1. In 1900 Providence became ....... of the 7.

Looking at pictures may prevent young

state of Rhode Island. children from creating their own mental
A. the sole capital images and can make
B. where the sole capital ....... for older children to create
C. the sole capital was A. It is difficult
D. as the sole capital B. difficult
C. being difficult
2. Methods of preserving solid food in air D. it difficult
tight containers like glass jars and tin
cans ........ in the early 1800s. 8. sulfur, ........ than iron, is believed
A. had been inventing to have been created by the nuclear
B. having been invented fusion of lighter elements in the interior
C. were invented of star
D. invented A. of which most elements lighter
B. whereas most elements lighter
3. The works of science fiction author Ray C. like most elements lighter
Bradbury often comment on the D. most lighter elements are
dehumanizing influence of a ........ societ
A. machine dominates 9. All animals must either move to find
B. dominated by machines food .........., if they are sedentary,
C. machine-dominated have some means of attracting food
D. dominating machine that to themselves
A. except
4. Approximately one-tenth of the world’s B. although
surface is glaciated, or covered with C. or
ice ........ D. otherwise
A. all year it is
B. all year 10. A major source of rock salt is
C. as all year domes, ........... of rock salt embedded in
D. in all year surrounding layers of earth.
A. are that vertical cylinders
5. Unlike engraving, a technique which B. that vertical cylinders
uses tools dig lines, ........ the use of acid C. cylinders are vertical
to mark lines on a metal plate D. vertical cylinders
A. etching
B. etching it 11. ........... ants live in nests, which may
C. etching is be located in the ground, under a
D. for etching rock, or built above ground and may
be made of twigs, sand, or gravel
6. ......... steel magnets will demagnetize A. Most
them B. The most of
A. Heat C. Most of
B. By heating D. Of the most
C. To be heated
D. Heating
12. On average, there is less cloud cover
above the South Pole, .......... receives
more of the Sun’s radiation than the
North Pole
A. which therefore
B. therefore
C. which it therefore
D. is therefore which

13. Not until the eighteenth century

........... the complex chemistry of
Metallurgy
A. cientists began to appreciate
B. when scientists began to
appreciate
C. did scientists begin to appreciate
D. scientists whose appreciation began

14. Stars, including the Sun, differ from

planets ........ they produce their own
light.
A. how
B. that
C. due to
D. in that

15. in discussing Jazz music, .........

overriding difficulty, which is
that nobody has ever defined it
to everyone else’s satisfaction
A. here is one
B. is one
C. one
D. where one
16. One of a best-known birds of prey is North America, the marsh hawk visits ae A. Molasses

every ‘at of the continent at some time during the year.

17. The earliest forms of lamps were burning sticks either glowing coals held in braziers

18. Electric powerful is transmitted from generating stations to consumers by networks of

overhead lines and underground cables

19. On a planetary scale, the most striking chemical feature of Earth is that it material is

separated into three distinct layers.

20. more larger than the United States Senate, the House of Representatives consists of 435

