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القياس والمكاملة mesure et lintegration
القياس والمكاملة mesure et lintegration
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3..................................................................................... 1.1
3............................................................................. 1.1.1
5............................................................................ 2.1.1
13............................................................ 3.1.1
1
50.......................................... . $ "! " # 5.3
2
1
1
! 1.1
! ﺝآﺏ،ص. $$$% ا/ آ0$1 (Riemann Bernhard) 1866-1826 !"! أ$% ر:رن1
.2 ا3اﺏ4 ا2 5" 67! ﻡ19 ود
3
! , :*) P ⊂ P ' , P +* >!* P′ # !
(P′ 39 1 * ? P 39 ? !
1.1"
I = [ 0,1] $ !
4
# 2.1.1
5
2.1"
6 b a $ ! # < ψ $ !
: :* a < b
1 x ∈ [ a, b] ∩
ψ ( x) =
0 x ∈ [ a, b ] \
.(23 ? $$ ψ "# )
: ! 4 {x 0 , x 1 ,..., x n } = P ∈P a,b
∀i, mi = 0
:, D
∀i, M i = 1
: >! 39 9D 7
(Dirichlet (Le Jeune) Peter Gustave) 1859-1805 !"! أ$% ر:!19 د2
/<=< و2$>47 ا$. ا?ﻡ2 5" ل2$@ لA أBC !ص وﺝآﺏ. ﻡ/ آ0$1
.!19 د26E! وﻡ19 د3! وﺏ19 د/ﻡF4 ﺏGE ك ﻡ7 ه.!رD
6
n n
R (ψ , P ) = ∑ M i δ x i =∑1 ⋅ δ x i = b − a
i =1 i =1
1.1 $!
$ # !
f : [ a, b ] →
: , [ a, b ] " # >!*
b b
3
∫f sup R (f , P ) = inf R (f , P )
P ∈Pa,b P ∈Pa,b ∫f
a
a
∫a f
"#
b
∫a f
[ a, b ] " # : $
∫a f
. [ a, b ] " # 3 $
3.1 "
: [a, b ] " # !K / ψ $
. ∀P ∈P a,b , R (ψ , P ) = O , R (ψ , P ) = b − a
: L !7$ +$ / F!
1.1 %&
< [ a, b ] " # f : [ a, b ] → $ "
:3 + * 3
. ∀ε > O , ∃P ∈P a,b ; R (f , P ) − R (f , P ) ≤ ε
4.1 "
f * G! . [ a, b ] " # / f ( x) = x $ $ !
. [ a, b ] " #
: [ a, b] " # f * A1 $ 39
. ∀x ∈ [ a, b ] , a ≤ f ( x) ≤ b
:1! n ∈ * * D
8
b−a
Pn = a + i , 0 ≤ i ≤ n
n
b−a b−a b−a
= a, a + ,a + 2 ,..., a + n
n n n
b−a b−a
. δ xi = xi = a + i * 6 Pn ∈P a,b ,
n n
. R (f , Pn ) R (f , Pn ) ;$ L !
: ", M! R (f , Pn ) R (f , Pn ) ;
M i = sup f ( x) = sup x = xi
x∈[ xi −1 , xi ] x∈[ xi −1 , xi ]
mi = inf f ( x) = inf x = xi−1
x∈[ xi −1 , xi ] x∈[ xi −1 , xi ]
2$ !
n
n(n + 1)
∑i =
i =1 2
:" # ! $
9
n n
b −a
R (f , Pn ) = ∑ M i δ x i =∑ x i
i =1 i =1 n
b −a n b −a n b _ a
= ∑
n i =1
x i = ∑ a + i
n i =1 n
2
b −a n b −a n
= ∑
n i =1
a +
n
∑i
i =1
(b − a ) i n ( n + 1)
2
b −a
= ina +
n n2 2
(b − a ) n ( n + 1)
2
= ba − a 2
+ i
n2 2
n n
b −a
R (f , Pn ) = ∑ m i δ x i =∑ x i −1
i =1 i =1 n
b −a n b −a n b _a
= ∑
n i =1
x i −1 = ∑
n i =1
a + ( i − 1)
n
2
b −a n b −a n
= ∑
n i =1
a +
n
∑ ( i − 1)
i =1
(b − a ) i n −1 j
2
b −a
=
n
ina +
n2
∑j =0
(b − a ) n ( n − 1)
2
= ba − a 2
+ i
n2 2
:" # ! ,
10
(b − a ) n ( n + 1)
2
R( f , Pn ) = ba − a 2
+ i
n2 2
(b − a ) n ( n − 1)
2
R( f , P ) = ba − a 2 +
n i
n 2
2
=
n
11
b
(b − a )2
∫ f dx = lim R( f , Pn ) = ba − a + 2
n→+∞ 2
a
b
b2 a 2
= − = lim R ( f , Pn ) =
2 2 n→+∞ ∫a
f dx
>!
