ENERGY AND ENERGY

BALANCES

Yeditepe University
Department of Chemical Engineering
• Energy is still main concern to solve in engineering.
• Not free yet.
• Wasting energy ↔ profit balance
• If a plant uses more energy than its competitors, its product could be
priced out of the marketplace.
• While designing a process, energy requirement!

 Energy balance

13 November 2023 Material and Energy Balances 2

Typical problems:
• How much energy/power is required to pump?
• How much energy/power to convert water to steam?
• In distillation column, steam requirement?
• What rate must energy be transferred during an exothermic chemical
reaction?
• How much coal must be burned?
• How can you design a process to minimize energy?
• How can you provide the required energy?

13 November 2023 Material and Energy Balances 3

Forms of Energy: 1st Law of Thermodynamics
Total energy has three components:
• Kinetic energy (EK): due to translational motion
• Potential energy (EP): due to position
• Internal energy: Motion of molecules relative to the center of mass of
the system, rotational & vibrational motion, the electromagnetic
interactions of the molecule, motion & interactions of the atomic and
subatomic constituents of the molecule.

13 November 2023 Material and Energy Balances 4

Suppose a closed process (no mass transfer)
• Energy can be transferred from system to surroundings into two ways:
i. HEAT
Energy flows as a result of temperature difference (ΔT)
Direction flow from higher to lower
Once to the system from the surroundings, the sign would be positive

ii. WORK
Energy flows in response any driving force such as ΔT, a force, a torque, or a voltage
For example; if a gas in a cylinder expands and moves a piston against a restraining force,
the gas works on the piston
Once done by systems on the surroundings, positive sign

13 November 2023 Material and Energy Balances 5

13 November 2023 Material and Energy Balances 6
• All energy balances is the law of conservation of energy. Energy can
neither be created nor destroyed, only altered in form. (1st law of
thermodynamics)

• Kinetic Energy:
1 1
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 𝑜𝑟 𝐸̇ = 𝑚𝑣
̇
2 2
• Potential Energy:
𝐸 = 𝑚 𝑔 𝑧 𝑜𝑟 𝐸̇ = 𝑚̇ 𝑔 𝑧

13 November 2023 Material and Energy Balances 7

Energy Balances on Closed System
• Batch processes
• Since energy cannot be created or destroyed, the generation and
consumption terms of the general balance drop out, and:

𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

• But it is possible, for the energy to be transferred across the
boundaries as heat or work, so equation can be written:

𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦

𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 − 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
(Uf – Epf – EPf) (Ui – Epi – EPi) (Q – W)
13 November 2023 Material and Energy Balances 8
 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 − 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝑈 −𝑈 + 𝐸 −𝐸 + 𝐸 −𝐸 =𝑄−𝑊

∆𝑈 + ∆𝐸 + ∆𝐸 = 𝑄 − 𝑊

1st law of thermodynamics for a closed system

13 November 2023 Material and Energy Balances 9

Be aware following points:
• U  almost entirely on the chemical composition, state of
aggregation (solid, liquid, gas), and temperature of the system
materials.
If there is not temperature difference, phase changes, or chemical
reactions occur in a closed system and if pressure changes are less than
a few atmosphere, then ΔU ≈0.
• Not accelerating: ΔEK= 0
Not rising or falling: ΔEP= 0
• If a system and its surroundings are at the same temperature or the
system is perfectly insulated, then Q= 0 (adiabatic)
• If there are no moving parts or electrical currents or radiation at the
system boundary, W = 0

13 November 2023 Material and Energy Balances 10

Energy Balances of Open Systems at Steady-State
• Open systems: mass crossing
• Semibatch and continuous processes
• Work must be done on such a system to push mass, and work is done
on the surroundings by mass that emerges. Both W terms must be
included in the energy balance.