elected representatives apportioned according to the population of the states

21. Epilogues at the end of plays were initially short, directly statements, but were elaborated in
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries into sets of witty verses.
22. Walnut trees provision high-quality wood for furniture, produce edible nuts, and serve as
ornamental planting trees
23. In the United States, judges in both civil and criminal cases may hold a person in contempt of
court for actions that obstruct the courtroom’s process or less its dignity
24. Molases is primarily used for cooking, making industrial alcohol, and feed farm animals
25. noting for her varied roles as a self-made, tough-minded woman, Joan Crawford won an
Academy Award in 1945
26. Scientists have discovered substances in certain marine animals, such as sponges, that may
be used in the treating cancer, infections, and pneumonia
27. The majority of bridge are held up by at least two supports, called abutments, set in the
ground
28. Nylon is a synthetic material characterized by strength, elastic, and resistance to chemical
reactions
29. Opened in July 1994, the Pacific Northwest Museum of Natural History offers many exhibits
plant and animal life
30. There was at least 2,000 years ago that inhabitants of the Northwest Coast of North America
first established trade routes for obsidian
31. While the process of photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to
convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and organic compounds
32. Weather forecasting was of vital important in the seafaring and agricultural lives led by the
seventeenth-century European colonists in what is now the United States.
33. Josephine Baker displayed a musician’s sense of timing, a dancer’s instinctive for movement,
and a comedian’s ability to deliver the punchline
34. The crystals hexagonal of frozen water are easily observed in snowflakes and hoarfrost
35. Instincts permit an animal to show highly adaptive and often very without the necessary of
learning those responses through trial and error
36. The art of glassmaking is such ancient that its beginnings can no more be traced than can the
beginnings of the use of an iron
37. The Homestead Laws, a collective name for a series of enacment by the United States
Congress in 1862, allowed settlers without capital to acquire homesteads
38. Although most wildflowers are native to the region in which they occur, but some are the
descendants of flowering plants introduced from other lands
39. Badlands are rugged, inhospitable regions of fantastically shped rock masses and hills almost
barely of vegetation, separated by labyrinth of valleys
40. Cable cars are often used when a slope steep or when there are obstructions to be
traversed, such as canyons or rivers
Questions 1 – 9

To get heavy and bulky goods to market, people in the United States in the early
nineteenth century replaced slow and expensive overland commerce with a waterborne
transportation system of unprecedented size, complexity, and cost. As early as 1790,
entrepreneurs had begun to build canals to connect inland areas with coastal cities and
towns, but progress was slow. When the lawmakers of New York State approved
construction of the Erie Canal in 1817, no canal in the United States was longer than
28 miles—a reflection of the huge investment of money that canals required and
the lack of American engineering expertise. But the New York State project had
three things in its favor: the vigorous support of New York City merchants, who wanted
10 access to markets further west; the backing of New York State’s governor, who
persuaded the legislature to finance the waterway from tax revenues, tolls, and bond
sales to foreign investors; and the relative gentleness of the terrain between Albany, the
Hudson River city where the canal began, and Buffalo, on Lake Erie, where it ended.
Even so, the task was enormous. Millions of cubic meters of dirt had to be dug out by
15 hand and hauled away, thousands of tons of rock quarried to build huge structures in
which boats could be raised and lowered, and vast reservoirs constructed to ensure a steady supply
of water
The first great engineering project in American history, the Erie Canal altered the
economy of an entire region. The canal was an instant success. The first section, a
20 stretch of 75 miles opened in 1819, quickly generated enough revenue to repay its Cost.
When the canal was completed in 1825, a 40-foot-wide ribbon of water stretched
364 miles from Albany to Buffalo. The canal carried lightweight boats for passengers
and mail from New York City to Buffalo in only six days, and 100-ton freight barges
pulled by two horses walking alongside the canal advanced at a steady 24 miles a day,
greatly accelerating the flow of goods and dramatically cutting transportation costs.
The spectacular benefits of the Erie Canal brought prosperity to central and western
New York State and prompted a national expansion in canal building.

1. The first paragraph states that before
1817 all of the following were true
about American canals EXCEPT
A. They covered relatively short
distances.
B. They demonstrated the expert
skill of American engineers.
C. They connected coastal cities
and towns to interior areas.
D. They cost a great deal of money
to build
2. The word “vigorous” in line 9 is
closest in meaning to
A. apparent
B. widespread
C. inspiring
D. strong
3. According to the first paragraph,
what role did the governor of.
New York State play in the
development of the Erie Canal?
A. The governor instructed
lawmakers to purchase the
land on which the canal was
built.
B. The governor convinced
lawmakers to provide the
money needed to build the
canal.
C. The governor gathered support
for the project from New York City
businesspeople.
D. The governor persuaded public
about the importance of gaining
access to western markets
4. The word “it” in line 13 refers to The
word
A. Lake Erie
B. the Hudson River
C. the canal
D. the terrain
5. Why does the author mention
“Millions of cubic meters of dirt” and
thousands of tons of rock” in lines 14-
15?
A. To explain why the Erie Canal
had such a large impact on the
landscape
B. To indicate how large the
Erie Canal’s physical
dimensions were
C. Togive examples of the
construction methods used to
build the Erie Canal
D. To emphasize how much work
it took to build the Erie Canal
8. The word “flow” in line 25 is closest in
meaning to
A. production
B. movement
C. sale
D. increase
9. It can be inferred from the second
paragraph that the Erie Canal
caused an increase in canal building
throughout the United States because
A. it brought financial prosperity
to the region in which it was built
B. it attracted more talented
individuals to the field of engineering
C. it demonstrated that passengers could
travel comfortably by water
D. it showed that such projects
could be done without great expense

