi:10.1057/s41305-
018-0120-0 . ISSN 1466-4380 .
S2CID 149827310 .
36. Ch; Oct 19, rima Banerjee / TNN /;
2020; Ist, 12:09. "Ram Sene coined
'love jihad', but first 'case' goes back a
century | India News - Times of
India" . The Times of India. Retrieved
14 November 2020.
37. "Beware of 'love jihad' " .
Mathrubhumi. Kochi, Kerala, India:
mathrubhumi.org. 15 October 2009.
Retrieved 18 October 2009.
38. "Is 'Love Jihad' terror's new
mantra?" . Rediff. 14 October 2009.
Retrieved 18 April 2014.
39. "Mangalore: Eight Hindu
Organisations to Protest Against
'Love Jehad' " . Daijiworld.com. 14
October 2009. Retrieved 18 April
2014.
40. "SNDP to campaign against Love
Jihad: Vellappally" . Asianet. 19
October 2009. Archived from the
original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved
20 October 2009.
41. "SNDP to join fight against 'Love
Jihad' " . ExpressBuzz. 19 October
2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
42. Yudhvir Rana (10 January 2011).
" 'Not just White girls, Pak Muslim
men sexually target Hindu and Sikh
girls as well" . Times of India.
Retrieved 18 April 2014.
43. "Police protect girls forced to convert
to Islam" . Thisislondon.co.uk. 22
February 2007. Retrieved 18 April
2014.
44. Sunny Hundal (3 July 2012). "EDL and
Sikh men unite in using women as
pawns | Sunny Hundal | Opinion" .
The Guardian. Retrieved
12 September 2016.
45. HT Correspondent (27 January
2014). " 'Love jihad': UK Sikh girls'
exploitation worries Takht" .
Hindustan Times. Retrieved
6 September 2014.
46. Raghavan, B. S. (30 July 2010).
"Kerala's demographic trends bear
watching" . The Hindu Business Line.
The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved
14 September 2012.
47. Raj, Rohit (27 July 2012).
"Filmmakers protest Love Jihad slur
in social media" . Deccan Chronicle.
Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved
16 September 2012.
48. "Kerala CM criticised for speaking out
against 'love jihad' " . The Economic
Times. 27 July 2010. Retrieved
28 July 2010.
49. "Love jihad sparks hate" . The Times
of India. 17 December 2011.
Retrieved 22 December 2011.
50. "Over 2500 women converted to
Islam in Kerala since 2006, says
Oommen Chandy" . India Today. 4
September 2012. Retrieved 16 July
2014.
51. Marius Timmann Mjaaland (2019).
Formatting Religion: Across Politics,
Education, Media, and Law . Taylor &
Francis. p. 89. ISBN 9780429638275.
52. Kesavan Mukul. "South Asia:
Murderous majorities" .
53. Iselin Frydenlund. "Buddhist
Islamophobia: Actors, Tropes,
Contexts" .
54. "Buddhist backlash against fear of
'love-jihad' " . Bangkok Post. 2014.
55. "Church, state concerned about ´love
jihad´" . Archived from the original
on 18 October 2009. Retrieved
22 April 2014.
56. Babu Thomas (26 September 2009).
"Poster campaign against 'Love
Jihad' " . expressbuzz.com. Retrieved
17 October 2009.
57. " 'Rama Sene to launch 'Save our
daughters Save India' " . times of
India. 31 October 2009. Retrieved
18 April 2014.
58. " 'Love Jihad' a misinformation
campaign: Kerala Muslim outfits" .
Times of India. 2 November 2009.
Retrieved 18 April 2014.
59. " 'Anti Muslim forces phrase 'Love
Jihad" . Sahilonline.org. Archived
from [[1] the original] Check |url=
value (help) on 11 December 2013.
Retrieved 18 April 2014.
60. "Kerala CM reignites 'love jihad'
theory" . Times of India. 26 July
2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
61. "Love jihad cases: Mahila Morcha for
NIA probe" . Express News Service.
The New Indian Express Group. 25
July 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
62. "Love Jihad: High Court asks UP govt,
EC to file response" . India TV. 4
September 2014. Retrieved
6 September 2014.
63. Mishra, Ishita (2 September 2014). "In
UP, community bans mobiles for girls
to fight 'love jihad' " . The Times of
India. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
64. Saha, Abhishek (1 September 2014).
"Amid rage over 'Love Jihad' what
about what women want?" . New
Delhi. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
65. Aravind, Indulekha (6 September
2014). "Love Jihad campaign treats
women as if they are foolish: Charu
Gupta" . Business Standard.
Retrieved 6 September 2014.
66. Akram, Maria (29 August 2014).
"Netas using love jihad as a tool for
polarization" . Times of India.
Retrieved 7 September 2014.
67. "BJP Unnao MP Sakshi Maharaj
claims madrasas offering cash
rewards for love jihad" . Indian
Express. 15 September 2014.
Retrieved 4 July 2015.
68. "Muslim Cleric Blasts Sakshi Maharaj
for Jihad Factory Remark" . Times of
India. 17 September 2014. Retrieved
4 July 2015.
69. "Azam slams Sakshi Maharaj on
madarssa issue, calls him "rapist" " .
India TV News. 17 September 2014.
Retrieved 4 July 2015.
70. "Star Power Kareena Used As
Warning Against Love Jihad" .
Hindustan Times. 7 January 2015.
71. "Kareena Kapoor is now the face of
VHP's love jihad campaign" . India
Today. 8 January 2015.