b
b2 a 2
∫
a
f ( x)dx = −
2 2
12
b b b b dx
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
x
x dx , x dx ,
2
e dx ,
a a a a x2
. [0 < a < b] 6
1 1
; $ ∫0 dx / ? .3
1+ x
: !
1 1 1
lim + + .... +
x →+∞ n + 1 n+2 2n
: ! 4 (E $ E 4;
n n n
lim 2 2 + 2 + .... +
x →+∞ n + 1 n + 22 2n 2
# , [ a, b] " # - $ f , >!* $D* .4
b 1
. ∫
a f B9 [ ] " #
a, b 0 < m < f < M 6 $ M m
13
x x∈I ∩
f ( x) =
1 + x x∈I \
g : I
→ :$ * N !
1 2
x x ∈I ∩
g (x ) = 4
x x ∈I \
.
14
:3
5.1 "
n
" ! ;$ ! xn = ( −1) : $ !
. @
: ! 3 $D n *
inf xk = inf { xk , k ≥ n} = inf { xn , xn +1 , xn + 2 ,....}
k ≥n
15
:*
∀n ≥ 1, inf x k = −1
k ≥n
>!
( )
lim x n = sup inf x k = sup inf x k , n ≥ 1 = −1
n →∞ n ≥1 k ≥n
{ k ≥n
}
:! 3 $D n * >!, D
sup xk = sup { xk , k ≥ n} = sup { xn , xn +1 , xn + 2 ,....}
k ≥n
n →∞ n ≥1 k ≥ n k ≥n
{
lim xn = inf sup xk = inf sup xk , n ≥ 1 = 1 }
6.1 "
* " ! ;! D 39 ! 9
n
. yn = 2+
( −1)
n
* $D n
16
1 1 1
inf 2 + n , 2 − n + 1 , 2 + n + 2 ,..... ; n = 2 p
=
inf 2 − 1 , 2 + 1 , 2 − 1 ,..... ; n = 2 p + 1
n n +1 n +2
1
2 − n + 1 ; n = 2 p
=
2 − 1 ; n = 2 p +1
n
: zn Q $ ;! zn = inf
k ≥n
yk 1!
1 1 1 1 1
z1 = 2 − , z2 = 2 − , z3 = 2 − , z4 = 2 − , z5 = 2 − ,....
1 3 3 5 5
* =E!
( )
sup inf y k = sup 2 −
n ≥1 k ≥ n n ≥1
1
=2
2n + 1
:*
lim yn = 2
n →∞
17
:-'.
=E! 4 ∀n, yn = inf xk 1$ . #* { xn }n≥1
k ≥n
lim inf A n = ∪ ∩ A k
n →+∞
n ≥1 k ≥ n
:3
lim sup A n = ∩ ∪ A k
n →+∞ n ≥1 k ≥ n
18
7.1 "
A 2n = B * 6 $ X # 0<* {A n }n ≥1
. X 0<* B A 6 A 2 n +1 = C
:$ $D n *
B ∩ C ∩ B ∩ C .... n = 2 p
A =
∩ k C ∩ B ∩ C ∩ B .... n = 2 p + 1
k ≥n
= B ∩C
:*
∀n , ∩A k = B ∩C
k ≥n
>!
lim inf A n = ∪ ∩ A k
n →+∞
= ( B ∩ C ) ∪ ( B ∩ C ) ∪ ....
n ≥1 k ≥ n
= B ∩C
:! $ !$ $D n * (
∪A
k ≥n
k = B ∪C
>!
∩ ∪ Ak = ( B ∪ C ) ∩ ( B ∪ C ) ∩ ......
n ≥1 k ≥ n
= B ∪C
19
* 3 < l ! { xn }n≥1 ; " >!* $D* .2
: !
