Srltlolhl dioájboa

Ahixajnir Ulnrä`uiz

1. _i tbiji a`ua qui fhuyi plr uj tuel glrbzljtah a razÿj

r azÿj ni 3.1??0 ft¿/si`. Ih tuel
oljsta ni nls sioobljis olj nbáditrls ni 3.??? ft y 3.1666 ft , olj uja sioobÿj
rinuotlra suavi. _i dbni ha nbfirijoba ni prisbÿj ijtri has nls sioobljis nih tuel
dinbajti uj dajÿditrl ni dirourbl. Nitirdbji ha ahtura nbfirijobah nih dirourbl.
Natls;

Fhukl Q4 ni 3.1
3.1??0
??0 ft
ft¿/si`
¿/si`
N14 3.??? ft
N54 3.1666 ft
Nijsbnan nih dirourbl4 65.> hed/ ft¿
Nijsbnan nih a`ua4 7>0 hed/ft¿

Sara rislhvir i ikirobobl si aphboa ha iouaobÿj ni Eirjluhhb

5 5
S1 V 1 S5 V 5
+ + z 14 + + z5
ρ` 5` ρ` 5 `

Nih fhubnl dajldâtrbol si tbiji qui;

S 1+ ρ`z 4S 5 + ρ`∐( z ∕g )+ ρG` `g

S 1∕ S 54( ρG` ∕ ρ ) `g
5 5
S 1 ∕S 5 V 5 ∕ V 1
4
ρ` 5`

( ρG` ∕ ρ )∐`g V 55∕V 15

4
ρ` 5`

g 4( ρ / 5 ` )∐(( V 5µ ∕V 1µ )/(
)/ ( ρG`∕ ρ))
5
1∐σ ∐N 1
Q 14 Q 4 V 1 ∐ A 1 4 V
5

V 1 4( >∐Q )/( σ∐N 1µ )4(>∐3.1??0 ft ¿ / si` )/(

)/ ( σ ∐( 3.???? ft ) µ )41.9? ft / si`
V 5 4( >∐3.1??0 ft ¿ / si` )/( σ ∐( 3.1666 ft ) µ )46.1? ft / si`

g 4(65.> hed / ft ¿ / 5∐?5.5 ft / si` )∐¼

g 43.3>?9 ft .

7.7. Lesirvi ha fb`ura 7.7. Ij uja phajta ni prloisadbijtl quädbol niei hhivarsi
eijoijl a 93 O (s` 4 3.76) ah pujtl E, olj uja prisbÿj ni 993 mSa. _i bjstaha uja
eldea ij ih pujtl A, 51 d plr nieakl ni E, y si oljiotaj hls nls pujtls plr dinbl ni
uj
ni tuel ni phástbol
113 H/dbj. ni ha
Oahouhi 5>3 d, oljqui
prisbÿj nbáditrl bjtirblr
si riqubiri ijni
ha 93 dd.ni_bhaiheldea.
sahbna fhukl vlhudâtrbol is

Natls;

SE 4993 mSa

S A 4<

g a4 3 d

g E451 d

ha tuebirba45>3 d
Hlj`btun ni hatuebirba

ni ha tueirba4 Shastbol
Datirbahni
Datirbah

H
Q4113 dbj

_`eijoijl4 3,76

5 5
SA VA S V
+ + [ A + ga ∕g H4 E + E + [ E
ο 5` ο 5`

Oldl juistrl pujtl A hl tldadls kustl nispuâs ni ha eldea, V A 4V e y [ A 43 = Ijtljois…

SA SE
∕g H 4 + [E
ο ο
SA SE
4 + [ E + gH
ο ο

S A 4 SE + ο ] [ E + g H T

N493 dd 43,393 d
? ?
Q4113 H x 1 d x 1 dbj 4 1,7? x 13∕? d
dbj 1333 h 63 si` s
5
N ( 3,393 d )
5
A 4σ 4σ 41,26? x 13∕? d5
> >
?
∕? d
1,7? x 13
Q s d
V4 4 4 3,2?5
A 1,26? x 13∕? d 5 s

Sara ih eijoijl a 93»O, tijidls;

M`
ρeijoijl 4_` eijoijl x ρ G 5 L 4( 3,76 ) x 1333
d?

ρeijoijl 4763
M` ( )
?
d

∕> Sa
θ4 >,5 x 13 (ASIJNBOI N)
s

NV
NV ρ
J U4
θ

( 3,39 ) x ( 3,2?5 ) x ( 763)

J U4 ∕>
>,5 x 13

J U429>12,3>7

Slr hl tajtl, gaehadls ni uj fhukl tureuhijtl.

Oldl gaehadls ni uj fhukl tureuhijtl, nieidls usar ha iouaobÿj ni Naroy;
5
H V
g H 4f x x
N 5`

N
_i jioisbta ih vahlr ni para utbhbzar ih nba`rada ni Dllny y ijoljtrar ih vahlr ni f
ι

Ha ru`lsbnan (ι ) ni uj tuel ni phástbol ista nana ij ha taeha 7,5 y is ?,3 x 13∕0 d

N 3,393 d 9
4 4 1,660 x 13
ι ?,3 x 13∕0 d

Sara gahhar f plnidls usar ha iouaobÿj ni _wadii-Kabj l hiirha nih nba`rada ni Dllny

3,59
f4 5
1 9,0>
hl` ?,0 ( N ) + J U3,2

f4
] ι

3,59
T 5

hl`
] 1
?,0 ( 1,660 x 13
9
+
9,0>
) 29>12,3>73,2 T
f 43,317
5
H V
g H 4f x x
N 5`
5

