Elementaryalgebra

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}L OJF EDUC
Ll!BRARY
TBOOK COLLECTION
GIFT OF
.H. . .J ungermann
L IB R AR IES
ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
TEACHERS' EDITION
BY
G. A. ~ENTWORTH
AUTBOK OF. A SERIES OF TEXT- BOOK8 IN MATHEIIATI08
GINN .& COMPANY

BOSTON • NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON
--
Bv G. A. WENTWORTH
ALL RIGHTS RE<!V.ED
610.4
.,, ..,
/ :· ,./
.. ' ( '
.{
l
/
Slle •uun«um tires•

GINN & COMPANY • 1'11.0,
PII.IETORS • BOSTON • U .S.A.
PREFACE
This book is intended for teachera, and for teachers only. The
publishers will sell it to no persona except teachers of W ent-
worth's Elementary Algebra. Every teacher who purchases a
copy must consider himself in honor bouud not to leave it where
pupila may have access to it, and not to sell it except to the pub-
lishers, Messrs. Ginn & Co~pany.
It is expected that this book will prove of great advantage to
every teacher of a class which does not have the time to solve
every one of the numerous examples, by aiding him to select the
examples best adapted to the needs of his particular class. It is
hoped that every teacher who is pressed for time will find relief
by not being obliged to work out every example for himself.
Criticisms and corrections will be thankfully received.
G. A. WENTWORTH
EXETER, NEw HAMPSHIRE
February, 1906
ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
TEACHERS' EDITION
Ezerclae l. Page 10
If a = 1, b = 2, e = 8, d = 4, z = 6, y = 6, z = O, find the numerical

value of:
l. 7z = 7 X 6 = 86.
. l. 8 bl = 8 X 22 = 8 X 4 = 82.
8. 7 c8 = 7 X 3a = 7 X 27 = 189.
=
4. 6 be 6 X 2 X 8 30. =
6. 6 c2d = 6 X 82 X 4 = 6 X 9 X 4 = 216.
8. 2 c2dz =; 2 X ~ X 4 X 6 = 2 X 9 X 4 X 6 = 860.
't . 14c8yz = 14 X 88 X 6 X O= 0.
8. b8c2y=2ªx~x6=8x9x6=432.
=
9. 8a4b2z 8 X 14 X 22 X 6 = 3 X 1 X 4 X 6 60. =
= =
10. f diz f X 42 X 6 f X 10 X 6 80. =
11. jc3d = j X 88 X 4 = 2 X 3 X 4 = 24.
11. ,h bizy = ,h X 22 X 6 X 6 = /¡¡ X 4 X 6 X 6 = 36.
= =
18. /r a8dy2 /r X 18 X 4 X 62 /a X 4 X 86 = 40.
H. i ztyaz = i x 61 x 68 x O o. =
16. 1\ctzt = n, X ~ X 69 = 4 X 3 X 6 = 60.
=
18. /.zy' /,¡ X 6 X 6' = -f,¡ X 6 X 86 = 76.
1'1. t¡¡ rl'z' = t¡¡ X 4' X 61 = t¡¡ X 16 X 26 = 280.
=
18. Hc'<P = H x ~ x 4' 13 x 3 x 4 = 166.
l9. 41,fz1 = 4 X 2f X 61 = 4 X 16 X 26 = 6 _
6d8 6 X 4a 6 X 64
1
2 ELEM ENTARY ALG EBRA
10.
7 c'z2 = 7 X 33 X 62 = ~ 27 X 25 ::= 106 = 131•
5b¡¡~ 5x2x62 5x2x36 8
z2y2 52x62 25x36 6
11. 5c2d°.Í = 5 X 32 X 42 = 6 X 9 X 16 = 4 = ll•
H. Ocdz = 9 X 3 X 4 X O= O.
dy 4 X 6
6a'd8 5 x 16 x 4a 5 x 1 x 64 2
18.
4 1,3z2 = 4 X 28 X 5t = 4 X I:! X 25 = 6,
24. ~~ = .../22 X 4 X ~= 2 X 2 X 5 = 20.
16. y'dy = .../4 X 6 2 X 6 = 12. =
26. y'27d,t =~X ~2 = 3 X iü = 48.
=
2'1 . y'(bcy) .../2 X 3 X O 6. =
=
18. .../x2yªzª .../52 x 6 3 x OS= O.
29. ~ = ~9 X 2 X 3 X 4 = v'27 X 8 = 3 X 2 = 6.
80. 2 .../c'ld;r,2 = 2 y'32 X 4 X 52 = 2 X 3 X 2 X 6 = 60.
=
81. cd .../iiii2 3 X· 4 V4 X 6i = 3 X 4 X 2 X 6 = 144.
81. abe v'2 cz2y =
1 x 2 x 3 v'2 x 3 x 52 x 6 = 2 x 3 x 6 x 6 = 180.
88. f d, 'Vdy2 = ! X 4 y'4 X 62 = f X 4 X 2 X 6 = 36:
84. abcdzyz = l X 2 X 3 X 4 X 5 X 6 X O = 0.
811. CZ v'ffJ-cdy2 = 3 X 5 ~22 X 3 X 4 X 02 = 3 X 5 v'26 X 38
=3 X Ó X 4 X 3 = 180.
86. b2c v'd2zii = 22 X 3 y'42 X 02 = 0.
8'1. bSdz2y = 22 X 4 X 62 X 6 = 4 X 4 X 26 X 6 ::= 2400.
Ezercille 2. Page 12
lf a= l, b =2, e= 8, d =4, e= ó, /=O, flnd the numerical value of :

l. 9a+2b+3c-2/=9 x 1 +2 x 2 +3 x 3-2 x 0=9+4+9-0=22.
2. 4e-3a-3b+ 6c=4 x6-3x 1-3 x2+5x3=20-3-6+15=26.
8. Sabe - bcd + 9cde - de/
=8xlx2x3~2x3x4+9x3x4xó-4x6x0
=
48 - 24 + 640 - O 564. =
4ac Sbc 5cd 4xlx3 8x2x3 5x3x4
'· ---¡-+T-e= -- 2- + 4 5
= 6 + 12 - 12 =6.
TEACHERS' ED1TION 3
6. 7 e + bcd - ~ : =7 X 6 + 2 X 3 X 4 - S; : ; !; Ó
= 8ó + 24 - 20 = 89.
8. ab& + IJalJ - dea2 + f'
=lx2x~+2x8x~-4xóxP+~
=18 + 96 - 20 + O = 94.
T. et+ 6&b2 + 1,t - 4e8b- 4eb8
=6'+6 X 62 X 22+2'-4 X ó8X2-4 X 6 X 28
= 626 + 600 + 16 - 1000 - 160 = 81.
8al+81P 4c2+flb2 c2+a:i
l. a21J2 + c2 - b2 - -e2-
8 x P + 3x • 4x~+6x• ~+~
= 12 X 22 + 32 - 22 - ~
_ 8 + 12 + 86 + 24 _ 9 + 16 _ ó + 12 _ l -16.
4 6 26
d< 41 64
9. "ji; = 2' = 32 = 2.
10. e<+,,.= 51 + 2 = 126 + 2 = 127.

c1> _ 11' 32 - 2a 9 - 8.
b< + d< 28 + 41 8 +64
11. =~=6.
b2+d2-bd 22+42_2x4 = 4 + 16- 8 12
e< - d< 51 - 41 126-64 = 61
11. = = = l.
e2+ed+d2 ó2+6x4+~ 26 + 20 + 16 61
If a = 2, b = 10, z = 3, y = 6, find the numerical value of :

11. %1/ + 4a X 2 = 8 X Ó +4 X2 X 2 = 16 + 16 = 81.
14. zy + 16 b + 6 = 8 X Ó + 16 X 10 + 6 = ló + 80 = 46.
16. 8z + 7y + 7 +ax y= 3 x 8 + 7 x 6 + 7 + 2 x 6
=9+6+10=24.
8xó
18. 6 b - 811 + 2 y X b - 2 b = 6 X 10 - - - X 10 - 2 X 10
2x6
= 60 - 40 - 20 = o.
6 X 10- 8 X 6
lT. (6b-811)+2yxb+2b= 2x 6 x10+2x10
=20+20=40.
4 ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
18. (6b-811)+(211 X b) + 2b = (6 X 10-8 X ó)+(2 X 6 X 10)+2 X 10

= ! + 20 = 201.
8x6
19. 6b - (811 + 211) X b- 2b =6 X 10 - 2 X 6 X 10 - 2 X 10
=60-40-20=0.
Ezercille 3. Page H
Remove the parenthesea and combine :
1. 7 + (5 + 3) = 7 + 6 + 8 = 16. 6. 7 - (6 - 8) = 7 - 6+ 3 = 6.
l . 7 + (6 - 3) ::: 7 + 6 - 3 = 9. 6. 9 - (6 + 3) = 9 - 6- 8 = l.
=
8. 8 + (6 + 2) 8 + 6 + 2 = 16. 7. 8 - (6 + 2) = 8 - 6- 2 = o.
4. 8 + (6 - 2) = 8 + 6 - 2 12. =
8. 8 - (6 - 2) = 8 - 6+ 2 = 4.
9. (12 - 8)-(7 - 4) = 12 - 8 - 7 + 4 = l.
10. (10 - 4)-(2 + 3) = 10 - 4 - 2 - 3 = l .
11. (14-6)+(8-6)=14-6+8-6=10.
11. (7 + 3)-(4 - 2) = 7 + 3 - 4 + 2 = 8.
If a = 8, b = 6, e = 6, d = 3, find the value of:

18. (a+ b) +(e+ d) = (8 + 6) + (6 + 3) = 8 + 6 + 6 + 3 = 22.
H. (a+ b) - (e+ d) = (8 + 6) - (6 + 3) = 8 + 6 - 6 - 3 = 4.
16. (a+ b) + (e - d) = (8 + 6) + (6 - 3) = 8 + 6 + 6 - 3 = 16.
=
16. (a+ b) - (e - d) (8 + ó) - (6 - 3) = 8 + 6 - 6 + 3 = 10.
17. (a - b) + (e - d) = (8 - 6) + (6 - 3) = 8 - 6 + 6 - 3 = 6.
= =
18. (a - b) - (e - d) (8 - 6) - (6 - 3) 8 - 6 - 6 + 3 O. =
=
19. (a - b) + (e + d) = (8 - 6) + (6 + 3) 8 - 6 + 6 + 3 = 12.
H.~+d)-~-~=~+~-~-~=6+8-8+6=~
Ezerclae 4. Page 16
Perform the indica.ted operations, a.nd find the numerical value of
each expression if a = 4, b = 3, e = 2 :
1. 6(ab +e)= 6ab + 6c = Ó X 4 X 3 + 6 X 2 = 60 + 10 = 70.
l. 4 (ac + b) = 4 ac + 4 b = 4 x 4 x 2 + 4 x 3 = 32 + 12 = 44.
8. 8 (a + be) = 3 a + 3 be = 3 x 4 + 3 x 3 x 2 = 12 + 18 = 30.
4. 7(ab - e)= 7 ab - 7 e= 7 x 4 x 3 - 7 x 2 = 84 - 14 = 70.
6. 6(ac - b) = 6ac -6b = 6 x 4 x 2 -6 x 3 = 48 -18 = 30.
6. óa(b - e) =6ab- 6ac = 6 x 4 x 3- 6 x 4 x 2 = 60 - 40 = 20.
TEACHERS' EDITION 5
=
'1. 2 ab - a (be - a) 2 ab - abe + a2
= 2X 4 X 3- 4 X 8 X 2+ 4 X 4 = 24 - 24 + 16 = 16.
=
8. e + 2 ab (ac - b) e + 2 a2bc - 2 ab2
= 2 + 2 X 42 X 8 X 2 - 2 X 4 X 3:1 =2 + 192 - 72 = 122.
9. 3 ac - e (b + e) = 3 ac - be - e'
= 3X 4 X 2- 3 X 2 - 22 = 24 - 6 - 4 = 14.
10. 6ab - (b2 + b) = óab - b2 - b
= 6X 4 X 3 - 32 - 3 = 60 - 9 - 8 = 48.
11. 6be-4(ab-8e)=6be-4ab+12e
= 6 X 3 X 2 - 4 X 4 X 8 + 12 X 2 = 36 - 48 + 24 = 12.
11. ab + b(a - e)= ab + ab - be
= 2 ab - be = 2 X 4 X 3 - 3 X 2 = 24 - 6 = 18.
18. (a - e)b - be= ab - be - be
= ab - 2 be = 4 X 8 - 2 X 8 X 2 = 12 - 12 = 0.
=
14. (a - b) e + 3 ac ae - be + 8 ac
= 4ac - be= 4 x 4 x 2 - 3 x 2 = 32 - 6 = 26.
16. (2 a + 3 b) b - 2 ab = 2 ab + 3 b2 - 2 ab = 3 b2 = 3 x 32 = 27.
16. (a' - IP)c - (a' - el)= a2c - b2c - a'+ c2
= 42 X 2 - 32 X 2 - 42 + 22 = 32 - 18 - 16 + 4 = 2.
1'1. (al- c2)b-(b2-e2) = a2b- be2 - b2 + c2
= 42 X 3 - 3 X 22 -:- 32 + 22 = 48 - 12 - 1) + 4 = 31.
18. 2(be + ac)- c(b2 +e')= 2be + 2ac - b2c - c8
= 2 X 3 X 2+2 X 4 X 2 - 32 X 2- 28 = 12 + 16-18-8 = 2.
Ezerciae 5. Page 17
Perform t.be indicated operations, and find the nnmerical value of

each quot.ient if a = 8, b = 4, e = 2 :
a 8
l. (a + b) + b = b + 1 = 4+ 1 :::: 2 + 1 = 3.
a 8
l . (a + e) + e = - + 1 = - + 1 = 4 + 1 = 6.
e 2
a 8 ·
8. (a - b) + b = b - 1 = 4 - 1 = 2 - 1 = l.
4. (a - b) + e = ea - eb = 82 - 42 = 4 - 2 = 2.
6 ELEl\fENTARY ALGEBRA
ac 8x 2
l . (ac +-o) + b = b + I = - 4 - + 1 = 4 + 1 = ó.
ab 8 X 4
8. (ab +e)+ e= e+ 1 = -2- + 1 = 16 + 1 = 17.
ac ·s x 2
'/. (ac-b)+b=b-l=-
4 --1=4-·1=3.
ab 8 X 4
8. (ab - C) + C= C-
1 = - 2 - - 1 = 16 - 1 = ló.
b2 c2 42 22 1
9. (b2 + c2) + a = + a a
= 8 + 8 = 2 + 2 = 2+.
ac 8 X 2
10. (b8 - ac) + b = b2 - b = 42 - - 4 - = 16 - 4 =12.
a2 82
11. (a2 - be) + e = - - b = - - 4 = 32 - 4 = 28.
e 2
b a 4 8
18. (b2 + ac) + be = - + - = - + - = 2 + 2 = 4.
e b 2 4
Ezerciae 6. Page 21
Find the value of z and verify the answer:

l. 3z+l=19. 8. 17z=7z+10.
Transpose, 3z=l9-1. Transpose, 17z - 7z = 10.
Combine, 3z = 18. Combine, lOz = 10.
Divide by 3, z=6. Divide by 10, z l. =
V ert/1,cation V erYl,cation
3 X 6+1 = 19. 17 X 1 = 7 X 1 + 10.
18 + 1 =19. 17 = 7 + 10.
19 = 19. 17 = 17.
B. 2z+ ó = 11. 4. ÓZ + 2 = 17.

Transpose, 2z=ll-ó. Transpose, óz=I7-2.
Combine, 2z=6. Combine, ÓZ = 15.
Divide by 2, z=3. Dividé by ó, Z=3.
V eriftcation V erijlcation
2 X 3 + Ó = 11. Ó X 3 =
+ 2 17.
6 + ó = 11. =
16 + 2 17.
11 = 11. =
17 17.
TEACHERS' EDITION 7
6. 4z+7=tlx+l. 9. 3z+13=;,4x+6.
'l'ranspose, 4z - 6:i: = 1 - 7. Transpose, 3 z - 4 z = 6 - 13.
Changesigns,6z - 4z = 7 -1. Change sigus, 4 z - 3 z = 18 - 6.
Combine, 2z = 6. Combine, z = 7.
Divide by 2, :i: = 3.
V er¡fication
V erVfcation 8 X 7 + 13 = 4 X 7 + 6.
4x8+7=6x8+1. 21 + 13 = 28 + 6.
12 + 7 = 18 + l. =
34 34.
19 = 19.
10. 7z-9=6z+l.
8. 3z-7=2z+2.
Transpose, 7z -6z = 1 + 9.
Transpose, 3z-2z=2+7. Combine, :i:=10.
Combine, z=9.
V erVfcation
V erification
7 X 10 - 9 = 6 X 10 + l.
3x9-7=2x9+2. 70-9 = tlO + l.
27-7 = 18 + 2. 61 = 61.
20 = ·20.
7. 7z - 12 = 3z + 4. 11. 8z - 14 = 6z + 6.
Transpose, 7z - 3z = 4 + 12. Transpose, 8:i:-6z=6+14. ·
Combine, 4z 16. = Combine, 2z= 20.
Divide by 4, z=4. Divide by 2, z=lO.
V eriftcati-On V erification
7 X 4 - 12 = 3 X 4 + 4. 8 X 10 - 14 = 6 X 10 + 6.
28 - 12 = 12 + 4. 80 - 14 = 60 + 6.
16 = 16. =
66 66.
8. 2Iz - 4 = 14:i: + 17. 11. X - 3 =15 - 2 z.

'franspose, 21 z - 14:i: = 17 + 4. Transpose, z + 2z = 15 + 3.
Combine, 7 z = 21. Combine, 3:i: = 18.
Divide by 7, z = 3. Divide by 3, :i:=6.
VerVfcation V erification
21 X8 - 4 = 14 X 8 + 17. 6 - 3 = 15 - 2 X 6.
63 - 4 = 42 + 17. 6 - 3 = 15 -12.
69= 69. 3=3.
8 ELEl\lENTARY ALGEBRA
18. 6x-6=8+4x. 14. x-2=2x-7.

Transpose, 6x-4x 8 + 6. = Tra11Bpose, x - 2x =2 - 7.
Combine, 2x 14. = Change signa, 2 x - x =7 - 2.
Divide ,by 2, X=7. Combine, x = ó.
V erijicatwn Verificatwn
6 X =
7 - 6 8 -194 X 7. Ó- 2 = 2 X Ó- 7.
=
42 -6 8 + 28. ó-2 10-7.=
36 =36. 3=3.
15. 42 - 21x + ló - ÓX = 68 - 11 - 4z.

Transpose, 4x - 21x - ÓX = 68 - 11 - 42 - ló.
Change signa, =
21 X + Ó X - 4 X 11 + 42 + ló - 68.
Combine, 22x = O.
Divide by 22, x=O. {/
V ertfication. 42 - 21 X O + ló - Ó X O = 68 - 11 - 4 X 0.
42 - O+ ló - O= 68 -11 - o.
ó7 = ó7.
16. 60-4x-3x+6x=77-7x-ll.
Transpose, 6X - 4X - 3X + 7 X = 77 - 11 - 60.
Combine, 6x= 6.
Divide by 6, X= l.
Verification. 60 - 4 x 1 - 3 x 1 + 6 x 1 = 77 - 7 x 1 - 11.
60 - 4 - 3 + 6 = 77 - 7 - 11.
69 = ó9.
17. 28 X - 21 + 42 - 28 X = 22 - 4 X.
Transpose, 28 X - 28 X + 4 X = 22 + 21 - 42.
Combine; 4x l. =
rnvide by 4, x=t.
V erification. 28 x t - 21 + 42 - 28 x t = 22 - 4 x t.
7 - 21 + 42 - 7 = 22 - 1.
21 21. =
18. 9 (13 - x) - 4 x = 5 (21 - 2 x) + 9 x.
Remove parentheses, 117- Ox - 4x = lOó - lOx + Oz.
Transpose, lOx - Ox - Ox - 4x = lOó - 117.
Change signs, Ox + Ox + 4x - lOx = 117 -105.
Combine, 12 x 12. =
Divide by 12, z l. =
TEACHERS' EDITION 9
Ve,;flcation. 9(13 - 1) - 4 x 1 = ó(21 - 2 x 1) + O x l.

108 - 4 = 9ó + 9.
104 = 104.
19. 6(z-ó)+2z=8z-2(z+10).
Remove parentheses, 6 z - 30 + 2 z = 8 z - 2 z - 20.
Transpose, 6z + 2z - 8z + 2z = 30 - 24>.
Combine, 2 z = 10.
Divide by 2, z = ó.
Verjfi.cation. 6 (ó - ó) + 2 x ó= 8 x ó - 2 (ó + 10).
O + 10= 40 - 80.
10 = 10.
BO. 199 + lóz - (2z - ó) = 17(z + 17) -13z - 22.

Remove parentheses,
199 + 15 z - 2 z + ó = 17 z + 289 - 13 z - 22.
Transpose, 15 Z - 2 Z - 17 X + 13 X = 289 - 22 - 199 - 6.
Combine, 9z = 63.
Divide by 9, X=7.
Verjfication. =
199 + 15 x 7 - (2 x 7 - 6) 17(7 + 17) - 13 x 7 - 22.
199 + 106 - 9 = 408 - 91 - 22.
296 = 295.
/
Sl. 8 (Sz - 2) - 7 X - 6 (12 - 3 X) + 28 = 8 (3 X + 2) - 32.
Remove parentheses,
24x - 16 - 7x - 60 + lóx + 28 = 24x + 16 - 32.
Transpose, =
24x - 7x + 15x - 24x 16 - 32 + 16 + 60 - 28.
Combine, 8x =
82.
Divide by 8, x 4. =
V eriflcatwn.
8(3 X 4 - 2)-7 X 4 - 6(12 - 3 X 4) + 28 = 8(3 X 4 + 2) - 32.
80 - 28 - O + 28 = 112 - 32.
80 80. =
H. 7(3:z: - 6) + ó(x - 3) + 4(17 - x) = 77.
Remove parentheses,
21x - 42 + óx -15 + 68 - 4x = 77
Transpose, 21x + 6x - 4x = 42 + 15 - 68 + 77.
Combine, 22 x = 66.
Divide by 22, x = 3.
-
Vertficatioit. 7(8 x 8 - 6) + ó(8 - 8) + 4(17 -8) i7. =
21 +O+ ó6 = 77.
77 = 77.
18. 864 - ló(lóz - 7) - 8(18 - 2z) + 8 = 6(z - 2).

Remove parentheses,
864 - 22óz + lOó - 89 + 6z + 8 6z -12. =
Transpoee, =
6z - 22óz - 6z 89 - 864 -10ó - 8 -12.
Change signe, =
22óz + 6z - 6z 864 + 10ó + 8 + 12 - 89.
Combine, 22ó z = 4ó0.
Divide by 22ó, z 2. =
Verlflcation. =
864 - ló(ló x 2 - 7) - 8 (18 - 2 x 2) + 8 6 (2 - 2).
864 - 84ó - 27 + 8 = o.
0=0.
H. 111 + 89:i: = 7(18 - 8z) + 8(20 - óz).
Remove parentbeses, 111 + 89:i: = 126 - 21 z + 60 - lóz.
Transpoee, =
89:i: + 21:i: + lóz 126 + 60-111.
Combine, 7óz = 7ó.
Divide by 7ó, z = 1.
Vertfication. 111 + 89 X 1: 7(18 - 8 X 1) + 8 (20 - Ó X 1).
=
111 + 89 lOó + 4ó.
lóO = lóO.
26. 8(z -10) - 9 + 3(1ó - z) + 2(18 - z)- 22 O. =
H.emove parentbeses,
8 z - 80 - 9 + 4ó - 8 z + 86 - 2 z - 22 o. =
Transpose, 8z - 8z - 2z = 80 + 9 - 4ó - 86 + 22.
Combine, 8z 80. =
Divide by 8, z 10. =
V ertfication. 8 (10 - 10) - 9+ 8 (ló - 10) + 2 (18 - 10) - 22 = O.
O - 9 + ló + 16 - 22 = o.
º=º·
=
96. 8(z + ó) - ó(z - 4) + 22 2(z + 6) + 8(11 - z) + 4.
Remove parentheses,
8z +1ó - ÓZ + 20 + 22 = 2:t + 12 + 88 - 8z + 4.
Transpose, 3z - óz - 2z + 8z = 12 + 88 + 4 - ló - 20 - 22.
Change signs, óz + 2z - 8z - 8z = ló + 20 + 22 - 12 - 88 - 4.
Combine, :t=8.
TEACHERS' EDITION 11
Ve,;/ication. =
3 (8 + 6)- 6(8 - 4) + 22 2 (8 + 6) + 3 (11 - 8) + 4.
=
39 - 20 + 22 28 + 9 + 4.
41 = 41.
8'7. 2(16-z)+8(6z- 4)=12(8+z)-2(12-z).

Remove parentheses, 32- 2x + 16z -12 = 86 + 12z - 24 + 2z.
Traospose, 16z - 2z - 12z - 2z = 36 - 24 - 32 + 12.
Change signa, 2z + 12x + 2z-16z = 24 + 32 - 36 - 12.
Combine, x = 8.
Ve,;flcation. 2(16- 8) + 3(5 x 8 - 4) = 12(3 + 8) - 2(12 - 8).

16 + 108 = 132 - 8.
124 = 124.
Ezerclse 7. Page 22
l. Write in symbols: a dimin- 4. A man bougbt a horse for
ished by b ; a increased by b ; m dollars and sold it for n dollal"s.
a multiplled by b; a divided by b; lf m is greater than n, how much
tbe square of a; the square root did he lose?
of a; the cube root of a; the
f(m -n).
square of a multiplied by the
fourth power of b.
6. A man sold a cow for e
a-b·' a+b·' ab·, ~-
b' dollars and gained a dollars on
at; ...ja; ~a; a~. the cost. What did he pay for
the cow\>
l. A man sold a horse for a f(c - a).
dollars and lost b dollars on the
cost. What did the horse cost 6. If the length of a day is t
him? hours, what is the length of the
f(a + b). night?
(24 - t) hours.
a. If a is an integral number,
what integral number immedi- '1. A rectangular field is a roda
ately precedes it? What integl"al long and b roda wide. Wbat is
number immediately follows it? the area of the field ?
a-1; a+1. ab square roda.
8. A farmer receives e cents 16. The divisor is a, the divi-

for one bushel of coro. What dend b, and the remainder c.
does he receive for a bushels of Find the quotient.
corn? b-c
ac cent.a.
a
9. A man pays b dollars for 1T. The difference between
one cord of wood. What must two numbers is a and the larger
he pay for a cords of wood ? number is b. Find the smaller
ab dollars. number.
b-a.
10. A boy runs a yarda in one
second. How many yards will 18. The difference between
he run in t seconds ? two numbers is a and the smaller
number is b. Find tbe larger
ta.
number.
11. The area of a rectangular b + a.
fleld is a square rods and the 19. Writetheexcessofaoverb.
length of the field is b rods. What
is the breadth ? a-b.
a IO. What is the excess of
b rods. 6z+10over3z-7?
H. A train ti::avels e hours at 6z + 10 - (3 X - 7)
the rate of a miles an hour. Find = 6x + 10 - 3z + 7
the distance traveled. =2x+17.
ca miles. Sl. What is the excess of
13. A horse goes e miles in b 3x - 16 over 40 - 7 x?
hours. How many miles <loes he 3x - 16 - (40 - 7 x)
go in one hour ? =3x-16-40+7x
e = lOx-66.
;;·
SS. Express in cent.a tbe valnc
14. The product is p and the of a quarters and b dimes.
multiplier is m. Find the multi- 26a + 10b.
plicand.
!!_ , S8. A man has a dollars, b half
m dollars, ande quarters. He spends
16. The divisor is a, the quo- d half dollars and e quarters.
tient b, and the remainder c. How many cents has he left?
Find the dividend. 100a + ó0b+26c-(60d+2óe)
ab+ c. = 100a + 60b + 26c - 60d - 25e.
H. George is a years old 88. A cubical box is a incbes

to-day. How old was he b years long. Find the contenta of the
ago I' How old will he be e years box.
heoce I' aª cubic inches.
(a - b) ye&1'8; (a + e) years.
26. Frankisayearsold to-day. 29. A galloncontains 231 cubic

lo how many yeara will he be b inches. How many gallons will
times as old ? a rectangular tank hold, a incheR
ba-a. long, b inches wide, and e inches
high I'
98. A hoy can runa yards in abe
b seconds. How ma.ny yards can 231 °
he mn in one second ?
a
SO. How many bricks a inche.s
1>' long, b inches wide, and e inches
H. A man has oats enough high can be placed in a room t
for n horses m days. How many inches long, m inches wide, and
days would the oats la.st a horses ? n inches high ?
mn lmn
a abe.
Ezercise 8. Page 27
l. The sum of two numbers is 60 and the greater is four times the
leas. Find the numbers.
Let x = the larger number.
Then 60 - x = the smaller number,
and 4 (60 - x) = four times the sma.ller number.
,' , X=4 (60 - X),
Remove parenthesis, X=240-4X.
Transpose, X+ 4x = 240.
Combine, 6x = 240.
Divide by 6, X =48.
60 - X= 12.
Therefore, the required numbers are 48 and 12.
8. The ditlerence between two numbere is 12 and their sum is 76.

Find the numbere.
Let z = the smaller number.
Then z + 12 = the larger number,
and z + z + 12 = the sum of the numbers.
But 76 = the sum of the numbers.
.·. z + z + 12 = 76.
Transpose, z + z = 76 -12.
Combine, 2:t= 64.
Divide by 2, :t=32.
z + 12 = 44.
. /8. The ditlerence between two numbers is 11 and their sum is 97.
VFind the numbere.
and z +z + 11 = the sum of the numbers.
But 97 = the sum of the numbere.
.·. z + z + 11 = 97.
Transpose, z + z =07 -11 .
Combine, 2:t = 86.
Divide by 2, :t=43.
z + 11 = 64.
Therefore, the required numbers are ó4 and 48.
4. Three times a certain number Is equal to the number increased

by 24. Find the number.
Let . =
z the number.
Then =
Sz three times the number,
and z + 24 = the number increased by 24.
=
.·. Sz z + 24.
Transpose, 3:t - z = 24.
Combine, 2:t = 24.
Divide by 2, z = 12.
Therefore, the f('quired number is 12.
6. The sum of two numbers is 89 and the larger exceeds the smaller
by 9. Find the numbera.
and + =
z + z 9 the sum of the numbers.
But =
89 the sum of the numbera.
.·. z+z+ 9 =39.
Transpose, z+ :t= 39-9.
Combine, 2:t = 80.
Divide by 2, :t= 16.
:t + 9 = 24.
8. The sum of two nuµ1bers is 63 and tbe larger exceeda twice the
smaller by 8. Find the numbera.
Let =z the smaller Dlllltber.
Then 68 - z = the larger number,
and =
2:t + 3 twice tbe smaller number plus 8.
But =
2 z + 3 the !arger number.
=
.·• 2:i: + 3 68 - z.
Transpose, 2:t +z =68-3.
Combine, 3:t = 60.
Divide by 8, :t=20.
68-:i:=48.
'1. The BWD of two numbel's is 49 and twice tbe smaller exceeds th<'
larger by 14. Find the numbers.
Let = z the smaller number.
Then 49 - z = tbe larger number,
and =
2:t twice the smaller number.
.·. 2:t -(49-z) = 14.
Remove tbe parentbesis,
2 :t - 49 + :t = 14.
Transpoee, 2:t + :t = 14 + 49.
Combine, =
8:t 68.
Divide by 3, = :t 21.
49-:t = 28.
Tberefore, the required numbers are 28 and 21.
16 ELEMENTARY ALGEilRA
('¡ 8. Find three consecutive numbers whose sum is 30.

' Let z = the middle number.
Then z - 1 = the smallest number,
=
z + 1 the largest number,
and z + z - 1 + z + 1 = the sum of the numbers.
But =
30 the sum of the numbers.
.·. z + z - l.+ z + 1 = 30.
Transpose, z+z+z=30+1-1.
Combine, 3z = 30.
. Divide by 3," z = 13.
=
z -1 12.
z + 1 = 14.
Therefore, the required numbers are 12, 13, and 14.
V 9. Find flve .consecutive numbers whose sum is 70.
Let =
z the middle number.
'fhen z - 1 = the next smaller number,
z - 2 = the smallest number,
z + 1 = the next larger number,
z + 2 = the largest number,
and z+z-l+z-2 +z+l +z+2 =the sum of the numbers.
But 70 = the sum of the numbers .
.·. z+z-l+z-2+z+l+x+2 = 70.
'franspose, z + z + x + x + z = 70 + I + 2 - 1 - 2.
Combine, 5 z = 70.
z -2 = 12.
X-1 13.=
z + 1 = 15.
=
z + 2 16.
Therefore, the required numbers are 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16.
• / 10. If a certain number is multiplied by 12, the product is 168.
YFind the number.
Let =
z the number.
Then 12 z = the number multiplied by 12.
But 168 = the number multiplied by 12.
=
.·. 12:i: 168.
Divide by 12, Z= 14.
Therefore, the required number is 14.

TEACHERS' EDITlON 17
11. The difference of two numbers is 22 and three times the smaller
.:éxceeds twice the larger by 6. Find the numbers.
Let z = the larger number.
'rhen z - 22 = the smaller number,
3 (z - 22) = three times the smaller number,
2z = twice tbe larger number,
and 3 (z - 22) - 2 z = the excess of tbree times tbe smaller
over twice the largar number.
But 6 = tbis exceBS.
.·. 8 (z - 22) - 2 z = 6.
=
Transpoee,
3z - 66 - 2z 6.
3z - 2z = 6 + 66. ..
Combine, Z= 72.
z -22 óO. =
Therefore, the required numbers are 72 and óO.
~ - Find a number such that when 9 is added to three times the

number the euro is 42.
Let =
z the number.
Then =
3z three times tbe number,
and =
3z + 9 three times the number plus 9.
But =
42 this sum.
.·. 3z + 9 = 42.
Transpose, 3.z = 42...: 9.
Combine, 3.z = 33.
Divide by 8, z =11 .
18. A man sold a quantity of wood for $49, half of it at $3 a cord

and the other half at $4 a cord. How many cords of wood did be sell ?
Let 2z = t.he number of cords of wood.
Then z = half the number of cords of wood,
3z = the number of dollars received for the wood sold
at $3 a cord,
4z = the number of dollars received for the wood sold
at $4 a cord,
and 3 z + 4 z = the number of dollars received for the wood.
But 49 = the number of dollars received for the wood.
.·. 3:i:+4:i:=49.
Combine, 7:i:= 49.
Divide by 7, X= 7.
=
2:i: 14.
Therefore, the man sold 14 corda of wood.
14. The sum of the ages of a father and son is 42 years, and the
father is ti.ve times as old as the son. What is the age of each?
Let =x the number of years in the age of the son.
Then ó z = the number of years in the age of the father,
and óz + z = the number of years in tbe sum of the ages.
But 42 = the number of years in the sum of the ages.
••• ÓZ +X= 42.
Combine, 6:i: = 42.
Divide by 6, Z=7.
ó:i: = 3ó.
Therefore, tbe father is 3ó years old and the son 7 years old.
16. A tree 120 feet high was broken so that the length of tbe part
broken off was four times tbe length of tbe part left standing. Find
the length of each part.
Let =
x tbe number of feet in the part left standing.
Then 4 z = the number of feet in the part broken off,
and x + 4z = tbe number of feet in the whole tree.
But 120 = tbe number of feet in the whole tree.
.·. :i:+4:i:= 120.
Combine, óz = 120.
Divide by ó, X= 24.
=
4:i: 96.
Therefore, the length of the part broken off was 96 feet; of the
part left standing 24 feet.
16. Two men start from the same place and travel in opposite
directions, one 3ó miles a day and the other 2ó miles a day. In how
many days will they be 860 miles apart ?
Let =
z tbe required number of days.
Tben =
3óz tbe number of miles the first travels,
2ó z = the number of miles the second travels,
and 3óz + 2óz = the number of miles they togetber travel.
But =
360 tbe number of miles they together travel.
.·. 86z + 2óz = 360.
Combine, 60z= 360.
Divide by 60, Z=6.
Therefore, the required number of days is 6.
17. Two men start from the same place and travel in the aame
direction, one 86 miles a day and the other 26 miles a day. In how
many days will they be 360 miles apart ?
Let z = the required number of days.
Then =
36z the number of miles the first travels,
26z = the number of miles the second travels,
and 36z - 26z = the number of miles between them in z days.
But =
360 the number of miles between them in z days.
.·. 36z - 26z = 360.
Combin"e, =
lOz 360.
Divide by 10, Z=36.
Therefore, the required number of days is 36.
18. Divide $21 among A, B, and C so that A and B shall each

receive three times as much as C.
Let z = the number of dollars C receives.
Then =
3z the number of dollars A receives,
=
3z the number of dollars B receives,
and z + 3z + 3z = thenumberof dollarsA, B, and C togetherreceive.
But =
21 the number of dollars A, B, and C together receive .
.·. z + 3z + 3z = 21.
Combine, =
7z 21.
Divide by 7, z=3.
3z=9.
Therefore, A receives $9; B, $9; and C, $3.
19. A, B, and C buy a summer cottage for $3000. B paya twice

as muchas A, and C paya as muchas A and B together. How much
does each pay ?
Let z = the number of dollars A paya.
Then =
2z the number of dollars B paya,
=
z + 2 z the number of dollars C paya,
and z + 2 z + z + 2 z = the number of dollars A, B, and C together pay.
But =
3000 the numbe1· of dollars A, B, and C together pay.
.·. z + 2 z + z + 2 z = 3000.
Combine, =
Oz 3000.
2z = 1000.
z + 2z= 1500.
Therefore, A pays $600; B, $1000; and C, $1500.
90. Divide 48 into two parts such that one part shall exceed the
other by 6. ·
Let z = the greater part.
Then z - 6 = the smaller part,
and z + z - 6 = the whole number.
But 48 = the whole number.
.·.z+z-6=48.
Transpose, z+z=48+6.
Combine, 2z=M.
Divide by 2, =
z 27.
z - 6 = 21.
Therefore, the required parts are 27 and 21.
21. A father is twice as old as his son; 11 years ago he was tbree
times as old as bis son. Find tbe age of eacb.
Let z = the number of years in tbe age of tbe son.
=
Tben 2z tbe number of years in tbe age of the father,
z - 11 = tbe nurnber of years in the age of the son 11 years ago,
=
and 2z - 11 thenumberof years in theageof the fatherll years ago.
But 11 years ago the father was three times as old as the son.
.·. 2z -11 = 3(z -11).
Remove the parenthesis, 2 z - 11 = 3 z - 33.
Transpose, 2 z - 3 z = 11 - 33.
Change the sigas, 3z - 2z = 33 -11.
Combine, Z=22.
=
2z 44.
Therefore, the father is 44 years old and the son 22 years old.
92. A man is fonr times as old as bis son ; in 18 years he will be

only twice as old. Find the ag.¡¡~of eacb.
Let z = the number of years in the age of the son.
Then 4 z = the number of years in the age of the father,
z + 18 = the number of years in the age of the son 18 years hence,
and 4 z + 18 = the numberof years in the age of the father 18 yearshence.
But in 18 years the father will be twice 88 old 88. the son.
=
.·. 4 z + 18 2 (:z: + 18).
=
Remove the parenthesis, 4 :z: + 18 2 z +.36.
Transpose, 4z - 2z = 36 - 18.
Combine, 2 z = 18.
• Divide by 2, z = 9.
=
4z 30.
Therefore, the father is 36 years old and the son 9 years old.
28. A dealer bought 26 dozen oranges for 89.25. For a part he
paid 40 cents a. dozen a.nd for the remainder 35 cents a dozen. How
many dozen of each kind did he buy ?
Let =z the number of dozen be bought at 40 cents.
Then =
25 - z tbe number of dozen he bought at 36 cents,
40z == tbe number of cents he paid for the fl.l'!!t kiud,
36 (26 - z) == tbenumberof cents he pe.id forthe secondkind,
a11d 40z + 35(25-z) = tbe number of cents he paid iu ali.
But =
926 the number of cents he paid iu all .
=
.·.. 40z + 36(26 - z) 926.
Remove the parenthesis,
40:i: + 876 - 36:i: = 926.
Transpose, 40z - 36z == 926 - 875.
Combine, 5z = óO.
Divide by 5, Z= 10.
25 -z = 16.
Therefore, the dealer bought 10 dozen at 40 cents a.nd 15 dozen at
35 cent&
2i. I have $3.86 in quarters and ten-cent pieces and I ha.ve three
times as mauy ten-cent pieces as quarters. How many coins of each
kind have I?
Let z = the number of qua.rters.
Then 3 z = the- number of ten-cent pieces,
25z = the number of cents in the value of the quarters,
30 z = the numberof cents in the value of the ten-cent pieces,
=
a.nd 25:i: + 30:z: the number of cents in the value of ali the coins.
Dut 385 = the nu111ber of cents in the value of ali the coins.
=38ó.
.·. 26:c + 30:c
Combine, ÓÓZ = 386.
Divide by óó, Z=7.
8z = 21.
Therefore, I have 7 quarters and 21 ten-cent pieces.
H . Divide 76 into two parta such that one part shall exceed twice
the other by 9.
Let =
z the smaller part.
Then 7ó - z = the larger part,
2 z = twice the smaller part,
and 75 - z - 2z = tbe excess of the Iarger over twice the smaller part.
But =
9 the excess of the larger over twice the smaller part.
.·.7ó-z-2z=9.
Transpose, 75-9=z+2z.
Transpose, z+2z=75-9.
Combine, 8z 66. =
Divide by 8, z=22.
7ó-z = ó3.
Tberefore, the required parta are ó3 and 22.
26. Two trains start at tbe same time from two cities 460 miles
apart and travel towards eacb other, one at tbe rate of 50 miles an
bour and the other at tbe rate of 40 miles an bour. In how many
hours will the trains meet ?
Let z = the number of hours in which the trains will meet.
Then 50:c = the nnmber of miles the first travels,
40:c = the number of miles the second travels,
=
and 60:c + 40:c the number of miles the two together travel.
But =
460 the uumber of miles the two together travel .
=
.·. 60:c + 40:t 460.
Combine, =
90:c 460.
Divide by 90, :t = 6.
Therefore, the trains will meet in ó hours.
27. A dealer buys 80 tons of coal and 40 cords of wood for $400.
The coal costa twice as ruuch per ton as tbe wood costa per cord.
How much does he pay for a ton of coal and how much for :i. cord of
wood?
Let z = the number of dollars in the cost of 1 cord of wood.
Then 2z = the number of dollars in the cost of 1 ton of coal,
60z = the number of dollars paid for the coa),
40z = the number of dollars paid for the wood,
and 60z + 40z = the number of dollars paid in ali.
But 400 = the number of dollars paid in ali•
.·. 60z + 40z = 400.
Combine, 100:t = 400.
Divide by 100, z=4.
2z=8.
Therefore, the dealer pays '8 for a ton of coal and f4 for a cord of
wood.
18. A man was hired for óO days. Each day he worked he was to
receive '2, and each day he was idle he was to pay óO cents. At the
end of the óO days he received $80. How many days did he work ?
Let =
z the number of days he worked.
Then óO - z = the number of days he was idle,
=
200 z t.he number of cents he received for the days
he worked,
óO(óO - z) = the number of cents he paid forthe days he
was idle,
=
and 200:i: - 60(60 - z) the net number of cents he received.
But =
8000 the net number of cents he received.
=
.·. 200:i: - 60(60 - z) 8000.
=
200:i: - 2600 + óOz 8000.
Tranapoee, 200 z + 60 z = 8000 + 2600.
Combine, =
2ó0z 10600.
Divide by 260, z=42.
Therefore, the man worked 42 days.
19. Ten men agreed to buy a camp together, but two declined to
take their share and each of the others had to pay $6 more for bis
share. What was the cost of the camp ?
Let =
z the number of dollars each agreed to pay.
Then =
10 z the number of do liara in the cost of tbe camp,
=
z + 6 the number of dollars each of eight did pay,
an<l =
8 (z + 6) the number of dollars in the cost of the camp.
l
1
1
.·. lOz = 8(z + 5).