6. The word “instant” in line 19 is closest in

meaning to
A. momentary
B. remarkable
C. immediate
D. unexpected

7. According to the second paragraph,

what was true of the first section of the
Erie Canal to be completed?
A. This section was the shortest
section to be built.
B. This section took about six years to
complete.
C. The costs of constructing this
section were soon recovered.
D. The people who lived near this
section paid most of its construction
costs
 Questions 10 – 20
animals behaviour is subject to circadian, or periodic, rhythm that are regulated by
various enviromental cues. but what would happend to rhytmic behaviour if an animal is
placed in an environment with no external cues of time? to put it another way, is rhytmic
behaviour based on exogenous( timer) endogenous ( internal) components, or both?
numerous studies of the relative importance of endogenous and exogenous
mechanism in many species show that circadian rhythms usually have a strong endogenous
component, known as a biological clock. Because the endogenous rhythm does not exactly
match that of the environment, an exogenous cue, sometime called (zeitgeber ) German for
“time giver”), is necessary to keep cycles timed to the outside world. light is undoubtedly the
most common zeitgeber for circadian rhythms. For example, activity of the North American
flying squirrel normally begins with the onset of darkness and ends at dawn, which suggests
that light is an important exogenous regulator. However, if a squirrel is placed in constant
light or constant darkness, the rhythmic activity is not abolished; in fact, it holds up quite
well for at least a month or so. But the duration of each cycle (one period of activity plus one
period of inactivity) deviates slightly from 24 hours, so that under constant (unchanging)
conditions an animal gradually drifts out of phase with the outside world. Eventually, it will
be active or inactive at the reverse times of animals in the forest.
For some animals, however, light and dark are not important regulators of the
activity cycle. Fiddler crabs living in the intertidal zone forage actively when the tide is
out and retreat to their burrows when it comes in. Given simulated, continuous low-tide
conditions experimentally, crabs will show an activity rhythm: based on the 12.4-hour
tidal cycle.
Human circadian rhythms have been studied by placing individuals in comfortable
underground quarters where they could make their own schedules without any external
cues. Under these free-running conditions, the biological clock of humans seems to have a
period of about 25 hours, but with much individual variation; as with other animals, humans
use zeitgebers to adjust their rhythms to 24 hours in the real world.

10. The passage mainly discusses

A. how nocturnal and daytimeactivites 12. The word “onset” in line 12 is closest in
Differ meaning to
B. How external and internal time cues A. fear
affect behaviour B. need
C. why rhytmic behaviour is rare in C. return
some species D. beginning
D. which animals are affected by 13. The word “abolished” in line 15 is
unreliable sense of time. closest in meaning to
11. It can be inferred that circadian rhytms A. encouraged
are most commonly established by which of B. eliminated
the following zeitgebers C. practiced
A. The rising and setting of the Sun D. resumed
B. The appearance of the Moon
C. Seasonal changes in the of the forest.
D. The ebb and flow of the tides
1. According to the second paragraph,
approximately how Jong will a flying
squirrel maintain its rhythmic 19. Why was the experiment on humans
activity under laboratory conditions that is discussed in the fourth
that are held constant? paragraph conducted in underground
A. A day quarters?
B. A week A. To establish conditions where
C. A month there are no external cues
D. A year B. To allow experimenters to
schedule longer days
15. The word “duration” in line 16 is C. To allow subjects to make their
closest in meaning to own decisions without group
A. length pressure
B. importance D. To use zeitgebers to put
C. difficulty individuals on 25 - hour
D. variety schedules
20. Which of the following statements
16. The word “gradually” in line 18 is about a 24-hour activity cycle can be
closest in meaning to inferred from the passage?
A. sometimes A. It is unaffected by external
B. in the end cues.
C. naturally B. Maintaining it requires small
D. slowly adjustments of the biological
clock.
17. The author discusses fiddler crabs in C. It affects only a few species.
the third paragraph because they are D. It is less important to humans
animals that than to other species
A. forage for food
B. do not function well in low-tide
conditions
C. do not have a fully functional
biological clock
D. do not use light to
establishactivity patterns