≤ lim an + lim b n
n →+∞
n →+∞
20
n
( −1)
Bn = 0,1 + 6 $ {B n } .b
n n
21
2
! 0.2
. (<* # P (X ) # X
, 9 , X 0<* ( *) (9 !, A # # !
:
A ⊂ P (X )
. X 0< ! !# # 37 A * :*
: L $ # # ( <!
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ
RSTUVWXYZ
1.2 "
: # X = N # $ !
B = {{n } , n ∈ N } 4 A = {{0,1} , 2N , {0}}
. X 0<* (9 B A ,
9 A 0< !# y X 0< A !$# , :-'0
:$
y ∈ A , A ∈ A , A ∈ A ⇒ A ∈P ( X )
22
1.2 $!
. X # 0<* (9 F
:3 + , >! $!$ !* F # ! o
∀A, B ∈ F ⇒ A ∩ B ∈F
23
∞
{An }n ≥1 ⊂ F ⇒ ∪ An ∈ F
n =1
A∆B = ( A ∪ B ) − ( A ∩ B ) = ( A − B ) ∪ ( B − A )
2.2 "
. - (9 I 0 4 X = R # $ !
: >! $!$ I 0 , •
# ! −∞ ≤ a, c ; b, d ≤ +∞ ]c, d [ ∈ I 0 4 ]a, b[ ∈ I 0
:-
]a, b [ ∩ ]c , d [ = ∅ ∈ I 0 7ه
a b c d
]a, b [ ∩ ]c , d [ = ∅ ∈ I 0 7ه
c d a b
24
]a, b [ ∩ ]c , d [ = ]c , d [ ∈ I 0 7ه
a c d b
]a, b [ ∩ ]c , d [ = ]c , b [ ∈ I 0 7ه
a c b d
1 1
∩ a − n , b + n = [a, b ] ∉ I
n ≥1
0 7ه
1 1
∈ J 0 ∀n a− a b b+
n n
)' 1.1.2
1.2 1
. X ∅ 7 !$$ ( P ( X ), , ∩ ) ,
∅∆A = A ∆∅ = A ; X ∩ A = A ∩ X = A
. R $DS
2.2 1
* 3 !$$ X 0<* ? T A (9 "
.+ >! U $!$
. " # 3G 7$ :"2
:(, )'
A * < >! :=! + $!$ A
.( 3 9 R$) P (X ) (<
(A , ∆ ) :3 + * 3 P (X ) (< A "
4 $!$ A (< <
!
A∆B ∈ A
∀A, B ∈ A ⇒
A ∩ B ∈A
:B9 >! >! B 7 ∆ 2 $!$ B =!
∀A , B ∈ A ⇒ A ∆B ∈ A
26
(< < A * 3!
∀A , B ∈ A ⇒ A ∩ B ∈ A
. " 9 >! 4 $!$ A 3!
:%" )'
∆ 2$ A < + >! U $!$ A
.∩
B A + >! U $!$ A * Q!
.A
A ∆B = ( A − B ) ∪ ( B − A ) ∈ A
∈A ∈A
2.1.2
" # : :* X " # $ 3! :/
.X
3.2 1
X " # $ A " .X 0<* ? T (9 A
:3G + * 3 <
∀A, B ∈ A ⇒ A ∪ B ∈ A (1)
27
∀A ∈ A Ac ∈ A (A c
= XA ) (2)
:"2
. (1) B9 (2.2 ) ; .X " # $ A * Q!
; X , A∈ A A = ( X − A ) ∈ A :! A ∈ A L
c
( )
c
A − B = A ∩ C XB = Ac ∪ B ∈ A
. A >!
(2) . A ∈ A >!B9 A ≠ ∅ * $ P X ∈ A 7
( X = A∪ A c
∈A ) (1) (A c
∈A )
:-'.