Remove· the parenthesis, lOz = Sz + 40.
Transpoee, lOz - Sz = 40.
Combine, =
2 z 40.
10z= 200.
Therefore, the camp coet $200.
80. Divide 37 into two parts sucb tbat the sum of twice the greater
part and three times the smaller sball be 87.
Let =z the greater part.
Then =
37 - z tbe smaller part,
=
2z twice the greater part,
3 (37 - z) = three times the smaller part,
and 2 z + 3 (37 - z) = the sum of twice tbe greater part and three
times tbe smaller part.
But =
87 this sum.
.·. 2z + 3(37 - z) = 87.
. 2z + 111 - 3z = 87.
Transpoee, 2z - 3z = 87 -111.
Cbange the signe, 3x-2z = 111-87.
Combine, Z=24.
37-z = 13.
Therefore, the required parts are 24 and 13.
31. Tbe sum of two numbers is 35 and tbree times tbe larger
number is equal to four times the smaller. Find tbe numbers.
Let z = the larger number.
Then =
35 - z the smaller number,
=
3z three times the larger number,
and 4 (35 - z)= four times tbe smaller number.
.·. 3z=4(35-z).
Remove the parenthesis, 3z = 140 - 4z.
Transpose, 3z + 4z = 140.
Combine, 7 z = 140.
Divide by 7, =
z 20.
=
35-z 15.
Therefore, the required numbers are 20 and ló.
89. The sum of two numbers is 72 and twice the larger number
exceeds four times the smaller by 12. Find the numbera.
Let :i: = the larger number.
Then 72 - :i: = the smaller number,
2 :i: = twice the larger number,
and 4 (72 - :i:) = four times the smaller number.
.·. 2x = 4 (72 - :i:) + 12.
Remove the parenthesis, 2:i: = 288 - 4:i: + 12.
Transpose, =
2 X + 4 X 288 + 12.
Combine, 6:i: = 300.
Divide by 6, :i: = 60.
=
72 -:i: 22.
Therefore, tbe required numbers are 60 and 22.
88. Four years ago a man was seven times as old as bis son and
16 years hence he will be only twice as old as bis son. Find the age
of each.
Let :i: =-the number of years in the age of the son
4 years ago. ·
Tben 7 :i: = the mimber of years in tbe age of the father
4 years ago,
:i: + 4 = the number of years in the age of the son
now,
7:i: + 4 = the number of years in tbe age of the father
now,
:i: + 4 + 16 = the number of years in the age of the son
16 years hence,
and 7 :i: + 4 + 16 = tbe numher of years in tbe age of tbe fatber
16 years bence.
But 16 years hence the father will be twice as old as the son.
. ·. 7 X + 4 + 16 = 2 (X + 4 + 16).
7:i: + 4 + 16 = 2:i: + 8 + 32.
Transpoee, 7x - 2x = 8 + 32 - 4 - 16.
Combine, 5:i: = 20.
Divide by 5, :i:=4.
:i:+4=8.
7:i: + 4 = 32.
Therefore, tbe fatber is 32 years old and tbe son is 8 years old.
26 ELE1\1ENTARY ALGEBRA
.
84. Ten years ago A was three times as old as B and ten years
hence he will be 18 yeare Ieee than twice as old as B. Find the age
of each.
Let z = the number of yeare in B'e age 10 yeare ago.
Then =
3z the number of years in A'e age 10 yeare ago,
=
z + 10 the number of years in B'e age now,
=
3z + 10 the number of yeare in A'e age now,
=
z + 10 + 10 the number of years in B's age 10 years hence,
and 3z + 10 + 10 = the number of years in A'e age 10 years hence.
But 10 years hence A's age will be 18 years lese than twice B'e age.
.·. 3 X + 10 + 10 = 2 (X + 10 + 10) - 18.
Remove the parentheeis,
3x + 10 + 10 = 2z + 20 + 20 -18.
Tranepoee, =
3z - 2x 20 + 20 -18 -10 -10.
Combine, X=2.
z + 10 = 12.
3z + 10= 16.
Therefore, A is 16 years old and B is 12 yeare old.
85. Four times the excese of a certain number over 9 is equal to
6 lees than twice the number. Find the number.
Let z = the number.
Then 4 (z - 9) = four times the excees of the number over 9,
and 2 z - 6 = 6 !ese than twice the number.
But these two numbers are equal.
.·. 4 (z - 9) =2 z - 6.
Remove the parenthesis, 4 x - 36 = 2 z - 6.
Transpose, =
4 z - 2 z 36 - 6.
Combine, 2z = 30.
88. A can hoe 4 rows in an hour; B, 3 rowe; and C, 2 rows. How
many hours will it take the three together to hoe 126 rowe?
Let =
z the number of hours required.
Then 4 z = the number of rows A will hoe,
=
3 z the number of rows B will hoe,
=
2 z the number of rows. C will hoe,
=
and 4z + 3z + 2z the number of rows the three together will hoe.
But 126 =the number of rows the three together will hoe.
.·.4z+3z+2z=126.
Combine, 9z = 126.
Therefore, it will take the three together 14 hours to hoe 126 rows.
8'1. A cistern that will hold 900 gallons has three pipes. The first
!eta in 7 gallons a minute, the second ló gallons, and the third 23
gallons. In how many minutes will tbe three pipes fill the cistern ?
Let • =z the number of minutes it takes the three
pipes to fiÍl the cistem.
Then =
7 z the number of gallons let in by the first pipe,
=
.l!>z the number of gallons let in by the second
pipe,
=
23 z the number of gallons let in by the third pipe,
=
and 7z + lóz + 23z the number of gallons let in by the ~ree
pipes together.
But 900 = the number of gallons let in by the three
pipes together.
=
.·. 7z + lóz + 23z 900.
Combine, =
4óz 900.
Divide by 46, Z=20.
Therefore, the three pipes together will fill the cistern in 20 minutes.
88. A tree 90 feet high was broken so that the length of the part
broken off was five times the length of the part left standing. Find
the length of each part.
Let z = the number of feet in the length of the part left standing.
=
Then 6z the number of feet in the length of the part broken off,
=
and z + 6z the number of feet in the length of the whole tree.
But 90 = the number of feet in the length of the whole tree .
.·. z + 6z = 90.
Combine, - =
6z 90.
Divide by 6, z =16.
=
6z 76.
Therefore, the length of the part broken off is 76 feet and the length
of the part left standing is 16 feet.
89. A man has $1.10 in dimes and nickels and he has 16 coins in
ali. How many coins of each kind has he?
28 ELEMENT ARY AL<amRA
Let =
:t tbe number of dimes.
Tben ló - :t = tbe nnwber of nickels,
10:t = tbe number of cents in tbe dimes,
=
5 (15 - :t) the number of cents in the nickels,
and 10:t + 5 (15 - :t) = the number of cents in the wbole.
But =
110 the number of cents in tbe whole.
.·. 10:t + ó(ló - :t) = 110.
10:t + 76 - 5x = 110.
Transpose, 10:t - 5:t = 110 - 75.
•
Combine, =
5:t 35.
Divide by 5, :t = 7.
15 - :t = 8.
Tberefore, tbe man has 7 dimes and 8 nickels.
40. A man has 9 dollars in half dollars and quartera and he has
four times as many quarters as half dollars. How many coins of each
kind has he?
Let :t = tbe number of half dollars.
Tben 4 z = the number of quarters,
=
óOx the number of cents in the half dollars,
lOOx = tbe number of cents in the quarters,
and óOz + 100:i: = the number of cents in the whole.
But 900 = the number of cents in the whole .
.·. óOz + 100:i: = 900.
Combine, 150:i: 900.=
Divide by 150, Z=6.
4z 24. =
Tberefore, the man has 6 half dollars and 24 quarters.
41 . A man has 12 houra for an excursion. Ilow far into the

country can he ride a bicycle at the rate of 15 miles an hour so as to .
retum in time, driving a horse at the rate of 6 miles an bour\'
Let x = the number of hours he can ride the bicycle.
Then 12 - z = the number of hours he can drive the horse,
=
15:i: the number of miles he will ride the bicycle,
and 6(12 - z) =the number of miles he will drive thé horae.
Bnt these two dilltances are equal.
.·. 16:i: = 6(12 - z).
Remove the parenthesis, =
16 z 60 - 6 z.
Transpose, =
16:i: + 6z 60.
Combine, 20 z = 60.
Divide by 20, =
z 8.
=
Józ 46.
Therefore, the man can ride a bicycle 46 miles into the country.
41. A, whose horse travels at the rate of 10 miles an hour, starts
2 hours after B, whose horse travels at the rate of 8 miles an hour.
How many miles must A drivc to overtake B?
Let z = the number of hours A must drive.
Then z + 2 = the number of hours B drives,
10:z: = the number of miles A drives,
and 8 (x + 2) = the number of miles B drives.
But A and B drive the same distance.
1' .·. 10:z:=8(:z:+2).
t Remove the parenthesis, lOz = 8:z: + 16.
Transpose, 10:z: - 8:z: = 16.
Combine, 2z = 16.
Divide by 2, z = 8.
10:z: = 80.
Therefore, A must drive M miles.
43. If a certain number is diminished by 9 and the remainder
multiplied by 9, the result is the same as if the number were diminished
by 6 and the remainder multiplied by 6. Find the number.
Let =
z the number.
Then 9(z - 9) = the number diminished by 9 and the remainder
multiplied by 9,
and 6 (z - 6) = the number diminished by 6 and the remainder
multiplied by 6.
Bnt these two numbers are equal.
=
.·. 9 (:r. - 9) 6 (x - 6).
Remove the parentheses,
9:z:-81=6z-86.
Transpose, 9z-6z=8I-86.
Combine, = 8z 46.
Divide by 8, = z 16.
Tberefore, the required number is 16.
30 ELEMENT ARY ALGERRA
H. If 6 'times a certain number is diminished by 3 and the remainder

multiplied·by 23, the result is the same as if 7 times the number were
increased by 9 and the sum multiplied by 7. Find the number.
Let =
z the number.
Then 23(6z - 3) = 23 times the remainder obtained by diminish-
ing 5 times the number by 3,
and 7 (7 z + 9) = 7 times the sum obtained by increasing 7 times
the number by 9.
But these two numbers are equal.
=
.·. 23(6z - 3) 7(7z + 9).
116z - 69 = 49z + 63.
Transpose, =
115z - 49z 63 + 69.
Combine, 66z = 132.
Divide by 66, Z=2.
46. A and B have together $20; A and C, $22; B and C, $26. How
much has each ?
Let z = the number of dollars A has.
Then 20 - z = the number of dollars B has,
=
22 - z the number of dollars C has,
and 20 - z + 22 - z = the number of dollars B and C have together.
But =
26 tbe number of dollars B and C have together .
.·. 26=20-z+22-z.
Transpose, =
z + z 20 + 22 - 26.
Combine, =
2z 16.
Divide by 2, z=8.
20- z = 12.
22 -z = 14.
Therefore, A has $8; B, ,f12; and C, $14.
48. The sum of the ages of a father and his son is 60 years, and the
fat)ler's age is 3 years more than twice the age of his son. Find the
age of each.
Let =z the number of years in the age of the son.
Then =
2 z + 3 the number of years in the age of the father,
and =
z. + 2 z + 3 the number of years in the sum of their ages.
But 60 = the number of years in the sum of their ages.
.·. z + 2z + 8 =
60.
Transpose, z+ 2z =60- 3.
Combine, =
3z 67.
Divide by 3, z=19.
2:i:+3=41.
Therefore, the father i8 41 years old and the son Í8 19 years old.
47. A farmer bought 16 sheep. If he had bought 4 sheep more for

the same money, each sheep would have cost him one dollar less.
How much did he pay for a sheep?
Let =
z the number of dollars he paid for 1 sheep.
Then 16z = the number of dollars he pald for the sheep,
and 20(:i: -1) = the number of dollars he would have paid for
the sheep lf he had bought 4 more and paid
for each sheep 1 dollar lesa. ·
, .·. 20(:i: - 1) = 16:i:.
Remove the parenthesls,
20:i: - 20 = 16:i:.
Transpose, 20z -16:i: = 20.
Combine, =
4z 20.
Divide by 4, z=ó.
Therefore, the farmer paid $ó for ea.ch sheep.
48. A man has $64 in five-dollar bilis and one-dollar bilis. He has
three times as many five-dollar bilis as one-dollar bilis. How many
bilis of each kind has he ?
Let z= the number of one-dollar bilis.
Then 3z = the number of flve-dollar bilis.
z = the number of dollars in the one-dollar bilis,
lóz = the number of dollars in the flve-dollar bilis,
and z + lóz = the number of dollars in all.
But 64 = the number of dollars in ali.
.·.z+15z=64.
Combine, =
16z 64.
Divide by 16, Z=4.
=
3z 12.
Therefore, the man has 12 flve-dollar bilis and 4 one-dollar bilis.
49. The current of a river runa 2 miles an hour. A man can paddle
a canoe a certain distance up the river in 7 hours and the same distance
down in 3 hours. How many miles an hour can he paddle in still water ?
Let =
z the number of miles per hour he can paddle in still
water.
=
Then z - 2 the number of miles per hour he can paddlenpstream,
z + 2 = the number of miles per hour he can paddle down-
stream,
7(z - 2) = the number of miles he paddles upstream,
and 3 (:t + 2) = the num ber of miles he paddles downstream.
But these two distances are equal.
=
.·. 7(z - 2) 3 (z + 2).
Removetheparentheses, 7z -I4=3z + 6.
Transpose, =
7z - 3z 6 + 14.
Combine, 4z = 20.
Divide by 6, z = 6.
Therefore, the man can paddle 6 miles per hour in still water.
60. An express train, wbich travels 46 miles an hour, starts 2 hours
after an accommodation train, which it overtakes in 4 hours. What
is the rate of the accommodation train ?
Let =
z the number of miles per hour the accommodation
train goes.
Then =
6z the number of miles the accommodation train goes,
and 4 x 46 = 180 = the number of miles the express train goes.
But the trains travel the same distance .
=
.·. 6z 180.
Divide by 6 1 z=80.
Therefore, the accommodation train travels 30 miles per hour.
61. A sum of money was divided among A, B, and C in such a
way that A received four times as much as B, and B twice as much
as C. If A received $36 more than C, how great a sum of money
was divided ?
Let z = the number of dollars C received.
Then =
2z the number of dollars B received,
=
Sz the number of dollars A received,
11 z = the number of dollars that was divided,
and 8 z - z = the num ber of dollars A recei ved more than C.
But 36 = the number of dollani A received more than C.
.·. 8z-z=3ó.
Combine, 7z = 3ó.
Divide by 7, X= 6.
llz = 6ó.
Therefore, the sum of $66 was divided.
H. At an election there were 2 caudidates and 1280 votes were

cast. The successful candidate had a majority of 40. How many
votes were cast for each candidate ?
Let z = the number of votes the successful candidate
received.
Then z - 40 = the number of votes the unsuccessful candidate
received,
and z + z - 40 = the number of votes cast.
But 1280 = the number of votes cast.
.·. z + z - 40 = 1280.
Transpoae, =
z + z 1280 + 40.
Combine, =
2z 1320.
z -40 620.=
Therefore, the candidates received 660 votes and 620 votes respec-
tively.
68. Three times the excess of a certain number over 8 is equal to

twice the number plus l. Find the number.
Let =
z the number.
Then =
3 (z - 8) three times the excess of the number over 8,
a.nd 2z + 1 = twice the number plus l.
But theae two numbers are equal.
.·. 3 (z - 8) = 2 z + l.
=
Remove the parenthesis, 3 z - 24 2 z + l.
Transpoae, =
3 z - 2 z 1 + 24.
Combine, z = 26.
H . A man has 866 in ten-dollar bilis and one-dollar bilis. He has

four times as many one-dollar bilis as ten-dollar bilis. How many
bUls of each kin4 h&lJ he ?
Let z = tite number of ten-dollar bills.

Then · 4z = the number of one-dollar billa,
10 z = the number of dollars in the ten-dollar bilis,
4z = the number of dollars in the one-dollar billa,
and lOz + 4z = the number of dollars in ali.
But ó6 = the number of dollars in all.
.·. 10z+4z=66.
Combine, 14:t = ó6.
Divide by 14, z=4.
4z = 16.
Therefore, the man has 4 ten-dollar billa and 16 one-dollar billa.
66. Nine times a certain number exceeds 66 by as ruuch as five

times the number is lesa than 66. Find the number.
Let =
z the number.
Then =
9z - 66 the excess of nine times the number over ó6,
and =
66 - 6 z the excess of ó6 over five times the number.
·But these two numbers are equal.
=
.·• 9z - 66 56 - 6z.
Transpose, =
9 z + 5 z 66 + 66.
Combine, 14z = 112.
Divide by 14, =
z 8.
68. Divide 39 lnto two parts such that the greater part exceeds
twice the smaller by 1 less than twice the smaller part.
Let z = the greater part.
Then =
89 - z the smaller part,
=
z - 2 (39 - z) the excess of the greater part over twice the
smaller part,
and 2 (89 - :a:) - 1 = 1 lesa than twice the smaller part.
But these last two numbers are equal.
=
.·. :a: - 2 (39 - z) 2 (39 - z) - l.
z - 78 + 2 z = 78 - 2 z - l.
Transpose, =
z + 2 z + 2 z 78 + 78 - l.
Combine, = 6z 165.
Divide by 6, = z 31.
39-:a: = 8.
Tberefore, the required parta are 31 ami, ~,
11'1. Ten years ago A was three times asoldas B, and 20 years ago
A was five times asoldas B. Find the age of each.
Let =
z the number of years in B's age 10 years ago.
Then 3z = the number of years in A's age 10 years ago,
=
z + 10 the number of years in B's age now,
=
3z + 10 tbe number of years in A's age now,
z + 10 - 20 = tbe number of years in B's age 20 years ago,
and 3:i: + 10 - 20 = the number of years in A's age 20 years ago.
But 20 years ago A was five times as old as B.
.·. 3 z + 10 - 20 = ó (z + 10 - 20).
Remove the parenthesis, ·
3z + 10 - 20 = óz + óO..,. 100.
Transpose, 3z - óz = óO - 100 - 10 + 20.
Change the signs, 6z - 3z = 100 - óO + 10 - 20.
Combine, 2:i:=40.
Divide by 2, z =20.
z + 10 = 30.
3:i:+10=70.
Tberefore, A is 70 years old and B is 30 years old.
68. A flag pole 105 feet high was broken so tbat the length of the
part broken off was six tim.~s the lengtb of the part left standing.
Find the length of each part.
Let z = the number of feet in the part IBft standing.
Then 6z = the number of feet in the part broken off,
and z + 6z = the number of feet in the whole pole.
But 105 = the number of feet in the wbole pole.
.·. z + 6z = 105.
Combine, 7z= 105.
Divide by 7, z=ló.
=
6z OO.
Therefore, tbe part broken off was 00 feet long and tbe part left
standing was 15 feet long.
69. A river ftows at the rate of 3 miles an hour. A man rows

a certain distance up the river in 12 hours and rows back to the
starting point in 3 bours. How many miles an hour can be row in
etill water ?
36 El,EMENTARY ALGEllRA
Let z = the number of miles he can row in 1 hour in

still water.
Then z - 3 = the number of miles he can row in 1 hour
upstream,
z + 3 = the number of miles he can row in 1 hour
downstream,
12 (x - 3) = the number of miles he rows upstream,
and 3 (x + 3) =the number of miles he rows downstream.
But these two distances are equal .
. ·. 12 (x - 3) = 3 (x + 3).
12 X - 36 = 3 X + 9.
Transpose, 12:i: - 3:i: = 9 + 36.
Combine, Ox = 4ó.
Divide by 9, x=ó.
Therefore, the man can row 5 miles an hour in still water. ·
60. A man finds that it takes bis naphtha launch 2 hours to go 24

miles with the tide, and 4 bours to go 8 miles against the tide. Find
the rate of the tide in miles an hour.
Let =
x the number of miles the tide runs per hour.
Now the launch moves against the tide 8 miles in 4 hours, or 2 miles
an hour, and with the tide it moves 24 miles in 2 hours, or 12 miles
an hour.
Then 12 - x = the actual number of miles the launch moves
through the water in 1 hour,
and =
x + 2 the actual number of miles the launch moves
through the water in 1 hour.
But these two rates are equal.
.·. X+ 2 = 12 -X.
Transpose, X+ X= 12-2.
Combine, =
2:i: 10.
Divide by 2, x=ó.
Therefore, the tide runs ó miles an hour.
61. A mercbant has two kinds of coffee, one kind costing 3ó cents
and the other 40 cents a pound. He makes a mixture of 100 pounds.
lf a pouud of the mixture costs him 39 cents, how many pouuds of
each kind does he take ?
TBACHERS' EDITION 37
Let z = the number of pounds of the 36-cent coffee.
Then 100 - z = the number of pounds of the 40--0ent coffee,
3óz = the number of cents in the value of the 36-cent
coffee,
40 (100 - z) = the number of cents in the value of the 40-0ent
coffee,
and 85 z +40(100-z) = the number of centa in the value of tbe mixture.
But 100 x 30 = the number of cents in the value of the mixture •
=
.·. 85z + 40(100 - Z) 100 X 89.
3óz + 4000 - 40z = 3900.
Transpose, 35z - 40z = 3000 - 4000.
Change the signs, =
40z - 3óz 4000 - 3900.
Combine, ÓZ =
100.
Divide by ó, z=20.
100-z = 80.
Therefore, the merchant takes 20 pounds costing 3ó centa and 80
pounds costing 40 cents.
61. A had t'l7 and B bad $21. A paid B a certain sum and tben B
bad twice as mucb as A bad left. How many dollars did A pay B ?
Let . =
z tbe number of dollars A paid B.
Then =
27 - z the number of dollars A then bad,
and =
21 + z tbe number of dollars B then had.
But B then bad twice as many dollars as A then had.
.·. 21 + z = 2 (27 - z).
=
Remove the parenthesis, 21 + z 54 - 2 z.
Transpose, z + 2 z = 54 - 21.
Combine, 3z 33.=
Divide by 3, z 11.=
Therefore, A paid B 911.
88. A man has a certain num ber of dollars, half dollars, and quarters.
Tlie number of quarters is twice the number of half dollars, and the
number of half dollars is twice the number of dollars. If he has $4ó
in ali, how many coins of each kind has he ?
Let z = the number of dollars.
Then 2z = the number of half dollars,
4z = the number of quarters,
88 ELEME~T ARY ALGEBRA
:z: = the number of dollars in the value of the dollars,

:z: = the number of dollars in the value of the half dollars,
:z: = the number of dollars in the value of the quariers,
and :z: + :z: + :z: = the number of dollars in the value of the whole.
But =
46 the number of dollars in the value of the whole.
.·. z+z+:z:=46.
Combine, 8:z:=46.
Divide by 8, Z= 16.
2:z:=80.
4:z:=60.
Therefore, the man has 16 dollars, 80 half dollars, and 60 quarters.
Ezercise 9. Page 37
Perform mentally the iodicated addition :

l. l. 3. 4. 11. 6.
+ 19 -22 -84 -17 + 17 +33
-12 -14 + 19 +24 +24 -48
+ 7 ~ - ·16 + 7 +41 -16
T. 8. 9. 10. 11 . 11.
+ 27 -16 - 26 -17 + 20 -42
-32 - 24 + 48 - 23 -11 +86
+ 46 + 14 -11 -10 - 16 -29
+40 -26 + 12 -60 --º + 16
13. 14. 111. 16. 11. 18.

-19 + 22 -30 +29 + 22 -17
-29 -16 + 32 -17 + 27 - ::14
+39 + 8 + 12 -12 +36 +60
- 9 + 14 + 8 o + 86 - 1
19. 10. 11. H. 13. H.

28 - 46 28 -14 -12 80
-19 -19 19 22 - 17 -00
-17 - 24 -12 - 38 -22 -40
12
4
16
-78
- 7
28
ló
-16
-29
-SO . -,24
Ezerciae 10. Page 38
Perform mentally the indicated addition :

l. l. 8. t. 6.
1a -4:i:y lla2b 8ac 12:i:2
óa -ózy - óa2b -2ac -1Sz2
-4a 6:i:y 8a2b óac 6:&
- tia 2:i:y - 6a2b -4ac - 8:i:2
2a - zy 8a2b 2ac - 3z2
e. 'l. 8. 9. 10.
-17at 12:i:yz -7ab 4 y2 2abe
- lóa2 - 17:i:yz -4ab 6y2 Sabe
- 16a1 - 8eyz -2ab Syt 4abe
82a2 10:i:yz 8ab - 12 y' óabc
-16a2 • 3eyz
.
-óab 6y2 - 14abe

l. Find the algebraic sum of 4 a, - 7 a, a, 8 a, - 12 a.
=
4 a - 7 a + a + 8 a - 12 a 13 a - 10 a =- 6 a.
l. Find tbe algebraic sum of 7 e, ó e, 8 e, - 14 e, - 2 c.
7 e + ó e + 8 e - 14 e - 2 e = 20 e - 16 e = 4 c.
8. Find the algebraic sum of 8 ab, - 7 ab, - 4 ab, - ab.
=
8 ab - 7 ab - 4 ab - ab 8 ab - 12 ab =- 4 ab.
t. Find the algebraic suru of 7ey, 4:i:y, - 8:i:y, - óxy.
7:i:y + 4 ey - Sey - óxy = 11 ey -18:i:y = - 2:i:y.
6. Find the algebraic sum of 4abe, 6abe, - Sabe, lOabc.
4abe + 6abc - Sabe+ IOabc = 20abc - Sabe= 12abe.
6. Find the algebraic sum of 14b, -16b, - 2b, 8b.
=
14 b - 16 b - 2 b + 8 b 22 b - 18 b = 4 b.
'I. Find the algebraic sum of 8 yz, - 7 yz, - 8 yz, - 2 yz.
Syz - 7yz - 8yz - 2yz = Syz -12yz =- 4yz.
9. Find the algebraic sum of - 6z2, s:i:2, - 4z2, 2z2.
-6:i:' + Szt -4:i:2 + 2:t2 ;;;; 10:t2 -10:t2 ;; O.
40 ELE.MENT ARY ALGEBRA
9. Find the algebraic sum of -'- 4 a2b, - 7 atb, 16 a2b, - 8 a'b.

- 4a'b - 7 a2b + 16a2b - 8a2b.= 16a2b -19aib = - 3a2b.
10. Find the algebraic sum of - b'lmª, 7 b'lmª, - 4 b'lmª, 3 b'lm•.
- b21n• + 7 b'lm8 - 4 b'lm• + 3 b'lmª =1Ob'lmª - ó b'lmª = 6 blm•.
11. Find the algebraic sum of 6 a2b, - 3 a2b, 4 a2b, - 7 a'b.
6a2b - 3a2b + 4a2b - 7 a2b = Oa2b - 10a2b =- a2b.
11. Find the algebraic sum of 4 a2c, - 10 a2c, 6 a2c, - 9 a2c . .
4 ate - 10 a2c + 6 a2c - Oa2c = 10 a2c - 19 a2c =- 9 a~c.
13. Find the algebraic sum of 2 m·n, 6 mn, - mn, - 4 mn.
2 mn + 6 mn - mn - 4 mn = 7 mn - 6 mn = 2 mn.
H. Find the algebraic sum of 3yz, 2yz, - lOyz, 3yz.
3 yz + 2 yz - 10 yz + 3 yz = 8 yz - 10 yz = - 2 yz.
16 . Find the algebraic sum of 20z71, - 7zt1, - 8zy, 6zt1.
20zy - 7zy ~ 8zy + ózy = 25zy -16zt1 = lOzy.
16. Find the algebraic sum of - 8%4, 18%4, -16%4, 11%4.
- 8z4 + 18z4 -+ 11 z4 = 29z4 - 23z4 = 6z4.
16 z4
1'1. Express in one term - 7 z2 - 18z2 + 7z2 + 7z2 + 20z2 + 3z2.
- 7z2 -18z2 + 7z2 + 7z2 + 2oz2 + 3z2 =37z2 - 26z2 = 12z2.
18. Express in one term 4 a2 + a2 - Oa' + 11 a2 - 6 a2 - 7 a'.
4at + a2 - Oa2 + 11 a2 - 6a2 - 7 at = 16a2 - 22a2 = - 6a'.
19. Express in one term - 3ab'l - óab'l - 29ab2 + 4ab'l + óab'l.
- 3 ab'l - 6 ab'l - 29 ab'l + 4 ab'l + 6 ab'l = Oab'l - 37 ab2 = - 28 ab'l.
10. Express in one term 3 a2z + 6 a2z + 4 a2.z - 9 a2.z - 13 a2z.
3a2z + 6a2z + 4 a2z - 9a2.z -13a2z = 13 a2z - 22 a2z = - 9 a2z.
11. Express in one term - ó a2b2 - 10 a2l,2 + Oatl,2 + S a2b2 - 6 ail,2.
- óa2b2-10a2l,2 + Oa2b2 + 3a2b2- óa2l,2 = 12 a2b2 - 20a2b2= - 8a2b',I.
11. Express in one term 6 a•b - 21 a•b - 11 a 8b + 18 a8b + 17 a•b.
6 a•b - 21 aªb - 11 aªb + 18 a•b + 17 a8b = 40 aªb - 82 aªb = 8 a8b.
13. Express in one term 41 y2zt - 43 y2zt + 6t 71tz2 - 2 y2z2 - 27 y2z2,
41 y2z2 _ 43y2z2 + 61 y2z2 -2y2z2-27y2z2 = 102 ytzt - 72 y2z2 = 80y2z2.
U. Express in one term - 3be - 4be - 31 be+ 28bc + 7be - be.
- 3 be - 4 be - 31 be+ 28 be + 7 be - be = 36 be - 30 be= - 4 be
16. Express in one term b2d - 8 b2d + 7 b2d - 19 b2d + 7 b2d + 4.b2d.
b2d - 8b2d +.7b2d- 19b2d + 7b2d + 4b2d = 19b2d - 27 b2d =- 8b2d.
16. . Express in one term 14 ac - 7 ac + 6 ac - 9 ac + ac + 4 ac.
14ac - 7ac + 6ac - 9ac + ac + 4ac = 2óac -16ac = 9ac.
17. Expl'888 in one term 4 xy+ 3xy -10xy - xy + óxy - 1xy.
4xy + 3xy - lOxy- xy + 5xy - 7xy = 12xy-18xy =-6xy.
28. ExpreBB in one term 14 ac2 + 17 ac2 - 7 ac2 - 3ac2 - 4ac2 -15ac2.
14ac2 + 17 ac2 _: 7 ac2-3ac2-4 ac2-15ac2 = 31 ac2 -29ac2 = 2ac2.
29. Express in one term 4:i:2 -11 z2 - 7;¡;2 + 5x2 - 9 x2 + 3:i:2 + óx2.
4 z2 - 11 z2 - 7 z2 + ó z2 - 9 z2 + 3 z2 + 5 z2 = 17 z2 - 27 z2 = - 10 z2.
30. Express in one term 16 abcx - 11 abcx - 2 abcx + 3 abcx + 4 abcz.

16 abcx -11 abcx-2 abcx + 3abcz + 4abcx = 23 abcx-13abcx=10abc.x.
31 . ExpreBB in one term 13 cy+ 12 cy - 24 cy + 2 cy - 3 cy + 8 cy.
13cy + 12cy - 24cy + 2cy - 3cy + 8cy = 35cy- 27cy = 8cy.
32. Express in one term 2az - lOaz - 7az + 3az - 4az + 6az.
2az - lOaz -7az + 3az - 4az + 6az = llaz - 2laz = - lOaz.
Ezerclae 12. Page 41
Perform mentally the indicated subtraction:

l. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6.
14 -14 -14 -16 - 4 -8
- 8 8 - 8 - 4 16 18
2"l -22 - 6 -12 - 20 -20
7. . 8. 9. 10. 11. 11.

16 15 -15 -15 -12 -18
20 -20 20 - 5 -16 - 24
- 4 Só -36 -10 4 (j
13. 14. 16 .
18 - 18 18
24 - 18 - 18
6 o 36
Ezerclae 13. Page •1
Perform mentally the indicated subtraction :

l. l. 3. ,. l.
4ab - 8a2c 16zyz -16zY Uabc
- 6ab 8a2c - Szyz 7zlr,I Sabe
lOab - 16a2c 23zyz 8z91,1 6abc
e. '1. 8. 9. 10.
-1Scd Ha'b -Ua'b Sael -4ab
- 7cd - 9a2b 9a'b - lOael -Sab
- llcd 23a'lb - 28a'lb 1Sact 4ab
11. If a = 6, b = - 8, e = - 2, find tbe value of a + ( - b) + c.

a+ (- b) +e= 6 + ( - (- 3)] + (- 2) = 6 + 8 - 2 = 6.
11. lf a= 6, b = - 3, e= - 2, find tbe value of - a - (- b) + c.
- a - (- b) + e =- ó - ( - ( - 8)] + (- 2) =- 6 - 3- 2 =- 10.
13. lf a = 6, b = - 3, e = - 2, find the value of a - b + ( - e).
a - b + (-e)= ó - (- 3) + ( - (- 2)] = 6 + 3 + 2 = 10.
H. If a=6, b=-3, c=-2, find the value of -(-a)-(-b)-(-c).
- (- a) - (- b) - (-e)= - (- 6) - ( - (- 8)] - ( - (- 2)]
= 6-3-2 = o.
16 . If a = 6, b = - 3, e = - 2, find the value of a - ( - b) + (- e).
a - (- b) + (-e)= 6 - [ - (- 3)] + [ - (- 2)] = 6 - 8 + 2 = 4.
16. If a = 6, b =- 3, e = - 2, flnd the value of - a + (- b) + (- e).
- a+(-b)+ (-e)=- 6 + (-(-8)] + (-(-2)] =- 6+3 +2 =0.
1'1. lf a = 6, b =- 3, e = - 2, flnd the value of - a + (- b) - ( - e).

-a+ (-b)-(-c)=-6 + (-(-8)]-[-(-2)]=-6+ 3-2 =-4.
18. If a= ó, b = - 3, e = - 2, flnd the value of - ( - a) + b + c.

- (- a) + b +e= - (- ó) + ( - 3) + ( - 2) = 6 - 3 - 2 = O
TEACHEH.S' EDITION 43
Ezercise 14. Page 45
Flnd mentally the product of :

l. 9. 8. 4. 11. 6.
4c 2c 6ab -2zy 4ac 8z2
6c e - 2ab - 2:z;y
4z2y2
-2ac - 2:z;
20cl 2c' - 10a2/f/, - 8a2c' -16:z;B
'1. 8. 9. 10. 11. 19.

- 6z' 6 a/ji, 8 ar, 8z2y - a•b2 9 a/ji,
- 2:z;I 2a2b 2a2c2 3zy2 - a)/> 2 a/ji,
10:z;t - 10a8b8 16a3& 24z8y• a4b1 - 18a~b'
18. 14. 16. 16. 1'7. 18.

Oazt 6:z;y3 Oz6 - Hlaªb ztyt 7 atb
2a2z2 - 4z2y2 - 2z1
- }8:z;IO
- 4ab8 -Szy'
3:z;By7
2a6b1
12a8z4 - 20z3v6 64 a•b' 14 a7b'
19. so. 91. H. 98. H.

11 aty - zrn+l a2brn -z..,,.. am+3 am+11-l
- 3bz4 _ z2m-1 - a•b2 a"'-' - am-n.+l
- a"+:lbm ~2
-Z"'!J"
z2n1Jny• a2m-l
--
-a2m
- - -·
- 33a2bzty z3"'
911. Find mentalJy the product of Ozy, - 7z2y8,and - 10 xy8 •

(O zy) (- 7 z2y3)( - 10 .i:y*) = ü.'lO x1 ¡¡7 .
96. Find mentally tbe product of - 7 a2b, 6 ab2, and - 4 a'b2.

(- 7a2b) (6 ab2) ( - 4 a2b2) = 168 a•b6.
97. Flnd mentally tbe product of 4 aªb, - 6 aib, and 6 a8b8.
(4 aªb)(- 6 a2b) (6 a 8b8) =- 120 a b6.8
98. Find mentally tbe product of 2114, a2b2, - 6 aªb, and 2 a'b'.
(2 a•) (a2b2) (- 6 aªb) (2 a•b') 24 aHb10. =-
99. Find mentally tbe product of z2, - zty, y2z2, and ztyS.
(z') ( - z2y) (y2z2) (ztya) =- z6yGz2.
80. Find mentally tbe product of z2n, - z11+m, - z"-a, and zm-11.
(zh) (- zn+"') (- :z;n-B)(zm-11) z2m+a..-s. =
81. Find mentally the product of a2'" + 1, ah-1, a•-+", a•, and a--a..
(a2m+I) (ah-1) (a"'+•)(a") (am-h) = a•m+•.
81. Find mentally the product of zc+d, zd-c, zc-d, zf, and :i?c-ad.
=
(zc+d) (zd-c) (zc-d) (zf) (zilc-3d) z3c-ldH.
Perform mentally the indicated division :

3 m8¡¡6z7
l. ó4 a2¡¡ = 9 a2.
6y
a. - -- = 3 m6yzª.
m3y'z•
108m2c = 12c. - ó6a2cd:r:

s. 16. = 7a.
9m2 - Bacd"'
3. !7z&y - zf 16. 92 a'lflc7 = 2 a2bf(!,.

17:ef - y. 46a8lfl.c
14z6yfz8
4. 72 z6y8 = 6 zy2. 11.
- 7z6y4zt
=- 2zt.
12:efy
12z•ym
6. 6z1ys = 2z6y3. 18. - -- = 2 zn-2ym-8.
3z2¡¡6 6 z2¡¡ 8
-14b8c8d9
6.
- 21 a•z2y6
- 1asz2y2
= 3ay3. 19.
- 2c6d4
=
7 blc8d6.
8 a'bc' = - 4 aªbc. so. 36 l2m& = 3 mª.

7. I2 l2tn2
- 2a2d 1
8. 121 a 7z8 = _ i1 allzG. 21. 40 a2zªyf = - ó a2¡¡1.

- 8zªy2
- lla6z 2
- 96a2y7 = - 12 ay. - 28c8d4
9. H. = 4cd9.
8ay6 - 7c2d2
- ló a 7bf - 36 z•-2¡¡•-l
10. = óa•b. 28. =·- 4 Z"~y•~1.
- 3a8b8 9z2¡¡2
-12m•n& zªy3
11. =-4n4 • H. - =z8-11y8.
3m•n z•
12. 3 ab1y8 = 3 b8y6. 26.

- y1z12
-=- =
if,i,4 y2z&.
ab4yB
13. - 21 a b6c6 = 3abc3• 9aªb2c•

2
- i ab4c2
26.
3 a~lfl-c"- 1
= 3ac.
3<J"+8 4a• = 2 a'.
17. --=-8116. 80.
-a•-• 2am-t
=
18. 10 alf:tT 2 a'z'. 81.
-1Sz5y6z
=-2:i:'yl.
óa8z6 9zlly8z
- Szno+11f"+' _ z2ty1s
19. = 3z2y'. 81. - - =:rJ!yf.
_ z•-llf"'-1 - zHyH
l . Add 2a+3b-6c; 3a-2b+3c; a -2b +se.

2a+3b-6c
3a-2b+3c
a-2b+8c
6a - b+ e
l. Add óz8 - 8z2y + 3zy2 - ya; - 3zª + z2y + 7 ya; 2z8 - óz2y
- Szyl +ya; - 3zª + 4z2¡¡ + 7zy2 -ya.
óz8 - 3z2¡¡ + 3zy2 - ya
- 3zª + z2y + 7 ya
2z8 - óz2¡¡ - 8zy2 + 718
-8z8 + 4:i:2¡¡ + 7zy2- ya
z8 - 3 z2¡¡ + 2 zy2 + 6 718
8. Add 7a-b+c-d; -óa+4b-8c+4d; -2a+6b+8c-7d;

a-8b+4c-4d.
7a- b+ e- d
-6a+4b-8c+4d
-2a+6b+·sc-7d
a-8b+4c-4d
a -8d
4. Add 7a-3b+2c-3d ; óa-4b-óc+7d; 9a+3b-4c+8;

-7a-3b-2c-17.
7a-8b+2c-8d
óa-4b-5c+7d
9a+8b-4c + 8
- 7a-3b-2c -17
14a-7b-9c+4d- 9
46 ELEMENT ARY ALGEBRA
6. Add 8 a• - a2b + 7 aJJJ + 8 b8 ; - 9 a• + 4 a2b - 7 aJJJ - ó b8;

a•+ a2b - aJJJ + b'; a• - a2b - aJJJ + 81>8.
Sa• - a"b + 7 ab2 + 8b'
- Oa• + 4a2b- 7 aJJJ- ób8
a• + a2b - aJJJ + b8
aª - a2b - aJJJ + 3b8
a 8 + 8a2b - 2ab2 + 2b8
8. Add7a-3b+óc-10el; 2b-3c+el-4e; óc-6a-4e+2d;
- 3 b - 8 e + 7 a - e; 21 e - 16 e + a - ó el.
7a-3b+ óc-lOel
+2b- Se+ d- 4e
-6a + óe+ 2el- 4e
1 a - s·b- Se e
a - 16 e - ó el + 21 e
9 a - 4b - 17 e - 12 el + 12 e
'1. Add 3 a)JJ - 4 a2b + a• ; - 4 ac2 + ó ab2 - eª ; - 7 b8 + 2 a2b - 6 ac~ ;
ó aª - 11 aJJJ - 12 ac2.
aª-4a'b+ SaJJJ
+ 6ab2- 4ac2-c8
+2a2b 6ac2 -71>8
óa• - 11 a)JJ - 12 ac2
6aª - 2a2b - 3aJJJ- 22ac2 - c8 -7 b8
8. Add +
a•+ 8a2b + 3ab2 + b8; -óaJJJ + 3a2b-b3 3aª; 3aJJJ- 5a2b
+ 8b3-8aª; -ób3+2a2b-4 a8 +8ab'; 7 a 8 +6b8-6a2b+óab2.
aª+ 8a2b + 8ab2 + b8
3aª + 3a2b - óab2 - b1
-- 3a• - 5a2b + 3aJJJ + 3b8
- 4aª + 2a2b + 3ab·l _ 5b8
7 aª - óa2b + óab' + 6b8
4 a8 - 2 a2b + 9 ab2 + 4 b8
9. Add 4e2<P-3e8d+l7c4-Sc6; 14c2<P+4c8d+óc4-8c6;
-e2<P-2eªel+4c4+I9c6; 2c2<P+óc8el-7c4+9c6; 3e2<P
+ 41 c8d - c4 + 7 c6.
4c2<P- 3c8d+I7c4:- Sc6
Hc2a-z + 4c8d + 6c4 - 8c6
c2<P - 2 cªel + 4c4 + 19c6
2c2d2+ 5c8d- 7c4+ 9c6
3c2d2+4tc8d- c4+ 7c6
22 c2d2 + 46 cªel + 18 c4 + 24 c6
10. Add a4 + 6 a'b + 10 a2b2 + 6 ab8 + b*; - 711' - 3 atl,t + 7 ab8
+sat+4aªb; 8a21>2+3ab8-6a4 +3b*+6a8b; -3a•b
+ 6 a2b2 + 3 a4 - 6 b* - 8 ab8.
at + 6a8b + 10a2b2 + 6ab8 + b*
Sa4+ 4a•b- 8a2b2+ 7ab8-7b'
- 6a4 + 6a 3b + 8a2b2 + 8ab8 + Sb*
Sat - 3aªb + 6a2bll, 8ab8 - 6b*
7 at + 13a'b + 20a2b2 + 18abª - 8b*
11. Add 4 z'yiz8 - 8 xaytz6 + 17 z2yaz4 - 8 zy2z8 ; 14 z2y8z4 + 4 zy'zª

+ 6 z8y4z6 - Sz4y6z8 ; - z4y6z8 - 2 z8y4z6 + 4 zy2z• + 19 ztyazt ;
2 z8ytz' + 6 zy'zª - 7 z'yiz8 + 9 z2y8%4 ; - 12 zy2z8 + 4 z4¡¡6z'l
-16x2y8z4 - zaytz6; 8z4y6z8 + 41 z2y8z4 - z8ytz' + 7zy"zª.
_:zi~:zt::1:~1~ ::z
- z4y6 - 2:z:By4~ + 19 z2ya¡ + 4 zy2z8
-7z'y6 + 2z8ytf + 9z2yªz4+ 6zy2z•
4z'y6 - zByt~ - 16z2y8z4 \- 12zy2z8
8 z'y6 - z&y•~ + 41 z2y8z4 Jt 7 zysza
S6z2y8z4 \
Elzerclee 17. Page 53

l. From4a-6b+2c 3. From 4zll + 2zy + 8yt
take 8a - 8b - Se. take zt - xy + 2 112.
4a-6b+2c 4xt + 2xy + Syt
3a-8b-8c x2 - xy + 2y2
a-3b+6c 3z2 + Szy + 112
a. From 2a - 2b - 4c 4. From a8 + 3 a2b + 3 al/l + b3
take3a-3b-6c. take aª - S.a2b + 3 ab2 - bª.
2a-2b-4c as+sa21,+sa1>2+ b8
8a-8b-5c a• - 8a2b + 8ab2 - b~
- a+ b+ e 6a2b + 2b'1
6. From z4+8az8-2bzt+Scx-4d take 8z4+az8-4bz2-3cx+d.
z4 + 3azª - 2 bz~ + 8cx.- 4d.
8z4+ axª-4bx2-llcx+ d
-2z4 + 2az8 + 2bz2 + ficx - 5d
48 EU:MENT ARY ALGEBRA
8. From 72:z:4 - 78z8y -10z2y2 + 17zy' + Syt

take -:z:4 + S6zlly -17xy3 - 34714 + I0z2f¡1.
72:z:4- 78zªy-toz:1y2+17z71ª+ 3714
:z:4 + S6zlly + 10z2y2 - 17 zy8 - 34714
73:z:4 - 114z8y - 2oz2y:1 + 34z71ª + 37714
'1. From 6z' + 7z71 - 6712 - 12z71z - 8712: - 6z2

take - 8 :¡:y - 7 712: + ~ zt - 4 712 + 6 z71z.
6 z2 + 7 z71 - 6 711 - 12 z71z - 8 712: - 6 z2
3z2- 8zy-471'+ 6z71z.,..711z
3z2 + l6z71- y2-17z71z - 712: - 6z2
8. From 4:z:4+12z8-z'-27z-18 take 4:z:4+4zª-17z'-9z+l8.