5>3 d (
3,2?5 d )
s
g H 43,317 x x
3,393 d d
5 ( 2,7 5 )
s

g H 4?,7? d

S A 4 SE + ο ] [ E + g H T

mJ
S A 4993 mSa +( 3,76 x 2,71 ?
) ] 51 d + ?,7? d T
d

mJ
S A 4993 mSa + 532,>7 d5 4993 mSa + 532,>7 mSa

S A 4092,>7 mSa

13.7. Oahouhi ha pârnbna ni ijir`äa para ixpajsbljis `ranuahis olj áj`uhls ni oljl
qui vaj ni 5³ a 63³, para hls bjoridijtls dlstranls ij ha fb`ura 13.9. Ij oana oasl
fhuyij 79 `ah/dbj ni a`ua a 63³F, plr uja tueiräa ni aoirl ni 5 puh` oânuha >3, qui
audijta a ltra ni 6 puh` oânuha >3.
Natls;

Ɯ 4 5³ y 63³

Fhukl vlhudâtrbol 4 79 `ah/dbj

^bpl ni fhubnl 4 a`ua

^idpiratura 4 63³

Oljsbniraobljis;

Fhuyi plr tueiräa ni aoirl ni 5 puh` oinuha >3, qui audijta a ltra ni 6 puh` oinuha >3

@ 4 2,71 d/Z5
^ijbijnl ij ouijta qui ha ipârnbna ni ijir`äa para uja ixpajsblj `ranuah si oahouha olj ha
sb`ubijti iouaobÿj;

ℊ\4((Z5 1)/5`)

Sara letijir m prbdirl si niei ijoljtrar hls nbáditrls ni tueiräas

Sara 5³, m 4 3,3?

Sara 63³, m 4 3,01

Aglra gahhadls ha vihlobnan

_b tijidls ha iouaobÿj;

4 Ð (1)

Nispikajnl V ij (1)

4/

R riidphazajnl;
?
1d
79 `ah / dbj s 5,>0?6 d
V 14 ∕? 5 Ð 4
5.167 Ð 13 d 19793 `ah / dbj s

Aglra gahhadls ha vihlobnan 5;

79 `ah / dbj
V 54 ?
∕5
1.76> Ð 13 d Ð
5 1d / s
43,5700 d / s ¼
¼ 19793 `ah / dbj

d d
5,>0?6 + 3,5700
s s
Vprldinbl4 41.?659?
5

Aglra riidphazajnl ij ha fÿrduha;

Sara 5³;
 5 5 (∕?)
g H 4(3.3? Ð 〖 ( 1.?659? d / s ) 【 )/( 5 Ð 2,71 d / s )4 5.377?> 〖 Ð 13 【 d

Sara 63³;
5 5
g H 4(3.01 Ð 〖 ( 1.?659? / s ) 【 )/(
)/ (5 Ð 2,71 d / s )43,3>2? d
.5.. Slr ih sbstida dlstranl ij ha fb`ura va a flrzarsi ha obrouhaobÿj ni mirlsijl
11.5
11

(s`43.75) a 53³O nih tajqui A ah nipÿsbtl E, plr dinbl nih bjoridijtl ni ha prisbÿj
sleri ih mirlsijl qui si ijouijtra ij ih tajqui A, sihhanl. Ha hlj`btun tltah ni ha
tueiräa ni aoirl is ni 5 puh`anas oinuha >3 is ni ?7 d. Ih olnl is istájnar. Oahouhi
ha prisbÿj qui si riqubiri ij ih tajqui A para loasbljar uj fhukl vlhudâtrbol ni >?9
H/dbj.

Oldl prbdir pujtl ninuobdls ha iouaobÿj ni Eirjluhhb;

5 5
SA v S v
+ z A + A ∕ g H 4 E + z E+ E
ο 5` ο 5`

Niebnl a qui ih tajqui E iji sahbna a ha atdlsfira ha prisbÿj ij âh is oirl SE 43

pujtls slj oasb bnâjoas plr hl qui plnidls sbdphboarhas v A 4 v E

Has vihlobnanis ij adels pujtls

Uilrnijajnl ha iouaobÿj tijidls;

S A 4ο ] z E ∕ z A + g H T

Uiidphazadls ih oadebl ni ahtura

S A 4ο ] >.9 d+ gH T ( 1 )
_i`ubnadijti prloiniridls oahouhar has pirnbnas dijlris gahhanas ij ih sbstida.

g H 4g1 + g5 + g? + g> + g9 + g6 ( 5 )

5
v
Nljni para sbdphboar nijbdls 4 gv ijtljois g x 4 M gv
5`

 g1 4Sârnbna
Sârnbnaaa ha ijtrana41.3 gv

g5 4Sâr
Sârnbna
nbna plr váhvuhani
váhvuha ni rivbsbÿj `bratlrba4133 f ^ gv
rivbsbÿj `bratlrba
  g? 4 Sârnbna plr váhvuha ni áj`uhl 4193 f ^ g v

 g >4 Sârnbna plr frboobÿj ij ih tuel ni nisoar`a4f ( )

H
g
N v
 g9 4 Sârn
Sârnbna olnl istajnarr 4?3 f ^ gv
bna plr olnlistajna
 g6 4 Sârnbna
Sârnbnaaa ha sahbna 41.3 gv

