6.

3 Other Psychodynamic Schools

- Neuropathologist in Switzerland
Adolf Meyer - Biographical approach in Theory of Personality
(1866 to  Believed human beings possess a fundamental tendency toward integration, and multiple biological, social, and
1950) psychological forces contribute to personality development.
 The vulnerable person uses poorly planned, ill-suited means of adaptation.
- Attempted to bring psychiatric patients and their treatment out of isolated state hospitals and into communities, and
was also a strong advocate of social action for mental health.
- Distributive Analysis and Distributive Synthesis
 Distributive Analysis: an examination of the factors in patients’ lives that contributed to their adjustment or lack
thereof.
 Distributive Synthesis: helping patients to understand themselves and to develop better coping skills
- Focus on patient assets: 1st step in TREATMENT
 Involves psychological, chemical, physical, and environmental measures as needed
- Habit training
 Meyer did not pay attention to unconscious mechanisms but focused on patients’ functioning in reality.
 With guidance, patients investigate their own personality problems, ascertain the origin of their conflicts, and
work to develop more useful behavior patterns.

Alfred Adler - Austrian General Practitioner and one of Freud’s circle in 1902.
- 1st theoretician to place mastery and self-esteem at the center of personality development.
- NEVER accepted the primacy of the libido theory, the sexual origin of neurosis, or the importance of infantile wishes
- Individual Psychology
 Striving for self-esteem through overcoming a sense of inferiority, which he saw as an inevitable force in the
human condition as a result of its extended childhood.
 He equated psychological health with constructive social engagement
- Inferiority toward Mastery; “Inferiority Complex”
 The cornerstone of Adler’s personality theory.
 Moving from this sense of inferiority to a sense of adequacy is the most important motivation in life. Thus, the
ideal person strives for superiority and does so through high social engagement;
 The emotionally handicapped person continues to feel inferior and reinforces that position through lack of striving
and social interest.
 Physical handicaps and childhood diseases may promote self-centeredness and loss of social interest.

CAVEMEN/SUMPONG 1
 - Birth Order
 first-born children, having lost their position of only child, tend not to share, and become conservative.
 Later children are more open to change and become social activists.
 Youngest children feel secure because they have never been displaced.
- Dynamism (future-directed, goal-oriented)
 Every individual is future directed and moves toward a goal.
 Once the goal is established, the psychic apparatus shapes itself toward attainment of that goal.
 Life goals are chosen and are thus subject to change
- Theory of Psychopathology: “MISTAKEN LIFESTYLES”
- Removing blocks to living productively in the real world  TO POINT OUT MISTAKEN SELF-VIEWS
- Reframing
 Viewing the same data from a different point of view.
- Paradoxical communication
 Instructing patients to do the opposite of what the therapist wishes them to do

Carl Gustav - He trained in psychiatry under Eugen Bleuler at the Burgholzli Mental Hospital in Zurich.
Jung - After a period where he experienced psychotic symptoms but made use of them as a spur to creative thinking, he
(1875–1961) became an advocate of active introspection as the means to intrapsychic change.
- Jung rejected Freud’s notion of libido as sexual energy and the Oedipus complex as a universal developmental stage.
- He believed not only in the unconscious mind but in a shared racial and species unconscious.
- Jung’s construct of the psychic apparatus:
 Below an outer rim of consciousness is the personal unconscious, which contains the:
- Complexes.
 Complexes are groups of unconscious ideas associated with particular emotionally toned events or
experiences.
 Built around genetically determined intrinsic models of the world known as Archetypes.
 Endowed with psychic energy from their affective tone: Positive, negative, mild, or strong, the more
intense the complex is, the greater the emotion, imagery, and tendency to action.
- Archetypes:
 The inherited capacity to initiate and carry out behaviors typical of all human beings, regardless of race or culture,
such as nurturing and aggression.
 The human infant’s psyche is not amorphous energy awaiting organization by the environment but instead a
complex and organized set of potentials whose fulfillment and expression depend on environmental stimuli.
 Earth Mother Archetype: All humans are born with a poorly formed but relatively clear model of an all-nurturing

