Module 1

STATISTICS FOR MATH TEACHERS M. A.
LEGARDE, 1ST SEM 2020-2021
MODULE 1
Introduction to 1.1
Statistical
Terminologies
STATISTICS 1.2 Types of Variables
INTRODUCTION Levels of
1.3
Every day we make decisions. Most of Measurement
the situations and problems we face in real life

1.4 Sampling Techniques
have no precise solution. Hence, statistical
analysis helps us to make intelligent decisions
in such situations. Statistics is used every now 1.5 Collection of Data
and then. Though statistical approaches

sometimes appear to be insignificant to be
noticed, but it doesn’t deny the degree of its value in everyday life.
This module deals with the concepts of statistics and terminologies used in the
study of statistics. It will also discuss the processes involved in statistical analysis such
as the collection, organization, and presentation of data. As you go over the discussion
and exercises, you will appreciate more the importance of statistics in daily life and
consider it as an indispensable tool in many research studies in education, psychology,
medicine, business, and other disciplines.
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 1

STATISTICS FOR MATH TEACHERS M. A.LEGARDE, 1ST SEM 2020-2021
Module 1 Introduction to Statistics

LEARNING OUTCOMES
After completing this module, you will be able to:
1. Demonstrate understanding of the basic concepts of statistics and its applications in
education, medicine, business, and other disciplines.
2. Differentiate statistical terminologies: (a) descriptive and inferential statistics; (b)
population and sample; (c) discrete and continuous variables; and (d) quantitative and
qualitative data.
3. Demonstrate understanding of the different sampling techniques and methods of
collecting data and their applications in statistical analysis.
DEFINITION
STATISTICS
Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection,

organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data.
Statistics is a process of utilizing data to make sound decisions. Data can be

obtained in different ways. These data may be treated by statistical methods that are used
to describe, associate, and make inference, depending on the nature of the research
problems on hand. Statistics is bifurcated into two major areas which are descriptive and
inferential statistics.
DEFINITION
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Descriptive statistics is concerned with the collection, organization,

and presentation of data in a form that is understandable to all. The objective
of descriptive statistical analysis is to summarize some important features of a
set of data.

DEFINITION
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Inferential statistics is concerned with the formulation of conclusion or

generalization about a population based on an observation or a series of
observations of a sample drawn from the population. Inferential statistical
analysis consists of methods that use sample results to help make prediction.
Determine whether each of the following situations make use of

descriptive statistics or inferential statistics.
1. During her final demonstration teaching, Teacher Annabelle checked
the classroom attendance and recorded the names of the absentees.
2. Mr. Bernardo summarizes the amount of sales and expenditures in his

restaurant. He also organizes and analyzes the data to make wise
decisions with regard to the operation of the store.
3. In a chocolate factory, Mr. Castillo, a production operator is asked to

check five dozens of chocolates from each box of ten dozens of
chocolates to determine the quality of the product.
4. Teacher Daniela wants to describe her students about their gender,

age, and religious affiliation. She organize, analyze, present and
interpret the data for whatever purpose they may serve.
5. Mrs. Estrella is cooking a chicken noodle soup and wants to know its
taste. She tastes a spoonful of it from the whole pot to get an idea of
its taste.
Solution:
1. Descriptive Statistics.
3. Inferential Statistics.
5. Inferential Statistics.

As mentioned, in an inferential statistics, one tries to make inferences, conclusion,

or generalization from samples to population. It is important to distinguish between a
sample and a population. Consequently, understanding the meaning of each of these two
terms and the difference between the two is critical.
DEFINITION
POPULATION
Population consists of all elements – individual, items, objects, places,

or events – whose characteristics are being studied.
Most of the time, due to expense, time, size of population, and other concerns, it
is not possible to use the entire population for a statistical study. Hence, he statisticians
use samples. For example, Social Weather Stations (SWS) and Pulse Asia conducted
surveys to estimate the percentage of voters favoring various candidates in 2016
Presidential Election. In this case, the population consists of all registered voters in the
Philippines whereas the sample is made up of less than 1800 registered voters who are
included in an opinion poll. Thus, the few elements selected from a population are called
samples.
DEFINITION
SAMPLE
Sample is defined as a subset of a population. It is a portion of the

population selected for study.
Generally speaking, the purpose of conducting a sample survey is to make

decisions about the corresponding population. In making inferences, conclusions, or
generalizations from samples to populations, it is deemed necessary to see to it that each
sample is selected in such a manner that each element of the population is given equal
chance of being chosen.