18. The word “they” in line 26 refers to

A. human circadian rhythms
B. individuals
C. underground quarters
D. schedules
 Questions 21 – 30
A combination of physical and biological events is involved in the formation of soil.
Soil building begins with the fragmentation of the parent material, which consists of
ancient layers of rocks or more recent geologic deposits from lava flows or glacial
activity. the kind of parent materials and climate determine the kind of soil formed. the
factor that can bring about fragmantion or chemical change of the parent material is
known as temperature changes and friction are two primary agents of wheatering.
Heating a large rock can cause it to fracture because rock does not expand evenly.
Pieces of the rock flake off and can be further reduced in size by other processes, such
as the repeated freezing and thawing of water. Water that has seeped into rock cracks
and crevices expands as it freezes, causing the cracks in the rock to widen. The
subsequent thawing of the water allows it to fill the widened cracks, which are enlarged
further by another period of freezing. Alternating freezing and thawing results in the
fragmentation of large rock pieces into smaller fragments. The roots of plants growing
in cracks can also exert enough force to cause rock to break.
Forces that cause rock particles to move and rub against each other also cause the
physical breakdown of rock. A glacier causes rock particles to grind against one
another, resulting in smaller fragments and smoother surfaces. These particles are
carried by glaciers and are deposited when the ice melts. In many parts of the world,
the parent material from which soil is formed consists of glacial deposits. Wind and
moving water also cause small particles to collide, resulting in further weathering. The
smoothness of rocks and pebbles in a stream or on the seashore is evidence that
ed them to rub together, removing their sharp edges. Similarly, particles carried by wind
collide with objects, resulting in the fragmentation of both the object and wind-driven
particles. In addition, wind and moving water remove small particles and deposit them
at new locations, exposing new surfaces to the weathering process.

21. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. Plants that contribute to the soil 23. The author mentions “lava flows”
formation process In line 3 as an example of
B. Weathering processes that lead to A.a primary agent of weathering
soil formation B. a source for parent material
C. The different types of soil that result C. a force that can fragment parent
from parent materials materials
D. The fragmentation of large rocks D. the effect of temperature changes
22. The phrase “more-recent” in line 3 is
closest in meaning to
A. Harder
B. Newer
C. Rarer
D. Lighter

24. According to the first paragraph,
what is the role of weathering in the
formation of soil?
A. Weathering causes the breaking up of
the solid parent material.
B. Weathering causes buried rock to
become exposed.
C. Weathering separates the parent
material into layers.
D. Weathering strengthens the effect of
temperature changes and friction
25. According to the second paragraph,
why does heating cause a rock to break
apart?
A. A rock expands very rapidly when
heated.
B. Arock cannot absorb significant
amounts of heat.
C. Some parts of a rock expand more
quickly than others.
D. When a rock is heated, water seeps
into the cracks in the rock
D. point out the kinds of plants that
grow in the cracks of rocks
28. The word “deposited” in line 19 is
closest in meaning to
A. left
B. split
C. combined
D. increased
29. the word “ consists of “ in line 20 is
closest in meaning to?
A. Gets rid of
B. Requires
C. In similar to
D. Is composed to
30. The third paragraph mentions all
of closest in meaning to the following
as effects of wind and moving water
EXCEPT
A. the smoothing of pebbles
B. the exposure of new surfaces to
weathering
C. the formation of glaciers
D. the physical breakdown of rock