CAVEMEN/SUMPONG 2
 caretaker. Found in dreams or fantasies, often as a huge woman or an animal with many breasts
- Projective/Introjective processes  Esp seen in children
- Unconscious
 Has 2 layers:
1. Personal Unconscious :
 Equivalent of the Freudian unconscious, a repository of individual memories that have been
repressed
2. Collective Unconscious/ Objective Psyche :
 Residue of what has been learned in humankind’s evolution and ancestral past, much as human
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an aggregate of the past
 Law of compensation  Jung’s version of HOMEOSTASIS
- Personality Structure: At the center of the conscious personality is the complex called the ego.
1. Persona  Public personality, mediates between the ego and the real world
2. Shadow  Reverse image of the persona, contains traits that are unacceptable to the persona, whether
positive or negative.
A brave persona, for example, has its fearful shadow. The archetype of the shadow is the enemy or
feared intruder
3. Anima  Residue of all the experiences of woman in a man’s psychic heritage
4. Animus  residue of all the experiences of man in a woman’s psychic heritage.
** The anima or animus connects the ego to the inner world of the psyche and is projected onto others in day-to-day or
intimate relationships.

 The SELF is the Archetype of the EGO.

 INDIVIDUATION: the ego begins to attend more to the self than to the conscious realm of life.

- Typology (Myer-Briggs Type Indicator (40 questions))

 Introversion-Extroversion
Extroverts are oriented to others and to the world of consciousness. Energy flows outward then inward.
Introverts are oriented to their inner world, their energy flowing first inward and then to outer reality.
 Sensation-Intuition (PERCEPTION)
The sensation type comes to understand a situation by assembling the details;
The intuitive type grasps the overall situation before attempting to assimilate its parts.
The sensation type sees the trees first; the intuitive type sees the forest first
 Thinking-Feeling (INFORMATION PROCESSING AND JUDGMENT)

CAVEMEN/SUMPONG 3
 In the thinking mode, data are evaluated according to logical principle.
Feeling, at the opposite pole, is making judgments through nonlogical processes having to do with values and
understanding relationships.

Otto Rank - Rank saw each person as an artist whose ultimate task is the creation of an individual personality.
(1884–1939) - Rankian Dialectic
- Birth trauma
 The physical and psychological experience of birth gives rise to a primal anxiety that is dealt with by primal
repression.
 The crucial intrapsychic conflict that occurs in all developmental phases is the conflict between maintaining the
primal bliss of attachment and experiencing the excitement and fear associated with separation.

 He viewed movement toward either union or separation not as an innate biological process but as an ACT OF WILL.
 In moving toward and engaging with another person, all individuals experience their need for belonging.
 Moving away from others allows individuals to experience their uniqueness.
 Maturity is the triumph of will over the forces that inhibit movement both toward and away from others—guilt, death
fear, and life fear.

** Moving toward UNION causes guilt in being needy.

- Death fear: fear of losing one’s identity by fusing with another person. The weaker one’s personal identity, the
stronger the death fear.
- Life fear: fear of losing all ties in the process of becoming separate.
- Concept of Will
 the prime mover in the Rankian dialectic, is an irreducible creative force.
 Not solely an agency for the expression of Freudian sexual or aggressive impulses nor is it the will to power in the
Adlerian sense.
 The beginning of will is in the child’s “no,” an assertion of what the child will not do.
- Therapy as rebirth
 Rankian psychotherapy is a here-and-now interaction with the therapist that seeks to mobilize the patient’s will.
 Focuses on the relationship with the therapist. In the therapist–patient relationship are reenacted earlier life
struggles, especially struggles involving intimacy.
- Emphasized the preeminence of social and cultural influences on psychosexual development, focused her attention on
Karen the differing psychology of men and women and explored the vicissitudes of marital relationships. (Wedding bells