*Ij hls ajixls si bjohuyi ha razÿj ni istas iouaobljis

Uiidphazajnl ij (5)
(5);;

g H 41.3 gv + 133 f ^ gv + 193 f ^ g v + f ( ) H

g + ?3 f ^ g v + 1.3 g v
N v

_i`û
_i`ûj
j ha tae
taeha 13.9 nih hberl
ha 13.9 hberl ni Dioájboa
Dioájboa ni Fhubn
Fhubnls
ls ni Dl,
Dl, ih faotlr ni frb
frboobÿ
oobÿj
j ij ha zlja
zlja ni
tureuhijoba oldphita para tueiräa ni aoirl oldirobah, juiva y hbdpba, ij isti oasl ni 5 puh`anas is
f ^ 4 3.312

Ih ijujobanl nih prlehida jls nbota qui ha hlj`btun tltah nih tradl ni tueiräa is ni ?7 d . Ih nbáditrl
ni ha tueiräa ij ouisÿj is ni 5puh`anas qui iqubvahij a 3.3959 d

?7
g 41.3 g + 133 ( 3.312 ) g + 193 ( 3.312 ) g + f 3.3959 d g v + ?3 ( 3.312 ) gv + 1.3 gv
( )
H v v v

g H 4gv ] 0.?5+ 05> f T

Sara oahouhar ha vihlobnan nih ukl uhbzaridls ha rihaobÿj nih ukl vlhudâtrbol qui si`ûj ih prlehida
is ni >?9 H/dbj, si niji ni ha sb`ubijti dajira;

( )
?
Q >?9 H / dbj 1d /s
Q4 v − A ↕ v 4 4 4?.?>> d / s
A σ 5 63333 H / dbj
( 3.3959 d)
>

Ijtljois olj isti vahlr para ha vihlobnan letijidls;

5
v
5
(?.?>> d / s )
g v4 4 43.903 d
5 ` 5 ( 2.71 d / s 5)

Aglra jio
Aglra jioisb
isbtad
tadls
ls oljloi
oljloirr ih vahlr
vahlr nih faotl
faotlrr ni frboob
frboobÿj
ÿj plr pârnb
pârnbna
na ij ha tue
tueirä
iräa,
a, par
para
a ihhl
ihhl
jioisbtaridls oljloir ih jûdirl ni Uiyjlhns y ha rihaobÿj N / ι

Sara ih Quirlsijl a 53³O tijidls; ρ 4753 m` / d? y θ4 1.0 Ð 13∕? m` / d − s

?
v N ρ ( ?.?>> d / s )( 3.3959 d)( 753 m` / d )
J U4 4 ∕? 47.>0 Ð 13 >
θ 1.0 Ð 13 m` / d − s
 N 3.3959
Easájnljl
Easájnljlss ij ih nba`rada ni Dllny ijoljtra
ijoljtradls
dls qui 4 411>1, ya olj istls natls
ι >.6 Ð 13∕9
plnidls gahhar ih faotlr ni frbooblj

3.59 3.59
f4 5
4 5
43.35
1 9.0> 1 9.0>
hl` + 3.2
hl` + > 3.2
?.0 N / ι ?.0 ( 11>1 ) ( 7.>0 Ð 13 )
] ( )
J
T ] ( T
U

)
Aglra slhl is ouisÿj ni ridphazar ij ha iouaobÿj (1) y letijir ha rispuista

S A 4ο ] >.9 d+ gH T

{
S A 4( 3.75 ) ( 2.71 mJ /d ) >.9 + ] 3.903 ( 0.?5+ 05> ( 3.35 )) T
?
}
S A 41>?.9 mSa

11.?. Ij ha fb`ura 11,1?._i duistra parti ni uj obroubtl gbnráuhbol. Ha prisblj ij ih

pujtl E niei
gbnráuhbol tbijisir ni`ravinan
uja 533 psb` ouajnl ih fhukl
ispiobfboa vlhudâtrbol sia ni 63 `ah/dbj. Ih fhubnl
ni 3.23 y uja vbsolsbnan nbjádboa ni 6.3 W
13~9 he-s/pbis5.

Natls;
SE 4 533 Ssb`

Q 4 63 `ah/dbj

_@ 4 3.23

θ 4 6.3 x 13∕9he-s/ ft 5

H 4 93 ft
 5 5
SA VA S V
+ + [ A + ga ∕g H4 E + E + [ E
ο 5` ο 5`
Oldl juistrl pujtl A hl tldadls kustl nispuâs ni
ha eldea, V A 4V e y [ A 43 niebnl a qui juistrl sbstida ni rifirijoba ista ueboanl ij ih pujtl
A = Ijtljois…

5 5
A A E E
S + V + [ A + ga ∕g H4 S + V + [ E
ο 5` ο 5`

SA SE
∕g H 4 + [E
ο ο
SA SE
4 + [ E + gH
ο ο
S A 4 SE + ο ] [ E + g H T
g14 Sirnbna plr hlj`btun
5
g1 4f ( H / N )( v / 5 ` )
g5 4 Sirnbna plr olnl

( )
5
vs
g5 4 M
5`
g? 4 pirnbna plr ha váhvuha

( )
5
vs
g? 4 M
5`
gahhadls ha vihlobnan
?
ft
> ( 3,1?5671 )
Q >Q s
V4 4 4
A σ N5 σ ¼¼
Gahhadls ih judirl ni Uiyjlhns

J U4
NV
NV ρ
4 J U4
( 3 , 1666 ) x ( 6,15 ) x ( 3.2 )( 1.2> ) J >
∕ 9 U4 5,22 x 13
θ 6,3 x 13