13 November 2023 Material and Energy Balances 11

a. Shaft Work (s) and Flow Work (fl)
𝑊̇ = 𝑊̇ + 𝑊̇
Shaft work: done by the process fluid on a moving part within the
system (pump rotor)
Flow work: done by the fluid at the system outlet minus rate the rate of
work done on the fluid at the system inlet
To derive an expression for 𝑊̇ , single inlet/outlet:

𝑊̇ = 𝑃 𝑁⁄𝑚 ×𝑉 𝑚 ⁄𝑠 = 𝑁 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝑊̇ =𝑃 ×𝑉 ̇
̇ = 𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝑾𝒇𝒍 ̇ − 𝑷𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝒊𝒏
̇

13 November 2023 Material and Energy Balances 12

b. Specific Properties and Enthalpy:
• Extensive properties: proportional to the quantity of the mater
o Mass, number of moles, and volume (or flow rates)
o Kinetic energy, potential energy, and internal energy (or the rates)
• Intensive properties: independent of the quantity
o Temperature, density, pressure

• A specific property: intensive quantity obtained by dividing on

extensive property (or its flow rate) by the total amount (or flow rate)
of the process.

13 November 2023 Material and Energy Balances 13

 𝑈 𝐽 = 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 × 𝑈 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔
𝑈̇ 𝐽⁄𝑠 = 𝑚̇ 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑠 × 𝑈 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔

Specific enthalpy: 𝐻 ≡ 𝑈 + 𝑃 𝑉

Specific Specific
internal volume
energy

13 November 2023 Material and Energy Balances 14

c. The Steady-State Open-Systems Energy Balance
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
• Input = EK + EP + Ui
• Output = Total rate of energy transport by the output streams and the
rate at which energy is transferred out as work
• Transferred in as heat
𝑄̇ + 𝐸̇ = 𝐸̇ + 𝑊̇

𝐸̇ − 𝐸̇ = 𝑄̇ − 𝑊̇

𝑢
𝐸̇ = 𝑈̇ + 𝐸 ̇ + 𝐸 ̇ = 𝑚̇ 𝑈 + +𝑔𝑧
2

13 November 2023 Material and Energy Balances 15

The total work 𝑊̇ done by the system on its surroundings = 𝑊̇ + 𝑊̇
𝑊̇ = 𝑃 𝑉̇ − 𝑃 𝑉̇

𝑊̇ = 𝑊̇ + 𝑃 𝑚̇ 𝑉 − 𝑃 𝑚̇ 𝑉

At steady-state /open systems

∆𝑯̇ + ∆𝑬𝑲̇ + ∆𝑬𝑷̇ = 𝑸̇ − 𝑾̇ 𝑺

13 November 2023 Material and Energy Balances 16

• If a process has a single input stream and a single output stream
𝑚 ̇ = 𝑚 ̇ = 𝑚̇
∆𝐻̇ = 𝑚̇ 𝐻 − 𝐻 = 𝑚̇ ∆𝐻
• If a specific variabls has the same value for all input and output
streams
∆𝐻̇ = 𝐻 𝑚̇ − 𝑚̇

13 November 2023 Material and Energy Balances 17

Example 1:
Write and simplify the closed-system energy balance for each of the
following processes, and state whether nonzero heat and work terms
are positive or negative. Begin by defining the system.
(a) The contents of a closed flask are heated from 25oC to 80oC.
(b) A tray filled with water at 20oC is put into a freezer. The water turns
into ice at -5oC
(c) A chemical reaction takes place in a closed adiabatic (perfectly
insulated) rigid container.
(d) Repeat part (c), only suppose that the reactor is isothermal rather
than adiabatic and that when the reaction was carried out
adiabatically the temperature in the reactor increased.

13 November 2023 Material and Energy Balances 18

Example 2:
Steam at 260oC and 7.00 bar absolute is expanded through a nozzle to
200oC and 4.00 bar. Negligible heat is transferred from the nozzle to its
surroundings. The approach velocity of the steam is negligible. The
specific enthalpy of steam is 2974 kJ/kg at 260oC and 7.00 bar and 2860
kJ/kg at 200oC and 4.00 bar. Use the open-system energy balance to
calculate the exit steam velocity.

13 November 2023 Material and Energy Balances 19