26. What happens when water in the

cracks of rocks repeatedly thaws and
freezes?
A. The rocks are able to support the
growth of plants.
B. The rocks expand in size.
C. The rocks fragment into pieces.
D. The force of the expanding water
holds the rock together

27. The author mentions “roots of

plants” (line 14) in order to
A. provide examples of how plants
begin to grow and develop
B. illustrate one way that rocks are
broken apart
C. show how important soil formation
is to plant growth
Questions 31 – 39
As the United States became prosperous before the Civil War (1861-1865), many
young women began to attend newly opened schools known as “ladies schools”, for modest
extra fees, they could add drawing and painting to their curriculum.
Drawing and painting soon became an expected part of a young woman’s
accomplishments, and students at the ladies’ schools turned out countless classical,
biblical, and literary subjects, often derived from an engraving or other source.
Instruction books and magazine articles giving detailed “do-it-yourself” directions
became very popular, and drawing cards printed with sample pictures to copy were
widely sold. The tedious work of stitchery art—a type of hand sewing—became less
popular in the period leading up to the Civil War and was associated with the
deprivations of earlier frontier days. For these reasons, stencil painting, also called
theorem painting, became the rage.
Theorem painting was the technique of using ready-made or cut-out stencils
(figures) placed on paper to trace outlines, which were then filled in with color. The
stencils could be moved about and patterns could be repeated to create still-life
groupings of fruits, flowers, and objects. In talented hands it resulted in works that had
a clear, precise charm. Later, the modern precisionist painters of the 1920s became
intrigued with the clean, stylized form of some of this work and collected outstanding
examples.
Overflowing fruit bowls, symbolizing abundance and prosperity, were the most
popular subjects. The period’s craving for a little luxury was reflected in the use of
velvet and satin material for some of the backgrounds. In the theorem masterpiece
Fruit in Glass Compote (c. 1890) by Emma Jane Cady, the artist used mica flakes on
the bowl to simulate the sparkle of glass and dabbed one color over another to enhance
the texture and shade the forms. Although the wide appeal of stencil painting was
based on the simplicity of the technique, theorem paintings such as Cady’s were done
with meticulous care, according to a systematic step-by-step procedure.

31. The word “they” in line 3 refers to B. classical Subjects

A. young women C. political issues
B. “ladies’ schools” D. the Bible
C. extra fees
D. drawing and Painting 33. The word “tedious” in line 9 is
closest in meaning
32. According to the firdst paragraph, the A. careful
drawing and Painting the ladies’ schools B. famous
were based all of the following EXCEPT C. patient
A. literary topics D. tiresome