 SIUNBNA SLU HA VAHVYHA;

g? 4 6,9* ¼ ¼

 SIUNBNA SLU OLNL;

Eusoadls ij ha taeha 13,>

Hi
N 4 ?3
Ij ha taeha 7,5 si eusoa ι 4 1,9 x 13∕> ft

N 3 , 1666 ft
4 41113,6
ι 1,9 x 13∕> ft

hui`l prloinidls a
gahhar ih faotlr ni frboobÿj
olj ih nba`rada ni
dllny
Gahhadls ih olifbobijti ni rlzadbijtl

M4 ( )
Hi
N
f ^ 4 ?3(3,3563) 4 3,07

( )
5
vs
g5 45∐M 4 5( 3.07 ) ¼
5`

 SIUNBNA SLU HLJ@B^YN

g1 4f ( H / N ) ¼)4 ( 3.356 ) ( 93
3.1666 ) ¼

g14 >,9>ft

SIUNBNA ^L^AH NI HA IJIU@ÄA;

g H 4g1 + g5 + g?
g H 4¼ (>,9> + 3,2 + ?,07)ft 4 2,55 ft

11.6 Sara ih sbstida ni ha fb`ura, oahouhi ha nbstajoba virtboah ijtri has supirfbobis
nihls nipÿsbtls ouajnl fhuyi a`ua a 13 »O nih pujtl A ah E a razÿj ni 3.3? d5/5.
Hls olnls slj istájnar. Ha hlj`btun tltah nih tuel ni ? puh`anas is ni 133 d. Ha
nih tuel ni 6 puh`anas is ni ?33 d.

Ajáhbsbs;

SA y SE43
VA y VE43
g1;pirnbna plr ijtrana
g5;pirnbna plr olnl 23³ (A)
g?;pirnbna plr váhvuha
g>;pirnbna plr ixpajsbÿj sûebta
g9;pirnbna plr olnl 23³ (E)
g6; pirnbna plr hlj`btun (A)
g0;pirnbna plr hlj`btun(E)
g7; plr sahbna
5 5
SA VA S V
+ + [ A + ga ∕g H4 E + E + [ E
ο 5` ο 5`
5 5
SA VA S V
+ + [ A + ga ∕g H4 E + E + [ E
ο 5` ο 5`

[ A ∕ [ E4 gH

^YEL A
?
∕? d
3,3? x 13
Q s d
V A4 4 ∕? 5 49,?0
A 9,979 x 13 d s

Natls;

Q 43,3? d?/s

^uel A; 133d (? puh`)

^uel E; ?33d (6 puh`)

θ G5L 13³o; 1,?13x13-? J._/d5 (apâjnboi A)

ρG5l; 1333m`/d
5 5
d
( )
5
vA (9,?0 )
s
5` ; ; 1,>0d 3,?53 puh` 4 3,37>?57 d
5 x 2.71
ρNv ( 1333 )( 3.37>?57 d )( 9,?0 )
J U4 4 ∕?
ΰ 1 ?13 x 13
9
J U4?,>6 x 13
N 3.37>?57
ι 4 1 5 x 13∕ > 403? ; I/N; 3,331
Ijtljois, f s4 3.355

^uel E;
?
d ∕?
3,3? x 13
Q s d
V E4 4 ∕ ? 5 4 1,90
A 1,213 x 13 d s5
5 5
(1,90 d )
( )
5
vE
; s ;3,156d
5`
5 x ( 2.71)

ρNv ( 1333 )( 3.199296 d)( 1,90 )

J U4 4 ∕? 41,70 x 139
ΰ 1,?13 x 13
N 3.199296
4 ∕> ≇ 1?33 ; I/N; 3,3330
ι
1,5 x 13
Ijtljois, f s4 3.353

Sirnbna ij A

( )
5
vA
g1 4 M 4( 1,3 ) ( 1,>0 ); 1,>0 d
5`

Sara olnls istajnar pir;

5
g5 4f n^ ( Hi / N ) ¼ ( v n / 5 ` )

g5 45 ( 3.351 )( ?3)( 1,>0 ) d41,2 d

Ijir`äa ni ha váhvuha ;
5
g? 4f n^ ( Hi / N ) ¼ ( v n / 5 ` )4(3.351 )( 163 )( 1,>0 ) d49,36 d

( )
5 5
N1
ixpajsbÿj sûebta m; ] 1∕
g>; pirnbna plr ixpajsbÿj T 4 3,93
N5

m((\Z5)/5) 3,93 (1,>0 d); 3,0? d

( )( )
5

Sirnbna plr hlj`btun g94 f n

H
N
vA
5` (
4( 3 . 35 5 )
133
3 . 37>?57 )
(1,>0 ) d; ?7,?9 d

Sirnbnas ij E
Hi
Sara olnls istajnar a 23³, 4?3, f n^ 4 3.317, plr tajtl;
N
5
g6 4f n^ ( Hi / N ) ¼ ( v n / 5 ` )4 5 ( 3.317 )( ?3 )( 3,156 ) d4 3,1> d

( )( )
5

Sirnbna plr hlj`btun g04 f n

H
N
vE
5`
4( 3.353 ) ( ?33
3.199296 )
( 3,156 ) d; >,79d

( )
5
v
plr sahbna g7 41 E 4 3,156 d
5`

[ A ∕ [ E 4 ίg H
ίg H; 95,6? d; Ξz

11.> Ha fb`ura prisijta parti ni uj sbstida gbnráuhbol nljni ha prisbÿj ij ih pujtl E

nieir sir ni 933 psb`, ij tajtl qui ih fhukl vlhudâtrbol is ni 093 `ah/dbj. Ih fhubnl is
uj aoibti gbnráuhbol dinbl para dáqubja girradbijta. Ha hlj`btun tltah ni ha tueiräa ni
> puh`anas is ni >3 pbis. Hls olnls slj istájnar. B`jlri ha pârnbna ni ijir`äa niebnl
a ha frboobÿj ij ih tuel ni 6 puh`anas. Oahouhi ha prisbÿj qui si riqubiri ij ih pujtl A
sb ih aoibti si ijouijtra a (a) 13> »F y (e) 515 »F.

