Canadair CL-415

The Canadair CL-415 (Super Scooper,[2] later

CL-415 / DHC-515
Bombardier 415) and the De Havilland Canada
DHC-515 are a series of amphibious aircraft built
originally by Canadair and subsequently by
Bombardier and Viking Air, and De Havilland Canada.
The CL-415 is based on the Canadair CL-215 and is
designed specifically for aerial firefighting; it can
perform various other roles, such as search and rescue
and utility transport.

Development of the CL-415 began in the early 1990s,

shortly after the success of the CL-215T retrofit
programme had proven a viable demand for a
turboprop-powered model of the original CL-215.
Role Aerial firefighting
Entering production in 2003, in addition to its new
engines, the aircraft featured numerous modernisation Manufacturer Canadair
efforts and advances over the CL-215, particularly in Bombardier Aerospace
terms of its cockpit and aerodynamics, to yield De Havilland Canada
improved performance. By the time the programme's
First flight 6 December 1993
production phase had begun, it was owned by
Bombardier, who continued production up until 2015. Introduction 1994
In October 2016, the CL-415 programme was acquired Status Active service
by Viking Air, aiming to produce an updated CL-
Primary users Vigili del Fuoco (Italy)
515,[3] since renamed the DHC-515 Firefighter, and
Sécurité Civile (France)
to be produced in Calgary, Alberta, by De Havilland
Hellenic Air Force (Greece)
Canada.[4]
Quebec Service aérien
gouvernemental
Development
Produced CL-415: 1993–2015 / DHC-
515: 2022-present
Origins Number built 95[1]
Developed from Canadair CL-215
Introduced during 1966, the CL-215 was the first
aircraft specifically designed to be a water bomber.[5] A
total of 125 aircraft were constructed prior to the final CL-215 being delivered during May 1990.[6]

During 1987, in response to prevailing market trends towards more efficient, powerful and reliable
turboprop powerplants, Canadair undertook the task of retrofitting 17 CL-215 airframes with the Pratt &
Whitney Canada PW123AF engines. This engine provided a 15 percent power increase over the original
piston engines, as well as enhanced reliability and safety. The retrofitted aircraft were designated CL-
215T.[7] Speaking during the new model's development, company officials recognised that market demand
for the CL-215T was marginal, and thus not enough to justify developing an all-new aircraft.[7] Despite
this, it featured numerous enhancements, including the addition of powered flight controls, air conditioning
in the cockpit, as well as various upgraded electrical and avionics systems. The most notable external
features of the CL-215T retrofit were the aerodynamic additions to the wings and empennage.[6]
Having conducted the relatively successful CL-215T programme, the company decided to develop a
further improved model of the aircraft CL-415, which would take form as a new-build production series.
On 6 December 1993, the CL-415 conducted its maiden flight, while the first deliveries commenced during
November 1994.[8] One year later, a 180-day sales tour traversing 21 countries commenced using a CL-
415 owned by the Quebec Government.[9] That same year, Bombardier stated that it was in the planning
phase of a six-point improvement plan for the CL-415, which was principally intended to diversify its
capabilities.[10][11]

Orders for the type were promptly received from several countries, which included several lease and
purchase arrangements; by July 1996, 37 examples were reportedly in service with operators in Canada,
France, Italy, and Spain.[12] Starting in 1998, the CL-415 was being assembled at Bombardier Aerospace's
facility near North Bay/Jack Garland Airport in North Bay, Ontario, and tested on Lake Nipissing.[13]
During the 2010s, according to aerospace periodical Flight International, there was a downturn in sales of
the type. A total of ninety-five CL-415s had been completed when Bombardier closed down the production
line in October 2015, although the company continued to actively market the type as well as to provide
support for the existing fleet beyond this date.[14]

Viking era

For several decades, Bombardier had experienced a period of significant expansion until encountering
financial hardship during the 2010s, largely brought on by the very high costs involved in developing the
CSeries narrow-body airliner.[15][16] The much smaller Viking Aircraft started off as a component
manufacturing specialist, which came to include the licensed production of parts of several of Bombardier's
discontinued aircraft range, helping operators to keep them in service.[17][18] During 2008, Bombardier and
Viking Air reached an arrangement under which the former sold the design documents and all intellectual
property rights of all out-of-production de Havilland aircraft from the DHC-1 Chipmunk through the
DASH-7 50 passenger STOL regional airliner to Viking.[19][20] Its unit cost in 2014 was 36.9 million US
dollars.[21]