Identify the population and sample in each of the following situations.

1. There are 500 education students enrolled in a certain state university.
For the purpose of determining whether education students want to
have their acquaintance party at Asturias Hotel or Legend Hotel, the
student Council decided to ask the first 150 education students who
entered the university gate regarding their preference.
Population: __________________ Sample: __________________
2. Dr. Rodriguez, the Dean of College of Education wishes to draw

conclusions about the academic performance of the 100 freshmen
education students. He wants to examine only 50 educations students
selected from the 100 students.
Population: __________________ Sample: __________________
Solution:
1. The population is the 500 education students enrolled in a certain
state university while the sample is the first 150 education students
who entered the gate.
2. The population is the 100 freshmen students of the College of

Education whereas the sample is the 50 randomly selected freshmen
education students.
Statisticians gain information about a particular situation by collecting data for

random variables. One of the things which a researcher usually does in a statistical inquiry
is to define the variables relevant to his query.
DEFINITION
VARIABLE
Variable is defined as a characteristic under study that assumes

different values for different elements.

Variables can be classified as qualitative or quantitative.
DEFINITION
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
Quantitative Variables are variables that can be measured

numerically. These can be ordered or ranked. Information obtained from this
types of variables are called quantitative data.
QUALIITATIVE VARIABLES
Qualitative Variables are variables that cannot be measured

numerically but can be divided into different categories. Information obtained
from this types of variables are called qualitative data.
Consider the research problem presented below. Determine which

variables are qualitative and quantitative.
1. What describes the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of
the following:
A. Age;
B. Gender;
C. Civil Status;
D. Family Income;
E. Religious Affiliation; and
F. Number of Children?
Qualitative Variables: Quantitative Variables:

_________________ _________________
_________________ _________________
_________________ _________________
_________________ _________________
_________________ _________________
Solution:
1. Age, Family Income, and Number of Children are quantitative
variables while Gender, Civil Status, and Religious Affiliation are
qualitative variables.

It can be observed that the data arising from qualitative data differ according to the
characteristic they possess while the data arising from quantitative data differ by how
much. Numerical variables can be classified as either discrete variable or continuous
variable.
DEFINITION
DISCRETE VARIABLE
Discrete Variable is a variable whose values are countable. The data

from these types of variables are obtained through the process of counting.
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
Continuous Variable is a variable that can assume any numerical value

over a certain interval or intervals. Continuous data are obtained through the
process of measuring.
Consider the research problem presented below. Determine which

variables are discrete and continuous
1. What describes the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of
the following:
A. Age (in years);
B. Height;
C. Weight;
D. Number of Children; and
E. Body Temperature
Discrete Variables: Continuous Variables:

_________________ _________________
_________________ _________________
_________________ _________________
_________________ _________________
Solution:
1. Age and Number of Children are discrete variables while Height,
Weight, and Body temperature are continuous variables.

In addition to being classified as qualitative or quantitative, variables can be

classified by how they are categorized, counted, or measured. This type of classification
uses measurement scales, and the four common levels of measurements are (a) nominal;
(b) ordinal; (c) interval; and (d) ratio.
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS
DEFINITION
o NOMINAL LEVEL is the crudest form of measurement. Data in the nominal

level are usually qualitative qualification. Though, the numbers of symbols
are used for the purpose of categorizing data.
o ORDINAL LEVEL is a sort of improvement of nominal level. This includes
variables which can be ranked or ordered from “bottom to top” or “low to
high manner”.
o INTERVAL LEVEL possesses all the properties of nominal and ordinal
levels. Interval variables have arbitrary zero values.
o RATIO LEVEL possesses all the properties of nominal, ordinal, and interval
levels. In addition, this variable has an absolute zero point.
Consider the statements presented below. Observe the levels of

measurements being described by the given variables.
1. Gender is a nominal variable. A person can be classified as male or
female.
2. The regions in the Philippines are nominal because we use labels to
represent the regions in the Philippines.
3. Academic awards (cum laude, magna cum laude, and summa cum
laude) are ordinal variables.
4. Temperature is an example of interval variable. Zero degrees Celsius
does not mean that there is no temperature.
5. The amount of fat in a certain serving of food is an example of ratio
level. Zero fat means that the food does not contain fat.