('1) )$ (3.2 ) 39 (1) ) $
∀A, B ∈ A ⇒ A ∩ B ∈ A ('1)
( ) ( )
c c
A ∪ B = Ac ∩ B c ∧ A ∩ B = Ac ∪ B c
▪
4.2 1
$ (!# .X # 0<* ? T (9C
C " # : $ B , >!* "! $) C " # : A %*
.C $$ A "# .( A ⊂ B B9
28
:"2
: 3 (X 0<* !) B $ # F
.C " #
.A = ∩ B 1! . P ( X ) ∈ F F ≠ ∅ ,
B ∈F
: ,
( ∀B ∈ F ,C ⊂B ) C ⊂ A .1
: $ A .2
.C " # : ! A ≠ ∅ •
( A ∈ A ) ∧ ( B ∈ A ) ⇒ A, B ∈B ; ∀B ∈ F •
⇒ A ∪ B ∈B ; ∀B ∈ F ⇒ A ∪B ∈ ∩ B =A
B ∈F
A ∈ A ⇒ A ∈B , ∀B ∈ F ( PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPﺝB ) •
⇒ Ac ∈B , ∀B ∈ F ⇒ Ac ∈ A
▪
B9 C " # : $ B , >!* W! A /
.(B ∈ F ) A ⊂ B
5.2 1
4A !# { An }n∈ # $ A
*
∞ ∞
. ∀n ≥ 1; Bn ⊂ An ∪ Bn = ∪ An
n =1 n =1
29
∞
(A ", 1$ 3! - ∪A n * -'0)
n =1
:"2
:3L ! " # F $ 9 { Bn }n∈ *
B1 = A1
c
n −1
Bn = An ∩ ∪ Aj , n ≥ 2
j =1
c
c
2
B 1 = A1 , B 2 = A 2 ∩ A = A 2 − A1 , B 3 = A 3 ∩ ∪ A j = A 3 − (A1 ∪ A 2 )....
1
j =1
* n 4 B n ∈ A B n ⊂ An # , D B n T
* >! B n B m m < n :!
B m ∩ B n ⊂ Am ∩ B n = Am ∩ An ∩ A1c ∩ A2c ∩ ... ∩ Anc −1 = ∅
B n ⊂ A n ∪B n ⊂ ∪ A n $ !
n n
:L
x ∈ ∪ A n ⇒ ∃n ∈ * , x ∈ A n
n
( x ∉ A ) ∧ ( x ∉ A ) ∧ .... ∧ ( x ∉ A )
n 0 −1 n0 − 2 1
* < 7
( ) ∩ (A )
C C C
x ∈ A n0 ∩ A n0 −1 n0 − 2 ∩ .... ∩ ( A1 ) = B n0
B9 >!
x ∈∪Bn
n
30
∀ {A n }n∈* ⊂ A ⇒ ∪ A n ∈ A
n ≥1
∀ {A n }n ∈* ⊂ A ⇒ ∩ A n ∈A
n ≥1
:!%
3 X " # )# X # 0<* A # "
: L O? G
A ≠ ∅ .1
∀ {A n }n∈* ⊂ A ⇒ ∪ A n ∈A .2
n ≥1
∀A ∈ A ⇒ A c ∈ A .3
3.2 )" 6
.X " # )# P (X ) .1
" # )# A = {∅, , 2, 2 + 1} 4 X = * .2
.
)# " # τ , $ 019 ( X ,τ ) .3
. X "#
31
6.2 1
)# (!# 4X # 0<* ? T (9 G
<! (G ) $ A "#) G " # : A %*
. σ ( G ) 2$
. 4.2 $D, >$) 1 @7 $D, ,
7.2 1
X 0<* (9 F ) +$! B τ (X ) ) ,
. %
:"2
) τ ⊂ F ∗
, F ) ", F *2$ <!
. B τ (X ) ⊂ F ∗
B9 >! (F ! 7 τ !#
2 5" !E<Q ﻡC ( اBorel Emil Félix Edward Justin ) 1956-1871 !E" D !$% ر:/ﺏر4
:2ل هﻡA أB .(1901) T$ ﺏ/ﻡF 1( ﻡ1897) تAس ا$@ 2 5" ﺝردان2KD ر3% وا،س$Kا
.!U4Uب أEW وا2$K$KWاد اCAX ا2< ل درا،2CKA ات$Y4 ﺏ3اﺏ4ل ا
32
Fσ Gδ +
Gδ C! >!, X E 0< # ! 4 $ 019 X
∞
C! >!* E # ! .X 0<* V n E = ∩V n ,
n =1
∞
.X % 0<* Fn E = ∪ Fn , Fσ
n =1
4.2 )" 6
#- $$ < $ !