On 20 June 2016, it was announced that Viking Air was in the process of purchasing the CL-415 type
certificate from Bombardier, along with the older CL-215 and CL-215T models.[22][23][24] The acquisition
was finalised on 3 October 2016.[25] Shortly following the acquisition, Viking began work on the design of
a modernized CL-515 version.[18][26]

During December 2018, a full-flight CL-415 simulator, capable of simulating water scoop and bombing
operations, received European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) certification. Prior to this, pilot training had
typically involved live flying of the aircraft.[27]

On 21 June 2019, the Indonesian Ministry of Defense announced it was purchasing six CL-515s for
delivery in 2024.[28][29]

On 31 March 2022, Viking Air through De Havilland Canada renamed the CL-515 as the DHC-515,
planning for production and final assembly in Calgary, Alberta, where the CL-215 and CL-415 are
supported, with 22 letters of intent from European customers.[30][31]

Design
The CL-415 has an updated cockpit, aerodynamics enhancements and changes to the water-release system
as well, creating a modern firefighting amphibious flying boat for use in detecting and suppressing forest
fires. Compared to the CL-215, the CL-415 has increased operating weight and speed, yielding improved
productivity and performance. Due to the increased power of its
pair of Pratt & Whitney Canada PW123AF turboprop engines,
each capable of generating up to 1,775 kW of thrust, these are
located closer to the fuselage in comparison to the CL-215's
arrangement.[6] While this repositioning would typically reduce
lateral stability on its own, this is rectified via the addition of an
inverted fixed leading edge slat forward of the righthand horizontal
A Spanish Air Force CL-415, showing
stabiliser. Furthermore, winglets have been adopted on this model
its 4 underbelly doors opened.
for the purpose of improving directional stability.[6]

The CL-415 can scoop up to 6,140 L (1,350 imp gal;

1,620 US gal) of water from a nearby water source, mix it with a
chemical foam if desired, and drop it on a fire without having to
return to base to refill its tanks.[6] The CL-415 was specifically
developed to provide the capability to deliver large quantities of
suppressant in quick response to fires. This is stored within large
tanks which are located mostly beneath the cabin floor within the
hull, although a header tank above this level is present on either
side of the fuselage.[6] The airframe is built for reliability and
Italian Vigili del Fuoco refilling near
longevity, making extensive use of corrosion-resistant materials,
Alghero, spilling excess water
predominantly treated aluminium, that facilitates its use in salt through underwing overflow ports
water. According to Flight International, the CL-415 has good
handling on the water, being relatively easy to operate in
comparison with several other amphibious aircraft.[6] The CL-515 can hold up to 7,000 litres (1,850 US
gallons), and has a refill time of 14 seconds.[3]

The aircraft requires 1,340 m (4,400 ft) of flyable length to descend from 15 m (49 ft) altitude, scoop
6,137 L (1,350 imp gal; 1,621 US gal) of water during a twelve-second 410-metre-long (1,350 ft) run on
the water at 70 knots (130 km/h; 81 mph), then climb back to 15 m (49 ft) altitude. The aircraft can also
pick up partial loads in smaller areas, and can turn while scooping if necessary.[32] Management of the
water bombing system is centralised via a water status panel on the flight instrumentation, giving direct
control to the pilots; various dispersal patterns and sequences can be selected. A manually-operated
emergency dump lever is also present, bypassing this system.[6] Bombardier have claimed that the type
performs 6.9 water drops for every flight hours of the type.[6] The CL-415GR variant features higher
operating weights, while the CL-415 multi-role model is available for purposes in a paramilitary search and
rescue role and utility transport.

Operational history
Derived from its predecessor's nickname, the aircraft has acquired
the name "Super Scooper" in light of its greatly enhanced
performance as a water bomber and fire suppresser. In recognition
of its abilities, the aircraft was awarded in 2006 the Batefuegos de
oro (gold fire extinguisher) by the Asociacion para la Promocion
de Actividades Socioculturales (APAS) in Spain; the award citation World operators of the CL-415
in part read "This is the most efficient tool for the aerial combat of
forest fires, key to the organization of firefighting in a large number
of countries. The continuous improvements to meet the needs of forest firefighting have made these aircraft
the aerial means most in demand over more than 30 years."[33]
By 1999, a total of 51 orders had been secured for the type; operators have reportedly predominantly used
the CL-415 for firefighting and maritime search and rescue purposes.[34] Of the 95 built, seven had
reportedly been removed from service as a result of several accidents by December 2007.[35]

Variants
CL-415
The original model, 86 built.