As mentioned in the previous part of this chapter, researchers use samples to

collect data and information, as well as generate conclusions or generalization about a
population. Using samples saves time, money, and effort. Selecting samples is very
crucial. Sample cannot be selected in haphazard ways because it is really imperative for
the information to be obtained free from any biases. To obtain samples that are unbiased
such that it gives each element in the population an equally like chance of being selected,
statisticians use four basic methods of probability sampling – random, systematics,
stratified, and cluster sampling.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
DEFINITION
RANDOM SAMPLING
Random Sampling is a method of selecting a sample from a population

such that each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in
the sample.
There are several ways of drawing samples at random. The most commonly used
method is the lottery sampling or the fish bowl technique. In using this method, there is a
need for a complete listing of all the members of the population. The names or codes of
all members are written on a pieces of paper cards and placed in a container. The
researcher then draws the desired number of samples from the container. Though, the
process is relatively easy for small population, but relatively difficult and time consuming
for a large population.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Systematics Sampling is a method of sampling technique which selects a

sample by following some rules set by the researcher which involves selecting the
Kth member where the random start is determined.

In using systematic technique, a system is plan for selecting members after a

starting point or random start has been determined. Then, every n th member of the
population will be determined by the system in drawing or selecting the members of the
sample. Just like in random sampling, a complete listing of members of the population is
also required in this sampling method.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
Stratified Sampling is a method of probability sampling which selects

members of the samples proportionally from each subpopulation or stratum. In this
method, the population is divided into non-overlapping strata.
Stratified sampling is usually used when the population is too large to handle and
is divided into subgroups called strata. Samples per stratum are then randomly selected,
but considerations must be given to the sizes of the random samples to be drawn from
the subgroups.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
Cluster Sampling is a method of selecting a sample from a population such

that the population is divided into groups or clusters. This method also involves
dividing the population into non-overlapping clusters.
In using cluster sampling technique, samples are selected in groups rather than
individuals which is employed into a large-scale survey. With this method, every member
of the population is assigned to one, and only one group. A sample of cluster is randomly
chosen. Only individuals within sampled clusters are surveyed.
To further understand the four basic techniques using probability sampling,

consider the table presented in the succeeding page.

When to use? There is a very large population and it is difficult to identify every
member of the population.
RANDOM SAMPLING
How to use? The entire process of sampling is done in a single step with
each subject selected independent of the other members of the
population. Usually, assign numbers to each samples, write
down the names of each members on pieces of paper, placed
these papers in a container, and then draw the required number
of sample units.
Pros In this technique, each member of the population has equal
chance of being selected as subject.
Cons When there are very large populations, it is often difficult to
identify every members of the entire population.
When to use? It is usually used when the given population is logically
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
homogeneous.
How to use? In a systematic sample, after you decide the sample size,
arrange the elements of the population in some order and
select terms at a regular interval from the list.
Pros The main advantage of using systematic sampling is the
assurance that the population will be evenly sampled. Creating
a systematic sample is relatively easy and also it gives the
researchers a degree of control.
Cons The possible weakness of this method that may compromise
the randomness of the sample is an inherent periodicity of the
list.
When to use? It is used when you can divide your population into
characteristics of importance (stratum).
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
How to use? Before sampling, the population is divided into strata. Then the
population is randomly selected sampled within each category
or stratum.
Pros This method attempts to overcome the shortcomings of random
sampling by splitting the population into various distinct
segments and selecting entities from each of them. This
ensures that every category of the population is represented in
the sample. No complete member list is needed.
Cons This method is the most complex. It lays down the criteria that
may be difficult to fulfill.
When to use? It is used when the clusters occur naturally in the population as
well as when you don’t have access to the entire population.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
How to use? Before sampling, the population is divided into clusters. Then
cluster will be randomly selected and all members of the
chosen cluster will be part of the study.
Pros This method requires fewer resources since it only selects
certain groups from the entire population. No complete
member list is needed.
Cons This method is prone to biases. This happen if the clusters that
represent the entire population were formed under a biased
opinion.

Determine the sampling technique used in the given situations.

