Science Friction

An introduction to Tribology

Edouard DAVIN – 9 Nov. 2023

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Introduction
Filed of study

• Contacting bodies with relative motion

• Studied topics :
• Contact of solids
• Friction forces
• Lubrication
1 2
• Wear, material detachment
• Dissipated heat
• Vibrations 3 4

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Introduction
Purpose of tribology

• Design of products / systems

• Reliability / safety
• Performance
• Energetic efficiency
• Quality
• Lifespan
• Cost

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Introduction
Examples

• what topics should be studied in order to design the presented products ?

• Sports shoes
• Road pavement and tire
• Disc brake
• Food !

• For each product, give 2 examples :

• Studied topic + aim of the study

Exemple :
Objet : articifial hip joint
Domaine : study of friction induced vibrations
But : patient comfort during walk
• --
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Introduction
Examples
_ • Sports shoes
_________ _________ • Predictive multiscale computational model of shoe-floor coefficient of friction
___________________________________________________________________________________________
• Tennis Shoe Outsole Temperature Changes During Hard Court Sliding and Their Effects on
_________
Friction Behaviour
_
• Road pavement and tire
_________ _____________________________________________________________________
• An empirical model to predict road dust
____________________________________________________ emissions based on pavement and traffic
_________ _________ characteristics
• Skid resistance determination for pavement management and wet-weather road safety
_
--------------- -------------- • Disc brake
• Initiation of squeal : experimental analysis of the links with the tribological circuit
_________ _________
• On the running-in of brake pads and discs for dyno bench tests
_ • Food
• Applications of tribology in studying food oral processing and texture perception
_________ __________________________________________________________________
_________
• Dental tribology at the microscale
_________ ____________________________________________________________________
• Ball bearing
• Effects of raceway surface roughness in an angular contact ball bearing
_________ __________________________________________________________________
_________
• Effect of preload on ball-raceway contact state and fatigue life of angular contact ball
_________ ____________________________________________________________________
bearing
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Tribology and society
complex systems: a road vehicle
• Material wear • Energy losses
Tires
Brakes discs and pads
Clutch
Oils and filters
Bearing (for wheels and for subsystems)
Wipers, …

Source :
Inspired from Holmberg, Erdemir, 2012 7
 Tribology and society
Overall energy consumption
23% due to tribological contacts

1 TOE ≈ yearly consumption

of 1 large car
or 50 laptops

Sources :
1) Based on Our World in Data, on Smil 2017 and BP statistical Review of world energy
2) Holmberg, Erdemir, 2017 8
Tribology and society
Material consumption and pollution

• Worn particles
• Brakes
• Tires
• Roads
• Industrial operations (sanding …)
• …

600 T of copper released in Californian waterways Airborne particles collected on the side of a
by brake wear in 2010 road (Mainz, Germany), Grobéty et al, 2010
(Estimation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)

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 Studied Topics Surface profile
Mechanical contact
• Real surface
• Not perfect X50 magn. along z axis
• Multiscale
• Depends on manufacturing
• Contaminated (dust, grease …)

Abcissa along profile (mm)

Phenomenological description
Spectral description
Shape
Waviness
Shape Roughness
Power
Spectral
Height + Waviness Density
(mm) (mm²/mm)

+ Roughness

Spatial frequency (1/mm)

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Abcissa along profile (mm)
 Studied Topics
Mechanical contact

dilated
• Actual contact area axis !
• Very small compared to apparent surface
• Evolves with contact loads

• Parts strain
• Mainly elastic at small loads
• Elastic and plastic at high loads

Source :
Yassine Waddad, Multiscale thermomechanical
strategies for rough contact modeling : application to
braking systems , Phd thesis, Lille, 2017
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Studied Topics
Mechanical contact

• Several contact models

• Hertz’s model :
• Elastic, cylindrical or spherical contact (small loads only)
• Describes pressure, contact area and parts distance
• Elastic-plastic models
• Numerical models (Finite elements)
• Severe contacts
• Heterogeneous materials
• With interstitial third body