4 :z:4 + 12 z8 - z2 - 27:i: - 18 ;---
4 :z:4 +
4z8\17z~- Oz+18
8x8 + 16z2 - 18z - 36
9. From :z:4 - azª - atzt - allz-2a• take 3az8-7 a2z'+3a"x-2a•.

:z:4 - az8 - at-.ct - allz - 2a4
3 az8 - 7 a2z2 + 3 allz - 2 a4
:z:4 - 4azª + Oalz' - 4a8z
10. From 6z2 - l8z71 + 6712 -12zz -13712: + 6z'

take 2z1 - 6zy + 2712 - zz - 71z - z2.
6z2 - l8z71 + 6712 - 12zz -13712: + 6z2
2 zt - ózy + 2 71' - zz - yz - z2
4 zt - 8 zy + 4 71ll - 11 zz - 12 71z + 7 z2
11. From 2:z:4-6z8 - z2 + 16z -10 take 4:z:4 + 6z8- ,tzt -16z-16
2:z:4 - 6zª - zt + 16z -10
4z• + 6xª - 4x' - 16x -15
- 2:z:4 -12xª + 3z2 + 30z + 6 ·

Simplify by removing the parentheses and combining like terma:
l. (7a-2b)-[(3a-c)-(2b-3c)J
=7a-2b-[3a-c-2b+3c]
=1a-2b-3a+c+2b-8c
= 4a - 2c.
l. (9a - 4c) - {[óa - (3~ - 4c)] - 3b} I
=9a-4c-{~a-8b+4tj-8~
=9a-4c-{óa-3b+4c-3b}
= 9a - 4c - óa + 8b - 4c + 3b
= 4a+6b- Se.
8. 2a - (3b + 2c)- {ób - 3a - (a+ b) + óc - [2a - (e+ 2b)]}

= 2a - 3b- 2c - {5b - 3a - a - b + óc - [2a - e - 2b]}
= 2a - 3b - 2c - {ób - 3a - a - b + 6c - 2a +e+ 2b}
= 2a - 3b- 2c - 6b + 8a +a+ b- óc + 2a - e - 2b
= 8a - 9b - Se.
4. a-{2b+[8:t-3a-(a+b)]+[2a-(b+c)]}
= a - {2b + [3:c - 3a - a - b] + [2a - b - e]}
= a - {2b + 3:c - 3a - a - b + 2a - b - e}
=a-21-8:i:+3a~A+b-2a+b+c
=3a+c-3:c. ·
Í¡> ,¡.l'- ·'· t
6. 10 - :e - {h - [:e - 9:c - (3 - 6:c)]}
= 16 - :e - {h - [:e - Ox - 3 + 6:c]}
~
= 16.:... z - {7 :e - :e+ O:c + 3 - 6:c} ', J
= 16 - :e - 7z + :e - O:c - 3 + 6z
= 13- lOz.
6. 2a-{3b+(2b-c)-4c+[2a-(3b-~)]}
= 2 a - {8 b + 2 b - e - 4 e + [2 a - (3 O: r, + 2 b)]}
= 2 a - {8 b + 2 b - e - 4 e + [2 a - 3 b + e - 2 b]}
= 2a - {3b + 2b- e - 4c + 2a - 3b + e - 2b}
=2a-8b-2b+c+4c-2a+3b-c+2b
=4c.
7. z4 - {4.z3 - [6:i? - (4z -1))}/- (z4 + 4:i:ª + 6:i:' + 4:c + 1)

= z4 - {4z3 - [6:i:2 - 4:c + 1]} - z4 - 4zª - o:i:2 - 4z - 1
= z4 - {4zª - 6z2 + 4:c - 1} - z4 - 4z3 - 6z2 - 4:c - 1
= z4 - 4:i:3 + 6:ct - 4z + 1 - z4 - 4z8 - 6:i:2 - 4:c -1
=- Szª - Sz.
8. ab - [(8bce - 2ab) - (óbce - be/)+ (8ab- 8bef)]
= ab-[8bce - 2ab - óbce + bef + 3ab - 3b~f¡
= ab - 3 bce + 2 ab + ¡¡ bce - be/ - 3 ab + 3 bef
= 2bce + 2be/.
50 ELEllENTARY ALGEBRA
1
9. 1 - [1 - (2 - z)) + [4z - (3 - 6z)] + [4 - (6z - ó))
= 1 - [1 - 2 + z) + [4z - 3 + Oz) + [4 - 6z + ó]
=1-1+2-z+4z-3+6z+4-6z+ó
=8+3z.
10. 4 z - 3 y - {(2 z + 4 y) + 3 z + [V - 9z - (211 - z) + (z - 11))}

= 4z - 811- {2z + 4y + 3z + [11- 9z - 211 + z + z -11]}
= 4z - 311- {2z + 4y + 3z + 11 - 9z - 2 y+ z + z -11}
= 4z - 371- 2z - 411 - 3z -11 + 9z + 211- z - z + y
=6z-ó11.
11. llz-{7z-[8z-(9z-12a.,.6z)]}
= 11 z - {7z - [8 z - (9z - 12 a+ 6z)]}
=llz-{7z-[8z-9z+12a-6z]} \
= llz- {7z-8z+9z-12a+6z}
= llz - 7z + Sz- Oz + 12a- 6z
=12a-3z.
12. 2a-{7b+[4a-7b-(2a-6b+4a)]-3a}
= 2a - {7 b + [4a - 7 b - (2a - 6b- 4a)J - 3a}
=2a-{1b+[4a-7b-2a+6b+4a]-3a}
=2a-{1b+4a-7b-2a+6b+4a-3a} '-
=2a-1b-4a+7b+2a-6b-4a+3a
=-a-6b.
13. a+ 2b + I - (3a - 2b) - [a - {2b + 1 + (3a + 2b)- 2b}]

=a+ 2 b + 1 - 3a + 2b - [a - {2b + 1 + 3a + 2b - 2b})
=a+ 2 b + 1 - 3a + 2b - [a - 2b -1 - 3a - 2b + 2b)
=a+2b+l-3a+2b-a+2b+1+3a+2b-2b
=
6b + 2.
14. z8 + (3zy + 118- 1) - [z• - (11• - 1)]

= z8 + 3zy + 11• -1 - [z8 -11' + 1)
t = z8 + 3zy + ya -1 - zª + y' -1
= 3zy + 2118 - 2.
16. a+ I - [a2 - (2a - 3) + a2 - (óat - 8a - 7))

=a +1 - [ a2 - (2 a - 3) + a' - (ó a2 - 8 a + 7)]
=a + 1 - [ a2 - 2 a + 3 + a2 - ó a2 + 8 a - 7]
= a + 1 - a2 + 2 a - 3 - a~ + ó a2 - 8 a + 7
= 3al - óa + ó.
18. 3z - (211.+ [3z - (411- 5z + 2z -·811) + 411) - 2z}
= 3z - {271 + [3z -(411- 6x + 2z - 871) + 471) - 2z}
= 8z - (211 + [8z - 471 + 6:i:- 2z + 371 + 471) - 2z}
= 8z - (211 + 3z - 411 + 5z - 2z + 371 + 471- 2z}
= 8z - 271 - 3z + 471- 5z + 2z - 871- 411 + 2z
=-z-511.
lT. 3 a2-ab+ [41/J- {8ab-2 a2+(2b2-3aL2 ab)-1/J} +as+ab]
=8aLab+ [4 b2- (3ab-2 a2+(2b2-3a2+2 ab)-b2} +a2+ab]
=8 at-ab+ [4 b2- {3ab-2 a2+2 b2-3 a2+2ab-b2} +a2+ab]
=3a2-ab+ [4 b2-3 ab+2 aL2 b2+3 a2-2 ab+b2+a2+ab]
=8a2-ab+41>2-3 ab+2a2-21>2+3 a2-2 ab+b2+a2+ab
=9a2-5ab+3b2.
18. 3z2 - 2zy + 31/2 - ¡2z2 - [4z2 - 5zy + 2 yi + (3z2 + 211'))}
+ (Sz2 - [2zy + 81/2 - (2z2 + 3zy + t,2))}
= 3z2 - 2zy + 31/2 - (2z2 - [4z2 - 5zy - 2112 + 3z2 + 21/2)}
+ {3z2 - [2zy + 3712 - 2:z:2 - 3zy - y2]}
=8z2- 2zy + 311' - {2z2 - 4z2 + 5zy + 2112 - 3z2- 2712¡
+ {3z' - 2zy -- 31/2 + 2z2 + 3zy + 712¡
= 3z2- 2zy + 8712 - 2x2 + 4:z:2 - 5zy- 2712 + 8:z:2 + 2712
+ 3zt - 2zy - 3712 + 2z2 + 3zy + 1/2
=I8z2 - 6zy + yt.
19. 44z +[4S11-(6z + 811-7z)+ 4z)-[4Sy- Sz + 2z-(4z + 11))
= 44z +[4Sy -6z - 871 +7z + 4z)-[4Sy- Sz - 2z-4z-y)
=
44z + 4Sy-6z-8y + 7z + 4z - 4871 + Sz+ 2z + 4z+ 11
= 68z - 271.
lncloee the last three terms in a parenthesis preceded by - :

l. a12-f>11+6 atb8-6 b9a•+s b6a'=a12_1,12_ (6 b9a•-6 aDb8-8 b6a').
9. z8 -11ª - 5zy - 21/2 - 2z2 =z• -11' - (6:z:71 + 2712 + 2z2).

a. 25z2 + 101/2 + 25ytzt - I5z2 + 10ztz2
= 25z2 + 101/2 - (- 25y2z2 + 15x2 -10x2z2).
4. 10:i:f + 5z8 + 1Szt +80:r.-360 = 10:i:f + 5z8- (360-80z-1Sx2).
lnclose the last three terma in a parenthe.sis preceded by +:
6. z4 + 5z8 -16:i? + 20z + 16 = z4 + 5z8 + (-16z2 + 20z + 16).
1
8. :e'+ 4z3y +z2y2 +12zy3 + 9,r = zt + 4z3y+(z21,t2+12Z7/8+0vt).
'l. 4z• + 4z&y- 66z:ly2 - IOzyª + 25,r
= 4zt + 4z3y + (- 65z2f¡2 -10zy3 + 26,r).
8. 9a4 + 18a8b - 52aibi-12ab'- 4b4
= 9a• + 18a8b + (- 52aibi -12abll - 4b').
Collect in parentheses the coefflcients of z, y, and z :
9. a2z + 2 asy +ata:+ aJn - abz + b2z + b2y + b2z
= a2z + alxl: + b2z + 2 a21,t + b2y + a 2 z - abz + blz
= (a2 + ab + b2)z + (2a2 + b2)y + (al - ab + b2)z.
10. 2az - by+ 8cz - dz + 8ey - 6/z + z - y - z
= 2az - dz + z - by+ Se¡¡ - y+ 8cz - 5/z - z
= (2 a - d + 1):c - (b - 8e + l)y + (8c - 6/ - l)z.
11 . az + bz - cz + 4ay - bz + cy + c:c - by- az
=az+bz+cz+4q-by+cy-az-~-u
=(a+ b + c)z + (4 a - b + c)y - (a+ b +·c)z.
12. 8z - 4y + 5z +Saz+ 2by + 2cz - 5dz - 3ey - 4/z
= 8 z + 3 az - 5 dx - 4 y + 2 by - 3 ey + 6 z + 2 cz - 4/z
= (3 + 3a - 5d)z - (4 - 2b + 3e)y + (5 + 2c -4/)z.
13. mz + ny + pz + 3 z - 4 z + 5 y - nz - my
= ,nz - nz + 3z - my + ny + 6y + pz - 4z
=
(m - n + 8)z - (m - n - 5)y + (p - 4)z.
14. 7az - 8ay -4az + 4bz- 2hy + 3bz -2cz + 2cy- 6cz
= +
7 az 4 bz - 2 cz - 3 ay - 2 by + 2 cy - 4 a: + 8 bz - 6 cz
= (7 a + 4 b - 2 e) z - (8 a + 2b - 2 e) y - (4 a - 8 b + 5 e) z.
15. - 5a2z + 6a&y + Sabz +Saz+ 5bz - 4b2y + 6ay + 12bz
= - 5a2z +Saz+ 5bz + 6a&y + 6ay - 4b2y + Sabz + 12hz
= (-5a2 + 8a + 5b)z + (6aª + 6a- 4b2)y + (8ab + 12b)z.
18. a•z - (b2 - cl)y + (el - a2)z + b2z - ctz - a21,t - blz
= a2z + blz - a21,t - (b2 - c2)y - b2z - c2z + (c2 - al)z
=(a'+ b2)z - (~2 + b2 - c2)y - (b2 + c2 - c2 + a2)z
= (a2 + b2)z - (a2 + b2- c')'Y - (a2 + b2)z.
1'1 . 12allz - 4b8y + 2c8z - 6aªz + 7 bllz - 8c8y + z - y
= 12 allz + 7 bllz + z - 4 l,8y - 3 c&y - y - 6 aªz + 2 cªz
= (12aª + 7 b8 + l)z - (4b8 + 3c8 + l)y - (6a8 - 2c8)z.
18. 3az-2br,+6cz-Say-2bz-Sbz+2cy-llc:i:-az
= Saz - 2bz -11 c:i: - 8a11- 2by + 2cy - az - Sbz + 6cz
=
(Sa- 2b- llc)z - (3a + 2b- 2c)y -(a+ Sb- 6c)z.
19. az + 8y-4bz + 2by- Saz - z + 6bz + 2ay-3z

=- 3 az - 4 bz - 3 z + 2 ay + 2 by + 3 y + az + 6 bz - a:
=- (3 a+ 4 b + S)z + (2 a+ 2 b + 8)y +(a+ 6b - I)z.
Elzercille 20. Page 57
l. Add 2 + 3 z + 6 zt + 9 zl + 17 z4 + 33 zl; I + z - 7 zl + 83 z4
-180z6; 1 - 4z + 9z' -16z8 + 26z4 - 36z6; 2 + 6z + IOz'
+ 17:i& + 26z4 + 37z6.
2+3z+ 6z'+ 9z&+ 17~+ S3z6
1+ z - 7z&+ S3z4-180z6
1 - 4z + 9z' - I6zª + 2óz4 - 30z6
2+6z+l0z'+I7zl+ 26z4+ 37z6
6+6z+24z'+ 3~+10lz4- 96z6
l. Add 3 atzt + 7 azB + 2 z4 - 7 alz + 2 ~ ; ó a' - 2 allz - 3 atzt
-óaz•+2z4; a•+2alz-4a2z'+2az8 +z4; óat:i:2 -3:i:'
-4~ + 7alz + óaz8•
2z4 + 7 azl + Satzt - 7 allz + 2~
2z' - óazl - Satzt - 2allz + 6a'
z4 + 2azl - 4atzt + 2aªz + a•
- Sz4 + óazª + óatzt + 7 a"z - 4a'
2z4 + 9azl + atzt + 4a'
3. Add 7 (b - e) ; 4 (b - e) ; 2 a (b - e) ; - 3 a (b - e) ; - 3 (b - e) ;
- 6(b - e).
i (b - e) + 4 (b - e) + 2 a (b - e) - 8 a (b - e) - 3 (b - e) - ó (b - e)
=S(b - e)- a(b - e)= (3 - a) (b- e).
4. Add (a+b)z+(b+c)y+(a+c)z; (b-c)z+(c-a)y+(a-b)z;

(a+ c)z +(a+ b)y + (b + c)z.
(a+b)z+ (b+c)y+ (a+c)z
(b-c)z+ (c-a)y+ (a-b)z
(a+c)z+ (a+b)y+ (b + c)z
~a+2~z+~b+2tjy+~a+2tja:
l. Add 6m(z2+1)-8m(z-1)+2m(z+l); -8m(z2+1)-2m(z-l)
+Sm(z+l); 2m(z2+ 1)+9m(:i:-l)-4 m(z+ 1).
6m(z2 + 1)- Sm(z -1) + 2m(z + 1)
-8m(z2 + l)-2m(z -1) + Sm(z + 1)
2m(z2 + 1) + 9m(z-1) -4m(z + 1)
5m(z2 + 1)-' m(z -1) + m(z + 1)
= 5 mzt + 5 m - mz + m + mz + m = 5 mz2 + 7 m.
8. From a• - b' take a4 - 4 a8b + 6 a211' - 4 aJ,I + b'.
a• - b'
a4-4aªb+6a2b'-4ab'+ b'
4aªb - 6a2bt + 4ab'- 2b'
'1. From 8 y8 - 6 zy' - 4z2y + z8 take z• + 2 z2v - 5zy1 + 2 i,8.
z8 - 4:r21, - 6zy2 + 8118
z8 + 2z2y - 5zy2 + 2718
-6z2y- zy'+ ya
l. From a"b" + 31fJc2 + 4 c2a2 take 2 a"b" - 4 be + 2 b"c2.
atlfJ + 3 b2c2 + 4 cta2
2 a 2 b2 + 21fJc2 - 4 be
- a"b" + 1fJc2 + 4 c2a2 + 4 be
9. From (b + c)z2 +(a+ c)zy - (a+ b)y'
take (a+ c)z2 - (b - a)zy + (a - b)y'.
(b + c)z2 +(a+ c)zy - (a+ b)y'
(a+ c)z2 - (b - a)zy + (a - b)y2
(b -a)z2 + (b + c)zy - 2ay1
10. From (a+ b)2 - (a + b + e) + (b + c)2
take (b + c)2 - 2 (a + b + e} - (a + b)I.
(a + b)2 - (a + b + e) + (b + c)t
- (a + b)2 - 2 (a+ b + e) + (b + e)'
2 (a+ b)2 + (a+ b + e)
11. Simplify 4 a - [8 a - b - {2 a+ b - (a - b - a)} - 2 b].
4a - [3a - b - {2a + b - (a - b - a)} - 2b]
=4a - [3a -b- {2a + b-(a - b + a)} - 2b]
=4 a - [3 a - b - {2 a+ b - a+ b - a} - 2 b]
=4a-~a-b-2a-b+a-b+a-2~
=4a-3a+b+2a+b-a+b-a+2b
=a+ 5b.
11. Simplify z2 - y2 - [2z2 + {8z2 - (2z2 - y2) - 2y'J} + 2z2].
z2 -112-[2z2 + {8z2 - (2z2 -y2) - 2y2¡ + 2z2]
= z2 _ y2 _ [2z2 + {8z2 _ 2z2 + y2 _ 2y2¡ + 2 z2]
= z2 - y2 - [2z2 + 8z2 - 2z2 + y2 - 2y2 + 2z2]
= z2 -y2 - 2z2 - 8z2+ 2z2 -y2 + 2y2 - 2z2
=- 4z2•
18. Arrange a.i: - z2 - bz2 + z8 - azª + bz - z + bzª - 2 cz + az2

according to the descending powers of z, and inclose the coefficients
of like powers of z in pareutheses.
az - z 2 - bz2 + z8 - azB + bz - z + bz8 - 2cz + az2
= zB - az3 + bxª - z2 + az2 - bz2 - z + az + bz - 2cz
= (1 - a+ b)z8 - (1 - a+ b)z2 - (1- a - b + 2c)z.
H. Arrange 8az2-3bz+2cz8 -bz8+2bz2-2 az+2cz2-3cz+3azª

a.ccording to the descending powers of z, and incloee the coeffi.cients
of like powers of z in parentheses.
8 az2 - 8 bz + 2 czª - bzª + 2 bz2 - 2 az + 2 c:i:2 - 3 cz + 3 az8
=8az8-bz8 + 2czª + 3az2 + 2bz2 + 2cz2 - 2az- .3bz- 3cz
= (3a- b + 2c)z8 + (3a + 2b + 2c)z2 -(2a + 3b + 3c)z.
11. From 3c + 4d - 5a - 2b take 2c - 8a + b - 2d and check

the result when a = 3, b = 4, e = ó, d = 6.
Put a = 8, b = 4, e = ó, d = 6.
3 e + 4 d - 5 a - 2 b = 16 + 24 - ló - 8 = 16
2c-2d-3a+ h=l0-12- 9+ 4=- 7
e + 6 d - 2 a - 3 b = ó + 36 - 6 - 12 = 23
18. If a =- 2, b = - 8, e = 4, d = O, flnd the value of

as - 2 b8 + c8 - 8 abe + 4 bcd + 2 ac2.
Put a =- 2, b = - 8, e = 4, d = O.
aª - 2b8 +el-Sabe+ 4bcd + 2ac2
=(- 2) 8 -2(- 3)ª + (4)ª - 3(- 2)(- 8)(4)
+ 4(- 8)-(4)(0) + 2(- 2)(4)2
=- 8 + 54 + 64-72 + O - 64
=-26.
lf a = 6, b = 6, e = 1, and 2, = a + b + e, find the value of:

1'1. 12 - (a - a)(, - b) - (a - b) (a - e) - (a - a) (a - e).
2a=a+b+c=6+6+1=1&
.·. , = t of 18 =
9; , - a = 9 - ó = 4 ; , -:- b =9 - 6 =3;
, - e= 9- 7 = 2.
--~-aj~-ij-~-ij~-tj-~-aj~-tj
= 0S - 4 X 3 - 3 X 2 - 4 X 2 = 81 - 12 - 6 - 8 = 81 - 26 = 66.
18. ,2 - (a - a) (8 - b) (8 - e) + (11 - a) 2(s - b) + (8 - b)2 (s - e)
= 0S - 4 X 3 X 2 + 42 X 3 + 32 X 2 =81 - 24 + 48 + 18 = 123.
19. 32 + (8 - a)2(8 - b) + (s - b)2(a - e)+ (s - c)2(a - a)
=
92 + 42 X 3 + 32 X 2 + 22 X 4 = 81 + 48 + 18 + 16 = 163.
90. What number must be added to z2 + 2.i:y + y2 that the sum
may be 2x2 -y2 ?
2z2 -111- - (z2 + 2zy+y2)= 2z2-y2 -z2 - 2xy-yt =z2 - 2:i:y- 2y2.
91. Wbat number must· be added to a 8 - 3 a2b + 3 ab2 - bll that

the sum may be 3aª - a.2b + 2b8?
3aª -a2b.+ 2b8-(aª- 3a2b + 3ab2 - b')
= 3 aª - a2 b + 2 b8 - aª + 3 a2b - 3 abt + bª
= 2 a~ + 2 a2b - 3 abt + 3 bll.
H . What number must be subtracted from 2aª - 5b8 + 3a'b that
the remainder may be a• - 3 a2b + 3 ab2 - b8 ?
2aª - ób~ + 3a2b- (aª - 3a2b + 3ab2-b8)
= 2aª..:. ób' + 3a2b - aª+ 3a2b - 3ab2 + b8
= aª + 6 a2b - 8 ab2 - 4 1>3.
lf A= a2 + b2 + c2, B =a2 + b2 - e', C =a2-b2+c2, D =bt+ct-a2,

fiud the value of :
13. A+ B+ C+ D
=-+b2+&+-+b2-&+--b2+&+b2+&--
= 2 at + 2 b2 + 2 c2.
H . A-B-C+D
=~+b2+~-~+b2-~-~-b2+~+~+&-~
=-+b2+&---b2+&--+b2-&+b2+&--
=- 2 a2 + 2 b2 + 2 c2.
16. A-B+C-D
=~+b2+~-~+b2-~+~-b2+~-~+&-~
=-+b2+&---b2+&+--b2+&-b2-&+-
= 2 a2 - 21):1 + 2 c2•
16. A-B-C-D
=~+l):l+~-~+/J2-~-~-/J2+~-~+--~
=-+/J2+&---/J2+&-~+/J2-&-/J2-&+-
=0.
If A= 3a2 -2ab+ ó/J2, B = 1 a2 - 8ab+ób2, C =9a2-óab+3b2,

D = 11 a2 - 3 ab - 4 b2, find the value of :
B'I. A+B+C+D
= 3a2 - 2ab + ób2 + 7 a2 - Sab + 6/J2 + 9a2 - óab + 3bl
+lla2-3ab-4/J2
= 30a2 -18ab + 9b2.
H. A-B-C+D
= (3 a2 - 2 ab + 5 bl) - (7 a'l - 8 ab + 5 /J2) - (9 a2 - 6 ab + 3 b2)
+ (11 a2 - 3 ab - 4 /J2)
= 3a2 -2ab + 6/J2-7 a2 + Sab- 6b2 - 9a2 + óab - 31>2
+ 11a2 - 3ab - 4/J2
=- 2 a2 + 8 ab - 1 b2.
H . B - (A + C - D)
=B-A-C+D
= (7 a2 - 8 ab + 5 b2) - (3 a2 - 2 ab + 5 b2) - (9 a2 - 6 ab + 31>2)
+ (Uat - 3ab - 4b2)
= 7 a2 - 8 ab + 5 b2 - 3 a2 + 2 ab - 5 b2 - Oat + ú ab - 3 b2
+ 11a'l - 3ab- 4/J2
= 6a2 - 4ab - 7b2.
80. A+ B - (C + D)
=A+B-C-D
= (3 a2 - 2 ab + 5 /J2) + (7 a2 - 8 ab + ó b2) - (9 a2 - ó ab + 3 b2)
- (11 a2 - 3 ab - 4 b2)
= 3a2 - 2ab + 61>2 + 1a2 - Sab + ób2-9a2 + óab-3b2
-lla2+3ab+4b2
=- lOa'l - 2ab + ll/J2.
81. A - (B - O - D)
=A-B+O+D
= (3 a2 - 2 ab + ó 61) - (7 at - 8 ab + ó 61) + (9 at - ó ab + 8 61)
+ (lla' - 8ab- 461)
= 3 at - 2 ab + 6 61 - 7 at + 8ab - 6 61 + 9 at - óab + 3 61
+ 11a2 - 8ab- 461
= 16a• - 2ab- 61.
81. B-{C-[A-(B+D)]}
=B - { C - [ A - B - D]}
=B - { C - A + B + D}
=B-C+A-B-D
=A-C-D
= (3 at -2 ab + 6 b2) - (9 at - 6 ab + 3 b2) - (11 at - 3 ab - 4 b2)
= 3a2 - 2ab + 6b2 - 9a2 + 6ab- 3b2 -11 a2 + 3ab + 461
=-17a2+6ab+661.
l. Multiply 2z2 - Szy + 712 6. Multiply z7 -:z:t-2z by 2z2.

by 2z. z7 -zt- 2z
2z2 - 3zy + 712 2z2
2z 2z0 - 2:i:8 - 4zl
4zl - 6z2y + 2z712 6. Multiply z8 - 16 z - 10
l. Multiply at - 2 ab + 3 61 by 3a.z.
by ab. zl-16:i: -10
a2 - 2ab + 361 Saz
ab 3 a:z:t - 46 az2 - 30 az
a8h - 2a~ + 8ab3 '1. Multiply 2 a• - 16 a + 6
3. Multlply 1+2a-3a2 by at. by Sa.
1+2a-3a2 2aª -16a.+ 6
at 8a
a2+2a•-8at 6a• - 48a' + 18a
,. Multiply 2 a2 - 3 ab + 61 •• Multiply 4 :z:t - z2y2 - 9 ¡,'
by -ey.
by Sab.
2a2-3ab+61 4:z:t - z2y2 - 9yf
:Jab - zy
6a8b - 9a2b2 + 3ab3 - 4z6y + z•y~ + !lxy6
TEACHERS' EDlTION 59
9 . Multiply 6z2 - 7 z + 2 16. Multiply 6ac + 9bc - 2ad
by -3z2. - 3bd by 2ad.
6z2-7z+2 ·oac + 9bc - 2ad ·- 3bd
- 3z2
2ad
-18z6+ 21z8 -6zt
10. Multiply -6z6y-2zty~-ztr
by - 3712. 18. Multiply 3 a8 - 3 atb + abt
- 6 z6y - 2 z6712 - z'v' - b8 by -6ab.
- 3712
16 z6yl + 6 z6y4 + 3 z21J' 3aª -3a2b+ abt- b8
6ab
11. Multiply at - 3 a+ 10 -16a4b + 16a•b2 - 6a2b8 + 6abf
by 4a2b.
a'- 3a+ 10 17. Multiply z6 - 6z8 + 13zt
4a2b
- 12 z + 4 by 4 z•.
4 a4b - 12 a'b + 40 alb
z6 - 6z8 + 13z2 -12z + 4
11. Multiply 9 z6 + 3 zly2 + 4 yt
4z2
by 2zy.
4z8 - 24z6 + 62z6 - 48z8 + 16z:I
9z6 + 3ztyt + 4-gt
2zy
.
18z6y + 6z87,8 + 8zy6
11. Multiply 3z8 - zt+ 13 z - 30
18. Multiply 2 a' - 4 IV + 8 aª
-12a'+6aby -8a.
by 2z9. 2a8-4a4 + 8aª -l2a2+ 6a
3z•-zt+ 13z- 30 -8a
2z2
6z6 - 2z6 + 26z8 - OOzt
19. Multiply ae - a2b4 - a•b + b'
H . Multiply z9 + 2 az + a2 - bt
by - 2ab.
by -3ab.
zt+2az+a2-t,t aº - a2b4 - a4b + b6
-3ab -2ab
-3abz2 -6a~ - 8aªb + 8ab' - 2 a7b + 2 a•b6 + 2 a'lP - 2 abl
Elzerciae 22. Page 62
l. Multiply 3a - 4b by a - b. l . Multiply 4b-6c by 8b+4c.

8a -4b 4b - 6c
a - b 8b + 4c
3a1 4ab
- 12b2 - 15bc
-3ab+4b2 + 16bc - 20ct
3a2 - 7ab + 4b2 12b~ + be - 20c2
60 ELRl\lENTARY ALGEBRA
l. Multiply 4z-Oy by z-5y. 9. Multiply 7 :t - 3 by 5x - 4.

4z - Oy 7:t -3
X - 5y 6:t -4
4 z2 - Oxv 35:t2 -15z
- 20:ty + 461/' -28z+Je
4z2 - 20zy + 4óy2 85z• - 43z + 111-
4. Multiply 3a- 2 b by 2a - b. 10. Multiply 7 a-ób by 6a+5b.
8a -2b 1a -5b
2a - b 6a +5b
6a2-4ab 42 at - 30ab
-3ab+2bl + 35ab - 26b2
6a2 -1ab+2b2 42a' + 5ab- 26~
6. Multiply a + b by z + y. 11 . Multiply a - b by z + y.
a+b a-b
X+ 1/ z+11
az+b:t az-b:t
+ay+ by +ay-by
az + b:t + ay + bv az - b:t + ay - b1
8. Multiply 2a-3b by 5a+7 b. 11. Multiply 3a+6b by 7b-4a.
2a ~ 8b 8a + 5b
· 6a + 1b - 4a + 7 b
10a2 -15ab - 12a2 - 20ab
+ 14ab- 21 b2 + 21ab + 3ó~
toas - ab- 21b2 -12a• + ab + 3ób2
'1. Multiply a - 5 b by a + 8 b. 13. Multiply 5z.+ 1 by 7 y - 2.
a -5b 6z+ 1
a +8b 7y-2
a2 - 5ab 36zy +1y
+ 8ab -15b2 -10:i: - 2
a2- 2ab-15bl 35:ty + 7y - .10:i: - 2
8. Multiply 3:t - 6 by 8:t + 6. 14. Multiply 2a+3b by 2a-3b.
3:t -6 2a +3b
3:t +5 2a -3b
Ozll- lóz 4a2 +6ab
+16:t-25 -6ab-Ob2
9z2 - 25 4a2 - Obl
11. Multiply8z-7yby7z+6y. 18. Multlply z - 1 by z - 2.
Sz - 7 y z -1
7z + 611 z -2
ó6z2 -49:1:11 :i:2- z
+ 4Szv - 42 112 -2z+2
Mzt - :i:y - 421/2 z 2 -8z + 2
19. Multiply z2 - 2az + as
18. Multiply z + 11 by :i: + 1/, byz-a.
:i: + 11 z2-2az +a2

:i: + 11 z - a
z' + ZY z8 - 2az" + alz
+ Z!/ + 11' -az2+2a2.1:-a8
z" + 2z11 + 112 z8 - 8az' + 3a'.1: - a•
10. Multiply as + 2 ab + b'l
1'1. Multiply z -11 by :i: - 71. by a+ b.
:i: -11 ª' + 2ab + b'l
z -11 a +b
zt - ZY a• + 2 a'b + ab'l
- Z!/ + yt + a2b+2abl+b8
:i:2 - 2zv + 112 a•+satb+8ab2+b'
11. Multiply 3zt - 4:i: + 7 by 6z' - z - 4.

8:i:'-4:i:+7
6:i:' - z -4
ló:i:4 - 20:i:8 + 36:i:'
- 3:i:8 + 4z2 - 7z
- 12:i:2 + 16:i: - 28
ló:i:4 - 2.'lz& + 27 z2 + 9:i: - 28
11. Multlply 6 a* - 2 a2z + az2 by 2 a' - az + :i:2.

6a• - 2a2z + azt
2a'- az + z2
10 a' - 4 atz + 2 aszs
- 6a•x + 2a•zt - alz&
+ óa8zt - 2alzl + az4
10a6 - Oa•:i: + 9a8zt - 3alz8 + az4
1
18. Multiply 6 at - 8 ab - 2 b' by as + 2 ab.
6a' - 3ab- 21>'
a2 + 2ab
óa' - 3alb- 2a2fli
' + lOalb - 6a2b2 - 4ab'

6a'+ 1aªb-8alb'-4ab'
H . Multiply zt + 7z - 6 by zt - Sz + 7.
z2+7z-6
z'-3z+7 y
z4+7zª- 6zt
- 8z8 - 21 zt + 16z
+ 1z2 + 49z - 86
z4 + 4z8 - 19z2 + 64z - 86
16. Multiply 3alb- 2a2b' + ab' by 2a' - ab- 61>'.

8a8b - 2a'b' + ab'
2a' - ab -61>'
6 a6b - 4 a•b2 + 2 a8b8
- 3 a•b2 + 2 aªb8 - a'bf
- 16aªb8 + IOa'bf - 6ab6
6a6b - 7 a'b2 - 11 aªb8 + 9a'b4 - 6ab6
18. Multiply zt - 2z + 1 by z8 - 3z + 2.
z'-2z+l
zª- 3z + 2
z6- 2z4 + z 3
- 3z8 + 6zt - 3z
+2z2-4z+2
z6 - 2z4 - 2z8 + sz2 - 7z + 2
B'1. Multiply zl - 6 az - 2 at by z2 + 2 az + 3 at.

z2...:6az-2a2
z2+2az+sa2
z4 - 6az8- 2a2z2
+ 2azª - 1oa2z2 - 4allz
+ sa2z2 - Ióallz - 6a'
z4 - 8az8 - Oa2zt - 19a8z - 6a•
18. Multiply 7 z:Z + y2 - 8 xy by 2 z8 + y - z.
7zt -Szy + 712
2zª- z +Y
14z6 - 6z4y + 2z8yl
-7zl+ 3xly- zyt
+ 7x2y - 8zy2 + ya
14z6 - 6z4y + 2z3VJ - 7za + 1oz2y- 4zyt + ya
19. Multiply 1 + 2z + z2 by 1 - 2y + 712. •
1 + 2z + z2
1-2t,+712
1+2z+x2
- 2y - 4xy - 2zly
+ y2 + 2x712 + x2J¡!._
1 + 2z + z2 - 2y - 4xy - 2z2y + y2 + 2zy2 + z2y2
SO. Multiply z2 + bz - e by z2 - az + b.
z2+bz-c
z2-az+b
z4 + bz8 _ c.z2
az8 - abz2 + acz
+ bx2 + l>2z - be
z4 - (a - b)zS - (ab - b + c)z2 + (ac + b2)z - be
81. Multiply zl - az - b2 by pz + z2 - ql.

z'l- az -b2
z2 + pz-q'l
z4- az•-
+ pzl- apz2 - b2pz
q2z2 + aq2x + b~q2
z4 - (a - p)zª - (ap + b2 + q2)z2 + (aq2 - b2p)x + lflq2
31. Multiply 3z~ - 2z2 + x - 1 by óz2 - 4x -1.

;3z1 - 2z2 + z -1
6z2- 4x -1
16z6 - 10:i:4 + 6x8 - 6z'l
-12z4+ 8z8-4z2+4x
- 3zl+2z2 __ x+l
, 16z6-22x'+10xª-7z2+3x+l
88. Multiply 3a + 4 b - 6c by 4a - 3b + c.
3a +4b-6c \'
4a-3b+c
12a2 + 16ab - 20ac
9ab - 121>2 + 16bc
+ 3ac + 4bc-6c2
12a~ + 7 ab- 17 ac - 12b' + 19bc - 6cl
H. Multiply as -2ab + f/1, by 6a2 - 6ab + 41>2.

a 2 -2ab+ b2 J
6a2 - 6ab + 4b11
6a• - IOa'b + 6a2b2
- 6a3b + 10a2b2 - 6ab3
+ 4a2b2- 8ab'+4b'
6a• - 16a8b + llla~ -13ab8 + 4b'
85. Multiply 2:z:3 - 4z2y - 6:z:y2 by 4:z:8 + 8:z:2y + 6:z:-y'J.

2:i:8 - 4z2y - 6:z:y2
4:z:3 + 8:z:2y + 6:z:y2
8:z:6 - 16x5y - 20:z:i-y'J
+ 16 z6y - 32 x•y2 - 40 xByª
+ 10 :z:iy2 - 20 :z:ªyª - 26 x2yf
8:z:6 - 42:z:iy2 - 60:z:ªyª - 26:z::lyf
38. Multiply a2 - 3 a + 1 by 2 a2 + 4 a - 3.
a2-3a+l
2a2+4a - 8
2a• - 6a8 + 2a;¡
+ 4 aª - 12 a2 + 4 a
- 8a2 + !la - 8
2 a• - 2 aª - 13 a2 + 13 a - 3
3'7. Multiply a"'+ 2am+1 - 3am+2 -1 by a+ l.

-8am + 2+2am+I +'f-"'-1
a+l
-3am+a+2am+2+ am+I - a
- 8 am+2 + 2am+1 + am -1
- 8 a"'+ a - a"'+ 2 + 3 a"' + 1 + a'" - a - 1
38. Maltiply a• - 4an-1 - 5an-t + an-8 by a -1.

a• - 4a•-I - 6an-ll + an-3
., a - 1
a•+ 1 - 4 a• - 6 aH - • + a• - 2
- a•+4a•-1+5a•-2-a•-B
a•+I - óa" - an-1 + 6an-2 - a•-8
39. Maltiply a" - a"-lb + a•-21,2 by a..:. b.

a• - a"-•b + a•-2b2
a -b
an+l - a"b + a"-llfl
- a•b + an-lb2 _ an-2b3
a•+ 1 - 2 aHb + 2 an-1/)'l - a"-llb8
40. Multiply 1 - az + 1,.¡;2 - c:i:ª by 1 - zt + z.

l-az+w;:.1-c:i:8
l+z-zi
1- (U+
+ z-
z2 + azª - bz4 + c;rf,
1 + (1 - a)z + (b- a - l)z2 +(a+ b - c)z* - (b + c)zt + c:i;ó
41. Multiply 4b8- 2b + 1- 3b2 by 4b2 + 6b + 2b8.

4b8-3b2-2b+l
2b8+4b2+ób
81Jl- 61J6- 4b'+ 2b8
+ 16b6-12b' - 8b8 + 4b2
+ 20b' -15b8 - 101,2 + 6b
81>'+10116+ 4b'-2lbª- 6b2+5b
41. Multlply a' + 3 a - 2 a2 + 1 by 4 a2 + 3 - 2 a.

a~- 2a2+3a +l
4a2- 2a +3
4 a& - 8 a• + 12 aª + 4 ali
2a• + 4aª - 6a2 - .2a
+ 3 aª - 6 a2 + 9 a + 3
4 a& - 10 a• + 10 aª - 8 a2 + 7 a + 3
,a . .,Multiply be + ac + ah by a - b + c.
ah +ac+bc
a -b +e
a2b + a2c + abe
- abe - aJll - b'lc
+ abe + ac2 + bc2
H. Multiply 2Wl + 3b4 - 1 bd8 - ób3a + a• by 3lJl + 3d2 - óba.