1. The faculty members of the College of Teacher Education conducted
a research study on the academic performance of the Bachelor of
Secondary Education (BSEd) students. The names of all 200 BSEd
students of Palawan State University are placed into a computer
database and organized by area of specialization (English, math, and
science). The computer is then instructed to randomly select 30
names from each of the three areas of specialization. These students
became part of the study.

database. The computer is then instructed to pick every 5th names
listed in the data base. These names formed part of the study.

database. The computer is then instructed to randomly select names.
These students are then contacted and became part of the study.

database and grouped according to year level (freshmen, sophomore,
junior, and sophomore). The computer randomly selects year level
and all students from the chosen year level turned out to be part of the
study.
Solution:
1. Stratified Sampling Technique
2. Systematic Sampling Technique
3. Random Sampling Technique
4. Cluster Sampling Technique

COLLECTION OF DATA
As mentioned, the first step in any statistical investigation is the collection of data.
This is considered as an essential part in statistical analysis because it will lead to sound
decision on the part of the researcher. There are several ways of collecting data. However,
there is no best method to get the desired information under investigation. The choice of
appropriate methods to be used depends on some factors such as: (a) the nature of the
research problem; (b) the nature of the population being studied; and (c) the time and
material constraints.
DIRECT or INTERVIEW METHOD
Direct or Interview Method is a person-to-person encounter between the

one soliciting information (interviewer) and the one supplying the data
(interviewee).
Interview method is one of the most effective methods of collecting data. The form
of interview may vary according to the preference of either or both parties. It could either
be a personal interview or telephone interview. The following are the pros and cons of this
method:
o It can give complete information needed in the study to be

conducted.
o Questions can be repeated, rephrased. Or modified for better
Pros understanding.
o Answers may be clarified to ensure a more precise information.
o It provides an opportunity for the interviewer to observe the
interviewee’s reaction.
o The interviewer may cheat by turning in dishonest responses if

their expected responses are not supplied or obtained by the
interviewee.
o It can yield inaccurate information since the interviewer can
Cons
influence the respondent’s answer through his facial expression,
tone of voice, or wording of the questions.
o It is too costly and can cover only a limited number of
individuals.

INDIRECT or QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
Indirect or Questionnaire Method, like interviews, utilize questions top

obtain information. They are either mailed, or hand-carried to the intended
respondents.
This method is one of the easiest methods of data gathering. The following are the
pros and cons of using questionnaire:
o It is more economical than interview.

o It can involve a greater number of individuals in the population
with the same amount of funds.
o The respondents may find time to formulate appropriate
responses or answers.
o The anonymity of the respondents is ensured. Hence, the
respondents can give confidential responses.
Pros o It is less expensive since it can be distributed personally or by
e-mail.
o It is less time consuming since it can be administered over a
wider geographical area in a shorter time.
o The responses obtained are free from any influence of the
interviewer or researcher.
o Vital information such as age, amount of income, and sources
of livelihood may be disclosed or divulged.
o It takes time to prepare because the questionnaires needed to

be attractive. One should make sure the correctness of its
content. Directions and questions should be precise, clear, free
from ambiguity, and self-explanatory.
o It cannot be accomplished by illiterates.
Cons
o It has a high proportion of nonresponse.
o It tends to give wrong or incomplete information since answers
or responses cannot be corrected right away.
o Some respondents may have difficulty in reading or
understanding the questions.

OBSRVATION METHOD
Data pertaining to behaviors of an individual or a group of individuals at the

same time of occurrence of a given situation are best obtained through the use of
Observation Method.
There are times when it is appropriate to obtain data through direct observation.
We often apply observation when the data can be collected without any response from
people. The following are the pros and cons of this method:
o This method does not require much technical knowledge.

o Subjects may be observed individually or collectively depending
on the objectives of the investigator.
o The researcher can relate with the respondents and participate in
their activities, or he keeps himself at a distance while making
observation.
Pros o The researcher can directly the accuracy from the observed
information. Hence, the result is more reliable than the data
obtained using questionnaire or interview methods.
o Observation can deal with phenomena which are not capable of
giving verbal information about their behavior, feeling, and
activities simply for the reason that they can’t speak like infants
and animals.
o There are certain personal behaviors or secret activities which

are not open for observation.
o In most cases, observation should be made only at the time of
occurrence of the appropriate events.
o The researcher may have personal bias. The personal bias,
personal view, or looking at things in a particular way often
creates obstacle for making a valid generalization.
Cons
o Observation is a time taking process. We cannot complete our
investigation in a short period through observation.
o Observation method is costly affair. It requires high cost, plenty
of time, and hard effort.
o Researcher should be aware of the “Hawtorne Effect”. Hawtorne
Effect is the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due
to their awareness of being observed.