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Studied Topics Sliding is a motion
Friction forces Friction is a force
𝑉
⃗v
𝐹
• Action that opposes sliding motion ⃗F

• No all-in one formula

• Unlike other forces (gravity, electromagnetism …)

• Results from many interface phenomena

• collision of asperities
• adhesion
• shearing of interstitial layers
• Thermal phenomena
• oxidation …

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 Studied Topics
Friction forces

• Depends on materials and external causes

• Load, speed, actual contact area, geometry, temperature, humidity, pollutions, …

• Described by the friction coefficient

• -
Source :
Multilaboratory tribotesting: Results from the Versailles Advanced Materials and Standards programme on wear test methods
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Studied Topics
Friction forces
• Tilted plane ≈ static tribometer

Ruler marked
with µs values

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Studied Topics
Wear of materials
• Material detaches from the contacting bodies
• Various phenomena involved
• Activation of a given phenomenon is driven by contact parameters :
geometry, materials, operating conditions, …

Erosion Cavitation

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 Studied Topics
Three-body tribology
• Direct contact (almost) never happens
• In dry contact, detached particles (debris) create an interstitial layer (the third body)
• This body of particles bears the loads and accommodates speed differences

Body B
Brake pad

Brake disc
Body A
Source : W. Österle et al, A comprehensive microscopic study of third body formation at the
interface between a brake pad and brake disc during the final stage of a pin-on-disc test 20
Studied Topics
Three-body tribology

• Creation of a circuit of particles

amount of third body in the system :

result of a balance between
source flows and wear flows

Sources :
1) Berthier, Mécanisme et tribologie
21concept
2) Fillot et al, Wear modelling and the third body
Studied Topics
Fluid lubrication

• Separation of surfaces
• Phenomena linked to dry contact and wear are removed
• Replaced the shearing of a fluid

• Secondary purposes
• Evacuation of thermal energy and debris
• Chemical protection of surfaces
• Shock absorption
• …

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 Studied Topics
Fluid lubrication

• Fluid feed
• Forces tend to expel the fluid out of the contact
• New fluid needs to be brought

• Types of feed
• Hydrostatic lubrication
• Hydrodynamic lubrication

Sources :
d’après techniques ingénieurs B5325 v1, Butées et paliers hydrostatiques, D. NICOLAS, 10/11/1995
d’après techniques ingénieurs B5320 v1, Butées et paliers hydrodynamiques, J. FRÊNE, 10/08/1995 23
Studied Topics
Dissipated heat

• Dissipated energy in a sliding contact

• Heat production Major part
• Vibration
• Plastic strain et rupture
• Electrical phenomena
• Chemical reactions
• Light emission
• …
Dissipated heat diffuses by conduction in the contacting bodies

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 Studied Topics
Dissipated heat
• Management of the thermal energy
• Choice of materials
• Choice of operating conditions
• Management of side effects
• Faster chemical reactions
• Distorted geometry
• …

Source :
Ruddy Mann, Experiments and thermomechanical
modelling of braking application & friction material
characterization with loading history effect, these de
doctorat, Lille, 2017
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Studied Topics
Vibrations

• Various examples
• Brake squeal
• Violin sound
• Door hinges noises
• …

• Various physical phenomena

• Depending on frequencies
• Depending on the tribological and dynamic behavior of the system

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Vibrations and system dynamics

• Behavior of the system

M
Studied topics

• Tribology at the interface

?
Video available at :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09GRD0YRnYk
M
M Source :
Red Bull, Lindsey Vonn Slow Motion Slalom - Red Bull Moments,
? www.youtube.com, 16 Nov. 2022
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 Studied topics
Vibrations and system dynamics

• An example : the stick-slip phenomenon

Simple sliding Adding of a mechanical system Variation of friction coefficcient

with sliding speed

Sources :
N. M. Ghazaly et al, A Review of Automotive
Brake Squeal Mechanisms, 2013
Giacomo Squicciarini, Stick slip motion,
Video available at :
www.youtube.com, 27 févr. 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=TcebgBomjRs
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