CL-415MP
Maritime patrol version, three built.[36]

CL-415GR
Improved version for the Hellenic Air Force, capable of higher operating weights.[34] Six
built.

CL-415EAF
Enhanced Aerial Firefighter.[37] In 2019, six CL-415EAF Superscooper aircraft were
ordered by launch customer, Bridger Aerospace, due for delivery in April 2020.[38]

DHC-515 (formerly CL-515)

Updated version by Viking Air, later renamed as the DHC-515.[4] Parts of the fuselage and
wings will be manufactured in North Saanich, British Columbia near the Victoria
International Airport, while final assembly will be done in Calgary, Alberta.[39]

Operators
In 2016/2019, there were 164 in-service CL-215 and CL-415s in
11 countries.[40]

Croatian Air Force CL-415 right

before refilling in Živogošće

Two Hellenic Air Force CL-415

refilling off the coast of Atlit to fight
the 2010 Mount Carmel forest fire
 CL-215(T)/415 in service as of mid-2016
Current On
Country Operators
Fleet[41] Order

2019 figures, all others 2016:

Air Spray
Buffalo Airways
Conair Group
Government of Newfoundland French Sécurité Civile CL-415
and Labrador
dropping water
Service aérien gouvernemental
Canada 64 (Quebec)
Longview Aviation Asset
Management Corp., Longview
Aviation Services Inc.
Province of Manitoba
Ministry of Natural Resources
(Ontario)
Ministry of Environment
(Saskatchewan)

Croatian Air Force / Croatian Fire

Croatia 6 2 Brigade 885th Firefighting Squadron,
6 CL-415, 2 CL-515 in order

France 12 Sécurité Civile

Hellenic Air Force, 7 CL-415, 10 CL-
Greece 17 8
215, 8 CL-515 on order[42]

On 21 June 2019, the

Indonesian Ministry of
Indonesia 0 6 Defense announced it was
purchasing six CL-515s for
delivery in 2024.[28][29]

Italy 18 Vigili del Fuoco[43]

Malaysian Maritime Enforcement

Malaysia 2
Agency (firefighting)[44]

Morocco 6[45] 6 Royal Moroccan Air Force

Portuguese Air Force purchased two

CL-515s in 2022 to fight forest fires.
Portugal 0 2
Both units will be received in
2026[46]
Spanish Air and Space Force,
Spain 25 operates 14 CL-215 and 4 CL-415s,
43rd Group of the Air Force

Los Angeles County FD

United San Diego County
10
States
United States Forest Service
Bridger Aerospace

Total 160 21
Accidents

Out of the 95 CL-415s built, 14 have been destroyed in the following accidents:

11 November 1997 – s/n 2025 – F-ZBFQ/Pelican 43 – Sécurité Civile France, near La

Ciotat (France).[47]
16 August 2003 – s/n 2008 – I-DPCN – SOREM Italy, near Esine (Italy).[48]
8 March 2004 – s/n 2018 – F-ZBEZ/Pelican 41 – Sécurité Civile France, at Sainte Croix
Lake (France).[49]
18 March 2005 – s/n 2051 – I-DPCK – SOREM Italy, near Seravezza (Italy).[50]
1 August 2005 – s/n 2011 – F-ZBEO/Pelican 36 – Sécurité Civile France, near Pietra
Maggiore - Corsica (France).[51]
25 April 2006 – s/n 2039 – Hellenic Air Force.
23 July 2007 – s/n 2055 (CL-415MP) – Hellenic Air Force, near Styra (Greece).[52]
23 July 2007 – s/n 2045 – I-DPCX – SOREM Italy, near Roccapreturo (Italy).[53]
3 July 2013 – s/n 2076 – C-FIZU – Canada, at Moosehead Lake (Canada).[54]
5 May 2014 – s/n 2050 – Hellenic Air Force.
27 Oct 2022 - s/n 2060 - I-DPCN- Linguaglossa, Sicily, Italy [55]

Specifications (CL-415)
Data from Viking[56]