EXPERIMENTATION METHOD
Experimental Method involves manipulating one variable to determine if

changes in one variable causes change in another variable. This method is used
to find out cause and effect relationships.
This method of data collection primarily utilized to find out cause and effect
relationships. Sometimes, there are research problems that are needed to address
through a series of experiment. Usually, the setting of an experiment may be conducted
in either a laboratory setting or in the field setting. The following are the pros and cons
of utilizing experimental method:
o This method has unique ability to isolate causal factors since

experiment is highly controlled.
o This method promises more accuracy in the study.
o Reliable data can be collected.
Pros
o Experiments can be repeated to verify results.
o The elements of human error is minimize.
o This method provides researchers with a high level of control
since they were able to isolate and control specific variables.
o This is very costly method.

o This is limited to simple problems with limited scope.
o This is a time-consuming method.
o Not useful in the study of past or future.
o Limited scope for experimentation for human beings.
Cons
o The personal bias of the researcher may intrude.
o The samples may not be representative of the entire population.
o The results may only apply to one situation and may be difficult to
replicate.
o Groups may not be comparable.

For each of the following, determine whether the given situation involves the use of descriptive
statistics or inferential statistics. Write your answer on the space provided before the number.
___________ 1. The manager of a department store records the number of buying
customers daily for eight consecutive weeks and then estimates the
average number of buying customers for the following weeks.
___________ 2. The average salary of a random sample of 50 high school teachers
in 2019 was P22, 500.00.
___________ 3. A math teacher employs one teaching technique in one class and
another teaching technique and then gives the same examination.
Using the results, he determines which technique is more effective.
___________ 4. Based on a random sample, it was concluded that the average costs
of a hotel accommodation per day in Coron, Palawan was P10,
500.00.
___________ 5. A psychologist wishes to determine the effect of rock music on the
productivity of workers by comparing the productivity of ten workers
in an assembly plant when no music was played and their productivity
during a time when rock music was played.
___________ 6. The market researcher of a manufacturing company constructs a
graph showing the fluctuations in sales for a major product line during
the last five years.
___________ 7. According to the research study conducted by group of researchers
in a community college, male students performed better in
mathematics then female students.
___________ 8. A basketball fan computes for the shooting averages of his favorite
players during the last PBA season.
___________ 9. A study has concluded that the average credit card debt of college
graduates has increased from the year 2019 to 2020.
___________ 10. Based on a sample of 700 wage earners in Puerto Princesa City, it is
believed that the average income of all wage earners in this city is
P150, 000.00.

Identify the population and sample in each of the following situations. Write your answers on
the space provided.
1. An agency wants to know the opinions of Green Valley residents on the construction of
a new road. The agency surveys 1000 residents.
Population: ____________________________________
Sample: ____________________________________
2. A recent survey of 12,000 public school teachers found that 75% of the teachers own a
computer.
Population: ____________________________________
Sample: ____________________________________
3. A survey conducted by the alumni of a community college indicated that the average
monthly salary of 10,000 of its 25,000 graduates was P15, 000.00.
Population: ____________________________________
Sample: ____________________________________
4. A group of librarians is interested in the number of books that the students from the
College of Teacher Education check out from their library. They examine the checkout
records of 100 randomly selected CTE students.
Population: ____________________________________
Sample: ____________________________________
5. The manager of a certain restaurant wants to know whether the food he serves in his
restaurant is within a safe range of temperatures. He randomly selects 25 entrees and
measure their temperature just before he serves them to the customers.
Population: ____________________________________
Sample: ____________________________________

For each of the following, determine whether the given variables are quantitative or qualitative.
For quantitative variables, classify if the item is discrete or discontinuous. Write your answer on
the space provided before the number
___________ 1. Number of typhoons that hit in the Philippines