CAVEMEN/SUMPONG 4
Horney intensifies, char!)
(1885–1952) - Horney believed that personality development results from the interaction of biological and psychosocial forces that
are unique for each individual. At the core of each personality is an enduring real self.
- A natural unfolding process of self-realization leads to the development of human potential in three basic directions:
Toward others, to express love and trust; against others, to express healthy opposition; and away from others toward
self-sufficiency.
- Horney believed that the attributes of passivity and suffering were not biologically specific to women, as taught by the
analysts of her day, and that male and female personalities are in fact culturally determined. (Tama! Tama! )
- Gender, culture, and personality traits
- Theory of Neurosis, character neuroses, and neurotic trends
 Horney defined Neurosis in both intrapsychic and interpersonal terms.
 Complex system of self- perpetuating defensive patterns against basic anxiety—Character neuroses.
 Neurotic Trends: Complex, relatively fixed attitudes toward self and others
- Character TYPES:
1. Compliant, self-effacing type: results from the defensive operation of clinging to others. These individuals try to
curry favor with others, subordinate themselves, and are reluctant to disagree.
2. Aggressive, expansive type: results from moving against others and relies heavily on power and mastery as a
means to achieve security.
3. Detached, resigned type: results from moving away from others in an attempt to avoid both dependency and
conflict. These are very private individuals who, although refusing to compete openly, see themselves as rising
above others.
 Idealized Image
 Claims, “Shoulds,” and Self-Hatred.
 Neurotic Pride: Glorifying aspects of the idealized self, neurotic pride, substitutes for healthy self-confidence. Thus,
when their pride is injured by others, neurotic individuals become enraged and seek to avenge their injury and to
conceal their self-deception by achieving a vindictive victory over the offending person.
 The conflict between the forces driving toward healthy self-realization and the pride system is the central inner
conflict.
- Alienation
 from self is one of the most serious consequences of neurotic development. It results from the combination of
repeated denial of external reality and the repression of genuine thought, feelings, and impulses.
 As alienation continues, neurotic individuals lose touch with the core of their being and can no longer determine
or act on what is right for them. Their feelings may range from uncertainty and confusion to inner deadness and
emptiness.

CAVEMEN/SUMPONG 5
Franz - Psychosomatic medicine
Alexander  Application of psychoanalytic thought to pathophysiological processes.
- Corrective emotional experience
 He hypothesized that intellectual insight was not the central curative factor in therapy, a radical and revolutionary
proposal at the time.
- The Seven diseases
 peptic ulcer disease : core conflict is hyperindependence as a defense against unacceptable dependency needs.
 ulcerative colitis : also implicated dependency conflicts; however, rage at unmet needs was seen as the defining
feature. This rage provokes guilt and the urge to make restitution toward the object of anger by means of gifts of
achievements and successes.
 essential hypertension: inhibited anger and suspiciousness in an outwardly compliant, cooperative individual
 Graves disease: No longer widely accepted as a psychosomatic illness. Alexander’s hypothesis was that premature
responsibility led to a martyr-like denial of dependency.
 Neurodermatitis: The specific conflict was early deprivation leads to wishes for closeness that are opposed by a
fear of it, is no longer accepted
 rheumatoid arthritis: rebellion against overprotective parents. A compromise formation in which the conflict is
discharged via physical activity, especially sports, works for a time, but the anger eventually is expressed in self-
sacrifice designed to control others
 bronchial asthma: Symbolic cry. The conflict was the wish for protection versus the fear of envelopment. This
conflict leads to sensitization to separation issues, which become the events that provoke the suppressed cry of
the asthma attack.
- Controversial attempts to shorten/manipulate psychodynamic therapy
Harry Stack - Therapeutic communities
Sullivan - He defined PERSONALITY as the “relatively enduring pattern of interpersonal relations which characterize a human
(1892–1949) life.”
- Needs are divided into needs for satisfaction and needs for security. Anxiety occurs when fundamental needs are in
danger of not being met and is the primary motivator of human behavior.
- Sullivan defined security as the absence of anxiety. Thus, needs for security are defined as the need to avoid, prevent,
or reduce anxiety.
- The self-system is defined by Sullivan as the dynamism that is responsible for avoiding or reducing anxiety. Sullivan
equated the self, identity, or ego with the individual’s developed patterns for avoiding the discomforts that arise from
the inability of others to meet one’s fundamental needs.
- Sullivan is best known for 3 contributions that bore his distinct stamp: Apathy, somnolent detachment, and selective