1. Iouaobÿj ni Naroy y nispikar Sa, ajuhajnl [a43

5. Oahouhar ih oaunah para plnir letijir has vihlobnanis ni Va y Ve. (Oaeizas ni

vihlobnan)

?. Ih faotlr ni Frboobÿj si ijouijtra ij has taehas 13.9= ij isti oasl tijidls

tueiräas ni > bj, Slr hl tajtl, ih Ft is 3,310.

>. Gahhadls has pirnbnas ij ha tueiräa. ( 5 Olnls, frboobÿj, ixpajsbÿj)

 Ij has taehas ni aoibtis huerboajtis, tijidls ha
vbsolsbnan objidáoa para;
-> 5
13>◦F; 0,13*13 Ft /s

515◦F; 0,9?*13-9
0,9?*13-9 Ft
Ft5
5/s

Oldl Ra tijidls ih vahlr ni V a R vbsolsbnan

vbsolsbnan objidátboa,
objidátboa, prloinidl
prloinidls
s a eusoar
eusoar ih
nbáditrl ni ha tueiräa ij ih apâjnboi F Oinuha 73.

Olj istl oahouhadls Jûdirl ni Uiyjlhns;

6. Eusoadls ha ru`lsbnan ij ha taeha 7.5

Gahhadls ih N/I

Olj ha ru`lsbnan rihatbva y ih jûdirl ni Uiyjlhns, prloinidls a eusoar ij ih nba`rada

ni dllny ih faotlr ni frboobÿj
F4 3,3?5

0. Ra letijbnls tlnls hls vahlris ni hls aooislrbls, prloinidls a oahouhar has pârnbnas
tltahis olj ih faotlr ni frboobÿj gahhanl ij ih nba`rada ni dllny y Oahouharidls ha
oljstajti M, para plnir gahhar ha pirnbna plr ixpajsbÿj

GH4 63(3,310) (VA5/ 5`) + (159,>039f) (VA5/ 5`) + 3.57 (VA5/ 5`)

GH 4 (1.?3 + 159,>0(3,3?5) )* (1.?5ft) 4 ?6.3 ft

N5/N14 3,>731Ft/3,?177 Ft 4 1.91

Sara gaehar M Slnidls usar ha flrduha M 4 ¼ ¼4 3,57

7. Gahhadls SA

Sara gahhar Se a 515◦F, oadeba ha vbsolsbnan (v4 0,79*13-9 ) plr hl tajtl= rioahouharidls juistrl
juivl Judirl ni Uiyjlhns (JU 4VaNa/δ) olj juistra juiva vbsolsbnan (J U47,>2*13>), oldl
juistra ru`lsbnan rihatbva is ha dbsda para tlnl ih sbstida ista jl oadeba pirl si tijnräa qui
eusoar juivadijti ij ih nba`rada ni Dllny, plr qui ih jûdirl ni Uiyjlhns Oadebl, plr
tajtl ih faotlr ni frboobÿj jls na uj vahlr ni 3,3539.

Uioljsbnirajnl Juistrl faotlr ni frboobÿj

frboobÿj prloiniridls a oahouhar has pirnbna y istls jls
nará uj GH 456.5 Ft. R usaridls istls vahlris para vlhvir a oahouhar SE 4932.6

11.0. Ih sbstida ni rifrb`iraobÿj ni ha fb`ura istá oljstrubnl olj uja tueiräa ni aoirl ni 1⁎5"
ni nbáditrl ixtirblr y 3,3>2'' ni `rlslr ni parin, olj uja hlj`btun tltah ni ?3 d. Ih häqubnl
rifrb`irajti utbhbzanl, ni vbsolsbnan nbjádboa θ 4 ?x13-> Sa°s y `ravinan ispioäfboa s` 4 1,59,
fhuyi olj uj oaunah ni 1,03 H/dbj.
Oahouhi ha nbfirijoba ni prisbÿj ijtri hls pujtls A y E.

5 5
SA VA S V
+ + [ A + ga ∕g H4 E + E + [ E
ο 5` ο 5`
SA SE
+∕ g H4 + [E
ο ο

ρ _ustajoba
S A ∕ SE 4ο − ( [ E + g H ) _`4
ρ A`ua

Natls;

- ^ueiräa ni aoirl ´ bj
3,359> d
Nbjt 43,9 ∇∕3,3>2 ∇¼ 3,>91 bj− 43,311>99 d
¼
- @rlslr ni parin 3.3>2 bj

- Hlj`btun ni tueiräa ?3d

M` d M`
- _` 4 1,59 ο 4 ρ−
ρ − `41,59 − 1333 ?
− 2,7 5
415593 5 5
d s d s

- θ 4 ? x 13∕ > Sa−s

?
H d dbj
1,0 − −
Q dbj 1333 H 63 s d
- Q 4 1,0 H/dbj V4 4 5
4 3,50>2
A 3,311>99 d s
σ
>