___________ 2. Number of COVID-19 patients in Palawan
___________ 3. Height of high school freshmen in your school
___________ 4. Number of air-conditioned rooms in your office
___________ 5. Distance from Puerto Princesa City to El Nido
___________ 6. Educational attainment of school heads in your district
___________ 7. Brand of toothpaste used by students living in boarding houses.
___________ 8. ID number
___________ 9. Political affiliation
___________ 10. Name of internet service provider
___________ 11. Number of text messages sent in a week
___________ 12. The number on the shirts of a girls’ soccer team
___________ 13. The number of seats in a movie theater
___________ 14. Place of residences of sophomore students
___________ 15. Number of online purchases in a month
___________ 16. Colors of baseball caps in a department store
___________ 17. Marital status of faculty members in your college
___________ 18. Number of cheeseburgers sold each day by ABC Burger House
___________ 19. Weight of fish caught in Laguna Lake
___________ 20. Age of students in a classroom
___________ 21. Number of years in the teaching profession
___________ 22. Number of provinces in the Philippines
___________ 23. Brand of Soft drinks
___________ 24. Mobile Numbers
___________ 25. Citizenships

Indicate which level of measurements is being used in the following scenario. Write your answer
on the pace provided before the number.
___________ 1. The teacher of a class of third grades records the height of each
student.
___________ 2. Teacher Daniella, an elementary public-school teacher records
the eye color of her students.
___________ 3. A local shelter keeps track of the weights of dogs and cats that
come in.
___________ 4. The wildlife center in an urban area keeps track of the breed of
birds that come in.
___________ 5. The roster of a basketball team lists the jersey numbers for each
of the players.
___________ 6. A film critic lists the top10 greatest movies of all time.
___________ 7. A researcher wishes to determine the brand of toothpaste used
by students living in boarding houses.
___________ 8. A meteorologist compiles a list of temperatures in degrees
Celsius for the month of May
___________ 9. A meteorologist compiles a list of temperatures in degrees Kelvin
during summer time.
___________ 10. ABC Telecom wants to determine the name of internet service
provider used by the residents in a certain village.
___________ 11. A group of researchers wants to know the number of text
messages sent in a week of college students.
___________ 12. Teacher Jonna records the percentage that each student got
correct on the last mathematics test.
___________ 13. A group of students wants to know the number of cheeseburgers
sold each day by ABC Burger House.
___________ 14. A group of graduating biology students determine the weight of
each fish caught in Laguna Lake.
___________ 15. A primary school teacher wants to know the favorite color of her
primary grade students.

Indicate the sampling technique used in the following situations. Write your answer on the pace
provided before the number.
___________ 1. A group of researchers waited outside a university. They
intercepted every 10th student who came out in school and asked
survey questions.
___________ 2. In a large school district, all teachers from two buildings are
interviewed to determine whether they want to teach using online
platforms or not.
___________ 3. Every fifth customer entering a shopping mall is asked to select
his or her favorite store.
___________ 4. College students in a community college are divided into groups
according to their gender. Then 10 are selected from each group
and interviewed whether they are in favor of online classes.
___________ 5. At a local community College, five math classes are randomly
selected out of 20 and all of the students from each class are
interviewed.
___________ 6. A researcher randomly selects and interviews fifty male and fifty
female teachers.
___________ 7. A market researcher randomly selects 200 drivers under 35
years of age and 100 drivers over 35 years of age.
___________ 8. All of the teachers from 5 randomly selected community college
were interviewed.
___________ 9. The names of 70 contestants are written on 70 cards. The cards
are placed in a bag, and three names are picked from the bag.
___________ 10. A community college interviews everyone in a biology class to
determine the percentage of students that own a car.
___________ 11. A researcher interviewed all department heads of a selected
public high schools in the city.
___________ 12. Based on 2,500 responses from 4,000 surveys sent to its alumni,
a University estimated that the annual salary of its alumni was
P120, 500.00