. G δ C! 0<* •
. Fσ C! % 0<* •
∞
]a, b [ = ∪ a +
1 1
. , b − Fσ C! ]a, b [ •
n =1 n n
. [a, b [ = ]a, b [ ∪ {a} Fσ C! [a, b [ •
∞
[a, b [ = ∩ a −
1
, b 1 * G δ C! [a, b [ •
n
.
n =1
33
∞
[a, b ] = ∩ a −
1 1
. , b + G δ C! [a , b ] •
n =1 n n
. = ∪ {q } Fσ C! •
q ∈
A ∞ = lim ↑ A n = ∪ A n , A n ⊂ A n +1
n
B ∞ = lim ↓ B n = ∩ B n , B n +1 ⊂ B n
n
5.2 $!
! " # ) 4X 0<* M (9 $ (9 3!
:B9 M 7!# $ {A n } * :* .$
A ∞ = lim A n ∈ M
8.2 1
.$ (9 )#
34
"2
9.2 1
.$ (9 $ (
"2
(9 M , . M = ∩ B 1! $ ( # F
B ∈F
. M ", 3! ∩ An ∪A n
n n
!%
# Z (9 * >!* $ 1 F!
"# 3 Z " # : M %* $ (9 4 X (<
. Z $ ($
35
10.2 1
! ", $! () % , 4 X " # $ A
B9 A < { An }n ! , "! $) <
. )# >!B9 ( lim
n
An ∈ A
"2
:* G 3 9 $ A * $
∀ { An }n ⊂ A ⇒ ∪ An ∈ A
n
{A n }n ⊂ A
1!
n
Bn = ∪ Ak ∈ A
k =1
:* lim
n
Bn ∈ A B9 >! A < {B n }n ,
. ∪ An ∈ A
n
36
BK (X ) ⊂ Bτ (X ) * $ .i
: ( * $D* .ii
A = {A ⊂ X , A ∩ k ∈BK (X ), ∀k ∈ K }
) % X 0<* " # :
. X " # )#
37
38
3
1.3 1
" # )# f −1 (A ') (!# . X ' " # )# A '
2$ )! f +9 A ' 2 )# "# X
. A = f −1 (A ')
:",
:! (!# $ f : X → X ' X ' " # )# A '
. f −1 (∅) = ∅ ∅ " # : ! f −1 (A ') ≠ ∅ .1
−1
∃A ' ∈ A '; A = f (A ')
>!
39
( )
−1
XA = Xf ( A ')
=f −1 A'
X '
A −1
. X ∈ f (A ') * < 7 XA '' ∈ A '
P ∪A ∈ f n
−1
(A ') 7 { An }n ⊂ f −1 (A ') .3
n
!
∀n, An ∈ f −1 (A ') ⇒ ∀n, ∃An' ∈ A '; An = f −1 ( An' )
>!
−1 −1
∪A = ∪f
n
n
n
(A n' ) =f (∪ A n' ) ∈ A
n
n
1.3 "
B ⊂ X '
i: B → X '
b→b
.3!! $
)# i −1 (A ') , $ 1 ; 4 X ' " # )# A '
. i −1 (A ') ! . B " #
{
i −1 (A ') = i −1 ( A '), A ' ∈ A ' }
40
∅ ∈Y Y ≠ ∅ •
, A ' ∈Y
A ' ∈ σ X ' (F ') ∧ f −1 ( A ') ∈ σ X f −1 (F ') ( )
,
( )
−1
XA'' ∈ σ X ' (F ') ∧ Xf ( A ')
∈ σ X f −1 (F ')
>!
( )
XA'' ∈ σ X ' (F ') ∧ f −1 XA'' ∈ f −1 (F ')
* < 7
42
XA'' ∈Y
P ∪ A 'n ⊂Y 7 { A 'n }n ⊂Y •
n
(
⇒ ∪ A 'n ∈ σ (F ') ∧ f −1 ∪ A 'n ∈ σ f −1 (F ') )
n n
⇒ ∪ A 'n ∈Y
n
1.3 $!
X # ! ( X , A ) (!D . 019 3!
#$ A !# 3! . X 0<* ! A )#
. $ *
43
2.3 $!
f : X → X ' . (19 ( X ', A ') ( X , A ) •
, . + $ >!* f # ! 4 $
f −1 ( A ' ) ⊂ A
⇔ f −1 ( A ' ) ∈ A , ∀A ' ∈ A '
$ # ! 4 ( X , A ) . # E ! , •
: , E " # . >!* f : E → X '
f −1 ( A ' ) ∩ E ⊂ A
2$ )! . f −1 ( A ') ∩ E = { f −1 ( A ') ∩ E , A ' ∈ A '} 6
M ( ( X , A ) , ( X ', A ') )
. ( X ', A ') ", ( X , A ) $ # ",
2.3 "
37 τ 6 4Bτ ( ) $ ) $ < X = X ' = $ !