General characteristics
Crew: 2
Capacity: 6,137 L (1,350 imp gal;
1,621 US gal) (waterbombing), up to
18 paratroops, up to 2,903 kg
(6,400 lb) of cargo
Length: 20.4 m (66 ft 11 in)
Wingspan: 28.38 m (93.11 ft)
Height: 9.01 m (29.55 ft)
Wing area: 100 m2 (1,080 sq ft) Three-view diagram
Aspect ratio: 8.03
Empty weight: 13,608 kg (30,000 lb)
Gross weight: 21,319 kg (47,000 lb) Maximum After-scooping Weight
Max takeoff weight: 19,890 kg (43,850 lb) Firefighting, Land
Fuel capacity: 4,650 kg (10,250 lb) 5812 L ( 1535 US Gal; 1278 imp Gal)
Cabin volume: 35.6 m3 (1,260 cu ft)
Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney Canada PW123AF turboprop, 1,775 kW (2,380 hp) each
ISA+20 °C Flat rated
Propellers: 4-bladed Hamilton Sundstrand 14SF-19, 3.97 m (13 ft 0 in) diameter Fully
reversible, feathering blades
Performance
Maximum speed: 359 km/h (223 mph, 194 kn) Max Cruise
Cruise speed: 333 km/h (207 mph, 180 kn) Normal Cruise
Stall speed: 126 km/h (78 mph, 68 kn) MLW, Landing Configuration
Ferry range: 2,427 km (1,508 mi, 1,310 nmi) 278 km/h (150 kn) Long Range Cruise
Endurance: 3 hours at 200 nmi (370 km) from base
g limits: +3.25−1.0 g
Rate of climb: 5.9 m/s (1,170 ft/min) (ISA, MTOW)
Wing loading: 212.5 kg/m2 (43.52 lb/sq ft) Maximum After-scooping
Takeoff (ISA): 783 m (2,569 ft) (land), 814 m (2,671 ft) (water)
Landing (ISA): 674 m (2,211 ft) (land), 665 m (2,182 ft) (water)

See also
Aviation portal

Canada portal

Related development

Canadair CL-215

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Beriev Be-12
Beriev Be-200
Harbin PS-5
ShinMaywa US-2

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48. Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Canadair CL-215-6B11 (CL-415) I-DPCN Esine" (http
s://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20030816-1). Aviation Safety Network.
Retrieved 29 January 2022.
49. "Crash of a Canadair CL-415 off Les Salles-sur-Verdon: 2 killed | Bureau of Aircraft
Accidents Archives" (https://baaa-acro.com/index.php/crash/crash-canadair-cl-415-les-salles
-sur-verdon-2-killed). baaa-acro.com. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
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Marmi" (https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20050318-0). Aviation Safety
Network. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
51. Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Canadair CL-215-6B11 (CL-415) F-ZBEO Calvi" (http
s://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20050801-0). Aviation Safety Network.
Retrieved 29 January 2022.
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s://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20070723-0). Aviation Safety Network.
Retrieved 29 January 2022.
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Further reading
Pickler, Ron and Larry Milberry. Canadair: The First 50 Years. Toronto: CANAV Books, 1995.
ISBN 0-921022-07-7.
Keijsper, Gerard. "Water-Bombers Required!" Air Forces Monthly, London: Key Publishing,
July 2008 Issue.
Belmonte de Gálvez, Manuel (18 December 2018). En pasada. De aviones, almas y llamas.
Amazinante Ediciones. p. http://www.amazinante.com/.
Marsaly, Frederic and Samuel Pretat. "Bombardiers d'eau/ Canadair Scoopers." (http://www.
editions-minimonde76.com/en/) Editions Minimonde76, May 2012, ISBN 978-2-95418-180-
6.

External links
Airliners.net The Canadair CL-215 & 415 (http://www.airliners.net/info/stats.main?id=119)
Bombardier's homepage of the SuperScooper (https://web.archive.org/web/2006062805341
9/http://www.superscooper.com/)
Canadair Waterbombers scooping water during the wildfires of 2022 in Gironde, France at
Beautiran on the Garonne river (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_iQvc_hkGo)
(YouTube) - Beautiran
Cambes on the Garonne river (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHRrQnmasBg)
(YouTube) - Cambes, Gironde
the Étang de Cazaux et de Sanguinet (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52aCbw5q9d
g) (YouTube) - Étang de Cazaux et de Sanguinet

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