34. According to the passage, stitchery
art declined in the period leading up to
the Civil War because
A. it was too expensive to make
B. the materials used to make it
were no longer available
C. it was not taught in ladies’
schools
D. it reminded people of less
prosperous times
35. According to the second paragraph,
which of the following is true about the
stencils used in theorem
A. They were more expensive than
paper
B. They were discarded after one
C. They were used to draw designs
that were later painted
D. They were painted and attached
to art works
36. According to the passage, which
aspects of theormpainting reflected a
growing desire for luxury?
A. The size of paintings
B. The simplicity of the basic
technique
C. The materials used for the
background
D. The colour choice
37. in the thiord paragraph, the author
mentions Emma Jean Cady’ fruit in glass
compote in order to
A. Give an example of an
exceptional theorem painting
B. Explain why Cady’s art painting
remains popular today
C. Describe the materials
commonly used in theorem
paintings
D. Indicate the most popular toime
periode of theorem painting
38. the word “ simulate” in line 24 is
closest in meaning to
A. Reduce
B. Immitate
C. Alter
D. Emphasize
39. the word “ meticulous” in line 27 is
closest in meaning to
A. Proper
B. Detail
C. Expert
D. Surprising
Questions 40 – 50
The first breakthrough in modern household lighting was the Argand oil lamp so
called for Aimé Argand of Switzerland, who in 1783 devised a new type of burner that
produced light on a level unknown before—ten or more times the brightness of the existing
lamp. Like previous lamps, Argand’s invention used a strip of material called a
wick to draw oil to the flame, but his wick was cylindrical rather than a flat and was
enclosed within two metal tubes. Another important feature of of Argand’s design was a
glass cylinder around the flame, which increased the airflow.
By the 1850s the usefulness of lamps was greatly enhanced by the use of A
kerosene—particularly after the discovery of petroleum in Pennsylvania in 1859,
marking the beginning of a plentiful (and thus cheap) supply. As a fuel, kerosene, also
known as lamp oil and coal oil, was so much better than the types of oil used earlier
that lamps simpler and cheaper in construction than the Argand were possible, and the
kerosene lamp remained a major form of lighting until the days of electrification. One
large mansion in Carson City, Nevada, had kerosene lamps and candles when it was
built in 1864 and was still using nothing else in the 1930s.
Meanwhile, another major innovation in household lighting had already begun
coming into use—gas. This fuel had first been used for lighting in
late-eighteenth-century England. The first commercial gaslight company in the United-
States was established in Baltimore in 1816. The New York Gas Light Company
followed in 1823. By 1855 there were 297 companies in the United States selling
manufactured gas to more than a quarter million customers.
Gas advanced the magnitude of candlepower (the amount of light) from lamps: still
further, but it also allowed for a new flexibility of lighting in the average house.
Candles and lamps lit relatively small areas—tables, chairs, and so on. General room
lighting with chandeliers—light fixtures suspended from the ceiling and using many
candles and lamps—was possible but was too expensive to be practical for most
people. The gasolier, however—a chandelier that used gaslight—made room lighting
feasible in the average house. Gas continued to be popular into the twentieth century,
when electricity became available.

A. What does the passage mainly D. Why improvements in household

disccuss?
A. Technological advances in
household lighting
B. How the oil industry was affected
by changes in household lighting
C. Ways in which company
contributed to the development
of household lighting
lighting happened slowly
41. The word “breakthrough” in line 1 is
closest in meaning to
A. significant advance
B. famous name
C. standard product
D. imported item
42. The word “devised” in line 2 is closest in
meaning to
A. inspected
B. improved
C. described
D. create
43. According to the first paragraph,
what is one way in which the Argand
oil lamp differed from previous types
of lamps?
A. it had cylindrical wick
B. it was nearly twice as bright
C. it burnt a new type of oil
D. it allowed less air to flow through the
lamp
44. Why does the author mention a “glass
cylinder” (line 7)?
A. To explain how the design of a lamp
reduced house fires
B. To identify a feature that made the
Argand oil lamp moree effective
C. To compare the efficiency of
Argand’s lamp with that of the
average fireplace
D. To indicate how the chemicals
resulting from the burning of
oil were removed from a building
45. The word “plentiful” in line 10 is
closest in meaning to
A. convenient
B. concentrated
C. abundant
D. direct
46. The second paragraph mentions which
of the following advantages of kerosene
over previously used iols?
A. It burned more slowly.
B. It produced Jess smoke.
C. Itcould be used in less expensive
lamps.
D. It could be used in Argand lamps
47. The author mentions a “mansion in
Carson City, Nevada” (line 14) as an example
of a housethat used
A. Argand oil lamps
B. electricity and kerosene at the same
time more likely to cause fires
C. electricity earlier than most homes
D. kerosene lamps for a long time
48. The word “Meanwhile” in line 16 is
closest in a meaning to
A. Soon
B. Even so
C. As a result
D. At the same time
49. The word “it” in line 23 refers to
A. Gas
B. Level
C. Candle power
D. Light
50. The last paragraph suggests that lamps
using gas differed from lamps using
karosene in which of tghe following ways
A. lamps using karosene were more
likely to cause fire
B. Lamps using kerosene were more
difficult to construct
C. Lamps using gas had to be repaired
more often
D. Lamps using gas were practical for
most people