: 2 < f = χ 4 " # #- $
1 x ∈
χ ( x ) =
0 x ∉
:! A ∈Bτ ( ) * . $ χ ,
44
0 ∈ A ∧ 1∈ A
∅ 0 ∉ A ∧ 1∉ A
χ ( A) =
−1
1∈ A ∧ 0 ∉ A
C 1∉ A ∧ 0 ∈ A
2.3 1
. . + $ . $ ;
";
:6 $ $ g f
f ∈M ( ( X , A ) , (Y ,B ) )
g ∈M ( (Y ,B ) , ( Z ,G ) )
f g
X → Y →Z
: . g f ,
45
−1
( g f ) (G ) = f −1 g −1 (G )= (
f −1 g −1 (G )) ⊂ f −1 (B )⊂A
"2
( 2 ⇐ 1)
* :* f −1 ( C ') ∈ A >! C ' ∈ A ' , C ' ∈G '
f −1 (G ') ⊂ A
(1 ⇐ 2 )
, X " # )# A f −1 (G ') ⊂ A !
σ X ( f −1 (G ') ) ⊂ A
σ X ( f −1 (G ') ) = f −1 (σ X ' (G ' ) ) = f −1 ( A ' )
>!
f −1 ( A ' ) ⊂ A
46
:* :*
f ∈M ( ( X , A ) , ( X ', A ') )
!0 ) ) 3.3
$ ) $ 7<! $ (19 X ' X
τ ' X " # $ τ 6 43 " # Bτ ' ( X ') Bτ ( X )
. X ' " # $
4.3 1
. + $ X ' ! X f + $
(
. ( X ',Bτ ' ( X ') ) ! X ,Bτ ( X ) )
"0
B9 f : X → X ' + $ * $
f −1 (τ ') ⊂ τ
>! ( ∀u ' ∈τ ', f −1 ( u ') ∈τ : 7)
f −1 (τ ' ) ⊂ Bτ ( X )
. f " # ! $ ;
(
. X ',Bτ ' ( X ' ) ! ) ( X ,Bτ ( X ) )
#! ()+ ) 4.3
37 Bτ ( ) * 6 . (19 ( ,Bτ ( ) ) ( X , A )
. " # $ )
47
.M ( ( X , A ) , ( ,B ( ) ) ) ", L
τ °( X ,A ) 2$ )!
. $$ L ° ( X , A ) !# 3!
( ) n
" # $ ) ", )! 3 39 =E
.B ( n ) B ( ) 2$
5.3 1
:3G / F $
F: ( X , A ) → ( 2 ,B ( 2 ) )
x ( f1 ( x), f 2 ( x) )
, 9 , ( ,B ( ) ) ! ( X , A ) . F
2 2
. ( ,B ( ) ) ! ( X , A ) . f 2 f1
6.3 1
. . $ . $ .1
"0
1! . $ f : ( X , A ) → ( ,B ( ) ) .1
48
u →
x x
(u ∈M ( ( ,B ( ) ) , ( ,B ( ) ) ) :*) . 9 u * $
!
f =u f
. . 9 . $ ; :*
. $ f 2 f1 .2
( X , A ) → ( 2 ,B ( 2 ) ) → ( ,B ( ) )
x
F
→ ( f1 ( x), f 2 ( x) )
u
→ f1 ( x) + f 2 ( x)
! ( X , A ) . F * $ . 9 u * $
B9 ( 2 ,B ( 2 ) )
f1 + f 2 = u f
. .
$# +$ 7$ ! .3
( X , A ) → ( 2 ,B ( 2 ) ) → ( ,B ( ) )
x
F
→ ( f1 ( x), f 2 ( x) )
v
→ f1 ( x)i f 2 ( x)
. v
1! ∀x ∈ X , f ( x) ≠ O 6 $ $ f .4
49
g X
→
1
x
f ( x)
:) " # >
f i
X → * →
1
x f ( x)
f ( x)
( ,B ( ) ) ! ( X , A ) . f 6
(
i * ,B ( ))
*
! ( X , A ) . f , ∀x ∈ X , f ( x) ≠ O
< 7 . 9 ( ,B ( ) ) ! ( * ,B ( * ) )
. . g = i f " #
2.3 %&
$ inf ( f , g ) sup ( f , g ) (!# . $ g f
. .