3b4-ób"d+21J2d2-7/Jd8 +d•
31/l-5M +8d2
D b8 - ló b6d + 6 b4d2 - 211,3aa + 3 !J2at
- lób6d + 2ób4d2 - 10b3a8 + 8ó/J2d4 - ób<P
+ 9b4d2-lób8d'+ 6b2dt-21M'+3cl'
Db8 - 30 b6d + 40 b4a~ - 46 b8a' + 44 IJ2dt - 26 M6 + 3 el'
•6. Multiply zm+1 - 3z•.+2 + :i:"'+3 - 2zm+t

by 2:i:"'- 1 + Szm-2 -4:i:"'-ª·
zm+1 _3zm+2 + x"'+3 _ 2:i:"'+t
-4:i:m-3 + 3:i:m-2 + 2znt-l
_ 4:i:••-2 + 12:z:2m-l _ 4z2"' + 8zl"'+1
+ 3z2m-l _ 9z2m + 3z2 ... +1 - 6zh•+2
• + 2z2m-6z1m+l+2z2m+2-4zlm+3
_ 4z2 .. -2 + I6x2m-l - llz2m + óz2ra+I _ 4z2m+2 _ 4z2•+8
,e. Multiply a•+ 3a•-2- 2a•-l by 2a•+1 + a•+2 - 3a".

an - 2a•-l + Sa•-2
an+s + 2 a11 +1 - 3a"
a211+2 _ 2a211+1 + 3 ah
+ 2a211+1 _ 4ah + 6ah-l
- 3aln + 6 a211-1 - 9a2n-2
a2a+2 _ 4a"' + 12a2n-1 _ Dah-2
U. Multiply z,o-1 _ x•-2¡¡ + zn-8¡¡2 _ x•-ty8+:i,o-6yt by x + y.

x•-1 -zn-2y + z,o-ay2-x--t¡¡8 + x--&yt
x+y
zn _ x•-1 ¡¡ + x•-t¡¡2 _ x•-sya + x•- tyt
+ x•-l¡¡-x•-2y2 + x•-s¡¡a -zn-tyt + x•-6¡¡6
X" +x•-&y&
41. Multiply aP - 3aP-1 + 4aP-' - 6aP-a + 6aP-4
by2a3-a2+a.
aP -3aP-1 + 4aP-• -6aP-a + 6aP-•
2aª - a'+ a
2aP+8 _ 6aP+2 + 8aP+I -12aP + lOaP-1
- aP+I + 3aP+I - 4aP + 6aP-I - 5aP-t
+ aP+l- 3aP+ 4ap-l_ 6aP-t+óaP-3
2aP+a - 7 aP+t + l2aP+I - l9aP + 20aP-I -11 aP-1 + 6aP-s
l. Multiply 2z6 + 4ziy - 3zy2 -11' by 6z' -2zy-v',

2+4-3-1
ó-2-1
10 + 20-16- 6
- 4- 8+6+2
- 2-4+3+1
10 + 16 - 26 - 3 + 6 + 1
Hence, the pr~uct is 10z6 + 16z4y - 26z8yt - 3z21f' + 6zy4 + 'f/6.
l . Multiply ali - 2 a4b + 3 alf/l - 2 a'b8 + ali4 - 1Ji by 2 a2 - ab + 1>2.

1-2+3-2+1-1
2-1+1
2-4+6-4+2-2
-1+2-3+2-1+1
+1-2+3-2+1-1
2-6+9-9+7-6+2-l
Hence, the product is
2a7 - 6a'b + 9a6b2 - 9a4b8 + 7 aªb' - 6a21Ji + 2ab6 - b7.
S. Multiply 6c8 - 3c6 + 9c4 - 10& + 4 by 9c6 + óc4 -13ct.

6-3+ 9-10 +4
9+6-13
46 - 27 + 81 - 90 + 36
+ 26 - 16 + 46 - 60 + 20
- 65 + 39 - 117 + 130 - 62
46 - 2 + 1 - 6 - 131 + lóO - 62
Hence, the product is 46cH-2c12+c10_6 cª-131 e'+ 160 c4-62 e'.
68 ELE.l\1ENTARY ALGEBRA
4. Multiply z: - ~z• + 2:i:2 - z + 6 by 3zl - 2z2 - 6z + 3.

1-3+2-1+6
3-2-6+3
3- 9 + 6 - 3 + 16
2+ 6 - 4 + 2 - 10 Y,-
- 6 + 16 - 10 + 6 - 26
+ 3 - 9 + 6 - 3 + 16
3 - 11 + 7 + 11 - 2 + 1 - 28 + 16
Hence, the product is 3z7 -11 z6 +7z6+ llz4-2zª+zt-28z+ ló.
6. .Multiply 2 + 7 a - 2 ai + 8 aª - 4a• by 2 + ó a + 3 a• - 7 aª.

2+7-2+8-4
2+6+3-7
4 + 14 - 4 + 16 - 8
+ 10 + 36 - 10 + 40 - 20
+ 6 + 21 - 6+ 24 - 12
- 14 - 49 + 14 - ó6 + 28
4 + 24 + 37 + 13 - 23 + 18 - 68 + 28
4 + 24a + 37ai + I3aª - 23a• + 18a6 - 68~' + 28a7.
6. Multlply z4 - 4z'y + 6z27,t2 - 4zy8 + y4 by zt + 2zy + 11•.

1-4+6-4+1
1+2+1
1-4+6- 4+1
+2-8+12-8+2
+1- 4+6-4+1
1-2-1+ 4-1-2+1
Hence, the product is z6 - 2z6y - zty2 + 4z8y3 - z2J,4 - 2ZJ/6 + 119.
7. Multiply 3 atbl - 6 a~b~ + 4 a2bt + ab6 by 2 a2b - 6 ab2 + 2 b8.

3-6+4+1
2-ó+2
6 -12 + 8 + 2
- 16 + 30 - 20 - 6
+ 6-12+8+2
6 - 27 + 44 - 30 + 3 + 2
Hence, the product is 6a6b8-27 a6bf+44a•li6-80 a'b6+3a2b' +2ab'.
8. Multiply z'- 4z3y + 6z~2 - 4z¡¡8 + yt by z 3 - 3z2y +3z712 -yB.
1-4+6-4+1
1-3+3-1
1-4+ 6- 4+1
- 3 + 12 - 18 + 12 - 3
+ 3 - 12 + 18 - 12 + 3
- 1+ 4- 6+4-1
1 - 7 + 21 - 3ó + 3ó - 21 + 7 - 1
+
zT - 7 z6y + 21z6yi - 35:i:'¡¡8 Sóz37/4 - 21~ + 7z7/' - 711.
3+ 6+
.
9. Multiply 3 z' + 6 z3y - 9.zy3 + 12 yt by 2 z2 - 3 zy. + y2.
o-
9 + 12
2-3+1 J
6 + 12 + O - 18 + 24
9 - 18 - O + 27 - 36
+ 3 + 6 + O - 9 + 12
6 + 3 - ló - 12 + ól - 4ó + 12
6z6 + 3z6y - lóz'y2 -12z3y3 + ólz2y4 - 4ózy6 + 127/'.
10. Multiply 3a8z - 2a'l:z:2 + óaz3 - 8:i:' by - 2 a 2 + 6az - 4z2.
3.:2+ó-8
-2+6-4
- 6 + 4 - 10 + 16
+ 18 - 12 + 30 - 48
-12+ 8-20+32
-6 + 22-84 + 64-68 + 32
- .6 aóz + 22 a4z2 - 34 a3zª + ó4 a2z' - 68 az6 + 32 z6.
11. Multiply 2 by6 - 8 b2y4 + 4 b3yª - ó b4y2 by y3 - 4 by2 + 6 ~-
2- 3 +4 - ó
1-4+6
1-3+4-ó
- 8 + 12 - 16 + 20
+ 12 - 18 + 24 - 80
1 - 11 + 28 - 89 + 44 - 30
Hence, the product la
2 by3 - 11 f>S117 + 28 b37/' - 89 bfy6 + 44 lJ&yt - 301:/>yB.
70 ELEMENTARY ALGEHRA
11. Multiply c3- 8c2z + 5cz2 + llzª by 6c2 - 2cz + J~z2.

1-8+ 5+11 ·
6-2 + 12
6-48+30+66
- 2 + 16 - 10 - 22
+ 12 - 96 + 60 + 182
6 - 50 + 58 - 40 + 38 + 132 .
Hence, the product is 6 c6 - 50 cfz + 58 c3z2 - 40 c2z8 + 38·c ~ + 132z6.
18. Multiply a4 - 7 aªb + 6 a2b2 + 8 aJ;8 - 2 bt by a2 - 3 ab + 2 b'.
1-7+6+8-2
1-3+2
1-7+6+8-2
- 3 + 21 - 18 - 24 + 6
+ 2 - 14 + 12 + 16 - 4
1 - 10 + 29 - 24 - 14 + 22 - 4
a3 - 10 a6b + 29 a41J! - 24 aªb8 - 14 a2bt + 22 ab6 - 4 b6.
14. Multiply 2z -z2 + 4zª-10 + 7z6 by 2z4 - 3z2 + 2z8+ 2 + 3z.
7 + O + 4 - 1 + 2 - 10
2+2-3+3+2
14+ o+ s- 2+ 4-20
+ 14 + O + 8 - 2 + 4 - 20
- 21 - O - 12 + 3 - 6 + 30
+ 21 + O + 12 - 3 + 6 - 30
+14+ o+ 8- 2+ 4-20
14+14-18+~+4-1-U+M-~-~
14zv + I4z8 -13z7 + 27:i:G + 4z6 - z4 - 21z• + Mz2 - ~z - 20.
111. Multiply 2z4-3zlly+2yL2zyª+4z2y2 by 2¡i:y2-y8+zª-3z2y.
2-3+4-2+2
1-3+2-1
2-3+ 4- 2+ 2
- 6 + 9 - 12 + 6 - 6
+ 4- o+ 8- 4+4
- 2+ 3- 4+2-2
2 - 9 + 17 - 22 + 19 - 14 + 6 - 2
2z7 - 9z6y + 17z6y2 - 22z4yª + 10z8y4 -14z2y6 + 6zy6 - 2y7.
16. Mnltiply 871"' - 271"'+1 - ó:rf"+' + 1f"H

by 871"'- 8 + 211•- 2 - 611•- 1 -11•.
8-2-6+1
8+2-ó-l
9-6 - ló + 8
+ 6- 4 -10 + 2
- 16 + 10 + 2ó - ó
- 8+ 2+ó-l
9+0-84+ 0+29+0-1
Bence, the prodnct Is 9112m-B - 84112 .. -1 + 29112111+1 -11'•+8.
17. Multiply a• - a•+I + a•+2 - a•+a by aª - a' - a+ l .

1-1+1-l
1-1-1+1
1-1+1-l ,..,;
- 1+1-1+1
-1+1-1+1
+l-1+1-1
1-2+1+0-1+2-l
Bence, the product Is a• - 2 a•+ 1 + a•+I - a•+•+ 2a•+6 - a•+s.
18. Multiply a' - 8 a6 + 6 a4 .:_ 7 aª + 6 d2 - 8 a + 1 by a' - a + 1.

1-8+6-7+6-8+1
1-1+1
1-8+ 6- 7+ 6- 8+ 1
-1+ 8- 6+ 7- 6+ 8-1
+ 1- 8+ 6- 7+ 6-8+1
1 - 4 + 10 - 16 + 19 - 16 + 10 - 4 + 1
Bence, the product Is
a' - 4a7 + 10a' -16a6 + 19a4 -16aª + 10a' - 4a + l.
19. Multiply 2 m• - 6 mª + 8 m' - 8 ,,. + 1 by m' - 8 m + l.

2-6+8-8+1
1-8+1
2- 6+ 8- 8+ 1
- 6 + 18 - 9 + 9 - 8
+ 2- 6+ 3-8+1
2 - 12 + 28 - 18 + 18 - 6 + 1
Hence, the product is 2m8 -12m• + 28 m• -18mª + 18m' - 6m + l .
72 ELEl\fENTARY ALGEBRA
llO. Multiply 6al:I: -17a:!zt + 14az8 - 32:4 by 2a -3:i:.

6- 17 + 14-3
2-3
12 -34 + 28- 6
- 18 + ól - 42 + 9
12 - ó2 + 79 - 48 + 9
Hence, the product is 12114:i: - ó2 a8:i:2 + 79 a"'J.ª - 48 a:i:4 + 9 :i:6.
lll . Multiply 11' - ó:i:4 + 3z& + 6:i:' - 7:i: + 2 by :i:ª - 3:i:2 + 3:i: - l.
l+O-ó+3+6-7+2
1-3+3-1
· 1+0-ó+ 3+ U- 7+ 2
- 8 - O+ ló - 9 - 18 + 21 - 6
+ 3 + O - ló + 9 + 18 - 21 + 6
- 1- o+ ó- 3- 6+ 1-2
1 - 3 - 2 + 17 - 18 - 11 + 38 - 33 + 13 - 2
z9 - 3:i:8 - 2:i:1 + 17:i:6 -18:i:' -112:4 + 38:i:ª - 33:i:2 + 13:i: - 2.
H. Multlply 8 abª - 8 aeb + 24 a2b6 + a5b2 + 14 aª/if + 12 a•b* + ó a1
by 7 a2b + 2ab2 + óa•.
8 + 24 + 14 + 12 + 1 - 8 + ó
2+ 7 + ó
16 + 48 + 28 + 24 + 2 - 16 + 10
+ ó6 + 168 + 98 + 84 + 7 - ó6 + 3ó
+ 40 + 120 + 70 + 60 + 6 - 40 + 26
16 + 104 + 236 + 242 + ló6 + ól - 41 - 6 + 26
16 a~ + 104 a 8b7 + 236 a4b6 + 242 a'b' + ló6 ae/if + 61 a'b'
- 41 asb2 - 6 a9b + 26 a10.
18. Multiply :i:6 + 4:i:ª - 92:i: - 32:4 + 26:i:2 + 6 by :i:' - 3:i: + 4.
1-3+4+26-92+6
1-3+4
1-3+ 4+26- 92+ 6
- S + 9 - 12 - 78 + 276 - 16
+ 4 - 12 + 16 + 104 - 368 + 20
1 - 6 + 17 + 2 - 164 + 386 - 383 + 20
z7 - 6:i:6 + 17:i:6 + 22:4 -164:i:ª + 386:i:' - 383:i: + 20.
18. Divide s r - 2r+1 - 6ym+t + 11"'+1 by 71'. . fll
71'j871m - 271m+l - 671"'+2 + ym+s·
371•-• - 271"'-& - 6yn1-• + ya-1
14. Divide 4Z" + Sz,,+1 _ 2zio+' + z•+a by z•-1,

z•-1 i4Z" + 3z•+l - 2z•+t + z•+a
4z + 3z2 - 2z8 + z'
111. Divide 2aP - 4aP+l - 6aP+I + 8aP+3 by 2aP-I,
2a11-2¡2a11 - 4a11+1 _ 6a11+t + SaP+a
at -2aª -Sa4 +4a&
18. Divide cr+s + cr+t - 2cr+6 - Scr+e by cr+t,
cr+s¡cr+8 + cr+t - 2 cr+6 - 3cr+6 1
e +e' -2c8 -Se'
1. Divide 36z8 + 47zt + ISz + 1 by óz + l.

36z8+47z2 +I3z+I!5z +1
35z8 + 7x 2 7x11 + Sz + 1
+ 40z11 + 13z
+ 40z2 + Sz
+ 6z+l
+ 6z+l
9. Divide 2a4-6aª + 3at-3a + 1 by a'-3a + l.

2a• - 6aª + sa2 - Sa + 1 ¡a2 -3a + 1
2af-6aª+2a' 2a2+1
+ a2-3a+l
+ a2 -3a+l
l. Divide 42 a4 + 41 aª - 9 a11 - 9a - 1 by 7 as + 8 a + 1.
42a4+41aª- 9a'-9a-ll7a2 +8a+l
42 a• + 48 aª + 6 a' 6 a2 - a - 1
7 aª - 16 a2 - 9 a
7a8 - 8a11 - a
7at-8a-l
7a2 -8a-l
4. Divide2zt-4z8-3:i:2-:i:+1 by:i:'l-3:i:+1.
2 zt - 4 z• - 3 zt - :i: + 1 ¡z2 - 3 :i: + 1
2_zt-6z8+2:i:2 2z2+2:i:+l
+ 2z8 -óz2 - :i:
+2:i:8 -6:&+2:i:
+ :i:11 - 3:i: + 1
+ zt - Sz + 1
5. Divide 6a8z - l 7 ,,1z2 + 14 az8 - 3:a:t by 2 a - 3:i:.

6a"x -17 a2z2 + 14azª - 3z'!2a - 3:i:
6a3:i:- 9a1z2 3atz - 4az~ + z8
8 a2z2 + 14 ax•
8 aizt + 12 axª
G. Divide 4z2 - 28:i:y + 49y2 by 2z - 7y.

4:i:2 - 28zy + 49y2j2z - 7y
4:i:2 - 14zv 2z - 7y
- 14:i:y + 49y2
- 14zy + 49y2
T. Divide4aª+4a2 -29a+21 by2a-3.

4aª+ 4a2 -29a+21!2a -3
4 aª - 6 a2 2 a2 + ó a - T
+ 10a2 - 29a
+ 10a2 - lóa
- 14a + 21
- 14a + 21
8. Divide 6aª-13a2b + 4ab2 + 3b8 by 2a -8b.

Oaª - l8a2b + 4ab2+ 3bª!2a - 3b
6a• - 9a2b 3at - 2ab- b2
4 atb + 4 ab2
4a2b + 6ab2
- 2ab2 + 3b8
- 2ab2 + 3b8
9. Divide 6 z' - 13 azl -13alz + 13atzt - 5a' by 2 z 2 - 3 az - a 1 •
6z' -13azl + 13a'-z' -18alz- 5a'i2zt - Saz - a1
6z' - 9azl - 3aSz2 3z' - 2az + 5a'
4azl + 16atz• -13alz
4 azl + 6 atz'+ 2 a8z
+ lOcSz' - 15a8z - 5at
+ 10a•z1 -15alz- 5a'
10. Divide 45:i:' + 35z' - 4 + 18zl + 4z by 9zl + 7z - 2. \-,,,

45:i:' + 18zl + 35:z:2 + 4z -4!9zl + 7z-2'
45:i:' + 35z:I - lOz 5z + 2
+ 18zl + Hz - 4
+18zl +i4z-4
11. Divide 6 z' + 13 z1I' - z1v + 4 rt + 2z'fl' by 2z1 - Sz11 + 4 11'.

6z' - z3y + 2z2y2 + 13zy8 + 41/412:i:' - 3zy + 4112
6z' - 9z1y + 12zly2 3z1 + 4z11 + 11-J
+ 8:i:'v - lOztyt + 13zy8.
+ 8z3y - 12zly' + l6z11ª
+ 2zly2 - 3zyl + 41/4
+ 2 ztyt - 3zy8 + 4 yt
11. Divide 2z' + zty - 3zvª -13z'fl' + yt by zt - 2:t11-yt.
2z' + z*y -13ztyt - szya + 1/4iz2 - 2zy -11'
2z' - 4z'y - 2ztyt 2z2 + 6:i:11 -11-J
+ 5zlv - 11 zty1 - 3z118
+ 5 z1v - 10 ztyt - 5zyl
ztyt + 2 z11• + 114
z2y2 + 2z11' + r
11. Divide 15z6 - Szyt + 4zayt + lO:i:'11 + 6zly3 by 6zª + Szyt.
t5z6 + 10:i:'y + 4zll/2 + 6zly8 - 3zyt 15zª + 3z11'
15z6 + 9zlv2 Sz2 + 2z11 - ~
+ 10:i:'y - 6z8~ + 6z'y8
+10:i:'y +6ztya
- 5z&v' _ szy4
- 5zll/2 - Szyt
H. Divide 21a4 - l6aªb- óab8 + 16a'bl + 211' by Sat - ab + bt.

2la4 -16aªb + l6a'bl- óab8 + 2b'j3a' - ab + b2
2lat- 7a•b+ 1a'bl 7a2-3ab+2b2
9a8b + 9a2bl - óab8
9a8b + 3a2bl - 3ab8
+ 6a2b2 - 2ab8 + 211'
+ 6a2b2 - 2ab8 + 211'
16. Divide -73z2-2ó + 66zt+9óz- 69:i:8 by - llz+7z8-Szt+ó.

66:i:t - 69:i:ª - 73:i:t + 96:i: - 21i!hª - 3z2 -11:i: + ó
66:i:t - 24:i:ª - 88:i:' + 40:i: 8:i: - ó
- 36:i:ª + lózt + 66:i: - 26
- 3óz8 + 16z2 + ÓÓ X - 26
18. Divide 7 atb1 - 19 a2if> + a7 - ll a6b2 + 13 aªb' - b7 + 8 ab6

. by b8 - 2 ab2 + a8•
a7 - l)cz6f>t + 7 atb3 + 13 aªb' -19 a2b5' + 8 ab6 - b7 !aL 2 ab2 + b8
a7-2a6bt+ a•b8 a4-1a'bl+6ab8-b'
- 7 a6f>t + 6 a4b8 + 13 a 8b4 -19 a2if>
- 7 a6bl + 14 aªb4 - 7 a2b6
+ 6a4b8 - aªbt -12 a2b6 + 8 ab6
+6a4b3 - 12 a2b5 + 6 ab6
aªb' + 2 ab6 - bT
a 8b4 + 2 ab1 - b7
17. Divide 4:i:fiy- 4z8y8 + 4:i:2t,' - zy6 by 2z1 - 2:i:y + 1/2.
4z6y - 4:i:By8 + 4 zly4 -zy6!2z2 - 2:i:y + y2
4 z6y - 4 zty2 + 2 z8yª 2 z8y_+ 2 z2yi - zy3
+ _4 z 4y2 - 6 zªyª + 4 z2y4
+ 4 zty1 - 4 z8y8 + 2 z2t,'
- 2:i:By8 + 2z2t,' - zy6
- 2 zªy8 + 2 z 2y4 - zy6
18. Divide 4:i:t - z2y2 + 6zy8 - 9y4 by 2z2 - xy + 81/2.

. 4:i:t ~ z2'1/2 + 6xy• - 9y4!2x' - xy + 81/2
4:i:t - 2xªy + 6z2y2 2zt + xy - 3¡,2
+ 2z8y - 7x2y2 + 6xy•
+ 2x8y - z2y2 + 3 xy8
- 6z2y2 + 3zy8 - lly4
- 6z2y2 + 3zy8 - 911'
19. Divide~ - 5:1:4 + 3z8 + 6:i:' - 7:i: + 2 by z8- 3:i:' + 3:i: -1.
z8 -5:i:4+3z8+6:i:'-h+2lz8_:3z2 +h-1
z8-3z6+3z4- zB z8+3z2+ Z-2
+ 3:i:6- 8:1:4 + 4:i:ª + 6zll
+ 3:i:6 - 9:1:4 + 9:i:ª - 3:i:'
+ :i:4-5:i:ª+9:i:'-7:i:
+ :i:4-3:i:ª+3:i:'- :i: ¡
- 2z8 + 6:i:2 - 6:i: + 2
-2z8 + 6:i:'-6z+ 2
90. Divide a' - b' by aª + a'b + abS + bl.

a4 - b'!aª +atb + aJfl + b8
a4+a:lb+a'b2+abl a -b
- a 8b - atb' - ab8 - b'
- a•b - a'b' - abl - b'
11 . Divide 3:i:6 + 4z8yt + 4:i:91/8 + :1:71' + 4116 by z8 + :i:'Jy + :i:yt + ya.

3:i:6 + 4:i:1y2+h2yª+:i:11'+4116lz8 + z2y + zyt + 11ª
3 z6 + 3 :i:4y + 3 z8y2 + 3:i:'118 . 3:i:2 - 3 :l:1/ + 4 yt
- 3 z471 + :i:By2 + :i:'118 + :i:71'
- 3 :i:4y - 8 z8y2 - 3:i:'118 - 3 z1I'
+ 4:i:1y2 + 4:i:211' + 4:i:11' + 4116
+ hayt + h"v' + 4 :i:71' + 4 116
11. Divide a6 - 5 alb' - 5 a268 + 11> by at - 3 ab + b'.

a6 - 5a8b2 - 5a268 + 11>¡a2 - 3ab + b2
a6-3a'b+ a8b2 a•+8a2b+8oot+b~
+ 8atb - 6a•b2 - 5a268
+ 8a4b - 9a•b2 + 8a'b8
+ 3 a8b2 - 8 a2b8
+ 8aªb2 - 9a'b8 +"8ab'
+ a2b8 - 3 ab' + 11>
+ a,2b8 - 8ab' + 11>
00
e:,
18. Divide a4 + 4 ab8 - 4 abe + 3 bf + 2 bic - c2 by a2 - 2 ab + 3 bi - c.
a4 + 4 ab8 - 4 abe + 3 bf + 2 b2c - c2 ¡a2 - 2 ab + 3112 - e
a'-2a8b+3a2b2-a2c a2+2ab+ bi+c
+ 2aªb- 3a2b2 + a2c + 4ab8- 4abc
+ 2aªb- 4a2~ + 6abª - 2abc
+ a2bi + a2c - 2ab3 - 2abc + 3bf + 2112c t>j
+ .a2bi - 2abª +3b4 - bic ~
¡¡¡::
+ a2c - 2abc + 3112c - e' t>j
+a2c -2abc +3b2c-c2 z
~
>
~
-<
>
H. Divide 4 z' - 6 z2112 - 8 z 1 + yt - 4112 + 4 by 2 z 2 - 3 zy + 112
4:t' - 6z2y2 - 8z2
- 2.
.+ Y' - 4112 + 412:1:2 - 3 xy + y2 - 2
s
t>j
t:=
4:t' - 6z8y + 2z2y2 - 4 :¡:2 2z2 + 3zy + y2 - 2 ~
+ 6z8y- 7z2y2 - 4z2 >
+ 6z8y - 9z2y2 + 3zy3 - 6zy
+·2x2y2 - 3zyª - 4z2 + 6xy + tr - 4111
+ 2z2y2 - 3zyª + yt - 2112
- 4 z2 + 6 xy +4
- 21(2
-4z2+<lzy -2y2+4
16. Divide a - 4 a 8 + 12 a4 - o a6 by 1 + 2 a - 3 a2.
a -4aª+l2a4-9a6!1+2a -3al
a + 2 a2 - 8 aª a - 2 a2 + 3 aª
- 2 a2 - aª + 12 a4
-2a2-4a8 + 6a'
+8a8 + 6a'-9a6
+8a8 + 6a'-9a6
~
~
=
t,:j
¡;i:,
C'/2
28. Divide am+s - am+a+ 87am+6 _ 55am+6 + 50am+7 by al -8aª + 10a'.
am+2 - a111+8 + 37 am+5 - 55am+6 + 50 a••+7!a2 - 8a8 + 10a'
....~
....~
am+2 _ 3 am+s + lOam+t am + 2am+l _ 4am+2 + 6am+8 e
+ 2 am+a - lOam+t + 87 a••+5 z
+ 2am+s - 6am+t + 20am+s
4 am+t + 17 a"•+5 - 55 am+6
4 a 111 +' + 12 a••+5 - 40 am+6
+ 6am+5 - 16am+6 + 50am+7
+ 5am+5 - 16am+6 + 60am+7
....
00
00
~
9'1. Divide 6(1:<+8 - 6 d:r+I - 6 d:r+ 1 + 19(1:< - 21 dz-1 + 4 dz-1 by 2 d8 + d2 - 4 d.

6d•a:+3 _ 6dz+2 - 6dz+I + 19dx- 21d:10-l + 4d"'-'i.:l2:..:d8c:..__+:....;.;.d'_-___:4:..:dc:..___ _ _ __
6d'<+8 + Sdº' -12d:r+I Sd"- 4(1:<-I + 6d"'-• -ci,,-a
- Sdx+I + 6dz+I + 19d"'
- Sdz+I - 4d>=+I + 16d"' l":I
+ l0d2:+I + 8dX - 2ldX-I t"'
l":I
+lOdz+l+ 6d'<-20dx-1 Is::
2dX- dx-1 + 4dZ-I l":I
2d'<- d.r-1 + 4dx-l z
--3
>
~
>
t"'
:>~
H. Divide 4az+l - 30a.r + 19az-l + 6az-2 + 9az-4 by az-8 - 7 az-4 + 2az-5 - Saz-8.
4a.r+ 1 - 30ax + rnax-1 + 6as-l + 9as-•¡ax- 8 - 7 a.r-4 + 2as-5 - Sa"'-11
4ax+I - 28a.r + 8ax-l _ 12ax-2 4a4 - 2aª - 3a1
2 ax + 11 a"' - 1 + 17 ax-1
2a"' + Hax-1 _ 4a.r-l + 6ax-s
sax-1 + 21 ax-1 _ 6ax-8 + 9ax-4
- Sax-1 + 21 a:11-t - 6ax-8 + 9ax-4
¡
19. Divide 6zt"-11+t + zn1-11+l - 22:i:"'-" + 19z.. -11- I - 4:¡;m-11-2 by sz&-11 - 4:¡;t-11 + zl-11,
6z•-11+t + z"'- 11+1 _ 22z111-11 + ¡9:¡;111-11-1 _ 4z,a-11-1¡sz&-• _ 4zs-11 + zl-11
6z"'-•+ll -8z"'-11+1 + 2zm-11 2z"'-1 + 3:¡;111-2 -4z•-•
+ 9zm-11+1 _ 24zni-11 + 19:¡;111-n-1
+ 9z"'-=--"+ 1 _ 12zn1-11 + 3zm- 11-1
- 12z111-11 + ltlzm-n-1 _ 4:¡;m-11-t
- }2:¡;111-11 + }6:¡;111-11-I - 4:¡;111-11-ll ~
~
=
t.,,l
~
t.,,l
30. Divide 6or+11+2 + or+r+I - 9or+11 + llor+r-1 - 6or+r-2 + or+r - 8 by 2bf+t + 3bf+l - "'·
6/>T+11+I + !>r+r+l _ 9or+r + ll!>r+r-1 - 6or+r-2 + !>r+J-8j2bJr+ll + 3b11+l - br ~
6or+11+2 + 9or+r+l - 3or+r 31>r-4!>r-l + 3b>;-• - or-• sz
-8or+r+l - 6or+11 + llor+r-1
- 8or+,+l _ 12or+r + 4or+11-l
+ 6or+r+ 7/>T+r-1-6/)r+r-2
+ 6or+11 + 9or+r-l -3or+r-t
21>r+r-l - 3or+r-ll + or+v-3
21>r+r-1 - 8or+r-t + l,:r+r-a
00
~
~
81. Divide a,.+ 11 fl't - 4 a"'+ 11 -ll,t• - 27 a.a+ 11 -2ba.. + 42 a"'+•-ftbh by a•b" - 7 a•-1,bt•.
am+11l¡II _ 4 am+11-:-lbh _ 27 a"'+•-2bh + 42 a111+11-at,411¡a11flit _ 7 a•-ll,t•

a111+11l)II - 7 am+•-lbh ª"' + Sa•-ll,it - 6a•-2bh
+ sa111+11-lbh _ 27 an1+11-ib3•
~
+ Sam+•-lbh - 21 am+•-2bh
-'- 6am+11-tbh+42a•+11-a11411 ~
- 6am+•-•b8•+42a•o+11-at,411 is::
~
1-3
>
~
89. Divide zh - Szhyn + Sz11 yh - 1/8" by Z" -11", s>
~
:i:3 11 -3zh1,"' + 3z11 yh -118"1-z.,...•_-~11-"_ _ _.,... t:1:1
~
:i:3 11 - zhtl" zh - 2Z"11" + yh · >
- 2.:thtl" + Sz•yt..
-2zh1,"' + 2z•y211
+ Z" 11"' - ya 11
+ z•yh -Y'"
TEAOHERS' EDITION 85
~~
....
++
~t:t.~
,._1 ,._1 1 1
++
ll
o:, o:,
1 1
ii
o:, o:,
++
Ezerclee 26. Page 72
1. Divide 2 a4 - 3 allb + 6 a'IP - ab8 + 6 bt by a2 - 2 ab + 3 bS.

2 - S + 6 -1 + 6!1 - 2 + 3
2-4+6 2+1+2
+l+0-1
+1-2+3
+2-4+6
+2-4+6
Hence, the quotient ill 2 a2 + ab + 2 IP.
B. Divide 2z' + 3z3y + z2y2 - 4zy8 - 21/4 by z2 + 2:i:y + 2112.

2 + 3 + 1 - 4 - 2¡1 + 2 + 2
2+4+4 2-1-1
-1-3-4
-1-2-2
-1-2-2
-1-2-2
Hence, the quotient ill 2 z" - zy - y2.
3. Divide a6 - 2 a•b - aªb" + 6 a2b8 - 4 abt + u, by a• - 2 ab" + bl.

1-2-1+6-4+1!1+0-2+1
l+0-2+1 1-2+1
-2+1+4-4
-2+0+4-2
+1+0-2+1
+1+0-2+1
l!ence, the quotient Is a2 - 2 ab + b2.
4. Divide e'>+ 2 c'd - ócªd2 + 16 c2rJ.8 - 6cd• + Od6 by di - 2cd + 3d2.
1 + 2 - 6 + 16 - 6 + 011 - 2 + 3
1-2+3 1+4+0+3
+ 4 - 8 + 16
+ 4 - 8 + 12
+ 3 - 6+9
+ 3-6+9
Hence, the quotient is c8 + 4 c2d + 3 d3.
6. Divide 9:i:6+ 6zlv'-4:t9y'-SZJ14-2116 by 3:i:6+2z"v+4zy2+2y8•

o+o+ 6- 4-8-2!3+2+4+2
9 + 6 + 12 + 6 3- 2- 1
- 6 - 7 -10- 8
- 6 - 4- 8-4
- 3- 2-4-2
· - 3- 2-4-2
Hence, the quotient is 3 zt - 2 zy - y'.
6. Divide 2a8-6a'+6at-6aª+6a'-4a+ 1 by a'-aª+a'-a+l.

2-6+6-6+6-4+1jl-l+l-1+1
2-2+2-2+2 2-3+1
-3+4-4+4-4
-3+3-3+3-3
+t-1+1-1+1
+t-1+1-1+1
Hence, the quotient is 2 a2 - 3 a + 1.
7. Divide zT - 2:i:6 + :i:6 + 2:i:6 - 3z2 + I by :i:6 + 2z + l.

1- 2 + 1 +O+ 2 - 3 +O+ l jl +O+ O+ O+ 2 + 1
1+0+0+0+2+1 1-2+1
-2+1+0+0-4+0
-2+0+0+0-4-2
+1+0+0+0+2+1
+1+0+0+0+2+1
Hence, the quotient is zt - 2z + l.
8. Divide 1 + 2 b - 2 b2 - 3 b8 - b' - 4 bi - bT by 1 - 2 b2 - b'.

1 + 2 - 2 - 8 - 1 - 4 + O - 1 jl + O - 2 + O -1
1+0-2+0-1 1+2+0+1
+2+0-8+0-4
+2+0-4+0-2
+1+0-2+0-1
+1+0-2+0-1
Bence, the quotlent ia 1 + 2 b + b8.
9. Divide zt,r - 4 zty'z2 + 12 zyzl - 9 z4 by z'1¡2 - 2 zyz + 3 z2,

1 + O- 4 + 12 - 9jl - 2 + 3
' 1-2+3
+ 2- 7+
+2-4+
-3+
-3+
12
6
6-9
6-9
1+2-3
Hence, the quotient is z'1¡2 + 2 zyz - 8 z2.
10. Divide 6a6 - 17 a•b + 14 a2b3 + Sabt + 4 b6 by 3aª - 4 a2b - bl.

6-17+ 0+14+3+4!3-4+0-1
6- 8+ O- 2 2-3-4
9+ 0+16+3
9 + 12 + O+ 3
-12 + 16 +O+ 4
-12 + 16 +O+ 4
Hence, the quotient is 2 a2 - 3 ab - 4 b2,
11. Divide 26zªy3 + z6 + 611' - I7zy6 - 6z6y - 2zty2 - z2yf

by z2 - 3y2 - 2zy.
1 - 6 - 2 + 26 - 1 -17 + 6!1 - 2 - a
1-2-3 1-3-6+7-2
-3+1+26
-3+6+ 9
-6+17- 1
-6 + 10 + 16
+ 7-16-17
+ 7 -14 -21
- 2+ 4+6
- 2+ 4+6
Hence, the quotient is zt - Sz8y - 6z'1¡2 + 7zy3 - 2yf.
11. Divide 48:i?yl + 26:i:yt -17~ + 8z' - 22:i:'y- 8,6

by 2z2-4¡,,2 - 3:i:v.
8 -22 -17 + 48 + 26 - 812 __: 3 - 4

8 - 12 - 16 4 - 6 - 8 +2
-10- 1 + 48
-10+16 + 20
-16 + 28 + 26
-16 + 24 + 32
+ 4- 6-8
+ 4- 6-8
Hence, the quotlent is 4zl - 6z2¡,, - 8~ + 2¡,,I.
11. Divide 8 abl - 8 atb + 24 a'bl + a6lP + 14 1181,4 + 12 atbl + 6 aT

by 7 a'b + 2 ~ + 6 ªª·
8 + 24 + 14 + 12 + 1 - 8 + ój2 + 7 + ó
8+28+20 4-2+4-8+1
4- 6 + 12
4 -14 -10
+ 8+22+ 1
+ 8+28 +20
- 6-19- 8
6 - 21 -16
+ 2+ 7+6
+ 2+ 7+6
Hence, the quotlent is 4 b4 - 2 ab8 + 4 alb2 - 8 a'b + at.
14. Divide 2z8 + 6z7¡,, + 3 :z:6¡,,I - 3:i:t¡,,' - ó:r8¡,,' - 2 z2¡,,I - 2z¡,,7 + 4 ¡,,1
by 2z6 - z'v + Sz8g2 - 2z2v' + z¡,,' - 2v6.
2 + ó +O+ 8 - 8- ó -2- 2 + 412 - 1 + 3 -2 + 1- 2

2-1+8-2+1-2 1+8+0-2
+6-3+6-4-8-2
+6-3+9-6+8-6
-4+2-6+4-2+4
-4+2-6+4-2+4
Henoe, the quotlent is z8 + 3 z2v - 2 ¡,ª.
16. Divide 6a•+e - 20a"H + 26a"+'-19a•+•+ I0a"+1_4a11+1 + a"

by 3 at - 7 a•+ 4 a2 - 2 a+ 1.
6 - 20 + 26 - 19 + 10 - 4 + l !3 - 7 + 4 - 2 + 1
6-14+ 8- 4+ 2 2-2+1
- 6 + 17 -16 + 8 -4
- 6+14- s+ 4-2
+ 3- 7+ 4-2+1
+ 3- 7+ 4-2+1
Hence, the quotient is 2 a•+ 1 - 2 a•+ 1 + a".
18. Divide 6z"'+s + 11 pH71 - 21z 111 +ay2 - 6:i:-+sya + lOz-+1714
- zio- ly& by 3 Z"' - 2 Z"' -1 y - znt-tyt.
6 + 11 - 21 - 6 + 10 + O - 1 ¡3 - 2 - 1
6- 4- 2 2+6-S-2+1
+ 16-19- 6
+ 16-10- 6
- 9 +O+ 10
- 9+6+ 3
-6+ 7+0
-6+ 4+2
+ 3-2-1
+ 3-2-1
Hence, the quotient is 2z6 + 6:i:ty - 3z8y2 - 2z2y' + zyt.

l. AddJzs + jzy + /r;yt; fz2 + ¡zy.:... h2; .iz2-¡zy- !1/9.
¡zs + jzy + 1r;112
lz2 + ¡zy - !112
1z2 - ¡zy - hs
Jz2 + nZY - !112
l. Add f a2 -iab+J 1>2; /,as+ i 11 ab- lb2 ; -/ra2 - !ab-Hb2;
uas + ñ,ab + tb2.
fa2 - Jab+ fb2
¡,a2 + i'iiab- }1>2
- ,¡\a' - !ab- H1>2
uas+i1;ab+ tb2
i2afl+ iab+Hbl
a. From lz - .Y. a + ! b - h' take - !ti - t b + ! a + ;.¡ z.
i:t-.Y.a+ !b-!11
.i¡.:i:+ ¡a- Jb~!11
- tz- ¡a+Hb+l11
t. From ta - 76....: 8bc + ¡e take fa - 66! + ¡e - 8bc.

i a - 76 - 3 be + l e
~
\a-66!-8bc+¡c
¡a-19! +le
6. From ¡ae + !a' - f a4'-V-aª + 1./a' - ta+ l take ¡ae - f a6 -va•+ yae- Ja2 -f¡a -/.¡. =
t.,,:,
fa 4 + ¡a6 - fa'-.Y.a 8 +\ta2 - ta+ l

gJ
ta& - f a6 -Va'+ J/a8 - ta2 -f¡a --h
- i;.ae + 7./a& -!,za• - \ta•+ 6a' - ,}¡a+ t s
8. Multiply 24:i:6 - 36:i:'y -16:tlly' + 20z2ya -16:tyf + +116 by i:tª + 8:i:21/ + 7:i:yt -11116, ~
24 :i:6 - 86 :i:'1/ - 16 :i:Byl + 20 :t2y8 - 16 :i:y' + i 116
izl+ 8:i:2y+7zy2-11118
6:i:8 - 9z7y - 4 zly2 + óz6y8 - 4 z'tl' + tzly6
+ 1"2 :i:771 - 288 :i:871' - 128 z6y8 + 160 z'1" - 128 zly6 + 4 zly'
+ 168:i:llyl - 262:i:67,'ª - 112:i:'11' + 140:i:8y6 - 112:i:21/6 + 3+zy7
- 264:i:6118 + 396:i:'11' + 176:i:87/6- 220zly6 + 176:1:717 - 6+118
6:tij + H!~z7y - 124z6yt - 639:t6y8 + 440:t't/' + 188+z1116 - 328:i:21/6 + 179+:i:717 - 6+118 ....ce
T. Multiply l a8 + ! aSz - i azl + l z8 by ! a1 - haz - h zt.

la8+ faSz- taz'+lzB
la'-haz -hz'
la'+ /tJ<*- / 1 alz'+ taSzB
- 1\a•z - j!aszt + J¡aSzB - nazf
- ,\alz2 - Uatz• + T\azf -/rz'
l. Multiply l - lzB - ¡z + !zl by l + ¡z + lzl.

t-1z+!z1 -tz8
i + tz + lzll
n-nz+ ,\z2- -¡\zB
+nz-n;z2+ ,hzB-nz'
+ 1z2 - -¡\zB + rtJzf - lz'
9. Divide f a1 - H&atd + VaifJ- f 1 dl by ta - td.

f a8 - t*!atd + ljad'1 - /Jdª!ta - id
fa•- Hatd ja'-!ad+idl
- !tJ a'd + Y. aifJ
- lo- a'd + aifJ
10. Divide .z6 - f&z' + HzB + i - J./fz - ¡zs by z1 - lz + ó.