- Ahtura [E 4 1,5d

g H 4g1 + 7∐ g5+ g? + g >

g14 Sirnbna plr hlj`btun

5
g1 4f ( H / N )( v / 5 ` )

g5 4 Sirnbna plr olnls

( ) ( )
5 5
vs ¼ v
g5 4 M 4 ft− −
5` N 5`

g? 4 pirnbna plr váhvuhas

( ) ( )
5 5
vs ¼ v
g? 4 M 4 ft− −
5` N 5`

Gahhadls ih jûdirl ni Uiyjlhns

 N V ρ ( 3 , 311>99 ) − ( 3,50>2 ) − (15593 )
J U4 4 ∕ >
41,579707 x 139
θ ?,3 x 13

N 3,311>99 d
4 45>2,3?3>
ι >,6 x 13∕9 d

J 4 157970,71
U

f 4 3,3529532

ft 4 hbd f
Jri↕√

f t4 3,357>>02

g14 Sirnbna plr hlj`btun

( )( )
5
H v ?3 d
g1 4f 4 3,3529532 − −¼ ¼
N 5` 3,311>99 d

g5 4 Sirnbna plr olnl

( ) ( )
5 5
vs ¼ v
g5 4 M 4 ft− − 43,357>>02 − 93 − ¼ ¼
5` N 5`

g? 4 Sirnbna plr váhvuha ni virbfboaobÿj tbpl elha

( ) ( )
5 5
vs ¼ v
g? 4 M 4 ft− − 43,357>>02 − 193 − ¼ ¼
5` N 5`

g >4 Sirnbna plr váhvuha ni `hlel aebirta plr oldphitl

 ( ) ( )
5 5
vs ¼ v
g >4 M 4 ft− − 43,357>>02 − ?>3 − ¼ ¼
5` N 5`

M` d M`
ο 4 ρ−
ρ − `41,59 − 1333 ?
− 2,7 5
415593 5 5
d s d s

g H 43,?29037 d
m`
S A ∕ SE 4ο − ( [ E + g H ) 415593 5 5
− ( 3,?290 d + 1,5 d )4129>0,>? Sa 412,9> MSa
d s

11.1 Slr ih sbstida qui si bhustra ij ha sb`ubijti fb`ura obrouha a`ua a 13 ³O qui prlvbiji ni uj
ahdaoijadbijtl `rajni, a razÿj ni 1.9 W 〖13【Z(∕5) Z?/s. Oahouhi ha prisbÿj ij ih pujtl E.

Sartbijnl ni ha iouaobÿj ni Eirjluhhb;

5 5
SA V S V
+ [ A + A 4¼ E + [ E + E + gH
ο 5` ο 5`

^ijbijnl hl nbogl ajtirblrdijti, ijtljois;

5
S V
[ A 4¼ E + [ E + E + gH (1)
ο 5`

Nispikajnl SE ni (1)
5
VE
SE 4 ο ( [ A ∕ [ E ∕ ∕g H) (5)
5`

Oahouhadls ha vihlobnan ij E;

Q
Q4 A Ð V V4
A

Sara riahbzar ih oáhouhl nieidls eusoar ih ária ij hls apâjnbois nih hberl
ASÂJNBOI G; NBDIJ_BLJI_
NBDIJ_BLJI_ NI ^YEL NI OLEU
OLEUI
I ^BSL M
Aglra prloinidls a riahbzar ih oahouhl ni ha vihlobnan;
?
∕5 d
1.9 Ð 13
s
V4 5 ∕?
0.9?7 Ð 13 d

d
V 41.22
s

Oahouhadls ha oaeiza ni vihlobnan;

5

V
5 (1.22 d )
E s
4 43.535 d
5` d
5 Ð 2.7 5
s

Olj ih nbáditrl nih apâjnboi ajtirblr riahbzadls uja oljvirsbÿj ni ujbnanis;

1d
?.790 puh`Ð 43.327 d
?2.?03 puh`

ASÂJNBOI A; SULSBINANI_
SULSBINANI_ NIH A@YA

Gahhadls ih jûdirl ni Uiyjlhns para saeir has oljnbobljis nih fhukl;

V ÐN
℘4
v
 d
1.22 Ð 3.327 d
s
℘4 5
∕6 d
1.?3 Ð 13
s

℘4193319.?7>6

Ij easi istl saeidls qui ih fhukl is uj fhukl tureuhijtl.

Ha sb`ubijti taeha jls duistra ih vahlr ni ha ru`lsbnan si`ûj ih datirbah, ij isti oasl ih oleri;

Aglra prloinidls a gahhar has pirnbnas;

g H 4? golnls+ gfrboobÿj + g aooislrbls

Sara oahouhar has pirnbnas jioisbtadls gahhar f y f t ;

Ha iouaobÿj sb`ubijti, jls pirdbti oahouhar ih vahlr nbriotl nih faotlr ni frboobÿj para fhukl
tureuhijtl;

3.59
5
f4

]( )T
1 9.
hl` +
( )
3.2
N JU
?.0
ι

f 43,3169

3.59
f t4

] ( ( ) )T
5
1
hl`
N
?.0
ι

f t4 3.31
Ra olj f y f t plnidl
plnidlss gahhar has pârnbnas
pârnbnas ;