72. "Kerala High Court nullifies woman's
marriage with Muslim man after
bride's father raises Islamic State
angle" . India Today. 25 May 2017.
73. "Kerala Muslim man challenges HC
decision to nullify marriage with
Hindu woman over ISIS link" . India
Today. 6 July 2017.
74. Rajagopal, Krishnadas (9 July 2017).
"Voluntary marriage not love jihad:
man's plea against Kerala HC ruling" .
The Hindu.
75. "Supreme Court hears its 1st 'love
jihad' case, demands proof from
NIA" . Times of India. 4 August 2017.
76. "Supreme Court Hears Case Of 'Love
Jihad', Seeks Response From The
NIA" . Huffington Post. 4 August
2017.
77. Rajagopal, Krishnadas (16 August
2017). "Supreme Court orders NIA
probe into Kerala woman's
conversion and marriage case" . The
Hindu.
78. "Hadiya's 'husband' was in touch with
IS men before their marriage: NIA" .
Times of India. New Delhi: Bennett,
Coleman & Co.Ltd. 4 December 2017.
Retrieved 4 December 2017.
79. "Hadiya's marriage restored, Supreme
Court says no love jihad" . India
Today. 8 March 2018.
80. "Jharkhand love jihad case: Former
national shooter Tara Shahdeo
granted divorce from Raqibul
Hassan" . dnaindia. 27 June 2018.
81. Raghunathan, Arjun (15 January
2020). "Kerala Church says Love
Jihad is real, claims Christian women
being lured into IS trap" . Deccan
Herald.
82. "Love Jihad making Kerala girls sex
slaves: Church" . The Times of India.
16 January 2020.
83. "Kerala Catholic churches read out
'love jihad' circular" . The News
Minute. 19 January 2020.
84. "Christian girls targeted and killed in
name of love jihad: Kerala's Syro-
Malabar church" . The Week.
Retrieved 30 October 2020.
85. "Adityanath govt mulls ordinance
against 'love jihad' " . The Economic
Times. 18 September 2020. Retrieved
19 September 2020.
86. "Adityanath govt. mulls ordinance
against 'love jihad' " . The Hindu. PTI.
18 September 2020. ISSN 0971-
751X . Retrieved 19 September 2020.
87. " 'Love jihad' protests erupt in India
after video shows Hindu woman
gunned down outside college" . The
Independent. 27 October 2020.
Retrieved 28 October 2020.
88. Joseph, Alphonse (27 October 2020).
"Faridabad: Family members of
deceased woman claims she was
'forced to convert, marry accused' " .
www.oneindia.com. Retrieved
28 October 2020.
89. "NIA finds a common mentor in
Kerala 'love jihad' cases" . Times of
India. New Delhi: Bennett, Coleman &
Co.Ltd. 28 August 2017. Retrieved
10 September 2017.
90. "India is working itself into a frenzy
about interfaith marriages" . The
Economist. 30 September 2017.
91. "Karnataka to take steps to counter
'Love Jihad' movement" . Deccan
Herald. 22 October 2009.
92. "Govt directs CID to probe 'love
jihad' " . Times of India. 27 October
2009. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
93. "Love jihad: HC orders thorough
probe by DGP" . Times of India. 22
October 2009. Retrieved 18 April
2014.
94. "Woman denies 'love jihad', court lets
her to go with lover" . Thaindian
News. 13 November 2009. Archived
from the original on 2 November
2013. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
95. "Love Jihad: girl rescued" . Times of
India. 6 April 2010. Retrieved 18 April
2014.
96. "Karnataka CID finds no evidence of
'Love Jihad' " . The Hindu. 13
November 2009.
 97. "Kerala police have no proof on 'Love
Jihad' " . Deccan Herald. 11
November 2009.
98. Staff Reporter (23 April 2010). "No
love jihad movement in State' " . The
Hindu.
99. "HC calls for law to check 'love
jehad' " . The Indian Express. 10
December 2009.
100. "Kerala cops fail to establish 'love
jihad' conspiracy" . Ibnlive. 23
December 2009. Retrieved 18 April
2014.
101. "No 'Love Jihad' in Kerala" . Deccan
Herald. 21 May 2013. Retrieved
18 April 2014.
102. "Kerala HC wants probe into 'love
jihad' " . Indian Express.
103. "DGP suspects presence of 'Love
Jihad' in Kerala" . Mathrubhumi.
104. "Kerala HC asks govt to frame laws to
stop 'love jihad' " . The Economic
Times. 10 December 2009.
105. 'Love jihad': Kerala high court stays
police investigation DNA News
106. "Top Counter-Terror Agency, NIA, To
Probe Kerala 'Love Jihad' Marriage." ,
NDTV, 16 August 2017.
107. "NIA probe on 'love jihad' may cover
all suspicious cases." , Economic
Times, 16 August 2017.
108. "Supreme Court hears its 1st 'love
jihad' case, demands proof from
NIA" , The Times of India, 5 August
2017.
109. "Kerala 'Love Jihad' Case: NIA to
Assess Ramifications on National
Security." Archived 16 August 2017
at the Wayback Machine, CNN
News18, 10 August 2017.
110. " 'Love-jihad' row: Allahabad High
Court issues notice to Centre, Uttar
Pradesh government" . DNA. 4
September 2014. Retrieved
6 September 2014.

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to:

Love Jihad

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Love_Jihad&oldid=990585142"

Last edited 7 hours ago by Materialscientist

Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless
otherwise noted.