CAVEMEN/SUMPONG 6
 inattention. These were drawn from observing the way infants and young children react to painful interactions, such
as scolding, with their parents.
- 2 DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES:
1. Cognitive modes:
A. Prototaxic
Characteristic of infancy and early childhood, involves a series of disconnected, brief states
experienced as totalities with no temporal relationship.
In later life, mystical experiences and schizophrenic fusion represent persistent prototaxic
experiences.
B. Parataxic
Experience begins early in childhood as the self-system begins its more independent functioning. It,
too, involves a series of momentary experiences; however, they are now recorded in sequence and
with apparent connection to one another.
Sullivan used this mode to explain transference, slips of the tongue, and paranoid ideation.
C. Syntactic
Based on the development of language and consensual validation.
The world and the self are perceived within rules of logic, temporal sequencing, external validity, and
internal consistency.
Maturity may be defined as extensive predominance of the syntactic mode of experiencing
2. Social development model
 Disturbed interpersonal relationships may cause persistence of the more primitive (prototaxic or parataxic) ways
of experiencing the world.
 Infancy spans birth to the onset of language and is characterized by the primary need for bodily contact and
tenderness.
 The prototaxic mode predominates, and the primary zones of interaction are oral and, to some extent, anal.
- THEORY OF PSYHOPATHOLOGY
o He saw psychopathology as resulting from excessive anxiety arresting development of the self-system
thereby limiting both opportunities for interpersonal satisfaction and available security operations.
o He viewed psychiatric patients as struggling to maintain their self-esteem with very limited means.
o To understand them, the developmental phase at which they operate has to be gauged, and the interpersonal
needs they express have to be understood.
- Interpersonal Psychotherapy:
o emphasized that the psychiatrist is a participant–observer in all interactions with patients.
- Sullivan viewed psychotherapy as divided into 4 distinct stages:

CAVEMEN/SUMPONG 7
 1. Inception: involves the very beginning, often only a part of the first interview, during which the contract and roles
are stipulated
2. Reconnaissance: might go on for as many as 10 to 15 sessions, during which the therapist identifies the patient’s
recurring patterns and assesses their adaptive and maladaptive qualities.
3. Detailed inquiry: exploring thoughts and feelings
4. Termination: product of the evolving contract and understanding between the patient and therapist and may
reflect either extensive or limited goals.
Wilhelm - Freud’s most controversial disciple (uy chismis!) as his later years were marred by mental illness.
Reich - Ego psychology (With Ana Freud and Hartmann)
(1897–1957) - Character armor
 Defends against internal and external dangers.
 Comprised of involuntary, repetitive, ego-syntonic behaviors that prevent the emergence of repressed impulses.
For instance, the trait of ingratiation frequently defends against hostile impulses, just as the traits of hostility or
self-assertion may defend against wishes to be dependent and passive.
1. Hysterical Character
o Has the least body armoring, hence the most lability of function.
o Body movements tend to be soft, rolling, and sexually suggestive.
o These individuals are superficial, excitable, flighty, fearful, highly suggestible, and easily disappointed.
2. Compulsive Character
o Tense and restrained, walk stiffly, and sit rigidly.
o Overconcerned about orderliness, tend to ruminate, and are indecisive and distrusting.
o They experience a blockage between their thoughts and feelings.
o The compulsive character avoids expression of repressed impulses by rigid overcontrol. Because of
this, these individuals are very threatened by trivial changes in routine.
3. Phallic-Narcissistic Character
o Appear cold, reserved, and prickly.
o Outspoken, provocative, and seek positions of power.
o Frustrated at the genital-exhibitionist stage of development, the men are identified with the penis and
the women with the fantasy of having a penis. The men have strong erective potency but little
capacity for intimacy; the women actively dominate men.
4. Masochistic Character
o Individuals suffer, complain, damage, and deprecate themselves in ways that provoke and torture
others.
o Pleasure is painful for the masochist because of an enormous need, excessive guilt, and the resultant
CAVEMEN/SUMPONG 8
 low tolerance for love or pleasure.
o Suffering allows the masochist to then indulge in a certain amount of self-gratification.
o Sexual intercourse can be enjoyed, for example, if the partner is inconsiderate or overly domineering.

- Bioenergetics (Vegetotherapy)
 relax the character armor by physical manipulation.
Erich Fromm - Importance of historical and social context for human behavior.
(1900–1980) - He argued that every person yearns to recapture the state of blissful union that existed prenatally. From the moment
the baby begins to recognize itself as a separate human being, a titanic struggle begins, pitting the desperate anxiety
of loneliness against the urge to fully express and actualize oneself, and, ultimately to transcend the self.
- Facing aloneness and choosing individuation lead to freedom and a productive life. But since Freedom is terrifying
daw, nagkakaroon ng creation of pseudo-self, think pseudo-thoughts, and experience pseudo-feelings in support of
these illusions, thereby cutting themselves off from the fullness of their own inner lives.