5
V
? golnls4? ( 3.2 ) Ð 4? ( 3.2 ) Ð 3.535 d
5`

? golnls43.1717 d

5
H V
g frboobÿj4 Ð Ðf
N 5`

73.9 d
g frboobÿj4 Ð 3.535 d x 3.3169
3.327 d

g frboobÿj45.0?07 d

5
V
g aooislrbls4m Ð , nljni m41.3
5`

g aooislrbls43.535 d

g H 43.1717 d+ 5.0?07 d + 3.535 d

g H 4?.1516 d

Aglra riidphazadls vahlris ij ha iouaobÿj (5) para gahhar SE ;

5
VE
SE 4 ο ( [ A ∕ [ E ∕ ∕g H )
5`

mJ
SE 42.71 ?
( 15 d∕ 3 d∕3.535 d∕?.1516 d)
d
 mJ
SE 479.11 ?
Ð d479.11 mSa
d

11.5. Slr ih sbstida dlstranl ij ha fb`ura va a flrzarsi ha obrouhaobÿj ni mirlsijl (s`43.75) a

53³O nih tajqui A ah nipÿsbtl E, plr dinbl nih bjoridijtl ni ha prisbÿj sleri ih mirlsijl qui
si ijouijtra ij ih tajqui A, sihhanl. Ha hlj`btun tltah ni ha tueiräa ni aoirl is ni 5 puh`anas
oinuha >3 is ni ?7 d. Ih olnl is istájnar. Oahouhi ha prisbÿj qui si riqubiri ij ih tajqui A
para loasbljar uj fhukl vlhudâtrbol ni >?9 H/dbj.

Ij prbdira bjstajoba rioljloidls qui si`ûj ih hberl ni Dioájboa ni Fhubnls ni Uleirt Dltt,
ih sbstida olrrispljni a ha Ohasi B, ha ouah jl prlplroblja natls jioisarbls para ih oáhouhl nih
tadañl ni has tueiräas, has pârnbnas dijlris y ih fhukl vlhudâtrbol, para plstirblrdijti gahhar
ha prisbÿj nisiana.

Oldl prbdir pujtl ninuobdls ha iouaobÿj ni Eirjluhhb;

5 5
SA v S v
+ z A + A + g A ∕g H∕ gE 4 E + z E+ E
ο 5` ο 5`

Niebnl a qui ih tajqui E tbiji sahbna a ha atdlsfira ha prisbÿj ij âh is oirl SE 43

Has vihlobnanis ij adels pujtls slj oasb bnâjtboas plr hl qui plnidls sbdphbfboarhas v A 4 v E

Uilrnijajnl ha iouaobÿj tijidls;

S A 4ο ] z E ∕ z A + g H T

Gahhadls ο nih quirlsijl;

ο 4( s . ` )( ο G 5 L )

(
ο 4( 3,75 ) 2713
J
d
? )
 J
ο 4 73>>,5 ?
d

Nbfirijoba ni ahtura;

( [e∕ [a )4 >,9 d

S A 473>>,5 J? ] >.9 d + g H T ( 1 )
d

Oahouhadls has pirnbnas dijlris gahhanas ij ih sbstida.

g H 4g1 + g5 + g? + g> + g9 + g6

5
v
Nifbjbdls 4 oar
oar`ani
`ani vihlobnan
vihlobnan
5`

Sara gahhar vihlobnan usadls ha flrduha ni oaunah

( )
?
d
1
Q >?9 H / dbj s
Q4 v − A ↕ v 4 4
A σ 63333 H / dbj
( 3.3959 d )5
>

¼ ?.?>> d / s
Ijtljois olj isti vahlr para ha vihlobnan letijidls;
5 5
v (?.?>> d / s )
g v4 4 43.903 d
5 ` 5 ( 2.71 d / s 5)

( )
5
v
 g1 4Sârnbna a ha ijtrana4m
Sârnbna
5`

( ( ))
d
?.?>>
( )
5
v s
g1 41.3 41.3 4 3,90
5` d
5 2,7 5
s

( )
5
v hi
• rivbsbÿj `bratlrba4f t ( )
g5 4Sârnbna plr váhvuha ni rivbsbÿj
N 5`

g5 43,312 (133 ) ( 3,90 )

g5 41,37?

( )
5
v hi
• g? 4 Sârn
Sârnbna váhvuha ni áj`uhl4f t ( )
bna plr váhvuhani
N 5`

g? 43,312∐(193 )∐( 3,90 )

g? 41,65

( )( )
5
hi v
• g >4 Sârn
Sârnbna istajnar 4f t
bna plr olnl istajnar
N 5`

g >4( 3,312 )( ?3)( 3,90 )

g >43,?5>

( )( )
5
H v
• g9 4 Sârnbna plr frboobÿj ij ih tuel ni nisoar`a4 f
N 5`

g9 4 Sara ih Quirlsijl a 53³O tijidls; ρ 4753 m` / d? y θ4 1.6> Ð 13

∕? m`
−s
d
?
v N ρ ( ?.?9 d / s )( 3.3959 d)( 753 m` / d )
J U4 4 ∕? 47.75 Ð 13 >
θ 1.6> Ð 13 m` / d − s