z'-Uzt+UzB-¡zt-V/z+t!z'-lz +6
z6- lzf+ óz8 z8-!z2-2z+l
- ¡zt-Hzª-¡zt
- !z'+r'IJz8-3zl
- 2z8 + fzl - v.;.z
- 2z• + ¡zs - lOz
+lz1 - J\z+J
+!zll- nz+t
11. Divide ¡a•+ Ua'b - Ha'bl - H alb8 + to ab' - 8b6 by f a9 - l ab - 4 bt.
!al+ Ha'b-Ha'bl- Ha'b' + roab'-Sb5!faLJab-4b2
¡a•- }a'b- 2alb9 ¡a•+¡a'b-labt+fb'
+ ta•b- Ua8b9- Ha"b'
*
+ a'b - Ó' a6b9 - fa2/)B
- l a•bf +-r a21,8 + ñ ab'
- l aªb" + -h a"b' + ab' 1-3
+ ¡atb'-fuab'- 3116 ll<:
+ i alb8 - fuab' - 8b6 >
r.
=
ll<:
~
11. Divide H a7 + h a6b - U a6b" + 1U a'b3 + i alb' - is a2b6 - l abO by t a 8 + f a'b - i abt. t,,,j
H a7 + h a6b - H a6b" + f U a'b' + t alb' - ..¡, a2b6 - t abO Ii a• + i a2b - l ab" ....1-'t::,3
H a7 + t a6b - 2 a61,2 fa• - t a8b - ¡ a'bi + l abO + f b'
- t a6b - U a6b2 + H! atb8 o
z
- fa6b- ¡a•bl + ta'b'
- -h a6b" + -h a'b' + l a•b'
- -h albl -:___f a'bl + a•b'
+ t a'b8 .q alb' - ..¡, a2b6
+ t a'b' + i aªb' - t at/¡6
+ l a'b' + i a'b' :..:falje
+ l a•b' + l a'b6 - i abO (C
CCI
t azt + l z8 by l at - /r az - Ir z1•
T. Multiply la• + f atz -
lal+ fatz- taz1 +iz1
¡as -haz - /rz'
1a' + /, a"z - / 1 alz1 + t aSzl
- -.\atz - f!alzt + UaSzll -ñazf
- 1ra&z1 - Uatz• + irazf - /,¡-z6
1116 * - tu
+ -llrs alz2 +tu aSzl + n
azt - h z6
l . Multiply l - lzl - lz + !z9 by l + ¡z + lz'.

l-lz+!zl-lzl
t+lz+lzl
n - -j¡Z + 1\JZ2 - nzl
+ "flZ - -j¡zl + nzl - -hz'
+ 1z1 - -hzl + rirz' - lz6
9. Divide fa• - t*!a2d + 1/ ad.2 - /1 di by ta - td.

f a8 - H!a2d + 1/arll -hdljia - td
faª- Ha2d ja1 -!ad+tdl
- !ir a2d + 1.¡ atJ:J
- h a2d + ad.2
10. Divide .zl - ffz' + f!zª + t - .y¡z - JzS by zt - lz + 6.

z6-f!z'+f!zl-Jz2 -Wz+tjz1 -iz +6
z6- lz'+ 6zl z8-!z'-2z+t
- Jz'-Hzª-Jzl
- jz'+nzl-Szt
- 2z8+fz1 -Wz
- 2z•+tzt- lOz
+ tz2 - nz+J
+}z1 - -hz+t
1 T. Divide 0.2 me - 0.46 m&n + 0.82 m•n2 - O.OS mªn' - 2m2nt + 0.2 mn& + 1.12 ne
by O.óm• - 0.4m8n + 1.2mtn2 + 0.8mn8 -1.4n•.
0.2 mª -0.46 m&n + 0.82 m•ns-o.os m8n'- 2 mlln' + 0.2 mn& + 1.12 nª !O.ó m• -0.4 m8n+ 1.2 msns+o.8 mn'-1.4 n•
0.2 me -0.16 m&n + 0.48 m•ns+o.32 m8nª - 0.66 m2n' 0.4 m2-0.6 mn-0.8 ns
-0.3 m6n - 0.16 m•n2 -0.4 m8nª -1.44 m2nt + 0.2 mn6
-0.8 m6n + 0.24 m•ns-o. 72 m'nª-0.48 msn• + 0.84 mn6
-0.4 m•ns +0.32 m8nª -0.96 m2n• -0.64 mn6 + 1.12 ne ~
-0.4 m•n2 +0.32 m8nª -0.96 min•-0.64 mn6 + 1.12 nª :i,.
e
r:c:
t.,,,J
~
"2
18. Divide !:i:6 + m* + fffa2:t 1 - .¡.azt - talz2 + ia6 by iaz - jz2 + ¡as. ~
....
....,
ta6 + ../A* - jalzS + fHa2:t1 -.¡.azt + ~z6!fa1 + Jaz - Jz9
....
e
ta6+ fia'z- talzs taª-J<*+iaz2-tz• z
a
a•:c - t a1zs + U! a2:t1
t a'z - -?,z alz2 + a2zl
+
-t alz2 -- ff!aizli - t az'
+ ! alz2 + /'f a2xª - J az'
T\· a2:¡:3 - ; az' + ! z6
/"!a2z1 - }az' + \z6
ce
01
96 ELEMENTARí ALGEBRA
Ezercúe 28. Page 76
Write the product of:

l. (z+a)'=z2+2az+as. 4. (2z-a)2=4z'-4az+a'.
2. (71- b) 2 = 712 - 2by + b2. 6. (2a-6b)2=4aL20ab+25b2.
a. (1+2z2)2=1+4z2+4z4. 6. (4z-3)•=16z'-24z+9.
T. (3 + 2d)' = 9 + 12d + 4d2.
+
l. (3z 671)2 = 9z2 + 30zg + 26712.
9. (-2m + 3n)2 = 4m2 -12mn + 9n'.
10. (2 + 4 m•)2 = 4 + 16m• + 16 ms.
11. (2a - 6a2y1 = 4a2 - 20aª + 26af.
12. (z + a) (z - a) = z2 - as.
18. (1 + z) (1 - z) = 1 - z2.
u: (3 - 71) (3 + 71) = 9 - 712.
16 . (3z-2y)(3z+271)=9z2 -4y2.
16. (3ab + l)(!lab-1) = 9a'lb'J,-1.
11. (óz2 - 3y•) (óz2 + 371ª) = 25:z:4 - 97/8.
11. (a2+3z)(a2-3z)=a•-9z2,.
19. (6 - bz3) (bz8 + 6) = 26 - lflz6.
20. (6m+7n•)(7n•-6m)=49nB-36m•.
21. (8 - ab2) (ab2 + 8) = 64 - a~.
H. (a•z + az4) (az• - a•z) = a2zs - asz2.
23. (3ab2 - 4a2b)(3ab2 + 4a2b) = 9a~ -16atb2.
H. (2zly + 6zy2)(2z2y - 5zy2) = 4z•y2 - 26~.
Write the product of:

l. (z +y+ z) (z - y - z) = z 2 - 712 - 2yz - zt.
2. (z - y + z) (z - y - z) = z2 - 2 zy + y2 - z2.
3. (z2 + zy + 712)(z2 - zy + 712)= z4 + 2z2y2 + 7/4-z2y2 = z4+zY +7/4.
4. (a2 + 2ab + b2)(a2-2ab+b2)=a•+2a2b2+~-4a2b2=a•-2a2lfl+bt
=
6. (a2 + a - 1) (a2 - a + 1) a• - as+ 2 a - l.
6. (2 z - y - 3 z) (2 z - y + 3 z) = 4 :i:2 - 4 zy + y2 - 9 zl,
T. (z - 2 71 + 3 z) (z + 2 71 + 3 z) = :i:2 + 6 xz + 9 z2 - 4 712.
l . (be + ac + ab) (be - ac - ab) = b2c2 - a2c2 - 2 a2bc - a2b2.
9. (az2 + bx + e) (ax2 - bz - e)= a~• - 112x2 - 2 bcz - c2.
TJ:;ACHERS' EDITION 97
10. (aª + 3 a' - 4 a) (aª - 3 a2 + 4 a) = a6 - 9 a• + 24 a• - 16 a2.
11. (3z2 - 2zy + y2) (3z2 + 2zy - 'V2) = Oz• - 4:z:2y2 + 4:z:yª -Y',
11. (z' + 2az + 3b) (z2 - 2az - 8b) = z' - 4a2:z:2 -12abz - llb2.
18. (z' + 6 z - 7) (z2 - 6 :z: + 7) = z' - 86 z 1 + 84 z - 40.
H. (a8b - 2 a2b2 - 2 ab8) (aªb + 2 a2b2 - 2 ab8)
= a'b2 - 4 a'b' + 4 atlf> - 4 a•b' = a6b2 - 8 a'b' + 4 a2lf>.

Perform the operations indicated :
1. (3 a - 4 b)2 =Oa2 - 24 ab + 16 b2.
B. (z - y + z)2 = z2 + y2 + z2 - 2 zy + 2 zz - 2 yz.
3. (z '+ y - z)2 = z2 + y 2 + z2 + 2 zy - 2 :z:z - 2 yz.
4. (Y' - 8 yz + 6 z2¡2 = yf + 9 y2z2 + 36 z' - 6 y 8z + 12 yllzt - 36 yz8
=Y'+ 21y2z2 + 36%' - 6y3z - 36,yz8•
=
6. (m' + 2 mn + n2)2 m• + 4 m2n' + n• + 4 m8n + 2 m2n2 + 4 mnª
=m• + 6m2n' + n• + 4m8n + 4mnª.
8. (a2 - 2 ab + b2)2 = a' + 4 a2b2 + b' - 4 a3b + 2 a2b2 - 4 ab8
= a• + 6 a2b2 + b' - 4 a8b - 4 ab8.
T. (z' - 8:z: - 4)2 = z' + O:z:2 + 16- 6:z:ª - 8:z:2 + 24z
= z' + :z:2 + 16 - 6 :z:8 + 24 :z:.
l. (:z:ll -z-1)2 = z' +:z:2 +1-2:z:8- 2:z:2+2z=z' -z2+1-2z•+2:z:.
9. (z' - 8a1 + 2b2)' = z' + oa• + 4b' - 6a2:z:2 + 4b2:z:2 -12a2b2.
=
10. (a' - 5 a + 2)' a• + 25 at + 4 - 10 aª + 4 at - 20 a
=:=a'+ 29a1 + 4 -10a8 - 20a.
11. (aªb- 2 a2b2-2 ab8)2 = a6b2 + 4 a•b' + 4 allb'l-4 a&b8-4 a 4b'+8 aªlf>
=a61Jll + 4 a2lf> - 4 a•b8 + 8 a3b6.
=
lB. (:z:' - 3 az - 2 a2)2 :z:t + Oatx2 + 4 a' - 6 azil - 4 a2x" + 12 aB:z:
= :z:t + 5a2:z:' + 4a• - 6azª + 12a8:z:.
13. (a+ 2b + 8c + d)I
=al + 4 bl + Oel + d2 + 4 nb + 6 ac + 2 ad + 12 be + 4 bd + 6 cd.
14. (a - 2 b + 8 e - d)'
= at + 4 b' + Oe' + d,2 - 4 ab + 6 ac - 2 ad - 12 be + 4 bd - 6 cd.
16. (1 + z + 2zl + 3zª)2

= 1 + z2 + 4z4 + 9zl + 2z + 4z' + 6z3 + 4zl + 6.z' + 12:i:'
= 1 + 6z2 + 10z' + 9zl + 2z + 10z3 + 12:i:6.
18. (1- z - izl - 3z8)2

= 1 + zt+ 4z4 +9zl-2z -4z2 -6z~ + 4zl +6z4 + 12:i:6
= 1- 3z2 + 10:t:4 + 9zl - 2z - 2zl + 12z6.
17. (2 - as + 3 aª - cP)'
= 4 +a'+ 9aG + d' -4a2 +12a• - .4 dl-6a6 + 2a2<P- 6a2dl.
11. (!z'-211+tt,2+2zª)'
= lz4+4112 +tlf'+4a:&-2zlly+fzlly2 +2z2z1 -!tr-811z8 +i112zl.
Ezercl.ae 31. Page 80
Write by inspection the product of :

l. (z + 1) (z + 2) = z 2 + 3z +2. 3. (a -7) (a+4)= at-3a-28.
l. (c-3)(c-2)=ct-6c+6. 4. (z-ll)(z+6)=z2 -6z-66.
li. (a - 6) (a -11) = a' -17 a+ 66.
6. (z - 811) (z + 711) = z 1 + 4z11 - 21 yt.
T. (a+ 6b) (a - 8b) = a2 - 8ab- 401>2.
l. (c-8d)(c+2d)=c2-cd-6d2.
9. (:I? - a 3) (z2 + 3aª) = z4 + 2allzt - 8a6•
10. (a+l)(a+4)=a'+5a+4.
=
11. (c-8d)(c + d) c'-2cd-3d2.
=
12. (a'+ 21>2) (a2 - 7 b2) a' - 6 a'bl - 14 b'.
=
18. (z4 - 2) (z4 + 5) x8 + 3z4 -10.
H . (z2 + 8 yz) (z2 - 2 yz) = z4 + zllyz - 6 y2z2.
16. (a2 + 2ab) (a2 + 5ab) =a'+ 1aªb + lOa'bl.
=
18. (z2 + 4 az) (z' - 8 ax) z4 + axª - 12 atx'.
17. (aG - 3b6) (a6 - 5b6) = a12 - 8a6b6 + 16bª.
=
11. (z - 8 y) (z - 7 y) zt - 10 xy + 21 y'.
19. (z' + 2 y') (z2 + 11') = z' + 8ztyt + 2114.
10. (a - 4b) (a - 6b) = a2 - 9ab + 201,2.
=
11. (z + y')(z + 7y2) z'+ Szy' +711'.
12. (ax+ 6 by) (ax - 4 by) = atz2 + alny - 20b'yl.
=
13. (z' + 3 zy) (z2 - 6 zy) z4 - 2 z8y - 16 z2y2.
H. (zy - 7 yz) (zv + 6 yz) = z"',¡2 ~ .i:ylz - 42 ytz•.
TEACHERS' EDlTJON 99
H. {a-(2b+c)}{a-2(2b+c)}=a2-8a(2b+c)+2(2b+c)'
= a' - 6 ab - 8 ac + 8 b2 + 8 be + 2 cs. ·
18. {z + 8 (11 + 2 z)} {z - (11 + 2 z)} = z 2 + 2:i: (11 + 2 z) - 8 (11 + 2 z)'
= z2 + 2zy + 4zz - 3y2 -12yz -12z2.
17. {a+ 4(b + e)} {a - 7 (b +e)}= as - 8a(b + e) - 28(b + c)2
= a' - 8ab - 8ac - 2Sb2 - 66be - 28ct.
Enrclae 32. Page 81

Write by inspection the product of :
1. (3a -4b)(a - b) = Sa2-7ab + 4b2.
l . (4 b - 6 e) (8 b + 2 e) = 12 bl - 7 be - 10c'.
l. (4z + 9y) (z - 611) = 4z2 - llzy - 46112.
4. (8a-2b) (2a- b) = 6a2 -7ab + 2bl. .¡
6. (6a + 2b) (Sa - 4b) = 16a2 -14ab - 8b2.
8. (a - 2b)(Sa + 4b) = sa2 -2ab- 8b'. v
7. (aª - 4 a) (Saª - 6a) = Saª - 18 a•+ 24 as.
8. (a+3)(8a+6)=8a2 +14a+15.
=
9. (7 a - 2 b) (8 a - b) 21 a2 - 13 ab + 2 b2.
10. (9a - 4c) (Sa - 4c) = 27 a2 - 48ac + 16c'.
11. (3b + 2c)(c + 2b) = 6b2 + 7be + 2c2.
=
11. (Sz - a) (2z - 3a) 6z2 -11 a:i: + 8a'.
18. (8-9z)(3-6z)=24-76z+64z2.V 1
14. (2:i: + 4 y) (11 - 9 z) = 41/2 - 84 zy - 18 z2.
16. (9z - 271)(4:i:- 371) = 86:i:1 - 36:i:y + 6yt. ,¡...
18. (7 z - 8 a)(2 z - 8 a) = 14 z2 - 87 a:i: + 24 as.i.-
=
17. (Sa + 2b)(6a + 9b) I6a2 + 87 ab + l8b2.
11. (2 a + 6 e) (4 a + e) = 8 a' + 22 ac + 6 e'.
19. (7c - 4d)(8c + 4d) = 66c2-4c<i-16d2.
10. (9z - 3y)(6z - 211) = 45:i:2 - 83:i:y + 6y'.
11. (1 + 2z') (8 - 6z') = 3 + z2 - 10:1:4.
11. (9m8 - 6n) (m8 - n) = 9m' -14m8n + 6n'.
88. (10 - z') (6 + 6z2) = 60 + 44z2 - 6:1:4. 1
14. (7a-2)(8a-9)=66a2 -79a+1S. ¿,
16. (Sz - 2y)(Sz +y)= 9z' - 3:i:y- 2112.
18. (6zl - 21/2) (Sz2 -7712) = 16:i:4 - 41 zly2 + 141/4.
17. (as - 6d) (Sa' + 9d) = 3a• - 6a2<i - 46d2.
18. (4 m' - 1/4) (7 m2 - 81/4) = 28 m• - 39 mlyf + 8 y&.
19. (Sm - a)(2m + 6a) = 6ml + 13am - 6a2.
80. (!a+ tb)(-ka - !b) = ¿a2 - whab - i1fb2.
100 RLE.MENTARY ALGEBRA
Write by inspection the quotient of :
l . z4- 64 :::::z•-s. l. _16--'11_2_-_4_z_' ::::: 411 - 2 z.

zl + 8 411+2z
:i:2-4111 8 64 atb' - 49b2c2::::: 8 b 7 be.
l. ---:::::z+211.
z - 211 · 8ab.-7bc + ª
a. ª 1 - 81 b'::::: cr + 91JS. 'I . 4 b9 - 9 m'n' ::::: 2 b + 8 mn.
a• - 91,S 2b - 3mn
4. a8 - lf> ::::: aª - b8. l. 4 a21JS - 2óc'dl::::: 2 ab- ócd.

a•+ b8 2ab + ócd
9. l6mtn1 - 49a'bl::::: 4mn - 7ab.
4mn+7ab
lo 2óafb2ct - 86:i:2yfze::::: óabc + 6 ......
· ó abe - 6 z11'z' · :ty7,- .

Write by inspection the quotient of :
1 8aª-27b8 :::::4 s 6ab 9b9
· 2a - 8b ª + + ·
l. ª;:: ;r 2 :::::4a1 -6ab+91JS.
a. ª'a - 278b1,'1 --
8 -
a8
+ 8 ª •b + 9f¡Í·
4 Sa• - l 2ób8 - 4
· 2a - ób - ª t + lOab + 2ób9·
6 216 + 12óa9 = 86 - 80 8 2óa8
· 6 + óaª ª + ·
8 843 c8 + 64 di= 49 t - 28cd 16d'l
· 7c + 4d e + ·
1-64c'
'l. - - - = 1 + 4c' + 16c'.
1- 4c'
1 216 mª + 843 n•
· 6m+7n8
=86 mi - 42
mn
• 49
+ "·
6
9 27:i:'y' + 126a'bl = 9 z2t,S-16aba:y + 26a'b'.

. 3zy+6ab
'l,lz' - 126 = btze + 6 bzl + 26.

10. bzl- 6
27116 - 612%9 = 9,' + 24119%' + 64&'.

ll. 3:,¡2-8zl
11 Mza+729116 =16:i?-36zvl+81tl6.
. 4z+9v9
126d"-1331bl = 2ódl + 66bd + 121b2.
18• 6d- llb
H 8a6b'l + 126zly0 = 4 a4bl - lOaibzyl + 26zlt,'.

• 2a'b + 6Z7/8
Ezerctae 35. Page M

Write by inspectio¿ the quotient of:
1. _a'_b'_-_z'-'-11' = alf,S + a'lhy + abz"1/2 + zSv8.

ab-zv
l. _lh;i_+_e6116.c._ = 'f>4zt - lh'q¡ + l>2x2c2tt' - bzc8J¡8 + ctr.
b:I: + CJ/
8 82a6 - 24311> = 16a' + 24alb + 36a'b2 + ó4abl + 81b'.
· 2a - 8b
t z' - 81,' = za- 3z2t, + 9ZJI'- 27t,~.
. z + 3t,
11 16:t'-81tl6 =8za+t2zlt,+18ZJl'+27l/6.
· 2z-3t,
8 za - 729116 =za+ 8:t't, + 9z1yt + 27%2¡¡8 + 8tzvt + 2431/6.

: z - 3t,
.,. ze - 129116 = za _ 3 z'tl + 9 z1y1 _ 21 z2¡¡1 + 81 zr - 243116.
z+ 811
1 626:t' - 81a' = t2óza + 7óazt + 46atz + 27a8•
• ÓZ - 3a
9·
626:t' - 81:t' = 126 za _ 7óazt + 4óatz - 27a•.
óz+3a
102 J<~LEMENTARY ALGEBRA
Ezercllle 36. Page 86

Resolve into factors:
1. z•+z'-6z=z(z'+z-6).
l. a'z' - 8a'z + 6a' = a 1 (z2 - 3z + 6).
8. a'z2 + 8a11 + 4azl = a(azl + 811 + hl).
4. a'lr;z - abey = ac (az - 1111).
6. a 8 - 2a'b - a'= a'(a - 2b-1).
=
8. 2aJ:r.r.11- 3aczz az(2bJ, - 3cz).
7. 6a8z - a'z2 - Da•= a'(6az -z2 - 9a2).
=
l. :i:21/z + z11'z + zyz' zyz (z + 11 + z).
=
9. ab2 + abe - a'b ab (b + e - a).
=
10. ble~ - bc<Pz bcz (bcz - d').
=
11. ab~ + 2az• + 6acz az(bz8 + 2z2 + 6c).
11. acz' - be'z + ble= e (az' - bez + bl).
18. 3z8y2 + 4:i:21/8 + 6zr = zy'(3z2 + 4zy + 6y').
=
14. 2z6y2 + 4~y8 + 6z8r 2z8y'(z' + 2zy + 3y2).
=
16 . a4be + aªb'c' + 2 a'bªc8 a'be (a' + abe + 2 b2c2),
18. 8 z8y'z' + 4 z21/'z8 + 8 zrzi= 4zy2z' (2 zt + zyz + 2 y2z2).
17. 3a4z6 - 2a~ + 7a'z' = a'z'(8a~ - 2az' + 7).
18. 6 abzª - 4 a2b'z' - 4 aªbllz = aba; (6 z' - 4 abz - 4 a2b2).
19. 6a•b + 12aªb2- 2a2 bª = 2a'b(8a' + 6ab- 1>2).
10. 9ady + 60ad'-12a2dz =8ad(811 + 20d-4az).

Resolve into factora:
1. az - ay+ bz - 1111 = (az - ay) + (bz - 1111)
=a (z - y) + b (z - Y)
= (a+ b) (z - y).
l. 2ac + be - 2ad - bd = (2ac - 2ad) + (be - bd)
= 2a(c -d) + b(c-d}
= (2 a+ b) (e - d).
8. az - 2ay - 3bz + 61111 = (az - 2ay)- (3bz- 61111)
= a(z - 2y) - 3b(z - 211)
= (a - 3b) (z - 271).
4. 8mz - 1m11- 8nz + 1ny = (8mz - 8nz) - (7my - 7ny)
= 8z(m - n) - 7y(m - n)
= (8z - 7y)(m - n).
6 3mz + 2c11- 3cz - 2m11 = '(3mz - 3cz) - (2 my - 2cy)
=
3:i:(m - e) - 2y(m - e)
=
(3 z - 211) (m - e).
8. mz + 11:t + m+ n = (mz + nz) + (m + n)
= z(m + n) + (m + n)
= (z + l)(m + n).
7. 112 + b2 +ay'+ ali'= (112 + b') + (ayt + ali')
=
(112 + b') + a (11' + b2)
= (1 + a) (112 + lfl).
l. az-b:l:-2a11+2by-2 cy+cz =(az-w:+cz)-(2 a11-2 by+2cy)
= z (a - b + e) - 211 (a - b + e)
=
(z-211) (a-b+c).
9. Sb- a' - aSzt + 3bz4 = (3b + 3bz4) - (a'+ aSzt)
= 3b(l + :i:4)- a2(1 + :i:4)
={3b - a') (1 + :i:4).
10. 11 - zt + u2 - zy = (11 - ZI/) - (z2 - zz')
= 11 (1 - z) - z2 (1 - z)
=
(11 - z1 ) (1 - z).
11. 8:i:8 - 6azt - z + 2a = (3:i:8- 6az2) - (z - 2a)
= 3z2(z - 2a) - (z - 2a)
=
(3:i:t -1) (z - 2a).
11. 2a2z- 9 - 6:i: + 3at = (2a2z + 3a2)- (6:i: + 9)
= a'(2z + 3) - 3(2:i: + 3)
=
(a' - 3) (2:i: + 3).
11. Sz• + az + 6bz + 2ab = (3:i:' + az) + (600: + 2ab)
=
z(3z +a)+ 2b(3z + a)
=(z+2b)(3z+a).
14. 6a2- 3ab- 4ac + 2bc = (6a' - 3ab) - (4ac - 2bc)
= 3a(2a - b) - 2c(2a - b)
= (3 a - 2 e) (2 a - b).
16. 411 + 9:i:8 - 6:i;iy - 6:i; = (411 - 6:i:) - (6z2y - 9:i:ª)
= 2(271- Sz) - 3:i:2 (211- 3:i:)
= (2 - 3:i:2) (211- 3:i:).
18. a."cl - 2 a'b - 2 c8d + 4 abcd =( atct - 2 c8d) - (2 a•b - i abcd)
= c2(a' - 2cd) - 2ab(a2- 2cd)
= (e' - 2ab) (a' - 2cd).
1'1. 2z11 + 811z + 6 r,I +:u= (2zy + 6r,I) + (zz + 311%)

=
211(z + 811) + z(z + 311)
=
(211 + z)(z + 311).
11. c'm - abm + abn - cln = (ctm - cln) - (abm - abn)
= cl(m - n) - ab(m - n)
= (el - ab) (m - n).
19. a'+ 8ad - 2ab - 6bd = (a' - 2ab) + (3ad- 6bd)
= a(a - 2b) + 3d(a - 2b)
=(a+ 8d)(a - 2b).
10. 12 bz + 3a11- 9by- 4az = (12bz -4az)-(9by- 8011)
= 4z(8b - a)- 311(Sb - a)
= (4z- 311) (3b - a).
11. 3x1 + bz + 9az + 3ab = (3z' + bz) + (9az + 8ab)
=
z(8z + b) + 8a(3z + b)
=
(z + 8a) (Sz + b).
H. 6 a• - 3 ab - 2 bm + 4 am = (6 a' + 4 am) - (3 ab + 2 bm)
= 2a(3a + 2m) - b(8a + 2m)
= (2 a - b) (3 a + 2 m).
18. zy - :u - 2z1 + 211z = (Zl/ - zz) + (211z - 2 zS)
=
z (11 - z) + 2 z (11 - z)
= (z + 2 z) (11 - z).
94. 6a2 + 9ac - 6bc - 4ab = (6at - 4ab) + (9ac-6bc)
=2a~a-2~+3c~a-2~
= (2a + 3c)(3a - 2b).
111. z' + ztr,2 + ztzt - rrJ,y - z11zS + 11'z'
= (z' + z'z') - (z8y + z11z') + (z'II' + 11tz•)
= zt (z' + z2) - z11 (z' + z') + 1P (zt + zt)
= (z' + zt) (z 2 - zy + 112).
18. Szl + 6oz,, - 61,iy - 3az2 + 3lk- 6z21/

= (3z8 - 8azt + 3lk) -(6z'11- 6azy + 61,iy)
= 3z(z1 - az + bl) - 611(z1 - az + bl)
=
(3z - 611) (z2 - az + bl).
1'1.. a'b +by'+ 6a:r,2 - Szyt - 3atz - 2abz
= (a'b - 3 atz) - (2 abz - 6 az1 ) + (by1
8 zr,I) -
= a'(b - 3z)- 2az(b - 3z) + yl(b- 8z)
= (b - 3 z) (al - 2 az + 112).
JI. as - 4cz - 2az + 2ac + 2bz- 8ad + 6dz- ab
=(a2 - 2az) - (ab - 2bz) + (2ac - 4cz)- (Sad - 6dz)
= a(a - 2:i:)- b(a - 2:i:) + 2c(a - 2:i:)- Sd(a - 2:i:)
=(a - 2:i:)(a - b + 2c - 3d).
19. 6alz +a~+ 9a2bz - 3abzz - 2azt - 8a"v
=
a(6a:i: + a:i:r, + 9abz- Sbzz - 2:i:' - Satr,)
=
a [(6 a:i: - 2 zt) - (S atr, - a:i:11) + (9 abz - S bzz))
=
a[2:i:(8a - il:) - ar,(3a - z) + 8bz(8a - z))
=
a(8a - z) (2:i: - ay+ Sbz).
Reaolve into factora :

=
l. zt + 2 abz + a"b2 (z + ab) (z + ab).
=
l. z• + 6:i:y + 9r,2 (z + 811) (z + 8y).
a. zl - 4 a:i: + 4 a'= (z - 2 a) (z - 2 a).
=
4 . zl -10:i:y + 26yl (z - 611) (z- 6y).
=
6. 9z2 + 48:i:y + 6411' (3:i: + 8 y) (8z + Sr,).
=
8. 26zl - 70:i:y + 49ys (6z - 711) (6z - 7y).
'l. 16:i:' + 40:i: + 26 = (4z + 6)(4:i: + 6).
=
l. 4 zt - 12 z + 9 (2:i: - 8)(2:i: - 8).
=
9,.. 9at + SOab + 26bl (3a + 6b)(Sa + 6b).
=
10. 1 -16:i: + 64z2 (1- 8z) (1- 8:i:).
=
11. 411' + 20a2b + 26bt (2a2 + 6b)(2at + 6b).
11. 36:i:' + 60:i:' + 26 = (6zl + 6) (6zl + 6).
18. zY - 6 zYz + 9 zt = (:i:'118 - S z) (zlrll - 8 z).
=
H. zl - 8z4yl + 161/' (zl - 4y') (zl - 4,9).
=
16. 25:i:• + 40:i:y + 16r,t (6z + 4y)(6z + 4r).
18. 49 at - 42 a9lA:S + 9 b'ct =
(7 at - S t,tc2) (7 as - 8 bici).
=
l'I. 9z' + 24z2r,2 + 1611' (3z2 + 4 r,t) (8z2 + 4 i,1).
=
11. 4z'1f' - 20z8J,8 + 26ztr,2 zl1(2 (4z2r,2 - 20:i:y + 26)
= z2r,2 (2 :i:y - 6) (2 zr - 6).
=
18. 26a10l)IO - 20a'bic'dl + 4c'd4 (6a6b6 - 2c'dl) (6a'bi- 2c'd'-I).
=
10. 9m' - 66mtn + 121,¡t (3ml -11 n) (8ml -11 n).
=
11. 49nle + 84 m'nl + 36 m' (7 n' + 6 mª)(7 n 8 + 6 m').
11. 4z' + 62azl + 169at = (2z' + 18a) (2zl + 18a).
11. 144ztr,2-168~ + 49alb' = (12zy-7abt)(l2zy- 7abl).
=
H. 1 - 8 abe + 16 altA:1 (1 - 4 abe) (1 - 4 abe).
=
16. 49 zt + 126 zyl + 811/' (7z + 9111) (7 z + 9 y').
106 ELEMENTARY ALGEBIL\
18. 64 a4lf' -16 alba:'+ z8 = (Sa'b - zl) (8a'b - zl).

1'1. 121a' + 176Gb + 64lf' = (lla + 8b) (11 a+ 8b).
11. 144:il + 600:i:r, + 62óyt = (12z + 2ót1) (12z + 2óy).
19. (a+ b)' - 6c(a + b) + 9c' =(a+ b - 8c)(a + b - 3c).
80. (z - y)1 + 12z(z -11) + 36:' = (z - ti+ 6z)(z - y+ 6:).
Ezerolae 39. Page 90

Resolve into factora :
1. at - lf' = (a + b) (a - b). =
,. 1- 36at (1+ 6a)(l- 6a).
l. 1-a'=(l+a)(l-a). 6. 4-49z'=(2+7z)(2-7z).
8. h'-81 y' =(2 z+9y) (2z-9y). 8. 49z'-64 = (7z+8)(7 z-8).
7. 36a' - 2ób2 = (6a + ób) (6a - ób).
l. 4 m' - 1 = (2 m + 1)(2 m - 1).
=
9. 9 - 16 nt (3 + 4 n) (3 - 4 n).
10. 2óz2 - 4 = (óz + 2) (óz - 2).
=
11. y2 - 2ó z2 (y + óz) (y - óz).
11. 49a2 -26b2=(7a+ób)(7a-ób).
18. 64z2 - 2ó = (Sz + ó) (Sz - ó).
14. 4a• - 9:i:2 = (2a' + 3z)(2a2- Sz).
16. 1 - a4b'c2 = (1 + a'lf'c) (1 - a2lf'c).
18. 2ó6z2y2 - 62ó = (16zy + 2ó) (16:i:r, - 2ó).
=
17. ato - 411' (a6 + 2b2)(a' -2b2).
=
11. 64 a•b2 - z8 (8 a'b + zª) (8 a'b - z•).
=
19. 121 a• - 64 b2 (11 at + 8 b) (11 a' - 8 b).
=
IO. 49z' - 100yt (7z + 10 t/2) (7 z - 10 v9).
11. 144z2y'-49a'bl = (12zy + 7ab2)(t2zv-7ab2).
H. 49 z2 - 9 b'ct = (7 z + 3 lf'c) (7z - 3 lf'c).
=
28. 2ó6z2y2 -1 (16zr, + 1) (16:i:y -1).
=
U. a4b2- 4cld1 (a'b + 2c~)(a2b -2~.
H . 169z2y2 -144a2 = (13zy + 12a)(13:i:r, -12a).
=
28. 4 a'b- 2ób8 = b(4 at - 2ób2) b(2a + ób) (2a - ób).
=
27. 4zl - 9y2z' (2z2 + 3yz) (2z' - 3yz).
11. a• - =
b8 (a4 + b8) (a4 - b').
29. 144:i:2 - 62óy' = (12z + 2óy) (12z - 2511).
80. 4 a'bl - 169c' = (2 ab + 13c) (2 ab -13 e).
81. 4 - S61a4b'c' = (2 + 19a2blc) (2 - J9a2b8c).
=
81. Om• - 121nlpl (3 mi+ llnpl) (3 mi - 11 np').
88. 2óalObJO - 4 cid'= (óa•b6 + 2 c2d2) (óa•b6 - 2 cldl).
=
84. 36 zly8 - 2ó a•bG (6 ztyt + ó a2b8) (6 z2yl - ó alb8).
=
86. 81 z2y6 - 49 c4 (9 z¡,8 + 7 c')(9 zy8 - 7 e').
=
ie. al111 - 1,111 (a"' + b't) (a"' - "">·
=
87. 4zl,. - 911'" (2zm + 31f") (2Z"' - 81f").
=
88. 81 a'• - 49 bl• (9 atm + 7 bm) (9 ah• - 7 bm).
89. a'• - 36 bl•c4• =(a''+ 61Jccle) (a'• - 6 lJccl•).
=
to. 12lz2 - 144 z2"' (11 z + 12 Z"') (11 z - 12 Z"').
'1. 9alo.. - 64 bllll = (3 ah+ 8bll 11) (3 ah - 8bh).
=
41. 49zl• - 361f'aoz6"' (7za + 61f'mz3•) (7Z"' - 611Slllz3•).
Ezerchle 40. Page 91

Resolve into factora:
l. (z + 311) 2 - 4z'
= (z + 3 71 + 2 z) (z + 3 71 - 2 z).
l. (z - 611) 2 - (a - 2 b)2
= (z - 611 + a - 2 b) (z - 6 71 - a + 2 b).
8. (4 a + 6)' - (2 z - 3)i
= (4a + 6 + 2z - 3) (4a + 6 - 2z + 8)
= (4 a + 2 z + 2) (4 a - 2 z + 8)
= 4(2 a+ z + 1) (2 a - z + 4).
4. (3a + 6b)' - (1 + 8z)'
= (3a + 6b + 1 + 8z) (Sa + 6b -1 - 8z).
6. (zl - 4 112)' - (3 a' - 2 bl) 2
= (zl - 4112 + 3 a' - 2 bl) (zl - 4119 - 8 a' + 2 bl~
8. (z + 71)1 - (z - 311)1
= (z + 11 + z - 3 y) (z + 1/ - z + 3 y)
= (2 z - 211) (411)
= 8 71 (z -11).
7. (2a - 6b)' - (a+ 4b)'

=~a-6b+a+4~~a-6b-a-4~
=(8a-b)(a-9b).
l. (Ta - Sbe)' - (h - 611z)'
= (7 a - 3 be + 4z - 6 yz) (7 a - 8 be - 4 z + 6 yz).
9. (2z2 +I8a) 2 -(3y+7br'
= (2z' + 13a + 871 + 7b)(2z' + 13a - 3y-7b).
10. (Sz - 11)1 - (2z - 311)1

=~z-11+2z-8~~z-11-2z+8~
= (óz-411)(z + 211).
11. (4a+3b)'-(3a-t2b)'
=~a+8b+8a+2ij~a+8b-8a-2ij
= (7 a + ó b) (a + b).
11. (2z - l)' - (3z + l)'
· = (2z - 1 + 3z + 1)(2z -1 - 3z -1)
=óz(-z-2)
=-óz(z + 2).
18. (z + y - z)I - (z- y - z)'

= (z + 11 - z + z -y - z) (z + 11 - z - z + 11 + z)
= (2z - 2 z)(2 y)
= 4y(z - z).
H. 86(a + b)' - 2ó(c - d)'

= (6(a + b) + 6(c - d)) (6(a + b)- ó(c - d)]
= (6 a + 6 b + ó e - ó d) (6 a + 6 b - ó e + ó d).
11. 49(a - b)I - 86(c + d):l

=[7 (a - b) + 6 (e + d)] (7 (a - b) - 6 (e + d)]
= (7 a - 1 b + 6 e + 6 d) (7 a - 1 b - 6 e - 6 d).
18. (óz2 - 4 y)2 - (Sz2 - 2 y):l

= (óz• - 411 + 3z2 - 2y)(óz2- 411-Sz' + 2y)
= (Sz' - 6y) (2z2 - 2y)
= 4 (4zt -811) (zl- y).
17. 64 (z -11)' - 81 (y - z)2

= (S(z -11) + 9(y - z)J(S (z -11)- 9(y - z))
=~z-811+9y-9tj~z-8y-911+9tj
= (Sz + 11- 9z) (Sz -1711 + 92:).
18. 49 (z + 11)2 - 26 (Z - 11)1

= (7 (z + y) + ó (z - 11)] (7 (z + y) - 6 (z - 11)]
= (7 z + 7 y + ó z - ó 11) (7 z + 7 y - óz + ó y)
= (12z + 2y) (2z + 12y)
= 4(6z + 11) (z + 6y).
'.
Reaolve into factora:

l. z2 - 2zy + yt -16zl = (zl - 2zy + yt)- (16zl)
= (x - 71)2 - (4z)2
= (z - 11 + 4 z) (z - 11 - h).
9. a• - 4 ab + 4 b2 - 9 et = (a2 - 4 ab + 4 b2) - (9 e')
= (a - 2b)' - (Sc)i
=(a - 2b + Se) (a - 2b - 3c).
l. z2 - 6Zlf + 911' - 16 zt = (z' - 6zy + 9yt) - (16z2)
= (z - s11)2 - (h)2
= (z - 811 + h) (z - 8 y - 4 z).
4. z• - 2az + a' - 4911' = (z' - 2az + al) - (49yt)
=
(z - a)' - (711)1
={z - a + 711) (z - a - 711).
li . 36b2 - 4 + 20a - 26a1 = (36b2)-(4 - -~a+ 26a2)
=
(6b)' -(2 - 6a)'
=
(6b + 2.- 6a) (6b - 2 + 6a).
8. 4c2 - a' - 9bl - 6a'b = (4 c2) - (a'+ 6alb + 9b2)
= (2c)' - (a'+ Sb)2
= (2c + a2 + 3b) (2c - at - Sb).
7. 4:z:1 - 26yt + 9 -12z = (4zl -12z + 9) - (26111 )
= (2z - 8)1 - (611)~
= (2z - 3 + 671)(2:z: - 8- 611).
8. 2ózt - 4 a•+ 16yt + 40:z:y = (26z• + 40z11 + 16112) - (4 at)
= (6z + 411)2 - (2 a)1
::;: (6:z:+411 + 2a)(óz + 471- 2a).
9, 16 a' - zl - yt + 2 zy ::;: (16 a') - (z' - 2 Zlf + yt)
= (4 a2)t - (z - 11)'.
= (4 a2 + z - y) (4 a1 - z + 11).
10. 9z•- a' - 4ab - 4bl = (9z') - (a'+ 4ab + 4bl)
= (Sz)' - (a+ 2b)1 ·
=(3 z + a + 2 b) (8 z - a - 2 b).
11. at+2ab+bl-c'-2cd-dl=(a'+2 ab+b2)-(c'+2 c1Hd'l)
= (a+ b)2 - (e + d)I
=
(a + b + e + d) (a + b - e - d).
11. a2 + bl - e' - <P - 2 ab + 2 cd

= (a2- 2ab + b2) -(c2-2cd+ di)
= (a - b)2 - (e - d)2
= (a - b + e - d) (a - b - e + d).
18. a' - et+ 41>2- 4d2 - 4ab- 4cd
= (a' - 4ab + 4b2) - (et+ 4cd + 4dl)
= (a - 2 b)2 - (e+ 2 d)'
= (a - 2 b + e + 2 d) (a - 2 b - e - 2 d).
H. zt - 91>2 + 9yt - a2 + 6ab- 6z11
=(z' - 6zy + 9y2) - (a2 - 6ab + 9bl)
= (z - 871)' - (a - 3b)2
=(z - 811 + a - 3b)(z - 8y - a+ 3b).
16. 49:z:1 + 4111 - 9a' -161>2- 28:z:y ~ 24ab
= (49:i:' - 28:1:11 + 4112) - (9a2 + 24ab + 16bl)
= (7x - 2 y) 2 - (3 a-+ 4 b)'
= (7x - 211 + 8a + 4b) (7x - 211- 8a - 4 b).
18. I6a2 - 9z2y'- 26z4 + 26b2 + 80x11z' + 40ab
=(16a' + 40ab + 26b2)- (9z2y2 - 80x11z' + 26z4)
=(4a + 5b)' - (3:z:y - 5z')'
=(4a + 6b + 8x11- 5z2)(4a + 6b- 3:z:y + 6z2).
1'1. 4a' + 9x' - 12ax + 12by- 9b2-4y2
= (4a' -12ax + 9z2) - (9b2-12b11 + 4112)
= (2a - 3z)2 - (8b-211rJ
= (2 a - 8 x + 8 b - 211) (2 a - 8 x - 8 b + 211).
11. 4 xt + 9 ye - 12x2y• - 64 a'b'c'
= (4 zt - 12 z2yl + 9 718) - (64 a'b4c')
= (2 x' _ a 118)2 _ (8 ab2c8)2
= (2 z2 - 811ª + 8 ab2cª) (2 x' - 8 yª - 8 ab2cl).
19. 9:i:2 + 16yl - 49a' - 4 b2 + 28ab + 24:z:y
= (O zt + 24 zy + 16112) - (49 al - 28 ab + 4 bl)
= (Sx + 4y)1- (7a - 2b)'
= (3 z + 411 + 7 a - 2 b) (3z + 4 y - 7 a + 2 b).
10. 8Jz2 - mtnt - 64a• + 126:1:11 + 16almn + 49y'

=(8Iz2 + 126:z:y + 49y2) - (mini - 16a'mn + 64114)
= (9x + 7y)' - (mn - 8a2)
=(9x + 7y + mn - 8a2)(9z + 7y - mn + Sal).
TEACHERS' E1>I1'ION 111
81. 121 -110:tl -y'l. - 62óz1 - ó011z + 2ór
= (121 - 110 z2 + 2ó zt) - (y'J. + óO l/Z + 62óz1)
=
(11 - 6 z2)2 - (11 + 26 z)'
=
(11 - 6:t' +y+ 2óz) (11 - 6:i:t -11 - 26 z).
H. ~ + 226 - 30:i:8 + 28abc - 49a21Ji1 - 4cll
= (~ - 30:i:3 + 226) - (49a'b2 - 28abc + 4cl)
= (z& - 16)2 - (7 ab - 2 c)I
= (:t• - 16 + 7 ab - 2 c)(:t8 - 16 - 7 ab + 2 e).
18. 4:t••-p'l"- ata+ ' 9 -12:t"'-2a"1)"
=
(4 zh, - 12 :t"' + 9) - (pi" + 2 a"1)" + a"')
=
(2 :t"' :.... 3)2 - (P" + a")'
=
(2 :t"' - 3 + P" + a") (2 :t"' - 3 - J>" - a").
H . 36 a"'+•-411"'+'-12 :t"y•+•+ 16 ¡pn-1_48 a• +1 l)n-•-9:th
=
(36 a»..+2-48 a•+1¡¡,.-1+ 16 bh-1)
- (9z!n+J2:t"lf"+2+41f'l."H)
=
(6an+1.-41J>t-1)2-(3:t"+2yn+il)t
=
(6a•+ 1_4¡¡,.-1 +3:t•+211n+2) (6a•+1-4/J>t-l-3zn-211n+ 2)
Ezercfae 42. Page 94

Resolve into factors :
l. zt + 4 z2 + 16 = (:t' + 8 z2 + 16) - (4 :ti)
= (:t' + 4)2 - (2 z)t
=(:ti+ 4 + 2:t) (:ti+ 4 - 2:t)
= (:t2 + 2 :t + 4)(:tl - 2:t + 4).
l. 9:t' + 2:i:2712 + yf = (9:t' + 6:t'y'l. + yf) - (4ztyt)
= (3 z2 + l/11)2 _ (2 :t¡¡)II
= (3zt + y1 + 2z11)(3zl + y'1. - 2z11)
= (3:tl + 2zy + 111) (3:t2 - 2 Z'// + y 1).
a. 4 a'+ 11 a21>2 + 2611' = (4 a'+ 20 a21>2 + 26 b') - (9 alb2)
= (2at + 61>2)- (3ab)2
= (2 a' + 6 b2 + 3 ab) (2 a' + 6 b2 - 3 ab)
= (2 a' + 3 ab + 6 bl) (2 al - 3 ab + ó b2).
4. a'+ 64 b' = (a' + 16 a21>2 + 64 b') - (16 a'b2)
=(a'+ 81>2) - (4ab)2
=(a'+ 81>2 + 4ab)(a2 + 8b2-4ab)
= (a' + 4 ab + 81>2) (al - 4 ab + 8 b2).
6. 4zt - 16atzt + 9a• = (4zt - 12atzt + 9114) - (4 atx')

= (2z1-3al)-(2a:i:)'
= (2:i:' - 8a' + 2a:i:)(2:i:' - 3a' -2ax)
= (2z2 + 2az - 3a2) (2zl - 2az - 3ai)°.
8. 4114 -13a' + 1 = (4a' - 4a' + 1) - (9a1)
= (2a' -1)2 - (3aYl
= (2a' -1 + 3a)(2a' -1-Sa)
= (2al + 8a -1)(2a1- 8a -1).
't. 9zt + láz2y2 + 161/4 = (9zt + 24:i:tyt + 161/4) - (9:i:lyl)
. = (3z2 + 4 7l2)1 _ (8:i:71)1
= (3z2 + 4711 + 8:i:71) (3zl + 4712 - 3zy)
= (8:i:2 + 8:i:y + 4 JP) (3 zl - 8 :i:y + 4 y2¡.
8. 25 a4 + 71 atxt + 64 zt = (25 a4 + 80 a~' + 64 zt) - (9 atzl)
= (5a1 + 8:i:1 )2 - (3a:i:)2
= (5a2 + 8:i:2 + 3ax) (5a2 + 8:i:' - 3ax)
= (óa' + 3a:i: + 8:i:2) (óá2 - 3ax + 8:i:2).
9. 49:a:f - 44x2y' + 4 y•= (49:i:• - 28:i:'yl + 41/4) - (16z2y2)
= (7z2 _ 2y2)2 _ (4:i:y)I
= (7 z2 - 2 yl + 4:i:y) (7 zt - 2 y2 - hy)
= (7:i:I + 4:i:y- 2y2)(7:i:'-4:i:y- 2y2).
10. 81114 + 4óa~2 + 40bt = (81a• + 126a'b' +491'4)- (8Ia2b2)
= (9a2 + 7 b2) 2 - (9ab) 1
= (Oa2 + 7b2+ 9ab)(9a' +7b 9ab) 1 -
= (9 al + 9 ab + 7 b2) (9 a' - 9 ab + 7 bl).