- To achieve true freedom, Fromm said 4 basic human needs must be met:
1. Relatedness
 the need to feel connected to other humans
2. Transcendence
 refers to rising above basic instincts
3. Identity
 need to feel accepted yet unique
4. Frame of orientation
 exploration of the constructive and destructive roles that religion may play in individual lives.
- Used the term SYMBIOSIS before Mahler (May unahang nagaganap)
- Theory of Psychopathology:
3 major mechanisms of retreat from individuation:
1. Seek an authoritarian solution
2. May become destructive, attacking anything that confronts them with their separateness and aloneness.
3. Develop a conformist attitude

 In effect, there will be 4 unproductive orientations or characters typical of modern capitalist society:
1. Receptive
 appears to be cooperative and open; however, the primary agenda is to establish a passive relationship with a
leader who solves problems magically.

CAVEMEN/SUMPONG 9
 2. Exploitative
 likewise interested in filling themselves up from the outside; however, they aggressively manipulate and usurp
whatever reduces their terror, for example, power.
3. Hoarding
 collect, store, and close in on themselves, often being cold and aloof in their efforts to feel secure.
4. Marketing
 treat themselves as a plastic commodity to be manipulated as needed to achieve externally validated success.
- Marxist view of character types (History and Social Criticism)
Eric Berne - “Strokes” as primary motivators
(1910–1970) - “pop psychology”
- Berne’s quotes: “Negative strokes are better than no strokes at all.”
- Berne divided the human psyche into three primary parts: (EGO STATES)
- An ego state consists of characteristic body language, voice qualities, verbal productions, and affective experience.
1. Child: persistence of child-like experience and expression in all people
o Natural child, the ego state in which the spontaneity, joy, and intuitive perceptiveness of young children
persists in all adults
o Adapted child, the part that is compliant and cooperative
o Rebellious child, the repository of that part of each person prone to fight authority, challenge accepted
wisdom, and struggle for autonomy.
2. Parent: residue of internalized parental messages and injunctions. It is divided into two parts:
o Critical parent bears some resemblance to Freud’s superego, embodying rules, values, instruction,
criticism, and restrictions.
o Nurturing parent is the internalization of positive caring experience, the memory of loving interactions.
3. Adult: purely rational, data-processing element that is objective, calculating, and weighs options and estimates
probabilities.
- THEORY OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
o Berne’s understanding of psychopathology is based on the adaptiveness of a person’s games and script and
the capacity for adaptive use of all ego states.
o He was very impressed with the role of fantasy and fairy tales in children’s development and often asked
patients what their favorite story was as a child.
- TREATMENT
o He emphasized the initial contract with the patient and the setting of clear, concrete goals. He encouraged
therapists to inquire very early on in therapy, “How will we know when our work is finished?”
o Berne regarded the ongoing interaction between patient and therapist as the key ingredient of

CAVEMEN/SUMPONG 10
 psychotherapy. The therapist’s job was to interact actively with the patient; recognize the ego states, games,
and scripts being enacted; and to counter them using confrontation, interpretation, or various other
interpersonal maneuvers that were designed to thwart the enactment and to confront the patient with a
choice and an opportunity to relate differently.

Sullivan’s Social Development Theory

Stage Age Mode Characteristics Hurdles
Infancy Birth– Prototaxic Focus on need fulfillment Excessive anxiety can lead to
Language detachment
onset and sometimes later psychosis
Childhood Usable Parataxic Focus on pleasing others Excessive anxiety can lead to chronic
language anxiety and possibly self-defeating
patterns
Juvenile 5–8 years Shift to Focus of pleasing spreads to peer group and Excessive anxiety can lead to need for
Syntactic authority figures control/ domination or internalization
begins of prejudicial social attitudes
Preadolescenc 8–12 Significant Initiate capacity for attachment, love, and Excessive anxiety can block ability to
e years shift to collaboration. Importance of a single close expand capacity for attachment and
Syntactic friend. love
Adolescence Puberty Syntactic Incorporation of sexuality in relationships; Excessive anxiety in the face of new
later years intimate
involve solidifying ideas regarding relationships and painful trial-and
relationships, values, career, and social error can lead to self-ridicule
concerns.

CAVEMEN/SUMPONG 11