J U 8 53334 fhuklhadbjar

J U : >333 4fhukl tureuhijtl

tureuhijtl

N 3.3959
Easájnljls ij ha taeha 7.5 ijoljtradls qui 4 411>1, ya olj istls natls
ι >.6 Ð 13∕9

plnidls gahhar ih faotlr ni frboobÿj

3.59 3.59
f4 5
4 5
43.355

] (
hl`
1
?.0 N / ι ) +
9.0>
JU
3.2
T ] ( hl`
1
?.0 ( 11>1 ) )(
+
9.0>
7.>0 Ð 13
> 3.2
) T
?7
g9 4(3,355 )*( d ¼∐¼ (3,90)
3,3959

g9 42,30

g d
?.?>>
v5 s
6 4¼ 1.3 5 `
( )4 ( ) 4
1.3

( )
d 3,90 ¼
5 2,7 5
s
g H 4g1 + g5 + g? + g> + g9 + g6

g H 43,90 + 1,37? +1,65 + 3,?5> + 2,30 + 3,90

g H 41?,5> d

S A 4ο ] z E ∕ z A + g H T

J
S A 473>>,5 ?
∐] >,9 d + 1?,5> d T
d

S A 41>503>,137 p a

S A 41>5,0 Mp
Mpaa

11.16. Obirtl aoibti fhuyi gaoba ih tajqui aebirtl qui si bhustra ij ha fb`ura, tbiji `ravinan
ispioäfboa ni 3.2? y vbsolsbnan nbjádboa ni 2.913Z(∕?)  . "Ih ttueluel ni 5puh`anas tbiji uja
hlj`btun tltah ni ?3 d, y ih tuel ni > puh`anas dbni 133 d. Hls olnls slj istájnar. Nitirdbji
ih fhukl vlhudâtrbol gaoba ih tajqui, sb ha prisbÿj ij ih pujtl A is ni 109 mSa".

5 5
SA vA SE vE
+ zA+ + g H4 + zE +
ο 5` ο 5`
Niebnl a qui ih tajqui E tbiji sahbna a ha atdlsfira ha prisbÿj ij âh is oirl SE 43
5 5
SA v ∕v
+ z A ∕ z E 4 E A + g H,istl sirba b`uah a;
ο 5`

109 mJ
5
SA d v
5
∕ v
5
+ zA∕ zE4 ∕ >,9 d4 1>,67 ¼ E A
+ g H (1)
ο
3,2?
2,71 mJ
d
? ( )
5 `

Jl gay pârnbnas ni ijtrana y sahbna

g H 4frbooblj ( 5 puh` ) + ixpajsblj + frbooblj ( > puh` ) + olnls

?3 133
∐v 5A 3.95 5 ∐v 5E
3,3>27 ∐v A 3,327
g H 4f 5 + +f > + 5 ( ?3 ) f ^ > 43,313 ≇.
5` 5` 5`

N5 3,327
N1 4 3,3>27 41,20

Ub`urlsbnan;

NA 3,3>27 v A N A ρ v A ( 3,3>27 )( 2?3 )

4 ∕6 4 ??533 = J UA 4 4 ∕? 4>,77∐1 3? ( v A )
ι 1,9∐1 3 θ 2,93∐1 3

NA v N ρ v ( 3,327 )( 2?3 )
4 3,327∕6 4 69??? = J UE4 E E 4 A ∕? 42,92∐1 3? (v E )
ι 1,9∐1 3 θ 2,93∐1 3
5 5
vA v
g H 4( 3,95 + 635 f 5 ) +( 3,6 + 1353 f > ) E
5` 5`

Sirl; v A 4 v E ¼= v 5A 419,3 v5E

( 3,95+ 635 f 5 )∐19,3 v E5 v

5 5
vE
g H4 +( 3,6 + 1353 f > ) E 4 ] 7,>3 + 23?3 f 5+ 1353 f > T
5` 5` 5`
5 5 5 5
vE v E v E v
1>,674 ∕ + ] 7,>3+ 23?3 f 5 + 1353 f > T4 E ]∕9,63 + 23?3 f 5+ 1353 f > T
5 ` 5` 5` 5`

v E4
∛ 5 ` ( 1>,67)
∕9,63 + 23?3 f 5+ 1353 f >
4
∛ 577,1
∕9,63 + 23?3 f 5+ 1353 f >
btiradls paraf 5 y f >

_i asudi dinbajti ih nba`rada ni dllny4 f 54 f >4 3,35

v E4
∛ 577,1
∕9,63 + 23?3 ( 3,35)+ 1353 (3,35 )
d
41,51 = v❑A 4?,70 v E4 >,62
s
d
s

Ra tijbijnl has vihlobnanis plnidls gahhar hls J U

J UA4 >,77∐1 3 ( >,62 ) 45,52∐1 3 = J UE42,92∐1 3 (1,51 ) 41,16∐1 3

? > ? >

^ijbijnl hls J U plnidls gahhar hls f

 3.59 3.59
f 54 5
4 5
4 3.359

] (
hl`
1
?.0 N / ι )
+ 9.0>
3.2
JU T ] ( hl`
1
?.0 ( ??533 ) )(
+ 9.0>
5,52∐1 3
> 3.2
) T
3.59 3.59
f >4 5
4 5
43.3?
1 9.0> 1 9.0>
+ JU + (1,16∐13 > )3.2
] ( ) T ] ( T
hl` ?.0 N / ι hl` ?.0 ( 69??? )
)
3.2

Uiidphazadls has juivas f ij ha iouaobÿj ni vihlobnan y oljfbrdadls qui juistra suplsbobÿj

fui olrriota

v E4
∛ 577,1
∕9,63 + 23?3 ( 3,3599)+ 1353 ( 3,3?39)
d d
4¼ 1,36 = v A 4?,70 v E4 >,13 ¼
s s

J UA45,31∐13 ------: f 543,3599 Jl oadeba J UE 41,35∐1 3 ------: f >4 3,? Jl oadeba

> >

Q4 A E v E4( 0,9?7∐1 3 d
∕? 5
) ( 1,36
d
s )
40,22∐1 3∕? d / s