11. 4114 -29atxi + 25:a:t = (4a• -20a'x' + 2ózt) -(Oat:i:2)
= (2a2 - ó:i:2)2 - (3a:i:)'
= (2a2- 5:i:' + 3a:i:)(2a'- 5:i:2 -3ax)
= (2a2 + 3ax - 5z2)(2a' - 3a:i: - 5:i:') .
11. 121 a• + 54 a2 y' + 81 y4 = (121 a•+ 198 alyl + 81 yt) - (144 a'yl)
= (11 al+ 9 yl)I - (12 ay) 1
=
(11 at + 9yl +12ay)(ll a'+ 9y'-12ay)
=
(11 a'+ 12ay + 9 yl)(ll aL12 ay+9y2).
18. 49 - 221:i:' + 100:a:t = (49 - 140:i:2 + 100:a:f) - (81 :i:'}
= (7 - 10:i:2)2 _ (O:i:)2
= (7 - 10:i:2 + !lx) (7 - 10:i:2 - 9:i:)
= (7 + 9x -10:i:2)(7- 9:i: -10x2).
14. 49114 + 6a2et + 9c8 = (49114 + 42atcf + 9c8) - (36atcf)

= (7 a2 + 3et)2 -(6 ac2fl
= (7 a2 + 3et + 6ac2) (7 a2 + 3et - 6ac2)
= (7 at + 6 ac' + 3 et) (7 a2 - 6 aes + 3 et}
16. 81et -115c2 + 25 = (81et - ooc2 + 25)- (25cl)
= (9c2 - 5)2 - (5c)2
= (9c2 - 5 + 5c)(9c2 - 6- 5c)
= (9 et + 5 e - 5) (9 e' - 5 e - 5).
18. 121 z4 + 29 zS,,,S + 26114 = (121 z4 + 110 zty2 + 25114) - (81 zly2)
= (llz2 + 5y2)2 - (9zy)2
= (llz2 + 6712 + 9zy) (llz2 + 5y2 - 9zy)
= (U.z' + 9zy + 5¡,l)(llz' - 9zy + 5y2).
1T. 144114 + 47 atct + 49 et = (144 af + 168 a'c' + 49 et) - (121 a2c2)
= (12 a2 + 7 c2)2 - (11 ac)2
= (12 a2 + 7c2 + llac) (12a2 + 7c2 -11 ac)
= (12 a2 + 11 ac + 7 e') (12 a2 - 11 ac + 7 c2).
18. 36.z4 -141zS,,,S + 25114 = (36:i:4 - OOztyt + 25114) - (81z'y2)
= (6z2 - 5y2)2 - (9zy)2
= (6z' - 5y2 + 9zy)(6z2 - óy' - 9zy)
= (6z2 + 9zy - 5y2) (6z2 - 9zy - 5¡,2).
19. 49:i:4 -121zty2 + 64114 = (49:i:4 -112zly2 + 64114) - (9zS,,,S)

= (7 z2 - 8 y2)2 - (3 zy)2
= (7z2 - 8y2 + 8zy)(7z2- 8y' - 3zy)
= (7z' + 3zy- 8y2)(7z2 -3zy - 8y2).
20. 49a'b' + 6Ia2bty2 + 169114

=
(49a'b' + 182albly' + 169114)- (121a2bty2)
=
(7 a2b2 + 13 y2)2 - (11 aby)2
=
(7 a2b2 + 13 y2 + 11 aby) (7 a'lb' + 13 y2 - 11 aby)
=
(7 a'bt + 11 aby + 13 y2) (7 a2b2 - 11 aby + 18 y').
11. 121:i:4 - 802ztyt + 169114

= (121 z4 - 286 z2y2 + 169114) - (16 z2¡,2)
= (11 z2 - 13 y2)2 - (4 zy)2
= (11 zt - 13 y2 + by) (11 zt - 13 yi - 4 zy)
= (llz2 + 4zy- J3y2)(llz2 - 4zy -13y2) ••
29. 4 at + 4 a2z' + 26z4 = (4 at + 20 a'zl + 26z4) - (16 a2z2)

= (2 ª' + 6z2)ll - (4 a:i:)2
= (2all + 5z2 + 4a:i:) (2 a'+ 6z' -
4a:i:)
= (2a' +4a:i: + 6z')(2a' -4a:i: + 6z')·
18. at -16b4 =(a'+ 4b2)(a' - 41>2)
= (ali + 4 b2) (a + 2 b) (a - 2 b).
H. z8 - 266116 = (z4 + 16 714) (z4 - 1611')
= (z4 + 16 714) (:ti + 4 y2) (z' - 4 v')
= (z4 + 16 y')(zt + 4 v') (z + 2 71)(z ..:.. 2 71). · 1
86. 16c4 - 81d4 = (4 e'+ 9d2) (4cll - 9<P) 1
= (4c' + 9d1)(2c + 3d) (2c - 3d).

28. 266:i:4 - 62611' = (lh' + 267/2) (16z' - 267/2)
= (16z' + 26 712)(4z + 6 y)(4z - 6 71).
27. z4 + 324 714 =(z4 + 36 z2y2 + 824 y') - (36 zly2)
= (z~ + 18yll)2 - (6zv)'
= (z' + 18yt + 6zy)(z' + 18y' -6zy)
= (z' + 6 zy + 18712) (z' - 6zy + 18y').
28. 81 a4 - 207 a2b2 + 49b4 = (81114 -126a2b2 + 49b4)- (8lato')
= (9a' - 7b2)'-(9abfl
= (9a'-7b2 + 9ab)(9a' -7b2- 9ab)
= (9 a' + 9 ab - 7 b2) (9 a' - 9 ab - 11>9).
29. 64 a•b4 + 81 z4 + 68 a2b2zt
=(64a•bf + 144a2b2z2 + 8lz4) - (8la21>2zl)
= (8a21>9 + 9z2)' -(9abz)'
= (8a2b2 + 9z' + 9abz)(8a~ + 9z2 - 9abz)
= (8a2b2 + 9abz + 9z') (8 a'b2 - 9abz + 9z2).
100 at + 9 b4z4 + 11 a2b2zll
ªº· = (100 at + 60 a2b2z2 + 9 b4z4) - (49 a2b2z')
= (10 ali + 81>9z2)ll - (7 abz)2
= (lOa' + Sbll:I:' + 7abz)(I0a2 + 8b2z2 - 7abz)
= (10 a'+ 7 abz + 8 b2z2) (10 a2 - 7 abz + 8 b2z').
81. 81 aªb8 + 26z4 - 171 a4b4z2
=(81aªb8 - 90atb4z2 + 26z4) - (8la4b4z2)
= (9 a•bf - ó z2)2 - (9 a2b2z)2
=(9 a•t,t - 6 zt + Oa2b2z) (9 a4bf - ó zt - 9 a2b2z)
=(9 a•bf + 9 a21>2z - ó z')(9 a•bf - 9 a2b2z - ó zl).
TEACHERS' EDITION . 115
88. 121 at + 144 x8y4 + 260 a2z'y'

= (121 a4 + 264a2z4y2 + 144 z8y4) - (4 a2z'y2)
= (11 a'+ 12 zty•)• - (2 az2y)•
= (Ila• + 12zty• + 2 azly) (11 a' +.12zty• - 2 azly)
= (11 a2 + 2 azly + 12 zty•) ( 11 a• - 2 azty' + 12 pv 2).
aa. 49at -193a21Jl, + 64b4

= (49a4 -112a?.b2 + 64b4)-(81a2b')
= (7a• - 8b2) - (Oab) 2
= (7 a' - 8 b2 + 9 ab) (7 a2 - 8 b2 - 9 ab)
= (7 a•+ 9 ab - 8 b2) (7 a' - 9 ab - 8 b2).
8t. 4 b'zt - 133 lh2y4 + 91/8

= (41h4 -12lh2y4 + 9y8)-(12llh2y4)
= (2 b2z2 - 3 y4 )2 - (ll lxl:y2)2
= (2 lfo.¡:2 - 3 y4 + ll lxl:y2) (2 b2z2 - 3 y4 - 11 lxl:y2)
= (2 b2z2 + 11 ixl:yl - 31/4) (2 b2z2 - ll lxl:y2 - 31/4).
811 . 36 z4y4 + 11 zty•z• + 25 z4

= (36z4y4 + 60z2y•z• + 25%4) - (49z2y2z2)
= (6 z2y2 + 5 z2) - (7 eyz)•
= (6z'ly2 + 5 z• + 7zyz) (6z2y2 + 5z• - 7zyz)
= (6 z2y2 + 7 zyz + 5 z2) (6 z2y2 - 7 eyz + 5z•).
88. 64 z4718 + 79 z2y4z' + 100 z4
= (64z4718 + 160z2y4z• + 100%4) - (8Iz2y4z2)
= (8 z2y4 + 10 z•¡:1 - (9 eytz)•
= (8z2y4 + 10z2 + 9zy2z) (8z2y4 + JOz• - 9zy2z)
= (8z•y4 + 9Zl/2z + JOz2) (8z2y4 - 9ey•z + 10z2).
8'7. 49 a4b4 - 63 a'lh• + 4 z4
= (49a4b4 - 28a2lh• + 4z4) - (25a2lh')
= (7 a'llfJ - 2 :i?)• - (5 alxl:)•
= (7 a2b• - 2 z• + 5 alxl:) (7 a?.bl - 2 z~ - 5 alxl:)
=(7 a?.bl + 5 alxl: - 2z2) (7 a?.bl - 5 alxl: - 2 z2).
88. 121 z4 - 295 z2y2 + 169 y4
= (12lz4 - 286z2y' + 1691/4) - (Ozly•)
= (11 z2 - 13 y•)• - (3 zy)•
= (11:i? -13y2 + 3zy) (llx• -13y2 - 3zy)
= (llz• + 3z¡¡ -13y•) (11 z• - 3zy -13y2).
89. 289z4y' + 21:1:~ + 9d'

= (289z4v' + 102zl¡A:P + 9d') - (8lz~)
= (17 zi¡,2 + 3119)2 - (9 zvd)I •
= (17 zi¡,2 + 3119 + 9:i:yd) (17 zt¡,1 + 3119 - 9:i:vd)
= (17:i:l¡,I + 9:i:yd + 3119)(17:i:l¡,I - 9:i:yd + 3119).
40. 36_1 z4 - 92 a"t!"zl + 4 atc4
= (361z4 -76atctzt + 4atc4)-(16alc~I)
= (19:i:' - 2 alcl)I - (4 acz)I
= (19 zt - 2 a'c' + 4 acz) (19 zl - 2 a"cl - 4 acz)
= (19:i:' + 4 acz - 2 ale') (19:i:1 - 4 acz - 2alcl).
U. 4111411' + 3almin' + 9at
= (4 m'n' + 12 atmtn• + 9 at) - (9 a•m'n')
= (2 mtn' + S a')' - (3 amn2)1
= (2 min• + 3 a' + 3 amn2 ) (2 m1 n' + Sal - 3 amn•)
= (2 min' + 3 amnt + 3 al) (2 min• - 3 amn' + 3 a2).
H. 9a' + óa~2 + 2óz4
= (9 at + 30 a~2 + 26 z4) -
(2ó a~I)
= (3 at + óz2)2 - (ó az)2
= (Sa2 + óz2 + óaz)(3a2 + ózl - óaz)
= (Sa2 + 6az + óz') (Sa' - óaz + óz').
48. 49 m' + 110 min• + 81 n'
= (49 m• + 126 mini + ~1 n') - (16 mini)
= .(7ml + 9n2)1 - (4mn)'
= (7 mt + 9 ni + 4 mn) (7 m' + 9 ni - 4 mn)
= (7 m2 + 4 mn + 9 n2) (7 mt - 4 mn + 9 n').
H. 49z4- lóz2yl + 121y'
= (49z4 + ló4zly2 + 12111')- (169:Í:l¡,I) ·
= (7zl+ ll y2)2 - (13:i:y)I
= (7 zl + 11111 + 13 zy) (7:zl + 11111 - 13 zy)
= (7 z2 + 1Szy + 11 y2)(7z' - 13 zy + 11 yl).
46. 64 a' + 128 a'llflc2 + 81 b'c4
= (64 at + 144 a'llflcl + 81 b'c4) - (16 allb2c2)
= (8 at + 9 b2cl)' - (4 abe)' ·
= (8a' + 9b2c' + 4abc)(8a2 + 91A:' - 4abe)
=(Sal+ 4 abe+ 9b2c2) (8 a 2 -.-- 4abe + 91A:2).
48. 4 m'n' - 37 min~' + 9 z4
= t4m'n' - 12mln2z2 + 9z4)- (2ómin2z2)
= (2mtnt - Sz')' - (ómnz)I
= (2m'n' - Szt + ó mnz) (2 mtnt - 3zl - ómnz)
= (2m2n2 + ó mnz - 3z2) (2m'n• - ómnz - 3z2).
TEACHER&' EDITION 117
Ezeroláe <13. Page 95

Resolve into two factors:
l. a2 + 41>2 = (a2 + 4ab + 4b2) -(4ab)
= (a + 2 b)2 - (2 "Vab)2
= (a + 2 b + 2 "Vab) (a + 2 b - 2 "Vab)
= (a + 2 Yab + 2 b) (a - 2 Vab + 2 b).
l. 4z2 + 9yt = (4z2 + l2zt1 + 971•)- (12z71)
=
(2 Z + 8 71)1 - (2 v'Szy)I
= (2 z + 3 y + 2 YSxy)(2 z + 3 y - 2 ~ )
= (2z + 2 Y3zy + 871) (2z - 2 v'8zy + Sy).
a. 2óm2 + 16n2 = (26m2 + 40mn +~6n2) -(40mn)
=
(5m + 4n)• -(2 10mn)2
= (6m + 4n + 2 V10mn)(6m + 4n -2 Ymn)
= (6m + 2 VlOmn + 4n) (6m - 2 v'mñ + 4n).
4. 64 c2 + 49 cP = (64 et + 112 cd + 49 <.P) - (112 cd)
= (8 e + 7 cZ)2 - (4 V7cd)2
= (8c + 7d + 4 Y7cd)(8c + 7d - 4 Y'lcd)
=(Se+ 4 Y7cd + 7cZ) (8c - 4 Y7cd. + 7d).
11. 36 a• + 49 blc2 = (36 a• + 84 a2bc + 49 b2c2) - (84 a2be)
= (6 a'l + 7 be)2 - (2 a -v'iibc¡2 ·
= (6 a + 7 be+ 2 a 'V'2lbc)(6 a + 7 be - 2 a v'21/x;)
2 2
= (6 at + 2 a v'2lbc + 7 be)(6 a2 - 2 a -v'2llic + 7 be).

8. 9z2 + 26711 = (9z2 + SOzy + 261/2)- (SOzy)
= (Sz + 6y)2 - (v'SO:i:71)2
= (Sz + 6 71 + v'so zy) (3 z + 6 71 - v'so zy)
= (Sz + v'soz71 + 6y) (Sz - v'SOzy + 671).
7. 81 mi + 4 n• = (81 mt + 36 mn2 + 4 n•) - (36 mn2)
=(9m + 2n2¡2 - (6n Ym)2
= (9m + 2n2 + 6n Ym)(9m + 2n2 - 6n Ym)
= (9m -t 6n Ym + 2n2) (9m -6n .,¿;;; + 2n2).
8. 9e2 + 121<.P = (9c2 + 66cd + 121<.P) - (66cd)
= (3c + lla)2 - (v'66cd)2
=(Se+ lld + v'66cd)(3c + lld- V66cd)
=(Se+ v'66cd+lld)(3c-v'66cd+lld).
118 ELE?tn;NTAl!Y ALGEBRA
ª' ª'
9. 169 + 41,2cl = (169 + ó2 abe + 4 b!cl) - (ó2 abe)
= (13 a + 2 be)I - (2 v'13 abe)'
= (13 a + 2 be + 2 v'13 abe) (13 a+ 2 be - 2 v'13 abe)
= (13a + 2 Y13abe + 2be) (13a - 2 v'13abe + 2be).
10. 144:z:t + 49¡,lzt = (144:z:' + l68z11z + 49¡,lz')- (168zvz)

= (12 z + 711z)' - (2 v'42 z11z)1
= (12:z: + 711z + 2 Y42zvz)(12z + 711z - 2 Y42zyz)
= (12:e + 2 v'42zyz + 711z) (12:e - 2 v'4~z11z + 711z).
Exerolae ff. Page 98
Reaolve iDto factora:

l. z'+llz+24 = (z+3) (z+s). 11. bl+llb+30 = (b+ó)(b+6).
8. z'+óz-14=(z+7)(z-2). 18. dt+lld+28=(d+4)(d+7).
8. a'-3a-40 = (a+ó) (a-8). H. a 2 -lóa+M = (a-6)(a-9).
4. c'-12c+3ó=(c-ó)(c-7). 16. zt+3z-ó4=(z+9)(z-6).
6. 111 -411-12 = (11+2)(11-6). 18. z'-h-77 = (z+7)(:i:-11).
e. z'-10:z:+16 = (z-2)(z-8). 17. c'+3c-40 = (c+S)(c-ó).
'1. a'+ 10a+24 = (a+4) (a+6). 18. c'-14 c+4ó = (c-ó)(c-9).
8. a'+2 a-ló = (a+ó) (a-3). 19 . .z:1+13:z:+40 = (z+ó)(:i:+8).
9. a:i-3a-28 = (a+4) (a-7). 80. z'-3:z:-M = (z+6) (:i:-9).
10. z'-10z+21=(z-3)(z-7). 11. :i:'-16:i:+63=(z-7)(z-9).
11. :i:' - z - 30 = (z + ó) (:i: - 6). H. a:i+4a-60 = (a+IO) (a-6).
88. a:i - 7 a - 18 = (a + 2) (a - 9).
14. z' + ló:i: + 44 = (z + 4) (z + 11).
16 . z' - 20 :i:11 + 96 y' = (:i: - 8 y) (z - 12 y).
R-+szv-~N9=~+~~~-6~
1'1. :¡:2 + 17:i:y + 6611' = (:i: + 611)(:i: + 1111).
88. e' - 4 cd - 96 d2 = (e + 8 d) (e - 12 d).
89. e'+ 17cd + 72d' =(e+ Sd)(c + 9d).
80. z:I - :z:11 - 72 yl = (:i: + 8 y) (z - 9 y).
81. yl - 18 yz + 72 z1 = (Y - 6 z) (11 - 122:).
88. m2 + 6mn- 27n' = (m + 911)(m -3n).
as. a:i + 3ab - 154 b' =(a+ 14 b)(a - llb).
84. :i;' - 20:i:y + 91 y:i = (z - 711) (z - 13y).
86. a'+ 18ad + ó6d2 =(a+ 4d) (a+ 14d).
H. --4zz-4óz'=(zt óz)(z-9z).
8'1. z' + 20z11 + 7óyl = (z +. óy) (z + lóy).
=
88. zt - 38zy + 106y2 (z - 811) (z - 86y).
89. mt + lOmn - 24n2 = (m + 12n) (m - 2n).
40. e~ - 8cd-10ócfl =(e+ 7d)(c- lód).
41. a'+ 18ab-140b2 = (a +20b)(a-7b).
49. at + 22ac + OOct =(a+ 6c) (a+ 16c).
48. zt - ·18zyz - 90y2z2 = (z + 6yz) (z -18yz).
44. a2 - 28 abe + 120 b2c' = (a - 8 be) (a - 16 be).
46. a' -17 abe+ 72b2ct = (a - Sbe) (a - Obe).
=
48. m2 + 6 mnp - 84 n2p2 (m + 12 np) (m - 7 np).
4'7. z2y2 + 80zyz + 200z' = (zy + llz)(zy + 19z).
48. a2b2 - abe - 110 c2 = (ab + 10 e) (ab - 11 e).

l. Resolve into factora 6z' -19z + 16.
Multiply by 6, (6z)' - 19(6z) + OO.
Put z for 6 z, zt,_ 19 z + OO.
Resolve into factora, (z - 9) (z - 10).
Put 6z for z, (6z - 9) (6z - 10).
Divide by 8 x 2, (2z - 8) (8z - 6) .
. ·. 6z' -19z + ló = (2z - 8)(8z - ó).
ll. Resolve into factora 6 zt + 17 z + 12.

Multiply by 6, (6z)' + 17 (6z) + 72.
Put z for 6 z, z2 + 17 z + 72.
Resolve into factora, (z + 8) (z + 9).
Put 6z for z, (6z + 8)"(6z + 9).
Divide by 2 x 8, (8z + 4) (2z + 3) .
.·. 6:t' + 17 :r: + 12 = (8:r: + 4) (2z + 8).
8. Resolve into factora 12 zt + 7 :t - 12.

Multiply by 12, (12 :r:)' + 7 (12z) - 144.
Put·z for 12:r:, z2 + 7z-144.
Resolve into factora, (z + 16) (z - 9).
Put 12 :r: for z, (12 z + 16) (12 z - 9).
Divide by 4 x 8, (8 z + 4) (4:r: - 8) .
.·. 12z2 + 7:r: - 12 = (8z + 4) (4z - 8).
1
t. Resolve into factors lóz2 - 20z - 14.

Multiply by ló, (lóz)2 - 29(lóz)- 210.
Put z for lóz, zi - 20z - 210.
Resolve into factors, (z + 6) (z - 3ó).
Put lóz for z, (lóz + 6) (lóz - 36).
Divide by 8 x ó, (óz + 2) (3z - 7).
.·. lóz2 - 20z - 14 = (óz + 2)(3z - 7).
6. Resolve into factors 12 z2 + 8 z - 15.

Multiply by 12, (12z)' + 8(12z) -180.
Put z for 12z, z2 + 8 z - 180.
Resol ve into factors, (z + 18) (z - 10).
Put 12 z for z, (12 z + 18) (12 z - 10).
Divide by 6 x 2, (2z + 3) (6z - ó).
.·.12z2+8z-ló=(2z+3)(6z-ó).
6. Resol ve into factora 20 zt - 41 z + 20.

Multiply by 20, (20 z)2 - 41 (20 z) + 400.
Put z for 20z, z2-4lz + 400.
Resolve into factors, (z - 16) (z - 25).
Put 20z for z, (20z -16)(20z - 25).
Divide by 4 x ó, (5z - 4) (4z - 6).
.·. 20z2.:....41z+20=(6z-4)(4z-ó).
T. Resolve into factora 6 z 2 - 17 z - 14.

Multiply by 6, (6 z)2 - 17 (6 z) - 84.
Put z for 6z, zt-17z - 84.
· Resolve into factors, (z + 4) (z - 21 ).
Put 6 z forz, (6 z + 4)(6 z - 21).
Divide by 2 x 3, (3z + 2) (2z - 7).
.·. 6 z 2 - 17 z - 14 = (3 z + 2) (2 z - 7).
B. Resolve into factora 6z' + 18z + 6.

Multiply by 6, (6 z)' + 13 (6 z) + 36.
Put z for 6z, zt + 13z + 86.
Resolve into factors, (z + 4) (z + 9).
Put 6 zforz, (6:i:+4)(6z+O).
Divide by 2 x 3, (3z + 2) (22: + 8) .
.·. 6:i:2+13z+6=(3:i:+2)(2z+3).
9. Resolve into factora 8zt + 2z - ló.
Multiply by 8, (8z) 2 + ll (8z) - 120.
Put z for 8z, z2 + 2z -120.
Resolve into factora, (z + 12) (z - 10).
Put 8 z far z, (8 z + 12)(8 z - 10).
l)ivide by 4 x 2, (2z + 8)(4z - ó) .
=
. ·. sz:1 + 2z - ló (llz + 8)(4z - 6).
10. Resolve into factora 14z2 + 3lzv - 1ov2.

Multiply by 14, (14z)2 + 81 v (14z) - 1401(2.
l'ut z for 14z, z2 + 3lyz -1401(2.
Resol ve into factora, (z + 86 v) (z - 4 v).
Put 14z for z, (14z + 8óy) (14z - 411)·
Divide by 7 x 2, (2 z + 6 v) (7 z - 2 71) .
=
.·. ¡4z2 + 81:ty - lov2 (2z + 611)(7z - 2v).
U.. Resolve into factora 6 z2 + 11 z11 - 36 y2.

Multiply by 6, (6z)'.i + lly(6z)- 210112.
Put z for 6z, zól + llyz - 2I0y2.
Resol ve into factora, (z + 2111) (z - 10 y).
Put6z forz, (6z + 2ly)(6z - IOy).
Divide by 8 x 2, (2 z + 7 y) (8 z - 6 y) .
.·. 6 zt + 11 zy - 8ó Y2 = (2 z + 711) (8-z - 6 y).
11. Resolve into factora 21z2 + 26zy -161(2.

Maltiply by 21, (21 z)t + 26 y (21 z) - 316 y 2 •
Put z for 2lz, z2 + 26yz - 8161(2.
Resol ve into factora, (z + 3ó y) (z - 9 71).
Put 2Iz for z, (21z + 3óy)(2lz - 971).
Divide by 7 x 3, (Sz + 671) (7 ;e - 871) .
=
.·. 21z' + 26z11- lólf2 (Sz + óy)(7z - 871).
JI. Resolve into factors 42 zt - ó9 z71 + 20 ys.

Multiply by 42, (42 z)' - 69 y (42 z) + 840 712.
~zbü~ --Wp+~~
Resolve into factora, (z - 24 71) (z - 3ó 71).
Put 42 z for z, (42 z - 24 71) (42z - 8611).
Divideby6x7, (7z-4y)(6z-671) .
.·. 42 z2 - ó9 zy + 20 y2 = (7 z - 411) (6 z - 6 71).
1
1
H. Resolve int.o fact.ors 21:i? - 87 xy + 12 ,S. 1
Multiply by 21, (21 x"f- 87 y (21 x) + 262 'I/'.

~zbfil~ --~~+~~
Resolve lnto factora, (z - 9 i,) (z - 28 y).
Put 21 x forz, (2lz - 9 i,)(21 x - 28 y).
Divide by 8 X 7, (7z - 811)(8 X - 4 i,) .
.-. 21z1 - 87ZJ1 + 12i,' = (7z - Si,) (Sz - 411),
16. Resolve int.o factora 14:i? + 68Zlf + Hi,t.

Multiply by 14, (lb)'+ 681f (lb) + 100 71'.
Put z for 14x, z• + 6Si,z + 1ooy1.
Resolve into factors, (z + 4 y) (z + 4911).
Put lb for z, (14 x + 411) (lb + 49y).
Divide by 2 X 7, ('7 X + 2 y) (2 X + 7 i,).
.-. 14x2 + 68:i:i, + 14y' = (7x + 2y) (2x + 7i,).
16. Resolve into factors 21z1 - 40xy + 16'1/'.

Multiply by 21, (21z)I - 401f (2lz) + 886 lf'.
~zbfil~ --~~+~~
Resolve into factors, (z - 12 y) (z - 28 y).
Put 21 x for z, (21 x - 12 y) (21 x - 28 y).
Divide by 8 x 7, (7x - 4y) (Sx - 4y) .
=
.·. 21x1 - ~xi,+ 16i,' (7x - 4y)(Sx - 4 y).
11. Resolve into factors 80x• + 43xy + 16y1•

Multiply by 80, (30x)' + 43s,(30x) + 460yl.
Put z for 30 x, z2 + 43 yz + 460 ?f.
Resol ve lnto factora, (z + 18 i,) (z + 26 y).
Put 30x for z, (30x + 18y)(30x + 26y).
Divide by 6 x 6, (6x + Sy) (6:z: + 6y).
=
:. 80x• + 4Sxy + 16y' (5x + Sy) (6z + 6y).
18. Resolve into factors 21 x• + 41 xy + 10 y 1.
Multiply by 21, + 41y(21x) + 210yl.

(21z)2
Put z for 21 x, z• + 41 yz + 210 y1 .
Resolve into factors, (z + 6 y) (z + 36 y).
Put 21 :i: for z, (21 :i: + 6y) (21:i: + 36y).
Divide by 3 x 7, (7x + 2y) (Sz + 6y).
:. 21:& + 41xy + 10-yl = (7x + 2y) (3:i: + 6y).
TEAUHEW:i' EDITION 123
19. Resoive into factora 21z2 + 29:i:y -10¡¡2,
Multiply by 21, (21z)2 + 29y(2h)- 210y'.
Put z for 21:z:, zt + 29yz - 210y'.
Resolve into factora, (z + Sóy) (z - 6y).
Put 21:z: forz, (21 z + 3ó y) (21:z: - 6 ¡¡).
Divide by 7 x 8, (Sx + ó 11)(7:z: - 2 y) .
.·. 21:z:1 + 29:i:y -1oy2 = (3z + óy)(7z -2v).
IO. Resolve iuto factors 10:i:2 + 19:z:v -15y2,
Multiply by 10, (10:i:)' + 19y(10z) - lóOyt,
Put z for 10 z, z' + 19 yz -150 y2,
Resolve iDto factora, (z + 2ó y) (z - 611).
Put 10:i: for z, (10:i: + 2óy) (10:i: - 6y).
Divide by ó x 2, (2z + ó y) (óz - 3 y) .
.·. lOz' + 19zy- lóy2 = (2z + óy)(5z-3y) .
,ctora 6 a2 + 11 ab - 86 1/J• ......J . ...... ~ -

•r _..-,,_ .
Multiply by 6, ---. ~ + llb(6a)-2101/J.
Put z for 6a, z2 + llbz - 210/P.
Resolve into factol'9\ __ (z + 21 b) (z - 10 b).
Puij¡irftlrz,- -- - - - -· (tfo~t~a-lOb) .
. Divide by 3 x 2, (2 a + 7 b) ($ a - ó b) •
.·. 6at + llab- 35b2 = (2a + 7b) (3a - ób).
11. Resolve into factora 12 et - 11 cd - ló <P.

Multiply by 12, (12c)' - lld(12c)-180<P.
Pnt z for 12 e, z2 - 11 dz - 1SO<P.
Reaolve into factors, (z + 9 d) (z - 20 d).
Put 12 e for z, (12c + 9d) (12 e - 20d).
Divide by 3 x 4, · (4 e+ 3d)(3c - ód).
.·.12c2-llcd-15<P=(4c+3d)(8c-ód).
11. Resolve into factora 12 ,nt + ,nn - 20nt.

Multiply by 12, (12 m)2 + ·n (12 m) -
240 nt.
Put z for 12 m, z'l + nz - 240 nt.
Reaolve into factors, (z + 16 n) (z - lón).
Put 12m for z, (12m + 16n) (12m - Ión).
Divide by 4 x 3, (8m + 4n)(4m - ón) .
.·. 12 m2 + mn - 20 n2 = (3 ,n + 4 n) (4 m - ó n).
l
!
H. Reaolve into factora 12 yl + 2611z + 12 zl.

Multiply by 12, (1211)' + 26z(l271) + 144zl.
Put z for 12 71, zll + 26 zz + 144 zt.
Resol ve into factora, (z + 9 z) (z + 16 z).
Put 1271 for z, (1211 + 9z) (1271 + 16z).
Divide by 3 x 4, (411 + 3 z) (311 + 4%) •
.·. 12 yl + 26 7IZ + 12z2 =(
4 JI + 3z) (3 JI + 4 z).
96 . Resol ve into factora 16 a2 - 14 ab - 8 l,2.

Multiply by 16, (16a)2 -14b(l6a)-120b2.
Put z for 16a, z2 -14bz -120b2.
Resol ve into factora, (z + 6 b) (z - 20b).
Put 16a for z, (16a + 6b) (16a - 20b).
Divideby3x6, . (6a+2b)(3a-4b).
.·. 16as -14ab - Sb2 = (6a + 2b) (3a - 4b).
---......a~ Btjve into factora 15 a2 - 16 ab + 4 b2:

Multiply by ló, . ...(J.!>qt -16b(lóa) + 60b2.
Put z for lóa, .----- zt -16bz + 601,I.
Resolve into factora, (z - 6b)(z - 10b).
Put 16a ~or _z,___...-----...-- - · (~a - (l,l>Ml~a - lOb).
Divide lÍ)~ó, (6 a - 2 b) (3 ~ .!e 2 b) .
=
.·. lóas -16ab + 4b2 (óa - 2b) (Sa - 2b).
2T. Resolve into fact-0rs 30c2 - cd - 20<P.

Multiply by 80, (30c)2 - d(80c) - OOOd"l.
Put z for 80c, zll - dz - 600<P.
Resolve into factora, (z + 24 d) (z - 2ó d).
Put80cforz, (80c+24d)(30c-2ód).
Di\'ide by 6 x 6, (óc + 4d) (6c - ód) .
.·. 80c2 - cd - 20d2 = (óc + 4d) (6c - ód).
88. Resolve into factora 30c11- lt cd - SO<P.

Multiply by 80, (30c)' - lld(80c)- 900<P.
Put z for 30 e, zll - 11 dz - 900 d2.
Resolve lnto factora, (z + 2ó d) (z - 36 d).
Put 80c for z, (30c + 26d) (30c - 36d).
Divide by 6 x 6, (6 e + ó d) (6 e - 6 d).
=
.·. 80c11- llcd - 30<P (6c + 6d) (óc - 6d).
TEACHERS' EDITION · 125
19. Reaolve into faciors 10 as - 61 ab + 66 bl.
Multiply by 10, (10a) 2 - 5lb(l0a) + ó60bl.
Put z for 10 a, zi - 61 bz + ó60 bl.
Reaolve into factora, (z -16b)(z - 3ób).
Put 10a fou, (10a - 16b) (10a - 85b).
Divide by 2 x 6, (5a - 8b)(2a -7b) .
.·. 10a'-5lab + 66bl = (6a - 8b) (2a -7b).
ao. Reaolve into factors ló b2 + 2 be - 4ó cs.

Multlply by 16, (16b)' + 2c(15b)- 676c9.
Put z for lób, z2 + 2cz - 675c2.
Resolve into factors, (z + 27 e) (z - 26 e).
Put lób for z, (lób + 27c)(lób- 26c).
Divide by 8 x 6, (ób + 9c)(3b- 6c) .
=
.·. 15bl + 2bc - 45ct (5b + 9c) (3b - 6c).
11. Resolve into factors 12a' - 25ab- óObl.

Multlply by 12, (12a)t - 2ób(l2a) - 6001>2.
Put z for 12 a, z-l - 2ó bz - 600 bl.
Resolve into factors, (z - 40 b) (z + 16 b).
Put 12a for z, (12a - 40b)(l2a + 16b).
Divideby4 x 3, (3a-10b)(4a+ób) .
.·. 12 at - 26ab- óObl = (3a - lOb) (4a + 6b).
H. Reeolve into factora 6 m'+ 11 mn - 72 nt.

Multiply by 6, (6 m)' + 11 n (6 "!) - 482 nt.
Put z for 6m, zt + 11 nz - 482n2.
Reaolve lnto factora, (z + 27 n) (z - 16 n).
Put 6 m for z, (6 m + 27 n) (6 m - 16 n).
Divide by 3 x 2, (2m + 9n)(3m -Sn).
=
.·. 6m' + llmn-72nl (2m + 9n)(3m- 8n).
11. Resolve into factora 15 :z:t + 44 :z:y - 20 ys.
Multiply by 16, (16 :z:)2 + 44 y (16:1:) - 300 yt.
Put z for 16:z:, z2 + 44yz - 300y2.
Resolve into factora, (z + óOy)(z - 6y).
Put 16:i: for z, (15:z: + óOy) (ló:z: - 6y).
Divide by 6 X 3, (3:z: + 10y)(óz-2y).
.·. 16:i:' + 44:z:y - 20yt = (3:z: + 10y)(ó:z:-2y).
H . Resolve into factom 20zl - Z'// - 99712•

Multiply by 20, (20z)2 -11(20:t) -198011'.
Put z for 20z, z2 -11z - 198011'.
Resolve into factora, (z + 44 71) (z - 46 t,).
Put 20 z for z, (20 z + 44 t,) (20 z - 4611).
Divide by 4 x 5, (óz + ll11)(4z - 9¡,) •
•·• 20z2 - Z'// - 991/2 = (6z + 1171) (4z - 911).
Exerciu 46. Page 101
l. Resolve into factora 6z2 - IOz + 16.

Divide by 6, zt - V z + !,
Complete the square, (z2 - l/-z + iH·) + (! - fH).
Simplify, (z - H)' - (/!)'.
Resolve into factora, (z - H + n) (z - H - /,z)•
Simplify, (z - O(z - i).
Multiply by 2 X 3," (2z - 3) (3z - 6) .
. ·. 6z' - 19z + ló = (2z - 3) (3z - ó).
l. Resolve into factors 6 z2 + 1i z + 12.

Divide by 6, zl + 11- z + 2.
Complete the square, (z2 + 'lz + Ht> - <fH - 2).
Simplify, (z + H)2 - (n)'.
Resolve into factors, (z + H+ n) (z + H - n>·
Simpllfy, (z + O(z + f).
Multlply by 2 x 3, (2z + 3) (3z + 4) .
.·. 6z2 +17z+l2=(2z+3)(3z+4).
8. Resolve into factora 12 z2 + 7z - 12.

Divide by 12, zl + -?,zz - l.
Complete the square, (z2 + Í'fz + N?i) - (ll. + 1).
Simplify, (z + ;,)' - (U)'.
Resol ve into factors, (z + .,¡1 + U) (z + ir - ft).
Simplify, (z + !)(z - t).
Multiply by 3 x 4, (3 z + 4) (4 z - 3) .
. ·. 12z2 + 7z -12 = (3z+ 4)(4:t- S).
l. Resol ve into factors 12 :i:2 + 8z - ló.
Divide by 12, z2 + J z - f.
Complet.e the square, (z2 + f z + !) - O + t).
Slmplify, (z + t)' - (i)'.
Resolve into factora, (z + t + !) (z + t - !).
Simplify, (z + i) (z -
l).
Mnltiply by 2 X 6, (h + 8) (6 z - ó) •
.·. 12:r.2+8z-ló=(2z+8)(6z-6).
6. Resolve into factors 20:r.2 - 41 z + 20.

Divide by 20, zt - Hz+ l.
Complete the square, (z2 -:- Uz + HH> + (1-HH),
Slmplify, (z - m2 - (/-¡¡)'.
Reaolve into factors, (z - H + !- u) (z - H - -/-¡¡),
Simplify, (z - !) (z - t).
Mnltiply by 6 X 4, (ó z - 4) (4 z - ó).
.·. 20z2 -41z+20=(óz-4)(4z-6).
8. Reaolve into factors 6 z2 + 13 z + 6.