Determine the most appropriate method of collecting data should be used in the given scenario.
Write your answer on the pace provided before the number.
___________ 1. A preschool teacher wishes to determine the behaviors of the
preschoolers during their playtime.
___________ 2. A study will be conducted to know the opinions of a sample of 10
businessmen regarding the present economic situation.
___________ 3. A drug company wishes to determine the effectiveness of its new
product in treating influenza.
___________ 4. A certain company wants to find new ways of rice production with
greater yield.
___________ 5. A teacher wishes to determine the attitude of college students
towards Statistics.
___________ 6. A mathematics teacher wishes to determine whether the first half
of her students who arrived in her math class will choose to sit in
front.
___________ 7. A study of the salaries of college professors in a certain state
university.
___________ 8. A group of students wants to determine the effects of a fertilizer
on a soybean crop.
___________ 9. A group of researchers conducted a study on the effects of
COVID 19 pandemic among college students.
___________ 10. A certain company wants to determine the qualities of soap which
a sample of 500 housewives looking for.
___________ 11. The office of the Alumni affairs of a certain university wishes to
determine the present occupation (type, nature and status of
employment) of the 500 education graduates.
___________ 12. A researcher in a state university conducted the perception of the
college students in the proposed “Anti-terror Bill”.

Refer to the research article presented below and answer the questions that follow.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF EDUCATION STUDENTS

This study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the academic performance of education
students of Palawan State University. The academic performance of the respondents were described using
their test scores while the factors identified were the respondents’ demographic characteristics in terms of
age, gender, civil status, family income, type of school they graduated from, and parents’ educational
attainment. The respondents involved in this study were 100 education students - 25 students were randomly
selected from each year level. The findings revealed that factors such as parents’ educational attainment,
family income, and type of school graduated from resulted in differences in academic performance.
Recommendations were suggested to improved students’ academic performance.
1. Is this study descriptive or inferential? Explain your answer.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. What are the quantitative and/or qualitative variables used in this study? In your
opinion, what level of measurement was used to obtain data from the variables?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. What is the population for this study? How about the sample of this study?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. What sampling technique was used to obtain the data? Explain your answer how
it was selected.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
5. In your own words, what methods of collecting data might have been used to
determine the study’s conclusion?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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STATISTICS FOR MATH TEACHERS M. A.

LEGARDE, 1ST SEM 2020-2021

STATISTICS 1.2 Types of Variables

the situations and problems we face in real life

and then. Though statistical approaches

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 1

Module 1 Introduction to Statistics

Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection,

Statistics is a process of utilizing data to make sound decisions. Data can be

Descriptive statistics is concerned with the collection, organization,

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 2

Inferential statistics is concerned with the formulation of conclusion or

Determine whether each of the following situations make use of

2. Mr. Bernardo summarizes the amount of sales and expenditures in his

3. In a chocolate factory, Mr. Castillo, a production operator is asked to

4. Teacher Daniela wants to describe her students about their gender,

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 3

As mentioned, in an inferential statistics, one tries to make inferences, conclusion,

Population consists of all elements – individual, items, objects, places,

Sample is defined as a subset of a population. It is a portion of the

Generally speaking, the purpose of conducting a sample survey is to make

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 4

Identify the population and sample in each of the following situations.

2. Dr. Rodriguez, the Dean of College of Education wishes to draw

2. The population is the 100 freshmen students of the College of

Statisticians gain information about a particular situation by collecting data for

Variable is defined as a characteristic under study that assumes

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 5

Variables can be classified as qualitative or quantitative.

Quantitative Variables are variables that can be measured

Qualitative Variables are variables that cannot be measured

Consider the research problem presented below. Determine which

Qualitative Variables: Quantitative Variables:

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 6

Discrete Variable is a variable whose values are countable. The data

Continuous Variable is a variable that can assume any numerical value

Consider the research problem presented below. Determine which

Discrete Variables: Continuous Variables:

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 7

In addition to being classified as qualitative or quantitative, variables can be

o NOMINAL LEVEL is the crudest form of measurement. Data in the nominal

Consider the statements presented below. Observe the levels of

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 8

As mentioned in the previous part of this chapter, researchers use samples to

PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Random Sampling is a method of selecting a sample from a population

Systematics Sampling is a method of sampling technique which selects a

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 9

In using systematic technique, a system is plan for selecting members after a

Stratified Sampling is a method of probability sampling which selects

Cluster Sampling is a method of selecting a sample from a population such

To further understand the four basic techniques using probability sampling,

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 10

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 11

Determine the sampling technique used in the given situations.

2. The faculty members of the College of Teacher Education conducted

3. The faculty members of the College of Teacher Education conducted

4. The faculty members of the College of Teacher Education conducted

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 12

DIRECT or INTERVIEW METHOD

Direct or Interview Method is a person-to-person encounter between the

o It can give complete information needed in the study to be