- Disease is the

pathological process,
deviation from a
biological norm
- has a specific result
on a body part or
function
- a form of pathology
or medical problem,
defect, or impairment

- Illness is the
patient's experience
of ill health
- perceived notion of
unwellness or
derive from
self-diagnosis
- a manifestation of
such an impairment,
defect/pathology, or
disability

- Disorder is a collection
of signs and symptoms
- a disruption to regular
bodily structure and
function
 Ideal fertile age: 30 y.o.
- between late 20s to early 30s

Wear and Tear Theory

- Normal
sperm count:
15 to 200
million per mL
- Egg stay in the
FT within 24 hrs
for fertilization - completely normal semen
- abnormally high sperm count
- Sperm reaches - no sperm in the semen
the FT within 45
min to 12 hrs

- Sperm can
survive for 7 days - a hereditary condition
in uterus that affects the cells that
produce digestive juices,
mucus, and sweat
 Alcohol Testosterone = LH, FSH = estrogen = reduced sperm count

- Excessive: 15 drinks or more per week for males

- 8 drinks per week for females
- impede with
hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian
interaction.

- Chemotherapy affect the

stem cells
- Radiation T/x = cytotoxicity

- Androgen
- hirsutism (unwanted
body hair)

- Estrogen
- amenorrhea Tubal scarring = fibrosis, increased
(absence of adherence due to inflammation
menstruation)
 Menstrual bleeding - Bleeding in more - Infrequent menstrual
Period of <21 days than 90 days.
or > 35 days apart that lasts more than period = > 37 days and
7 days - Fewer than 6 to 8 <90 days
periods per year - 3 or more missed period

- Normal menstrual
cycles = 21 days to
35 days
A menstrual cycle
- Occurs every 28 shorter than 21 days
days
Bleeding at irregular levels

- Absence of menstruation
- No period within 90 days or longer

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axis

responsible for regulating reproductive activity

- Alcohol can affect the HPG axis

- Ethanol can interfere brain communication in HPG

- could result to estrogen, testosterone

- Cortisol and Epinephrine (stress hormones)

- blood flow to organs

- hormones that regulate appetite

- Oocyte maturation, embryo development
 FSH test: measures the level of FSH in blood
- Normal value: 4.5 to 21.5 IU/L
- blood is extracted during the 3rd day of menstruation
- no need for fasting

first sexual intercourse

- should be sent to the

lab within 1 hour

- limit fluid intake within 1 to 2 hours

- do not urinate

- no sexual intercourse 1
day before the procedure
- pain reliever is allowed
- done within 30 mins

- keyhole surgery
(minimally invasive)
- inserted in either right
or left of the belly button
- should be the last resort
- NPO for 1 night
- under general
anesthesia; 1-3 hours
 - 5 doses straight; once daily; same
time
- can cause ovulation ; 80% of cases
- 3 to 6 cycles before proceed to
another

- 50 to 70% chance; for

- 3 to 4 cycles in vitro fertilization
- below level 10 to be pregnant - 3 to 6 cycles only
- daily injection; 10 to 12 days: - within 7 to 12 days
- subcutaneous ; abdomen or thigh route - start t/x during 1st or
- within 36 to 48 hours ovulation 2nd day of period
- give HCG (trigger) shot
after 36 hours
- for PCOS patient, obese - there should be sexual
- After meals for 60-90 days intercourse after
- effective to pair with Clomid - high chance of twins,
- oral: start Clomid for 4-6 months triplets
- avoid sugar foods; low carb diet

- for amenorrhea
- act on pituitary gland to
release prolactin
- treat acromegaly;
overproduction of growth
hormone; Type 2 Diabetes
- taken daily; 1/2 tablet for first
Penile exercise: stretch in week
different directions
- 5 minutes; twice daily

Antibiotic therapy for infection

- for azoospermia

Azithromycin
- single dose; rectal
Doxycycline
- oral; 1 week