Divide by 6, z2 + i¡z + l.
Complete the square, (z2 + J./-z + tm + (1 - Ht>,
Simplify, + H)2 - (!"2")t.
(z
Resolve into factora, (z + H + !I) (z + H - !,).
Slmplify, (z + U (z + f).
Multiply by 2 X 8, (2 z + 8) (3 z + 2).
.·. 6z2+13z+6=(2z+3)(3z+2).
'r. Reaolve into factora 8 z 2 + 2z - 16.

Divide by 8, z2 + t z - V-,
Complete the square, (z2 + } z + -h) - (1-1'- + -h),
Simplify, (z + t)t - (\l-)2.
Resolve into fa.ctors, (z + t + -Y.) (z + l - \ I ).
Simplify, (z + i)(z - !).
Multiply by 2 x 4, (2 z + 8) (4 z - 5).
.·. Szt + 2z -16 = (2x + 3) (4z - ó).
8. Resolve into factora 6 zt + 11:1:y - 361/2.

Divide by 6, z2 + i¡:z:y - Jjy2.
Complet.e the square, (z + 1..jzy + lHt12)-(\AY1 Hlt/2). +
Simplify, (z + fltl)' - (H y)2.
Relolve into factora, (:z:+Ht1+HY) (:z:+t!Y-H11).
Simplify, (:z: + ¡ y) (:z: - i y).
Multiply by 2 x 3, (2 :z: + 7 y)(3 :z: - ó y) .
.·. 6:z:1 + ll:z:y-36y2 = (2:z: + 7y)(3z - 6y).
9. Resolve into factora 30z2 + 43:z:y + 16y2.

Divide by 30, z2 + H zy + ! y 2•
Complet.e the square, (:z:2 + U:z:y + HU112)+(l-112 - tUh2).
Simplify, · (z + t!t/)2 - (-/o-Y)~.
Resolve into factora, (:z: + UY + .¡~y)(:z: + th - --/o-11).
Simplify, (z + t y) (z + J 11).
Multiply by 6 x 6, (6z + 611) (óz + 3y).
.·. 80z2 + 43:z:11 + lóy2 = (Oz + 611) (óz + 3y).
10. Resolve into factora 10z2 + 19:i:11 - 16y".

Divide by 10, z 2 + Hz11- Jy2 •
Complete tbe square, (z2 + t ~ Zl/ + U! 112) - (i 112 + tn 112).
Simplify, (z + U11)2 - (HY) 2•
Resol ve into factora, (z + ! ! 11 + ~ ! 11) (z + ti 11 - U 11):
Simplify, (z + h') (z - ! y).
Multiply by 2 X 6, (2 z + 6 y) (6 z - 3 y) .
.·. 10:i:2 + 19zy -16y2 = (2z + 511) (6z - 3y).
11. Resol ve into factora 12 c2 - 11.cd - 16 <P.

Divide by 12, e" - Hcd- fd"l.
Complet.e the equare, (c2 - H cd + lH d2) - O d2 + !H d2).
Simplüy, (e - Hd)2 - (Ud)".
Resolve into factora, (e - Hd + ftd) (e - Hd - Ud).
Simplify, (e+ f d) (e - !d).
Multiply by 4 x 3, (4 e+ 3 d) (3 e - 6d) .
.·. 12 et - 11 cd - 16 d2 = (4 e + 3 d) (3 e - 6 d).
TEACHERS' JWITION 129
lll. Resolve into factors 12 m2 + mn - 20 n2.
Divide by 12, m2 + -h mn - ! ns.
Complete the square, (m2 + -h mn + sh n 2 ) - (! n2 + "S"tt ni),
Simplüy, (m + 'l.\ n) 2 - (U n) 2•
Resolve into factora, (m. + ,}¡ n + Un) (m + i 1 n - Un).
Slmplify, (m + ! n) (m - t n).
Mnltiply by 3 x 4, (3m + 4 n) (4m - 6n) •
. ·. 12 m2 + mn - 20 n' = (3 m + 4 n) (4 m - 6 n).
11. Resolve into factors 12 712 + 26 yi + 12 i 1•

Divide by 12, 712 + H yi + ,2.
Complete the square, (11' + H yi+ !H z2) + (i' - H! z2),
Simplify, (11 + fti) 2 - (-i\-i)'.
Resolve into factors, (11 + Ui + 17¡-i)(y + Ui -,hi).
Simplify, (11 + ! i) (11 + t i).
Multiply by 3 x 4, (811 + 4 %) (411 + 3 %) •
.·. 121/2 + 26 yi + 12 ,2 = (3 y + 4%) (4 y + 3%).
H. Resolve into factors 16 a2 - 16 ab + 4 b2.

Divide by 16, a2 - H ab + b2. n
n
Complete the square, (a2 - f! ab + -lls b2) + ( l,I - /,h b2).
Simplify, (a - -.fs b) - (-h b) 2 •
Resolve into factors, (a - -Is b + -h b) (a - -Is b - -h b).
SimpJify, (a - f b) (a - f b).
Mnltiply by 6 x 3, (6 a - 2 b) (S a - 2 b) .
•·• 16 a9 - 16 ab + 4 b2 = (6 a - 2 b) (S a - 2 b).
16. Resolve into factors 30c' - cd - 20dl.

Divide by 30, et - n
cd - f di.
Complete the square, (c2 - n
cd + -s-hll di) - (1 di + -sillll di).
Simplify, (e - ¿d)' - (t&d)'.
Resolve into factors, (e - ¿ <t + U <t) (e - -;ll <t - H <t).
Simpllfy, (e+ !d)(c -td),
Mnltiply by 6 x 6, (6c + 4d)(6c - 6d) .
.·. 30c• - cd - 20<P = (6c + 4d) (6c - 6d).
18. Resolve into factora 80 et - 11 cd - 30 d'.

Divide by 30, et - Hcd - IP.
Complete the square, (c2 - H~ + Nnd') - (d' + Nrf1rd').
Simplify, (e - Hd)2 - (f!d)2.
Resolve into factora, (e - Ud+ U-d) (é - Hd - f!d).
Simplify, (e+ id) (e - f d).
Multiply by 6 x ó, (6c + ód) (óc - 6d) .
.·. 30c1-llcd-301i2=(6c+ód)(óc-6d).
17. Resolve into factors 10a2 - 6lab + 66112.

Divide by 10, as - H ab + Jgt bl.
Complete the square, (a2 - H ab + lfll 112) + (\l 112 - 2./N- bl).
Simplify, (a - !!b) -(Hb)I.
Resolve into faotors, (a - U b + H b) (a - H b - H b).
Simplify, (a...:..! b) (a - ¡ b).
Multlply by 6 x 2, (5 a - 8 b) (2 a - 1 b) .
•·. 10 a2 :.... ól ab + 66112 = (ó a - 8 b) (2 a - 1 b).
18. Resolve into factors lóz2 + 44 xy - 20 y 2 •

Divide by ló, z 2 + H xy - t 712.
Complete the squa.re, (z2 + H xy + tu
712) - (t 712 + Ut712 ).
Simplify, (z + U 71)2 - (f!71)2.
Resolve into factors, (z + H 1/ + H 11) (z + H 1/ - H 71).
Simplify, (z + Ji11)(z - fy).
Multiply by 3 x ó, (3 z + 1011) (óz - 211) .
. ·. 16 z2 + 44zy - 20 y 9 = (3 z + 1011)(6z - 211),
Resolve into factors :

l. 27 zl + 343 ¡¡8 = (3 z + 711)[ (3z)2 - (Sz) (7 y)+ (7 y) 2)
= (3z + 711) (9z 2 - 21z¡¡ + 49712).
l. 216 as - 1331 b8 = (6 a - 11 b)[ (6 a)2 + (6 a) (11 b) + (11 b)2)

= (6 a - 11 b) (36 a + 66 ab + 121112).
2
8. 12óa8l)II + 216c8t.J8 = (ó ab + 6 cd) [(ó alJ)S -(ó ab) (6 cd) + (6 cd)IJ

= (6 ab + 6cd) (25 a 1>2 - 30 abcd + 36c2d:Z).
2
4. 729:i:SV'+ 612a•bl = (9ey + 8ab)[(9ey)I - (9ey) (8ab) + (8ab)S)
= (9 zy + 8 ab) (81 z'ly'J - 72 abey + 64 aSbt).
6. 126zl-348y'z' = (6z-7yz)[(óz)2 + (6z)(7yz) + (7yz)2]

= (6z - 7yz) (26:i? + 86:i:yz + 49y2z2).
8. 729a' - 343b' = (9a - 7 b) [(9a)2 + (9a) (7 b) + (7 b)S]

= (9 a - 7 b) (81 as + 63 ab + 49 b9).
7. 8zl + 2771' = (2z2 +8y8)[(2z2)2-(2z2)(3y8) + (8y8)2]

= (2z2 + 3y') (4:t' - 6ztya + 9y6).
a. 27zl - 64y6z9 = (8z2-4ySz8) [(3z9)2+(8z2)(4 ytz•)+ (4 y2%3)2]

=
(3 z 2 - 4 y2zl) (9 z• + 12 z2¡¡2zl + 161f4z6).
9. 1000 zl - 188ly' = (10 z - 11 y) [ (10 z)I + (10 z) (11 y) + (11 y)2)
= (lOz - 11 y) (100z2 + llOzy + 1211¡19>.
10. 13.'U m• + 1728n' = (11 m + 12 n)[(ll m)2'-(11 m) (12n)+(l2 n)2]

== (11 m + 12n) (121 m2 -132 mn+ 144n2).
11. 27 + aSU,c' = (3 + ab2c') (9 - 8 ab2c' + (i2bfc0).
H. 216 zly'z' - 126 = (6 zyz - ó) [ (6 zyz)S + (6 z11z) (6) + 61]

= (6z11z - 6) (S6zty2z2 + 80:i:yz + 26).
11. (a+2b)ª-l=(a+2b-l)[(a+2b)2 +(a+2b)+l)

=(a+ 2 b - l)(a' + 4 ab + 4 b9 +a+ 2 b + 1).
14. (a - 2 b)' + 1 = (a - 2 b + 1) [(a - 2 b)2 - (a - 2 b) + 1)
= (a - 2b + 1) (a2 - 4ab + 4b2 - a+ 2b + 1).
li. 1 - (z - y)'= [l - (z - y)][l + (z - y)+ (z - 11)2)
= (1 - z + y) (1 + z - y+ z 2 - 2z11 + 112).
18. zl + y6 = (z' + y2) [ (:i:9)2 - (z2) (112) + (112)2] .
= (z' + y2) (:r - ztyt + yt).
17. a9 - 71' = (aª - y8) [ (a')2 + (aª) (118) + (Yª)I]
= (a• - yl) («e+ aByl + y6)
= (a - y) (a2 + ay + 112) (a' + a'yl + y6).
18. 27 aª - (a - b)' =[8 a - (a - b)) [ (8 a)' + 3 a (a - b) + (a - b)S)
=(8a-a+b) (9a' +8a' -8ab+a'-2 ab+ b9)
= (2a + b) (18a2 - 6ab + b9).
19. 64a• + (a+ b)ª = [4a +(a+ b)J[(4a)1-(4a)(a + b) +(a+ b)2]

= (4 a+ a+ b)(16a' -4a'-4ab+a2 + 2ab + IP)
= (6a + b) (I8a2 - 2ab + IP).
80. (z2 - 6)ª - 718 = [(z2 - 6) - Jil] [(:i:2 - 6)2 + (z2 - 6) (719) + (1l2)2]
= (z2 - 6 - Jil)(zt - toz2 + 26 + z2Jil - 611 + 71').
9
81. (zª + 4)• + 718 = ((zl + 4) + 11) [(zl + 4)2 - (z + 4) (11) + 112)
8
= (zl + 4 + 11) (zl + 8 zl + 16 - zli, - 411 + 112).
H. (a + b)ª - (a - b)ª
=[(a+ b) - (a - b)] [(a+ b)2 +(a+ b) (a - b) + (a - b)2]
=(a+ b- a+ b) (a:11 + 2ab + lP + at - lP + a• - 2ab + lP)
= 2b(3a2 + lP).
91. 64 (z + 11)ª + 27 (z - r,)1
=
(4(z + r,) + 3(z -11)] [{4(z + 11)}1-{4(z + 11)} {3(z - i,)}
+ {3(z -11)} 1]
= (4:1: + 4 y+ 3z - 3y) (16z2 + 32zr, + 16yl -12z1 + 121/2
+ Oz2 - 18zy + OJII)
=
(7 Z + 11) (13 z2 + 14 Zl/ + 87 7/9).
H. (6a-2b)'+8c8
= ((6a- 2b) + 2c] ((6a - 2b)2 - (6a- 2b)(2c) + (2c)')
= (óa -2b + 2c) (26a2 - 20ab + 4b' - lOac + 4bc + 4cl).
811 • z21111a + a16bH
= (z7i,8 + a6b') [ (zTy&)I _ (z7y&) (a6b') + (a6b')']
= (z7y8 + a61J') (:z:1'1,11 _ a'bfz7i,8 + alºb8).
88. (2a-8b)ª-(z-4y)8
= [(2 a - 3 b) - (z - 4 y)] [ (2 a - 3 b)1 + (2 a - 8 b) (z - 4 r,)
+ (x - 4y)2]
=
(2 a - 3 b - z + 411)(4 a 2 - 12 ab + 91,S + 2 az - 8 ai, - 8 lJz
+ 12by + :z:1 - 8z11 + 16112).
97. zl- (11- 2%)1 = [z - (y - 2%)) [z1 + z(11- 2z) + (r, - 2%)']
= (z - 11 + 21:) (z1 + zr, - 2 zz + 112 - 411z + 4 z:2).
H . (z + 11)8 + (x - 11)•
= [(z+ y)+ (z - r,)]((x + 11)1 - (z + r,) (z - 11) + (z -11)2)
= (z + 11 + z - y) (:i:2 + 2 zv + V" - z• + Ji1 + z• - 2 Z1/ + lf')
= 2z(z• + Sr,•).
. Ezerctae <18. Page 104

l. Resolve int.o factors :r;B + 4 z2 + z - 6.
If z = + 1, :r;B + 4 z 2 + z - 6 = 1 + 4 + 1 - 6 = O.
Hence, z - 1 is a factor .
.·. z1 + 4 z2 + z - 6 = (z - 1) (z2 + 6z-+ 6) = (z -1) (z + 2) (z + 3).
l. Reeolve into factora a8 - 7 at + 16 a - 12.
If a=+ 1, a• - 7 a'+ 16a - 12 = 1 - 7 + 16 - 12 = - 2.
lf a =-1, a• -7a' + 16a -12 =-1 - 7 -16 -12 =- 36.
=
H a + 2, aª - 7 a2 + 16 a - 12 = 8 - 28 + 32 - 12 = O.
Hence, a - 2 is a factor .
.·. a•- 7 as+ 16a-12 = (a- 2)(a2- 6a+ 6) = (a -2) (a-2) (a-3).
l. Resolve into factors e' - 8c + 3.
He=+~ c'-8c+3=1-8+3=-~
Ifc=-1, c'-8c+3=-1+8+3=+10.
H e = + 3, e' - 8 e + 3 = 27 - 24 + 3 = + 6.
H e = - 3, e' - 8 e + 3 = - 27 + 24 + 3 = O.
Hence, e+ 3 is a factor .
.·. e'- 8c + 3 =(e+ 3)(c' - 3c + 1).
t. Resolve into factors 2:r;B - zt - 13z - 6.
lf z = + 1, 2z8 - :i:2 -13z - 6 = 2 -1- 13 - 6 =-18.
lf z = -1, 2:e' - z' - 13z - 6 = - 2 -1 + 13 - 6 = + 4.
If z = + 2, 2:e'- zt -13z - 6 = 16 - 4 - 26 -6 = - 20.
li z = - 2, 2 :r;B - z 1 - 13 z - 6 = - 16 - 4 + 26 - 6 = O.
Hence, z + 2 is a factor .
.·. 2z8-z'-13z-6 = (z+2) (2zt - óz-3) = (z +2)(z-3) (2z+l)
11. Resolve int.o factors :r;B - 19z + 12.
If z = + 1, :r;B - 19z + 12 = 1 - 19 + 12 = - 6.
If z =-1, :r;B -19z + 12 = -1 + 19 + 12 = + 30.
Ifz=+2, :r;B-19x+12=8-38+12=-18.
lf z = - 2, z• - 19z + 12 = - 8 + 38 + 12 = + 42.
If z = + 8, :r;B - 19x + 12 = 27 - 67 + 12 = - 18.
If z = - 8, :r;B - lOz + 12 = - 27 + 67 + 12 = + 42.
li z = + 4, :r;B - 19z + 12 = 64 - 76 + 12 = O.
.·. zl-10z+ 12= (z-4)(z'+ 4z-3).
8. Resolve into factora 6zl -11 zt + 6z - l.

lfz=+l, 6zl-llz2+6z-1=6-11+6-1=0.
Hence, z - 1 is a factor.
.·. 6z8-llz2+6z-1 = (z-1)(62:2-h+l) = (z-1)(2z-1)(3z-1).
T. Resolve into factora zl - 9 zt + 26 z - 24.

lf z =+ 1, zl-9zt+26z -24=1-9+26-24=-6.
lf z =-1, zl - 9z• + 26z - 24 = - 1 - 9 - 26 - 24 = - 60.
If z =+2, z•-9z•+ 26z -24 = 8-86 + 62-24 = O.
.·. zl- 9:z:2 + 26z - 24 = (z - 2) (z2 -7z +12) = (z - 2)(z-3)(z-4).
8. Resolve into factora 2 el + 9 et + 12 e + 4.

lf e=+ 1, 2 el+ 9cS + 12 e+ 4 = 2 + 9 + 12 + 4 =+ 27.
lf e =-1, 2cª + 9c2 + 12c + 4 =- 2 + 9 -12 + 4= - l.
lfc=+2, 2 c8 + 9 es + 12 e + 4 = 16 + 36 + 24 + 4= + 80.
lfc=-2, 2 c8 + 9 es + 12 e+ 4 = - 16 + 86 - 24 + 4 = O.
Hence, e+ 2 is a factor .
.·. 2 c8 + 9 e•+ 12 e+ 4 = (e + 2) (2 e•+ 6 e+ 2) = (e+ 2) (e+ 2) (2 e+ 1).
9. Resolve into factora aª - 6a• - 2a + 24.

lf a=+ l, aª - 6 a 2 - 2 a + 24 = =
1 - 6 - 2 + 24 + 18.
If a =-1, a• - 6 a 2 - 2a + 24 = - 1 - 6 + 2 + 24 = + 20.
Ifa=+2, a•- 6a2 -2a + 24 = 8-20-4 + 24 =+8.
Ifa=-2, a• - 6 a2 - 2 a + 24 = - 8 - 20 + 4 + 24 = O.
Hence, a+ 2 is a factor .
.·. aª - 6 a2 - 2 a+ 24 = (a + 2) (a2 - 7 a + 12) = (a+ 2) (a - 3) (a - 4).
10. Resolve into factora zª - 2 z 2 - 16 z + 86.

If z =+ 1, zl - 2z2 - 16x + 86 = 1 - 2 -16 + 86 = + 20.
If z =-1, x• - 2x2 - lóx + 86 = -1 - 2 + 16 + 86 = + 48.
lfz=+2, x• - 2z2 -16x + 36 = 8 - 8 - 30 + 86 =+ 6.
If z=-2, xª - 2 x• - 16 x + 86 =-
8 - 8 + 30 + 36 = + 60.
If z =+ 3, xª - 2z2 - 16x + 36 = 27 - 18 - 46 + 86 = O.
Hence, x - 3 is a factor .
.•. z8 - 2 zt - 16 x + 36 = (x - 8) (x• + x - 12) = (x - 8)(x - 8) (z + 4).
11. Besolve into factor& m• + m2 - 22 m - 40.
1f m = + 1, m• + m2 - 22 m - 40 = 1 + 1 - 22 - 40 =-
60.
1f m = - 1, m• + m• - 22 m - 40 = - 1 + 1 + 22 - 40 = - 18.
1f m = + 2, m• + m• - 22 m - 40= 8 + 4 - 44 - 40 = - 72.
1f m = - 2, m• + m' - 22 m - 40 = - 8 + 4 + 44 - 40 = O.
Bence, m + 2 is a factor .
.·. m•+m'-22m-40 = (m+2)(m'-m-20) = (m+2)(m+4)(m-6).
11. Resolve into factors n• - nt - 8 n + 12.

=
lf n + 1, nª - n2 - 8 n + 12 = 1 - 1 - 8 + 12 = + 4.
lf n = - 1, nª - n2 - 8 n + 12 = - 1 - 1 + 8 + 12 = + 18.
1f n = + 2, nª - n2 - 8 n + 12 = 8 - 4 - 16 + 12 = O.
Hence, n - 2 is a factor.
.·. n• - n2 - 8 n + 12 = (n - 2) (ni + n - 6) = (n - 2) (n - 2) (n + 3).
18. Resolve into factors 6z6 + 19:i:4.:.. 20:ea ·- · 66z' + 24z + 36.
lf z =:t 1,
6z6 +19:i:4 -20:t8-66z2 + 24z +36 = 6+19- 20-66+24+36= O.
Hence, z -1 is a factor.
~ 6z6+19zt-20:t8-~z2+24z+36
= (z -1) (6zt + 26z8 + 6z2 - 60z - 36).
lf z= +1,
6:z:4 + 26:tl + 6z2 - 60z - 36 = 6 + 26 + 6 - 60 - 36 = - 60.
lfz =-1,
6:z:4 + 26:tl + 6:z:2-60z-36= 6-26 + 6 + 60-36 =+ 10.
Ifz=+2,
6:z:t +26z•+ 6z1 -60z-36 = 96 + 200 + 20 -120-36 = + 160.
lfz=-2,
6:z:t + 26:tl + 6z2-60z- 36 = 96- 200 + 20 + 120-86 =0.
llence, z + 2 is a factor .
.·. 6:1:4 + 26:tl + 6zl - 60z - 36 = (z + 2) (6:t8 + 18z' - 21z -18).
If z = - 2, 6z8 + 18z2 - 2lz - 18 = - 48 + 62 + 42 - 18 = + 28.
lf z = + 8, 6 :t8 + 13 z• - 21 z - 18 = 162 + 117 - 63 - 18 = + 198.
If z = - 8, 6 zª + 18 z• - 21 z - 18 = - 162 + 117 + 63 - 18 = O.
Hence, z + 8 la a factor.
.·• 6:t8 + 18z• - 21:z: - 18 = (z + 8) (6:z:2 - 6:z: - 6).
'fo factor 6z: - 6z - 6.

Multiply by 6, (6z)1- 6(6z) - 36.
Put, for 6z, ,2 -
6z - 86.
Resolve into fa.ctors, (z + 4) (, - 9).
Put 6z for z, (6z + 4) (6z - 9).
Divide by 2 x 3, (3z + 2) (2 z - 3) .
.·. 6z2 - 6z - 6 = (3z + 2) (2z - 8).
~6zB+Wz4-20z8-&~+~z+OO
= (z - 1) (z + 2) (z + 3) (3 z + 2) (2 z - 3).
14. Resolve into factora 6 z6 + z4 - 111 z3 + 66 z 2 + 448 z - 480.

lf z = + 1,
6z6 + z4 - lllz8 + 66z9 + 448z - 480
= 6 + 1 - 111 + 66 + 448 - 480 = - 70.
lf z =-1, 6z6 + z4 - lllzª + 66z9 + 448z - '80
= - 6 + 1 + 111 + 66 - 448 - 480 766. =-
=
lf z + 2, 6z6 + z4 - lllz8 + 66z2 + 448z - 480
= 192 + 16 - 888 + 264 + 896 - 480 = o.
.·. 6z6 + z4 - lllz8 + 66z2 + 448z - 480
= (z - 2) (6z4 + 13zª - 86z2 -104z + 240).
lf z = + 2, 6z4 + 18z8 - 86z9 -104z + 240
= 96 + 104 - 840 - 208 + 240 = - 108.
lf z = -2, 6z4 + 18zª - 86z!I -104z + 240
= 96 - 104 - 840 + 208 + 240 = + 100.
If z = + 3, 6z4 + 13z8 - 86z!l -104z + 240
= 486 + 361 - 766 - 812 + 240 = o.
.·. 6z4 + 13z8 - 86z2 -104z + 240 = (z - 3) (6zª + 81zt + 8z-80).
lf z = + 4, 6·za + 31 z2 + 8z - 80 = 884 + 496 + 82 - 80 =+ 882.
lf z =- 4, 6 z8 + 81 z2 + 8 z - 80 =- 884 + 496 - 32 - 80 = O.
. ·. 6 zB + 81z!I + 8z - 80 = (z + 4) (6 z2 + 7z - 20).
To factor 6 zt + 7 z - 20.
Multiply by 6, (6z)2 + 7 (6z) - 120.
Put z for 6z, z2+h-l20.
Resolve into fa.ctors, (z + 16) (z - 8).
'TEACHERS' EDITION 187
Put 6z for z, (6z + 16) (6z - 8).

Divide by 3 x 2, (2z + 6) (3z - 4) .
.·. 6z2 + 7 z - 20 = (2:i: + 6)(3z - 4) .
.·. 6:i:6 + z4 - lllzl + 66:z;I + 448z - 480
=~-~~-~~+~~z+~~z-~
16. Resolve into factora 4 z6 - 22 z4 + 17 z3 + 83 zt - 162 z + 60.

lf z = + 1, 4 z6 - 22 z4 + 17 z3 + 83 zll - 162 z + 60
= 4 - 22 + 17 + 83 - ló2 + 60 = -10.
lf z =- 1, 4:i:6 - 22:i:4 + 17z• + 83:z:2-162z + 60
= - 4 - 22 - 17 + 83 + 162 + 60 = + 262.
lf z = + 2, 4:i:6 - 22:i:t + 17zl + 83zll - ló2z + 60
= 128 - 362 + 136 + 332 - 304 + 60 = o.
.·. 4:i:6 - 22:i:t + 17zl + 83z2 - ló2z + 60
= (z - 2)(4z4 -14zl - llz2 + 6lz - 30).
If z =+ 2,
4 z4 - 14 z3 - 11 zll + 61 z - 30 = 64 - 112 - 44 + 122 - 30 = O.
Hencé, z - 2 is again a factor.
.·. 4:i:t -14:i:3- llz' + 61:i:-30 = (z- 2)(4zl- 6zt - 23z + 16).
If z = + 3, 4 z3 - 6 zt - 23 z + 16 = 108 - ó4 - 69 + 1ó = O.
Hence, z - 3 iá a factor .
.·. 4zl-6z' -23z + 16 = (z-:- 3)(4z' + 6.z - ó).
4 zl + 6 z - 6 ca,nnot be resolved into rational factors.
:. 4:i:6 - 22z4 +17:i:3 + 83zll -162z + 60 =(z-2)2(z-3)(4z2+6z-ó).
Ezeroiae 49. Page 106

Resolve into factora :
l. a'bc' - a'bc2z - aflA:11 = allbl:ll(a - z - b).
l. 6az -161,y + 9bz -10ay = (6az + 9bz)- (lOay + 161,y)
=3z~a+3ij-6y~a+3ij
. =(3z-6y)(2a+3b).
l. 9a'-24ac + 16cll = (3a - 4c)(3a - 4c).
4. 49z' - 81 y'= (h + 9y) (7z - 9y).
6. ali - 2ócll + 9lfl + 6ab =(ali+ 6ab + 9lfl)- (2ócl)

=(a+ 3b)' - (óc) 2
= (a + 3 b + 5 c)(a + 3 b - ó e).
8. 16a4 + 2ólJI + 24a'IIJI = (16at + 40a'IIJI + 26lJI)- (16a'IIJI)
= (4 a 1 + ó lfl)1 - (4 ab)ll
= (4 a' + ó bS + 4 ab) (4 as + 5 lfl - 4 ab)
= (4a' + 4ab + 6lfl) (4a2 - 4ab + ólfl).
T. zll + 2:z:y - 0011ll = (z - 911) (z + 1111).
8. 24:z:1 + 2:z:y - 8611'.
Multiply by 24, (24 z)ll + 211 (242:) - 840111•
Put 2: for 24 z, z2 + 2 yz - 840 y'.
Resolve into facton, (2: - 2811) (2: + 8011).
Put 24 z for 2:, (24 z - 28 y) (24 z + 8011).
Divide by 4 x 6, (6:z: - 711) (4:z: + 611) .
.·. 24:z:2 + 2:z:y - 86112 = (6:z: - 711) (4:z: + 611).
9. z6 + Sy• = (:z:2 + 2y)(z' - 2:z:2y + 4112).
10. zª + Szt + 20:z: + 16.
Ifz=+l, zª+8z'+20z+l6=1+8+20+I6=4ó.
If z = - 1, z8 + 8:z:2 + 20:z: + 16 =-1 + 8 - 20 + 16 = 3.
=
If z + 2, =
z8 + Szt + 20:z: + 16 8 + 32 + 40 + 16 OO. =
If z = - 2, :z:8 + 8:z:2 + 20:i: + 16 = - 8 + 32 - 40 + 16 = o.
= =
.·. zª + 8 :z:2 + 20 z + 10 (z + 2) (z' + 6 z + 8) (z + 2) (z + 2) (z + 4)
11 . 16:z:2 - 76:z:y + 77 yt.
Multiply by 16, (16z)2 - 7611(16:z:) + 116611'.
Put 2: for 16:i:, 2:1 - 76112: + 116611'.
Resolve into factora, (2: - 2111) (2: - 6611).
Put 16:z: for 2:, (16:z: - 2111) (lóz - 6611).
Divide by 3 x 6, (6:z: - 711)(3:z: -1111).
.·. 16z' - 76:z:y + 77y2 = (6:z: - 711) (Sz - 1111).
18. a•y2 + allzyt + a'yf = a2y2(a2 + az -f 112).
18. 4:z:2 + 28:z:y + 49y2 = (2z + 711)(2:z: + 711).
14. 36:z:' + 49y4 - 100z2y2 = (36:z:' - 84z2y2 + 49y4) - (16z2y2)
= (6 :z:2 _7 y2)2 _ (4 zy)2
= (6z2 -7y2 + 4:i:y) (6:z:2 - 711'- 4z11)
= (6:z:2 + 4zy -7 y2) (Ozll - 4:z:y-7 y2).
16. 4z:2+ 25t,9-16zi- 20z:y = (4z:' - 20z:y + 25119)-(I6zt)
= (2z: - 5s,)2 - (h)'
= (2z: - 5s, + h) (2z: - 5s, - 4z).
18. 36a'-121b2= (6a + llb)(6a -llb).
17. z:1 - 20z: + 51 = (z: - 3) (z: -17).
18. 6z:2 -13Z:S, - 631(1.
.Multiply by 6, (6 z:)ll - 13 s, (6 z:) - 378 t,9.
Put z for 6 z:, z' - 13 s,z - 378 t,9.
Resolve into factora, (z + 14 s,) (z - 27 y).
Put 6 z: for z, (6 z: + 14 y) (6 z: - 27 s,).
Divide by 2 x 8, (3z: + 7s,) (2z: - 9y) .
•·. 6z:' -13z:y- 68 112 = (3z: + 7y)(2z:- 9v).
19. 289 a4 + 161 a2b2 + 64 b' = (289 a4 + 272 a2b2 + 64 bf) - (121 a2b2)
= (17 at + 8b2)ll - (11 ab)t
= (17 a'+8b2+ 11 ab) (17 a'+8b2-11 ab)
= (17 ali+ llab+8b2) (17 a'-llab+8 b2).
so. z:1 + 19 z:y + 10 v2 = (z: + 5 s,) (z: + 14 v).
11 . 25a2 - 40abc + 16lflc2 = (5a - 4bc)(5a - 4bc).
11. 64 z:4r - 49 rzt = r (64 z:t - 49 zt>
= Y' (8:z:ll + 7%2) (8:z:2 - 7 zt).
11. 81 a• + 64 b' - 225 a2b2 = (81 a4 - 144 a2b2 + 64 bf) - (81 a2b2)
=(9 a2 - 8 b2)' - (9 ab)'
= (9a2 - Sb2 + 9ab) (9a2- Sb2- 9ab)
= (9 ali + 9 ab - 8 b2) (9 ali - 9 ab - 8 b2).
H. 729z:II - 1000113 = (llz - lOy) (81:z:2 + 90:z:y + 1001(2).
H. 25m' + 16n2 - 64c'- 40mn = (26m2 - 40mn + 16nll) - (64cll)
= (5m - 4n)2 - (8c)2
= (5 m - 4 n + 8 e) (5 m - 4 n - 8 e).
ll6. 144 m• + 68 m~t + 49 n•
=
(144m• + 168m~t + 49nª) - (lOOm~•)
= (12mll + 7nf)2 - (lOmnll)'
=
(12 mt + 7 t1• + 10 mt1ll) (12 m' + 7 n• - 10 mt1ll)
=
(12ml + lOmnt + 7n•) (12m2 - 10 mn2 + 7n•).
17. a4 - 5a• - 84a2 = a'(a2 - 5a - 84)
= a2(a + 7) (a - 12).
H. 4:1?+ 10ab- 6bz- Saz= (4zl - 6ba:) - (Saz -10ab)

= z(4z - 6b) - 2 a(h - 6b)
= (z - 2a) (h - 5b).
89. 82al + 4ab-16bl.
Multiply by 32, (32 a)I + 4 b (32 a) - 480 bl.
Put % for 32 a, zl + 4 b: - 480 bl.
Resolve into factors, (z + 24 b) (z - 20 b). .
Put 32 a for :, (32 a + 24 b) (32 a - 20 b).
Divide by 8 x 4, (4a + 3b) (8a - 6b).
.·. 82a2 + 4ab-16bi = (4a + 3b) (Sa - 6b).
80. 144 m2n2 - 121 pi= (12 mn + 11 p) (12 mn - llp).
81. eª+ 23cl + 102c = c(c2 + 23c + 102)

= e (e + 6) (e + 17).
81. 36 mt - 31 mn - 66 ni.
Multiply by 36, (36 m)I - 31 n (36 m) - 2016 ni.
Put z for 36 m, z2 - 31 nz - 2016 nll.
Resolve into factora, (z + 32 n) (z - 63 n).
Put 3.6 m for :, (36 m + 32 n) (36 m - 63 n).
Divide by 4 x 9, (9m + 8n) (4m - 7n) .
.·. 36m2-3Imn-66n2=(9m+8n)(4m-7n)."
88. b2z6 - b2:z:8 + 2 b2z1 = b2:z:2 (z3 - z + 2).
84. 121 c4 + 144 d• + 183 c?.cf.l = (121 c4 + 264 c?.cf.l + 144 d') - (81 c?.cf.l)
= (11 c:i + 12 d2)2 - (9 cd)I
= (llcl + 12 di +9cd) (lld.1+ 12dl-9 cd)
= (11 el+ 9 cd+ 12 ctl) (11 c2-9cd+ 12 ctl).
86. 49z4-4811z-9yt-64z2 = 49:i:4 - (9112 + 4811z + 64zl)
= (7z2)2 - (3 y + 8 z)I
= (7 z2 + 3 y + 8 z) (7 z2 - 3 y - 8 z).
88. 81a' - 266b' = (9al + 16b2) (9a' -16b2)
=
(9 a2 + 16 b2) (3 a + 4 b) (3 a - 4 b).
87. m11-16mn + 60nll = (m - 6n) (m - lOn).
88. 2y'+3dy-14cy - 2lcd = (2yll + 3dy)-(14cy + 2lcd)
= y (2 y + 3 d) - 7 e (2 y + 3 d)
=
(Y - 7 e) (2 y + 3 d).
l'RACHERS' EDIT!O~ 141
89. 27 al - 138171' = (3a - 11 y) (Oat + 38ay + 121112).
40. 49:i:t- 263z2tf'-+ 16911' = (49:i:t - 182 zty2 + 16911') - (81z21,2)

= (7z2 -13y2)2 - (9zy)2
= (?z'-13112 + 9zv) (7z'-13y2 - Oxy)
= (7z2+ 9zy -13112) (7z'- 9zy -13 Y~) .
U. 111 - 9yz -112z2 =(Y+ 7z) (Y - lOz).

ti. 36 zS - 84 zr,z + 49 v2z2 = (6 z - 7 vz) (6 z - 7 yz).
U. 49 af + 3 afbi + 4 b4 = (49 at + 28 afbi + 4 bf) - (26 a'b2)
= (7 at + 2 bl)2 - (6ab)2
:::::i (7a2 + 2 b2 + 6 ab) (7 at + 2 b2 - ó al,\
= (7 at + 6 ab + 2 b2) (7 at - 6 ab + 2 b2).
H. 9ah - 26b2n = (3 ah+ ól¡,t) (3a"' - 6bn).

U. 843z• + 126118 = (7z + 6y) (49z2 - 36:tv + 26r,2).
H. r,6 + 6114 - 36 yl = y8 (112 + 6 y - 36)
= 1/~(Y + 9) (11- 4).
U. zt11t+ zlyl - zSy2z = z3y2 (z + 11 - z).
H. 81 afbi + 90 abe + 26 et = (9 ab + 6 e) (9 ab + 6 e).
ti. 64 b4 - 176 b2¡¡2 + 4911' = (64 b4 - 112 b2y2 + 49114) - (64 b21,2)
= (8 b2 - 7112)' - (8 by)2
= (8b2- 1112 + 8by) (8b2 - 7112 - 8byj
= (8 b2 + 8 by - 1112) (8 b2 - 8 by - 111~)
60. et+ cd - llOdi =(e+ lld) (e - IOd).
61. 600 a• + 864 b8 = 4 (12ó a• + 216 b8)
= 4(5a + 6b)(26a'-30ab+ 36b2).
lt ~+m~+OO~=~~+Ed+~
=
d4(d + 6) (d + 16).
la. 22& + 37cd- 46di.
Multiply by 22, (22 e)2 + 37 d (22 e) - 990 di.
Put z for 22 e, z2 + 37 dz - 990 di.
Reaolve into factora, (z - 18 d) (z + 6ó d) .
Put 22 e for z, (22 e - 18 d) (22 e + 66 d).
Divide by 2 x 11, (lle - Od) (2e + 5d) .
.·. 22e2 + 37cd- 46di= (lle - 9il)(2c + ód).
H. a:1 -17zr, + 60yt = (a: - ói,) (a: -1211).
H. ct+6abda:-2ac:i:-Sbcd = (c2 - 2acz)- (Sbéd- 6abda:)

= c(c - 2aa:)- Sbd(c - 2aa:)
= (e - Sbd) (e - 2 aa:).
118. 86a'+42bc-9bt-49ct = 86at - (9ffl - 42bc + 49cl)
= (6a)' - (Sb - 7 e)'
= (6 a + 8 b - 7 e) (6 a - 8 b + 7 e).
67. 2óa:4 - 81yl = (óa:' + 911) (óa:2 - 91f).
118. 64btc' + 144 bczl + 81 a:4 =(8bc + 9a:2) (8bc + 9a:9).

69. 266 a:4 - 70ó a:2z1 + 226 ~ = (266 a:4 - 480 a:!zl + 226 ~) - (226a:lzl)
=(16a:t - lóztfl - (lóa:z)2
= (16a:'-15z2+ lóa:z)(16:r'-16z'-15a:z)
=(16a:t+ lóa:z-lóz2)(16a:'-ló:rz-lóz2).
80. a:' - 7ey - 44y2 =(a:+ 4 y) (a: -11 y).
81. 172Saª - 12óa:ª = (12 a - óa:)(144 a'+ 60aa: + 25a:2).
81. 86 a4b' - 121 b'c4 = b' (86 a4 - 121 c4)

= b' (6a2 + 11 c2) (6 at - llcl).
ea. a'+ 13ab + SOlfl =(a+ Sb) (a+ 10b).
H. 4 mt + 8 m~t + 121 n4 = (41n• + 44 m~t + 121 n4) - (86 m~I)
= (2 mt + 11 n2)t - (6 mn)t
= (2m'+ 11 n2+6mn) (2m'+ 11 n'-6mn)
= (2m'+6mn+lln2)(2m2-6mn+lln2)
86. 14 a:'+ 61 ey + 42 yl.
Multiply by 14, (lh)' + 6111 (lh) + ó88yt.
Put z for 14 a:, zt + 61 yz + 688 ys.
Resolve into factol'B, (z + 12 y) (z + 4911).
Put lh for z, (14 a:+ 1211) (14a: + 4911).
Divide by 2 x 7, (7a: + 611) (2a: + 711) •
.·. 14a:1 + 6la:11 + 42yl = (7a: + 6tf) (2a: + 7y).
88. 144x'-264a:y2+ 1211/4 = (12a: -11112) (12a: - 11 yl).

87. 20a2 - 49ac + 30c2.
Multiply by 20, (20 a)2 - 49 e (20 a) + 600 c2.
Put z for 20 a, z2 - 49 cz + 600 c2.
Resol ve into factora, (Z - 24 e) (z - 26 e).
Put 20 a for z, (20 a - 24 e) (20 a - 26 e).
Divideby4x6, (6a_-6c)(4a-6c) .
.·• 2oa2 - 49ac + 30c2 = (óa - 6c) (4a - 6c).
88. a"b - 3 a4lfl + 3 a•bB = aBb (a2 - 3 ab + 3 b2).
89. 26 a4 - 211a2y2 + 81 JI' =(26 a4 - 00 a2y2 + 81714) - (121 a2y2)
=(6 a2 - 9 y2)2 - (11 ay)2
= (6a2 - 9t,2 + 11 ay) (6 a2- 9y2-11 ay)
= (6a2 + lla¡¡ - 9y2) (6a2 -11 ay - 9y2).
70. 144a2lfl- 26c2d2 = (12ab + 6cd) (12ab- 6cd).
71. zª - 61211ª = (zB)ª - (8 yª)ª
= (zl - 8 y8)(z6 + 8 zByl + 64 716)
=(z - 2 y) (z2 + 2zy + 4 y2) (z6 + 8 zªy8 + 64 yG).
711. 2mz + 4m - lOan - 6am = (2mz - 6am) + (4m - lOan)
= m(2z - 6a) + 2n(2z- 6a)
= (m + 2n) (2z - óa).
71. z2 - 6 zy - 36 y2 = (z + 4 y) (z - 9 y).
H. 49z2 -169y2z2 = (7z + 13yz) (7z -1311z).
71. 99z2 -17zy -12712.
Multiply by 99, (99 z)2 - 17 y (99 z) - 1188 y'.
Put z for 99z, z2 - 17 yz - l188 y2.
Resolve into factora, (z + 27 y) (z - 44 y).
Put99z for z, (99z + 2711)(99z - 44y).
Divide by 9 x 11, (llz + 371) (9z - 4 y) .
.·. 99z2 -17zy -12712 = (llz + 311) (9z - 471).
'18. 81:z?-12la2+I76ab-64b2 = 8Jz2 -(121a2 -176ab + 64b2)
= (9z)2 - (11 a - 8b)2
= (9 z + 11 a - 8 b) (9z - 11 a + 8 b).
7T. 64 z& + 126 y'= (4 z2 + óyl) (16zt - 20z2yl + 26 yG).
'18. 81z2yt-180:i:¡,2z + 1ooy2z:1 =y2(81z2 -180xz + 100z2)
= y2(9z - lOz) (9z -10 z).
79. zt -12zy + 35y2 = (z - 5y) (x - 711).
80. · 225 aªb - 256 ab3 = ab (225 a2 - 256 b2)

= ab (15 a + 16 b) (16 a - 16 b).
81. · 64z' - 73z2y2 + 0¡¡4 = (64z' - 48z2¡,4 + 9714) -(26z2y2)
= (8z2 - 3y2)2 - (5xy)2
= (8 z2....:3 y2+5xy) (8z2-3 y2-ó xy)
=
(8 z2+ 6 xy-3 y2) (8 zL 6 xy-3 y2).
To factor 8z2 + ózy - 3y2.
Multiply by 8, (8 z)2 + ó y (8 z) - 24 y2.
Put z for 8 z, z2 + ó yz - 24 y2.
Resol ve into factors, (z + 8 y) (z - 8 y).
Put8zforz, (8z+8y)(8z-3y).
Divide by 8, (x + y) (8 z - 3 y) .
.·. 8z2 + 6zy - 3y2 = (z + 11H8z - 371).
To factor 8z2 - óxy - 3 y2.
Multiply by 8, (8 z)I - ó y (8 z) ~ 24 y2.
Put z for 8 x, z2 - 6 yz - 24 y2. ,
Resolve into factora, (z + 3 y) (z - 8 y).
Put 8z for z, (8z + 3y)(8z - 8y).
Divide by 8, (8 z + 3 71) (z - y) .
=
.·. 8 z2 - 5 xy - 3 y2 (8 z + 8 71) (z - 71) .
.·. 64x4 - 73z2y2 + 9714 = (x + 71) (x - y) (8z + Sy) (8x - 3y).
H. 6 zª - 8 ax + 20 ab - 16 ba;2 = (6 zª - ló bz2) - (8 ax - 20 ab)

=3-~x~óij-4a~z-óij
=
(3 z2- 4 a}{2x - 5b).
88. 24z2 - S6xy + 42 y2 = 2 (12 z2 - 43xy + 21 y2).