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R $ ) {]−∞, α ] , α ∈ } # ,
{[α , + ∞[ , α ∈ } 2 $!$
(() $ ) 5 ! ", ! ( @7 $DS
50
. . h >!
7.3 1
7!# { f n }n
ϕ = sup f n $ (!# M
n
(( X , A ) , ( ,B ( )))
( (
. M ( X , A ) , ,B ( ) )) ", ! ψ = inf f n
n
"2
* {[ −∞, α ] , α ∈ } " # ! 1 @7 7$
.B ( ) 2 # {[α , +∞ ] , α ∈ }
51
!
ϕ −1 ([ −∞, α ]) = {x ∈ X , ϕ (x ) ≤ α }
{
= x ∈ X , sup ( f n (x ) )
n
}
= ∩ {x ∈ X , f n ( x ) ≤ α }
n
([ −∞, α ]) ∈ A
−1
= ∩f n
n
∈A
⇔ x ∈∪ f n
−1
([α , +∞])
n
*
ϕ −1 ([α , +∞ ]) = ∪ f n−1 ([α , +∞ ])
n
<0
( (
(!# M ( X , A ) , ,B ( ) )) { f }n n
lim sup f n ∈ M
n →+∞
(( X , A ) , ( ,B ( )))
lim inf f n ∈ M
n →+∞
(( X , A ) , ( ,B ( )))
52
"2
!
!%
( (
! $ M ( X , A ) , ,B ( ) )) {f } n n
53
n
f ( x) = ∑ α i χ Ai ( x ), x ∈ X
i =1
8.3 1
. . + $ (Y ,B ) ! ( X , A ) $D + $ .1
A∈ A ]9 . $ χA
. . ( ,B ( ) ) 39 ( X , A ) $ $ .3
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. )$ ! 9 3 * =!* 4 2 1 $DS
9.3 1
( , 4 A ⊂ X . 019 ( X , F )
B9 A ∈ F , A " # )# F A = {F ∩ A , F ∈ F }
. F A = P (A ) ∩ F
"2
: L ) +! )# F A * $D
" # ! F = X , X ∈ F ?G$ + A ∈ F A •
A = X ∩A
B9 >! B = F ∩ A , F ∈ F B9 B ∈ F A , •
AB ∈ F A , AB = XF ∩ A , XF ∈ F
54
10.3 1
:*) E $ f . 019 ( X , A )
$ {f n }n (!# 4 X " # 9 ( f : X →
:3L )$ X " # 9
kn
f n ( x) = ∑ Cn ,i χ En ,i ( x)
i =1
55
0 ≤ f n ( x) ≤ f ( x), ∀x ∈ X , n = 1, 2,3,....
{f n }n B9 ( ∃M > O, f ( x) ≤ M ∀x ∈ X :*) f .3
"2
f : X → + ::* ; f * -* Q!
:! $D n *
n 2n
k −1 k
[0, n[ = ∪
•
n
, n
k =1 2 2
B9 f ( x) ∈ + * $
n 2n
k −1 k •
f (x ) ∈ [ 0, n [ ∪ [ n , +∞ ] = ∪ n , n ∪ [ n , +∞ ]
k =1 2 2
L 1!
k −1 k −1 k n
n , x ∈ x ∈ X , n ≤ f (x ) < n , k = 1, 2,...n 2
f n (x ) = 2 2 2
n, x ∈ {x ∈ X , f ( x ) ≥ n }
! " # f n $ !!, D 0 ≤ f n ( x) ≤ f ( x) * A1
:3
n
n2
f n ( x) = ∑ k −n1χ An ,k ( x) + nχ An ( x)
2
k =1
An = { x ∈ X , f ( x) ≥ n}
56
k −1 k
An , k = x ∈ X , n ≤ f ( x) < n
2 2
; f * !7$ ) + { f n } G$ G! *
. .
:;! ), f *
f = f+− f−
6
f + = max ( f , 0 )
f −
= − min ( f , 0 )
ln
g n = ∑ α n,i χ En ,i 6 $ { g n }n f + *
i =1
l 'n
hn = ∑ β n ,i χ E 'n ,i 6 $ {hn }n f + *
i =1
1!
kn = g n − hn
.; + {kn }n ,
57
58