To factor 12 z2 - 43 xy + 21 y 2•
Multiply by 12, (12 z) 2 - 43 y (12 z) + 262 yl., .,
Put z for 12 z, z2 - 43 yz + 262 ys.
Resolve into factora, (z - 7 y) (z - 36 y).
Put 12x for z, (I2z - 7 y) (12z - 36y).
Divide by 1 x 12, (12z - 7y) (z - 3y).
.·. 12 z2 - 43 xy + 21 y2 = (z - 3 y) (12 z ~ 7 y) ...
.·. 24 z2 - 86 xy + 42 y2 = 2 (x - 3 y) (12 x - 7 y).
H. 100a4 + 36a2b2 + Slb• = (lOOa• + 180a2b2 + Slb') - (144a2b2)
= (10 a2 + 9 b2)2 - (12 ab):!
= (10 a2 + 9 b2 + 12ab) (10a2 + 9b2 -12ab)
= (10a2 + 12ab + 9b2) (10a2-12ab+9b2).
86. a2 + 8ab-33b2 = (a-;-3b)(a + llb).
88. 6a2+25ab-911>2:
Multiply by 6, (6 a)2 + 25 b (6 a) - 546 b2.
Put z for 6a, z2 + 25bz - 546b2.
Resolve into factora, (z + 39 b) (z - 14 b).
Put 6a for z, (6a + 39b) (6a -14b).
Divide by 3 x 2, (2 a+ l? b)(3 a - 7 b) .
.·. 6 a2 + 25 ab - 01 b2 = (2 a + 13 b) (3 a - 7 b).
87. 16 z&y2 - 40:vy• + 25 z2y6 = z2y2 (16 zt - 40z2y2 + 25 yf)
=z2y2(4z2 - 5y2) (4z2 - 5y2).
88. 343aª + (3z + 5y)ª

= [7a + (3z + 5y)] [49a2 - 7a(3z + 5y) + (3z + 5y)2]
= (7a + 3z + 5y)(40a2 - 2lax -35ay + Oz2 +30zy +25y2).
89. 196z4y2 - 225z2yt = z2y2(196z2 - 22óy2)
=z2y2(14z + 15y) (14z -15y).
91. 81 z4 - 18z2y2 + 49 yt = (8lz4 + 126z2y2 + 49yt)- (144x2y2)

= (9 z2 + 7 y2¡2 - (12 zy)2
... , ..... . ... . , . , , ,, , , , ... ".,,., ;:::.(gz2+7y2+ 12zp)(9zi+ 7y2-12zy)
=(9z2+ 12:i:y+ 7y2)(9z2-12zy + 7y2).
911. 49z2+66zy +16y2-I6a2 = (49z2 + 56:i:y + 161/2)- (16a2)
= (7:i: + 4y) 2 - (4a)2
= (7z + 4y + 4a) (7z + 4y - 4a).
98. 121 a'mn - 169 mny2 = mn (121 a2 - 169 y2)

= mn (11 a + 13 y) (11 a - 13 y). ·
H. z' + 16:i:y + 28y2 = (z + 2y) (z + 14y).
H. 49 a6b - 154 aªbl + 121 ab6 = ab (49 a• - 154 a2b2 + 121 bf)
= ab(7 a2 -11 b2) (7 a2 -11 b2).
18. 8 a' - 6afbS - 36 a'b* = a2(8a' - 6a'b2 - 36 b').

To factor 8 a' - 6 a'bl - 36 b'.
Multiply by 8, (8a2)2 - 6b2(8a2)- 28011'.
Put z for 8a', z2 - 6 b2z2 - 280bt.
Resolve into factora, (z + 14 b2) (z - 20 bl).
Put 8 a2 for z, (8 a2 + 14 b2) (8 a2 - 20 bl) .
Divide by 2 x 4, (4 at + 7 b2) (2 at - 6bl) •
.·. 8a' - 6a'bl - 36bt = (4 a2 + 7bl) (2a2 - 6bl) •
=
.·. 8 af> - 6 a'bl - 36 a'b* a2(4 a2 + 7 b2) (2 at - 6 bl).
9'1. 20az + 61,¡¡- 16a11- 8bz = (20az - l6a11) - (8bz - 61,¡¡)
= 6a(4z- 311)- 2b(4z - 311)
= (6a- 2b)(4z -8y).
98. 169 aª+9 a4b2+81 b' = (169 aª+ 234 a4bl + 81 bt) - (226 a•bl)
=(13a' + 9b2)2 - (16a2b)2
·= (13a' + 9bl+lóa2b) (13114 + 9bl-16a'b)
= (13a• + lóa2b + 9bl) (13a' -lóa'b + 9bl).
99. 16 a4c2 + 88aªc8 + 121 a2c' = a2c2(J6 at + 88 ac + 121c2)
= a2c2(4a + llc)(4a + lle).
100. z2 + zy - 30y2 = (z - 6y) (z + 611).
101. 100 aBz - 484 azB = 4 az (26 a2 - 121z')
= 4az(6a + llz)(6a - llz).
109. atzt- 8a8z8 + 6a2z' = a2z2(a2- Saz+ 6z2).
108. atm+t _ a2ch = a2(al• _ ch)
=a 2 (a'" + C") (a"' - e•).
lOt. 12 z' - z2y2 - 861/',
Multiply by 12, (12z2)2 - y2(12z2) - 4201/'.
Put z for 12z2, z2 - y2z - 4201/'.
Resolve into factora, (z + 20 y2) (z - 211/2).
Put 12z2 for z, (12z2 + 20y2) (12z2 - 211/2).
Divide by 4 x 8, (8 z2 + ó y2) (4 z 2 - 7111) .
.·. 12 z' - z2y2 - 8611' = (8 z 2 + ó 112) (4z2 - 7112).
106. z' - lóz2y + 661/2 = (z2 - 7y) (z2 - 8y).
108. 729 - 8(4y- 7z)ª
=
[9 - 2 (4 y - 7 z)] [81 + 18 (4 y - 7 z) + 4 (4 y - 7 z)2)
=
(9 - 8 y + 14 z) (81 + 72 y - 126 z + 64 y2 - 224 yz + I96z')
w~ ~-~=d~-~
= d (aª + ~ (aª - ~-
108. zl,g - 2zSvll- 99z¡,8 = zy (:i:2 - 2zy - 991f)
= zy(z + 911) (z - 1111).
109. zt - 18 z11 + 4ó y2 = (z - 811) (z - ló 11).
110. 24z2 + 118zy + 4óy2.
Multiply by 24, (24 z)2 + 118 y (24z) + 1080112.
Put z for 24z, zt + 11811:i: + 1080r,i.
Put 24 z for z, (24 z + 1011) (24 z + 10811),
Divide by 2 X 12, (12 z + ó 11) (2 Z + 911) •
. ·. 24:z:2 + 118zy + =
46112 (12z + ó11) (2:i: + 911).
111. bfc2-71J8c' + 4b2c4 = b2c2(~ - 7bc + 4c2).
111. 144 z8y - 1089 zv' = 9 xy (16z2 - 121 y2)
= 9:i:y (h + 1111) (h - 1111).
111. 2ó:i:'y2:,;2 + llOztyz• + 121:i:4 = z2(2ózt112 + 110z2yz + 121z2)
= z1 (ó:i:21/ + 11 z) (ó:i:21/ + llz).
114. 196:z:4 - 221 z2y2 + 2óy4 = (100:z:4 - 140z2y'J + 2óy4) - (81z2y2)
= (14z2- óy2)2 - (9zy)2
= (14z2-ó 112+9xy) (14 zLó11'-9z11)
= (I4z2+9x11-ó 112)(14 xt-9xr-ó112),
To factor 14z' + 9x11- &112.
Multiply by 14, (14:z:)2 + 911 (lh) - 7011'.
Put z for 14z, z2 + 911z - 70y2.
Resol ve into factora, (z - ó 11) (z + 14 y).
Put 14 Z for z, (14z - Ó11) (14 X+ 1411).
Divide by 1 x 14, (14 z - ó 11) (z + 11) •
•·. 14:i:2 + 9:i:y - óy2 = (14z - ó11) (x + p).
To factor 14 zt - 9zy - ó11'.
Multiply by 14, (14 z)' - 911 (14 z) - 70 y'.
Put z for I4x, z2 - 911z - 70112,
Resolve into factora, (z + ó 11) (z - 1411).
Put 14:i: forz, (14 x + ó 11) (14z - 1411).
Divide by 1 x 14, (14 z + ó y) (z - 11) .
=
.·. 14x2 - 9:i:y - óy2 (lh + ó11)(x - y) .
.·. 196:z:4 - 22Iz2y2 + 251/4 = (z + y)(z - y)(14z + 611) (lh - ó11).
148 ELEl\lENTARY ALG-EBRA
l
1
116. lOaz + 4óay- 4bx- l8by = (lOaz + 4óay)-(4bz + 18by)

=
óa(2z + 011) - 2b(h + 011)
= (ó a - 2 b)(2z + 911).
116. 16z' + 72a2b':i: + 81 <rbf = (b + 9a~) (b + 9a~).
ll'i. 18m4 - ó3m'n' - 3ón•.

Multiply by 18, (18ml)t - ó3n'(18m')- 630nt.
Put z for 18 m', zt - ó3 n'z - 680 n•.
Reaolve into factora, (z + 10 n') (z - 63 n1 ).
Put 18 m' for z, (18 m' + 10 n2) (18 m' - 63 n').
Divide by 2 x 9, (9 m' + ó n') (2 mt - 7 n') .
=
.·. 18m4 - ó3m'n' - 3ón' (9m' + ón')(2m1 - 7n').
118. (2z+ó11)ª-(3y-7z)ª •
= [(2z + óy)-(3y -7z)) [(2z + óy)I
+ (2z + ó y) (3 y - 7 z) + (3 y - 7 z)']
= (2 :i: + ó y -:- 3 y + 7z)(4 :i:2 + 20 zy + 2ó yt + 6 :i:y + ló y'
-14:i:z - 3óyz + 9y' - 42yz + 40z')
=(2:i: + 2y + 7z)(4z2 + 40y' + 40z2 + 26:i:y-14u - 77yz).
119. 626 af - 1300 a2b2 + 324 b•

= (62óa• - 000a2b2 + 324 bf) - (400a~)
= (2ó ª' -18 b2)2 - (20 ab)'
= (25 a2 - 18 b2 + 20 ab) (2ó a' - 18 bS - 20 ab)
= (2ó a' + 20 ab - 18 bt) (2ó a2 - 20 ab - 18 l/S).
190. 36:i:O - ló6zty2 + 160z2yf = :i:'(36 zt - 166:i:iy' + 16911')

= z2 (6 z' - 13 y') (6 z'l - 13 y').
121. zt + 21 z'ly + 88y2 = (z' + 2¡.,) (z' + 1911).
122. 144 :tl-144 ac - 81 a'-64 e'= 144 z'-(81 a'+ 144 ac + 64 e')
=(12:i:)'-(9a + 8 e)'
=(12:i: + Oa + 8c)(l2z-9a-8c).
128. 21az - 28ay + 24by- 30bz + 3óaz -18b:i:

=~az-U~-~~-M~+~~-30~
= 3z(7a -6b) - 4¡.,(7a - 6b) + óz(7a -6b)
=(7 a - 6 b) (3 :i: - 4 y + óz).
lH. 484 zª - 664 z41l' + 22ó tr
= (484z8 - 660z4y2 + 22ógf) - (4:i:fy2)
= (22 z4 - ló 112)2 - (2 2:i:11)'
= (22z4 - ló112 + 2z2y) (22z4 - lóv2 - 2z2y)
= (22 z4 + 2z2y - ló 112) (22 z4 - 2 z2y - ló v2).
115. z4 + 4z8v -13z2y2 - 40zy8 + 48yf.

lfz = + 11, z4 + 4zBv -13z2yt - 40z1/8 + 48114
= 114 + 4114 -13114- 40114 + 48yf = o.
:. zt + 4z8y - 13z2v2 - 40zv8 + 48114
= (z -11) (zª + óz2y - 8zyt - 4811').
lf z = + 11, z 8 + óz2v - 8zv' - 481/8
+
= 1/8 óy8 - 811ª - 481/8 = - 601/8.
lfz=-y, zª+óz2y-8zy2-48y8
=- y8 + Ó11 8 + 8y8 - 48y8 = - 36yB.
lf z = + 2y, z8 + óz2y - 8z11' - 48111
= 8y3 + 2011ª - 16yª - 48yl =- 36yl.
lf:t=-211, z3+6:r;2y-8zy2-48y8
= - 81/8 + 20yª + 161/8 - 48yª = - 201/8.
lf z =+ 311, z8 + óz2y- 8z112 - 481/8
= 2711' + 461/8- 24yª-48v8 = o.
Hence, :r; - 3 y is a factor.
:. zB+ óz2y- 8ey2 - 481/8= (z - 811)(z2 + 8z11 + 16y2)
= (z - 3 y) (z + 411) (z + 4 y).
:. z• + 4z8y - 13z2y2 - 40z1/8 + 48114
,.. ... · · : ;, (z - y) (z - 311) (z + 411) (z + 411).
188. z2 - 4 n2 + 4 mn ..:.. 6 z11 - m' + Oy2

= (z2 - 6ey + Oy')- (m 2 - 4mn + 4 n')
= (z - 811)2 - (m - 2n) 2
= (z -311 + m - 2n)(z - 3y- m + 2n).
lil7. (3a - 4b)ª + (2:r; + 311)•

= [(Sa - 4b)+ (2z + 8y)][(3a - 4b)1 - (3a - 4 b)(2z + 311)
+ (2z + 311)']
= (3a - 4 b + 2z + 3y) (Oa2 - 24ab+ 16b2-6az-Oay+8b:t
+ 12b¡ + 4z' + 12z11 + 0112).
118. 12 a4bl + a•bB - 86 alb' = a2b' (12 a2 + ab - 36 b').

To factor 12 a;2 + ab - 36 l>S.
Multiply by 12, (12 a)'+ b (12 a) - 420 bl.
Put z for 12 a, zt + bz - 420 bl.
Resolve into factora, (z - 20 b) (z + 21 b).
Put 12a for z, (12 a - 20b) (12a + 21 b).
Divide by 4 x 8, (8a - 6b)(4a + 7b) .
.·. 12a2 + ab- 861>2 = (8a - 6b)(4a + 7b) .
.·. 12 a•b2 + a,3/JB - 36 a2 b4 = a2b' (3 a - 6 b) (4 a+ 7 b).
119. 6z• + 49z8y + 146zt¡,t + 189zy8 + 90yt.
lf z =+ y, 6z4 + 49z8y + 146zt¡,2 + 189:i:yB + 90yf
= 6 y4 + 49 y4 + 146 y4 + 189y4 + 90y4=+48011',
lf z = - y, 6z4 + 49z8y + 146zt¡,2 + 189zy8 + 90yf
= 6y4 - 49yf + 146yf -189yf + 9011' = + 4yf.
If z =+ 2y, 6z4 + 49z8y + 146z2y2 + 189zy8 + 90yf
= 96 'Y4+302yf + 684yf + 378 y4 + 90y4= + 1640yf.
If z =- 2y, 6z• + 49z8y + 146z'y' + 189zyª + 90yf
= 96 y4 - 892 y4 + 684 y4 - 378 y4 + 90 y4 = o.
Hence, z + 2 y is a factor .
.·. 6z4 + 49z8y + 146z2y2 + 189zy8 + 90y4
= (z + 211) (6 zª + 37 zti, + 72 zy2 + 46 yB).
If z = - 211, 6 zll + 37 zti, + 72 z112 + 46 y8
=- 48y8 + 148y8-144yª + 46Y'=+ yB.
lf z = + 3y, 6z8 + 37zt¡, + 72zy2 + 461/8
= 1621/8 + 33811ª + 216y8 + 46y8 = + 766y8•
lf z =- 3y,. 6zª + 37z2y + 72zy2 + 46y8
= - 162 y8 + 833 ya - 216 y8 + 46 ya = O.
Hence, z + 8 y is a factor .
.·. 6zª + 37z2y + 72zy2 + 46yª = (z + 3y) (6z2 + 19zy + 15112).
To factor 6 z2 + 19 zy + 16 y2.
Multiply by 6, (6 z) 2 + 19 y (6 z) + 90 yt.
Putzb6~ -+w~+90~
Put6zforz, (6z+911)(6z+lOy).
Divide by 3 x 2, (2 z + 3 y) (3z + 6y) .
.·. 6 zt + 10 zy + 16 y 2 = (2 z + 311) (8 z + 6 y) .
.·. 6z4 + 49zªy + 146z2y2 + 189zy8 + OOy•
= (z + 2y) (z + 3y) (2z + 3y) (3z + 6y).
110. 9 a4z8 - 3ó afb2z¡,2 - 21 afzy'J + 16 a2blzl

= a2z(9a2z2 - 3ób2y2 - 21 a'Jy2 + lólfo.1:2)
= a2z ((9 a2z2 - 21 a2y2) + (16b2z2 - 36lfly2))
= a2z (3a2(3zt - 7112) + 6b2(3z2 - 7112))
= a2z(8 a2 + 6b2) (3zt - 1112).
111. 9z2 - 9at + 64y2 - 64b2 + 48zy + 48ab

=~z2+~ey+64~-~--fflab+64~
= (Sz + 811)2 - (3a - 8b)2
= (Sz + 811 + 3a -8b)(3z + By- 3a + 8b).
119. 16ae- 89a6 + 162a• -44aª-48a2

= a'(16a• - 89aª + 162a2 - 44,a - 48).
If a=+ 1, 16 af - 89 aª + 162 at - 44 a - 48
= 16 - 89 + 162 - 44 - 48 = - 14.
If a = - 1, 16 af - 89 aª + 162 a2 - 44 a - 48
= 16 + 89 + 162 + 44 - 48 = + 262.
If a = + 2, 16 a• - 89 aª + 162 a2 - 44 a - 48
= 240 - 712 + 608 - 88 - 48 = o.
Hence, a - 2 is a factor.
:. 16a4-89aª + 162a'- 44a-48=(a-2)(16aª-69at+34a+ 24).
lf a=+ 2, 16aª--69a2+84 a+24= 120-236+68+24=-24.

lf a= - 2, I6aª-69at+34 a+24= -120-236-68+24= -400.
lf a=+ 3, lóaª-69a2+34 a+24=406-ó31 + 102+24=0.
Hence, a - 3 is a factor .
•·. 16 aª - 69 a2 + 34 a + 24 = (a - 3) (ló a2 - 14 a - 8).
To factor 16 a2 - 14 a - 8.
Multiply by 16, (16 a)2 - 14 (16 a) - 120.
Put z for 16a, z2 -14z -120.
Resolve into factora, (z - 20) (z + 6).
Put 16 a for z, (16 a - 20) (16 a + 6).
Divide by ó x 3, (Sa - 4) (6a + 2) .
.·. 16a2-14a - 8 = (3a - 4)(6a + 2).
:. lóae-89a& +162af-44aª -48at=at(a-2)(a-3)(3a-4)(6a+2).
ua. 16a' - Mab + 15112.

Multiply by 16, (16a)2 - 34 b(l6a) + 2401,S.
Put z for 16a, z2 - 34bz + 240112.
Reeolve into factora, (z - 10 b)(z - 24 b).
Put 16 a for z, (16 a - 10 b)(16 a - 24 b).
Divide by 2 X 8, (8a - 5b) (2a - 3b) .
.·.16a2-34ab+ 16bS=(8a-ób)(2a-8b).
lH. (óa-6b)ª-(8:t-2y) 8
= [(6a - 6b) - (3:z: - 2y)][(6a - 6b)2 +(6a-6b)(3:z: - 2 !!)
+ (3:z: - 2y)2)
= (óa - 6b - 3:z: + 2y)(25a' - 60ab + 36112 + 16az -10 ay
-18bz + 12by + 9:z:2 -12:z:y + 4y2).
186. 16:z:4- 81112- 26a' + 66:z:ty- 90a2b + 49v2

= (16:z:4 + ó6:z:2y + 49y2) - (2ó at + 90a2b + 81 b9)
= (4:z:2 + 7y)2 - (5a2 + 9b)'
::: (4z2 + 7y + 542 + 9b) (4:z:' + 711- 6a' - 9b).
186. z4 - 10:z:ª + 18:z:2 + :z: - 10.

lf :z: =+l, z4 -10:z:8 + 18:z:'+:z:-10 :::1-10 + 18 + 1-10=0.
Hence, :z: - 1 is a factor .
.·. z4 - 10:z:3 + 18:z:2 + :z: - 10 = (:z: -1) (zl - 9:z:2 + 9:z: + 10).
lf :z: = + 1, :z:ª - 9z2 + 9z + 10 = 1 - 9 + 9 + 10 = + 11.
lf z = -1, zª - O:z:2 + 9z + 10 = - 1 - 9 - 9 + 10 = - 9.
lf :z: = + 2, zª - =
ox2 + O:z: + 10 8 - 36 + 18 + 10 = O.
.,,,., ... .
.Hence, z. :. 2 is a factor. 1 '
,
.·. :z:ª- O:z:2 + 9z+ 10 = (:z: -2)(:z:2 -7:z: -6).

lf z = + ó, :z:2 - 7 z - 6 ::: 26 - 36 - 6 = - ló.
lf X =- 5, =
zt - 7 :Z: - Ó 25 + 36 - Ó + ÓÓ.=
Hence, :z:2 - 7 :z: - ó has no rational Integral factors .
.·. z4 -10:z:ª + 18:i:2 + :z: - 10 = (:z: -1) (z - 2) (z2 - 7:z: - 6).
13'7. 6a2 - 9ay -15by- 20bz -12az + lOab

= (6a2 + lOab) - (12a:z: + 20bz)-(9ay + 16by)
=2a~a+óij-4:z:~a+óij-311~a+6ij
= (3 a + 6 b) (2 a - 4z - 3 y).
188. z6 - 6:v - 3# + 88zl - 204z + 144.
If z = + 1, z6 - 6.:i:4 - 3:z:ª + 88zS - 204z + 144
= l -6-3+88-204 + 144 =+ 20.
lf z = -1, z6 - 6:i:4 - 3z• + 88:z:1 - 204:z: + 144
=-1-6 +3 +88 + 204 + 144 =+432.
lf :z: = + 2, + 8_8zl - 204z + 144
z6 - 6:i:4 - 3:z:ª
· = 32 - 00 - 24 + 362 - 408 + 144 = o.
.·. z6 - 6:z:• - 3# + 88:z:2 - 204:z: + 144
= (z - 2) (z4 - 4:z:8 - l] :z:S + 66 :Z: - 72).
lf X=+ 2, :V - 4z8 -11:z:2+ 66:z: - 72
= 16 - 32 - 44 + 132 - 72 = o.
Hence, z - 2 is again a factor.
:. :v- 4zª - nz2 + 66z-72 = (:i: -2)(zª - 2:z:2 - ló:z: + 36).
If :z: = + 2, z3 - +
2 :z:2 - 16 :z: 36 = 8 - 8 - 30 + 36 = + 6.
If :z: = - 2, zi - ~z2 - ló:z: + 36 = - 8 - 8 + 30 + 36 = + óO.
If :z: = + 3, :i:ª - 2z1 - ló:i: + 36 = 27 - 18 - 4ó + 36 = O.
: . :z:I - 2 z2 - -16 :z: + 36 = (:i: .:... 3) (:z:' + :z: - 12)
= (:z: - 3) (z - 3) (:i: + 4) .
.-. z6 - 6:i:4 - 3:z:ª +· 88:z:2 - 204z + 144
=~-~~-~~-~~-~~+~.
139. 2óa1 - 36:z:2 + 121 bi - 49y2..:.. uoab - 8.4:z:y
= (2óa2 - llOab + 121 b2) - (36:i:' + 84 xy + 49y2)
=(óa - 1lb)2 - (6z + 7y)' ·
= (óa - 11 b + 6:z: + 7 y) (óa - 11 b - 6z - 711).

l. Find the H.C.F. of 27z8 and 46:i:4.
27 z8 = 38 X #.
=
4óz4 31 X Ó X z4•
=
:. the H.C.F. 32 X z8 9:z:I. =
9. Find the H.C.F. of ó0a2b8 and 7óa•b2.
=
óO alb8 2 x ó2 x a2b8.
7óa•b2 = 3 x ó2 x a•b2.
.·. the H.C.F . = ó1 x aZbl = 26a2b2.
l
154 ELEllENT ARY ALGEBRA
a. Find tbe H.C.F. of 24a!lz' and 86azl.

=
24 alz' 2' x 3 x alz'.
=
86azl 21 x SS x a;r;II•
=
.·. tbe H.C.F. 21 x 3 x iuª 12azl•. =
4 . Find tbe H.C.F. of 108 afc4 and 84 acl.
108 afc4 = 22 x 3ª x afc4.
84 acl = 22 X 8 X 7 X acl.
.·. tbe H.C.F. = 2' X 3 X acl = 12acl.
6. Find tbe H.C.F. of 99z4yt and 66:t'yt.
99z4yt = 39 X 11 X ztyt.
66:i:8y2 = 2 X 3 X 11 X :z:3vi•.
.·. tbe H.C.F. = 3 x 11 x :¡:By'= 33:t'yt.
8. Find tbe H.C.F. of 144:z:6 and 108:z:'.
=
144:z:6 24 X 32 X :z:6.
108:z:7 = 22 X 88 X :z:7 .
.·. the H.C.F. = 22 x SS x :z:6 = 86:z:6.
'f. Find tbe H.C.F. of :z:9 - y2 and :z: + 11.
:z:2 - y2 = (:z: + y)(:z: - 11).
:z:+11=:z:+y.
.•. the H.C.F. = :z: + 11·
8. Find the H.C.F. of 6 (:z: + y)2 and 9 (:z: + y)•.
=
6 (:z: + y)t 2 X 3 X (:z: + y)ll.
9 (:z: + 11) 8 = 82 X (:z: + 1/) 8•
.·. tbe H.C.F. = 8(:z: + y)'.
9. Find the H.C.F. of a + b and aª + b'.
a+ b =a+ b.
=
a 3 + b3 (a + b) (a9 - ab + bl)•
.·. the H.C.F. = a+ b.
10. Flnd the H.C.F. of aª - 8:z:ª anda - 2:z:.
aª - 8:z:8 = (a - 2:z:) (a2 + 211.1: + 4:z:I).
a-2:z:=a-2z.
:. tbe H.C.F. = a - 2:z:.
11. Find the H.C.F. of :z:t - 9 and :z:9 - 4:z: + S.
:z:t - 9 = (x + 8) (x - 3).
:z:9 - 4 :z: + 8 = (x - 1) (x - 8).
.·. tbe H.C.F. = x - 8.
TEACHERS' EDITION lóó
11. Find the H.C.F. of at - 16 and a2 - 2 a - 8.
=
at - 16 (a + 4) (a - 4).
=
a2 - 2 a - 8 (a+ 2) (a - 4) .
=
.•. the H:C.J!'. a - 4.
11. Find the H.C.F. of z2 - 7z + 12 and zt - óz + 6.
=
zt - 7 z + 12 (z - 3) (:z: - 4). 2.-
zl - ó :z: + 6 = (z - 2) (z - 8). .
=
.·. the H.C.F. z - 3.
H. FiDd the H.C.F. of al+ a - 6 and a1 + 8a + ló.
a1 + a - 6 = (a + 3) (a - 2).
al + 8 a + ló =(q + 3) (a + ó) .
.·. the H.C.F. =a+ 3.
al+ ab - 12b" anda"+ 6ab + 8b'.
16. Find the H.C.F. of
a2 + ab - 12 l>9 = (a + 4 b) (a
al+ 6ab + Sb2 =(a+ 2b)(a +
-rb ).
.·. the H.C.F. =a+ 4b.
18. Find the H.C.F. oí :z:8 + a:z:1 - 6 al.z and :z:4 + .ó ~ + 6 at:z:1.
=
z8 + a:z:' - 6 at:z: = z (z' + a:z: - 6 a2) z (:z: + 3 a) (:z: - 2 a).
=
zt + óaz8 + 6at:z:1 = :z:2(:z:1 + ó a:z: + 6a2) :z:2(:z: + 2a)(:z: + 3a)•
.·• the H.C.F. = :z:(z + Sa).
17. FiDd the H.C.F. of Szt - 2:z:y - 3y" and 12:z:1 -z11- 611'.
8z'-2zy- 3yl = (2z + y)(4z -Sy). 1
12:z:2 - :z:y - 6y2 = (3:z: + 2y)(4z- 8y) .
.·. the H.C.F. = 4:z: - 8y.
18. FiDd the H.C.F. of 6al - ab - 2b2 and 4at - 4ab- 3b2.
6 a' - ab - 2 b2 = (2 a + b) (8 a - 2 b). ,¡f
4at- 4ab -8~ = (2a + b)(2a - 3b). ·

. .·. the H.C.F. = 2a + b.
19. Find the H.C.F. of 12at - 28a:z: + 10:i:2 and Sa'- 22a:z: + 15:z:t.
12at - 23a:z: + 10:z:2 = (8a - 2:z:)(4a - ó:z:). /
Sal - 22az + ló:z:2 = (2a - 8:z:)(4a - ó:z:) .
=
.•. the H.C.F. 4a - óz.
IO. Find the H.C.F. of 12:i:I- 84z + 14 and 42a-4a:z: -6azl.
12 zl - 84 z + 14 = 2 (6 :z:t - 17 z + 7) = 2 (2 :z: - 1) (3 z - 7).
= =
42 a - 4 a:z: - 6 a:z:t 2 a (21 - 2 z - 8 :z:2) 2 a(7 - 3 :z:)(3 + z).
=
.·. the H.C.F. 2 (Sz - 7).
11 . Find tbe H.C.F. of z4 - cz4; z3 +a•; zt - at.

=
:i:' - cz4 (z + a) (z - a) (z' + a1 ).
zl +a•= (z + a)(z' - a:i: + al).
=
zt - a:1 (z + a)(z - a) .
.·. tbe H.C.F. = z + a.
11. Find tbe H.C.F. of z4 + alz - az8 - a4 and z• - a'.

z4 + a•z - az8 - a4 = (z - a) (zª + a')
= (z - a) (z + a) (z2 - a:i: + a').
zl -a• = (z - a) (z2 + a:i: + a') .
.•. the H.C.F. :::;. z - a.
18. Find tbe H.C.F. of 2:r - 11 ztyt + 12!1' and 3:i:8 - 48:i:lt,'.
2:r -11 zt¡,t + 12!1' = (z' - 4yt) (2x' - 3yt)
= (z + 211) (z - 111) (2z' - 3yt).
3:i:6 ·- 48z~ = Sz'(zt -16yt)
= 3:i:t(z + 211) (z - 211) (z' + 411')•
.·. the H.C.F. = (z + 211) (z - 211).
H. Find tbe H.C.F. of 36:i:6 -18z6 - 27:r + 9:i:8

and 27z2y2 - l8zt112 - 9zlyt.
36:i:6 -18:i:• - 27:r + 9zª = 9zl(4zl - 2z' - 3z + 1)
= 9z (z -1) (h' + 2z -1).
8
27z2yi-18ztyt- 9z1y2 = Oz:ly1(3 - 2z2 - z)

= 9z2y2(1 - z) (3 + 2z) .
.·. the H.C.F. = 9z2(z -1).
H. Find the H.C.F. of z• + y6; z4 - ti'; zl + yl.

z6 + 116 = (z + y) (zt - zly + ztyt - zy8 + t,').
z4 - ti' = (z + y) (z - 11) (z1 + yt).
z 3 + y' = (z + 11)(z1 - z11 + y') .
.·. the H.C.F. = z + y.
18. Find the H.C.F. of zt - 2 a' - a:i:; z2 - 6at + a:i:; z'-8 a'+ 2 az.
z2 - 2a2 - a:i: = (z + a)(z - 2a).
zt - 6 a2 + a:i: = (z - 2 ~) (il: + 3 a).
zt - 8 a2 + 2 a:i: = (z - 2 a) (z + 4 a) .
.·. tbe H.C.F. = z -2a.
1'1. Find the H.C.F. of 30a21,t - 25a•b3 + óa~
a.nd 9 abª - 9 a2b'J + 2 aªb.
30a2b' - 2óa8bl + 5<rbi = óa•b2(6bi- óab + al)
= ó a•bi (2 b - a) (3 b - a).
9 ab8 - 9 a2b!I + 2 aBb = ab (9 b2 - 9 ab + 2 a2)
= ab (3 b - a) (8 b - 2 a)•
=
•·•. the H.C.F. ab(3b- a),
11. Find tbe H.C.F. of :i:• + 3:i:ty + 3:eyl + 118 a.nd :i:2 + 2z11 + 'fl'.
:i:8 + 3zly + 3 :i:111 + 118 = (:i: + 11)8•
:i:• + 2.z11 + 11' = (z + 11)1•
.·. the H.C.F. =(z + 11) 2•
119. Find the H.C.F. of 6z411- 13zBy• + 6zly8

and 8zly• -14z2tfª + 3z1f'.
6z4y -13z8y2 + 6zly8 = :i:ly(6z2 -18:z:11 + 6112)
= zly(3z - 211) (2:i: - 811).
8zBy2 -14zlyª + 3ztr = zy2(8z• -14:z:y + 3y•)
= :z:y2(4z - y) (2z - 311) •
. ·. the H.C.F . = zy(2z - 3y).
l. Find the L.C.M. of a8b2 and 8. Find tbe L .C.M. of 6alc8 and
a2b'. 9 a8c'.
=
a•bi a• x bi. =
6alc8 2 x 3 x a 1 x e•.
a2b' = a• x b'. 9 a3c' = 32 x a8 x e'.
.·. the L.C.M. = a•b'. .·• the L.C.M. = 2 X 32 X a• x e'
=
18 a8c4•
l. Find the L. C. M. of 5 :z:yt and t. Find the L.C.M. of 28:z:2111

3z2t,. and 35z1f'.
5:eyl = Ó X Z X y 2• 28 zly8 =22 X 7 X :z:1 X yB.
3zly = 3 x :i:1 x y . 3ó:z:1f' = Ó X 7 X :Z: X y4.
.·. tbe L.C.M. = 3 X ó x :z:1 X yt .·. the L.C.M. = 22x 5 x 7 xz xtr
2
= lóz ,P.
2 = 140:i:11f'.
./
158 ELEME~TARY ALGEBRA

11. Find the L.C.M. of 49átb8 8. Find the L.C.M. of a'+ 2b
and 66 a21fJ. and a2 - 2b.
=
49afb3 72 X af X IJ8. a'+2b=a'+2b.
=
66 a21fJ 28 X 7 X a2 X 1fJ. a'-2b=a'-2b.
.·. the L.C.M. = 28 x 72 x at x b8 .·. the L.C.M. = (a'+2 b) (a2-2 b)
= 392atb3. =
af - 41fJ.
6. Find the L.C.M. of 26a6fi9
and 60 allb6. 9. Find the L.C.M. of a• and
=
26 a8b9 ó2 X a& X fP.
a•+ a•.
60a8b6 = 22x3 x óx aªxb6. = a•.
a8
=
.·. the L.C.M. 22x3x ó2xa6 xbt a3 + a2 = a'(a + 1).
= 300a6fi9. .·. the L.C.M. = a (a + 1).
8
T. Find the L.C.M. of z-1 and

z + l. 10. Find the L .C.M. of z2 + zy
and zy + y2.
z-l=z-1.
z+l=z+l. zl + zy = x (z + y).
=
.·. the L.C.M. (z - 1) (z + 1) zy + y2 = Y (z + y) .
=
z2 -1. .·. the L.C.M. = zy (z + y).
11. Flnd the L .C.M. of 1 - y2 and 1 + yl.

=
1 - y2 (1 + y) (1 - y).
1 + y' = (1 + y) (1 - y + Y') .
.-. the L .C.M. = (1 + y) (1 - y) (1 -1/ + r').
19. Find the L .C.M. of a3 - bª and a2 -1fJ.
a• - b8 = (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2).
a2 - b2 = (a - b) (a + b) .
.-. the L.C.M. = (a - b) (a+ b) (a2 + ab + bl).
18. Find the L.C.M. of z2 - 7z + 12 and z2 - óz + 6.

z2 - 7 z + 12 = (z - 3) (z - 4).
zt - óz + 6 = (z - 3) (z - 2) .
=
.-. the L .C. M. (z - 2) (z - 3) (z - 4).
U. Find the L.C.M. of zt -z - 6 and z' + 6z + 8.

z2 - z - 6 = (x + 2) (z - 8).
zt + 6z + 8 = (z + 2) (z + 4) .
.-. the L.C.M. = (z + 2) (z - 3) (z + 4).
16. Find the L.C.M. of zt + 15z + 36 and zt - 6z - 27.
z2 + 15 z + 36 = (z + 3) (z + 12).
zt - 6z - 27 = (z + 3) (z - 9) .
.·. the L.C.M. = (z + 3) (z - 9) (z + 12).
18. Find the L.C.M. of z4,y-2:i:8yt-35z2y8 and :ry'-5:i?¡,l-14zt14.
=
z4,y - 2z3v1 - 35 z2y8 zly (zl - 22:11 - 36 yt)
=
zly (z + 611) (z - 711),
z3y1 - 6 :i?¡,& - 14zr = zy2 (z' - 6z11 - 14 yt)
=: zyt (z + 211)(z - 711) .
=
.·. the L.C.M. ztyl(z + 211) (z + 611) (z - 711).
lT. Find the L.C.M. of z' + az -6111 and zt + 2az - 8111.
z"+ az-6a'= (z -2a)(z + 3a).
zt + 2 az - 8 a' = (z - 2 a) (z + 4 a) .
=
.·. the L.C.M. (z- 2a)(z + 3a)(z+ 4a).
18. Find tbe L. C.M. of 6 z2 + z11 - 12112 and 6 z' - 17 zy + 12 yt.
=
6 z2 + zy - 12112 (3 z - 411) (2z + 811).
=
6 z2 - 17 z11 + 1211' (3z - 411) (2 z - 311) .
.·. the L.C.M. = (3z - 4 y) (2z + 311) (2z - 811).
19. Find the L.C.M. of lóa' + 2ab- 24b' and 10a' + 13ab- 30b'.
15 a1 + 2 ab - 24 b2 = (3 a + 4 b) (5 a - 6 b).
10 a' + 18 ab - 80 b2 = (2 a + 5 b) (6 a - 6 b) .
.-. the L.q.M. = (2a + ób) (3a + 4b) (5a - 6b).
SO. Find the L.C.M. of
36 a•b + 89 a'b2 ~ 42 abª and 48 a2b + 150 ab' + 126 t,a.
36a8b + 39a1b' - 42at,a = 3ab(12a + 13ab-14b')
1
= 3ab(3a - 2b)(4a + 7b).

48a'b + ló6abl + 1261,a = 6b(8a' + 26ab + 21b')
= 6b(2a + 3b)(4a + 7b) .
.-. the L .C.M. = 6ab(2a + 3b)(8a -2b)(4a + 7b)
11. Find the L.C.M. of a• - zl; a - z; a' - 2 az + zt ; a' - z 2•
a8 - zl = (a - z) (a'+ az + z').
a-z= (a -z).
a' - =
2 az + z2 (a - z) 2•
a' - zt = (a - z) (a + z) .
.-. tbe L.C. l\f. = (a - z)2(a + z) (a'+ az + zt).
H. Find theL.C..M. of (z1+2az)I; zl-4at..i:; (z-a)ª; (z2+az-2al)I,

(zl + 2 az)I = z2 (z + 2 a)I.
zl - 4 alz = z (z2 - 4 a2)
= z(z + 2a)(z - 2a).
(z - a)ª = (z - a) 8•
=
(:i:2 + az - 2 a2)2 (z - a)2 (z + 2 a)2.
=
.-. the L.C.M. z2(z - a)ª(z + 2a)2(z - 2a).
18. Find the L.C.M. of z(zy - y2); z4y1 - z~; 11(z11 - zv)t,
z(zy - y2) = zy(z - 71).
=
:r)y2 - z"114 z2¡,1.(z2 - 712)
= z2y2 (z + 11) (z - 71).
V (z2 - z71) 2 = zly (z - 71) 2. .
.-. the L.C.M. = z2y2 (z + 71) (z -11)'.
H. Find the L.C.M. of
:r) + az8 - alzl + 2 a'lz and 2zl + 6az2 + 2alz - 4a8.
;. + az8 - alz2 + 2 a8z = z (z3 + az2 - alz + 2 aª)
= z (z + 2 a) (z2 - az + a2).
2 zS + 6 az2 + 2 a2z - 4 a• = 2 (zª + 3 az2 + a2z - 2 aª)
= 2 (z + 2 a) (zi + az - a2) .
=
.·. the L.C.M. 2z(z + 2a) (z1 - az + a 2)(zl + az - a').
26. Find the L.C.M. of
25z3y - 20z2y + 4zy; 10z2 - 29z + 10; 125zl - 8.
=
25z8y-20z2y + 4z71 zy(25z2-20z + 4)
= zy(5z - 2)2.
=
1oz2 - 29z + 10 (2z - 5) (5z....:. 2).
125zª - 8 = (5z - 2) (25z2 + lOz + 4) .
.-. the L .C.M. = zy(2z - 5) (5z - 2)2(25zl + lOz + 4).
28. Find the L.C.M. of
zS - 8 y3 ; z2 - 4 y2 ; z2 + 8 z71 + 2 711 ; zZ - z71 - 2 yl.
=
z 8 - 8 ys (z - 2 71) (z2 + 2 zy + 4 712).
=
z2 - 4 712 (z - 2 71) (z + 2 71).
=
z2 + 3zy + 2712 (z + 71) (z + 271).
=
z 2 - z71 - 2 712 (z + 71) (z - 2 71).
=
.-. the L.C.M. (z + 71)(z + 271) (z -2y)(z2+2zy+4712).
17. Find the L. C. M. of
12zª -16z2 - 16z; 12zª + 6z2 - 86z; 12zª + 24z2 + 4z + 8.
=
12z8 - 16zl - I6z 4x(3z1-4z-4)
=
4z(z - 2) (3z + 2).
12:i:8 + 6z2 - 36z = 6z(2z2 + z - 6)
= 6z(z + 2) (2z - 3).
12:i:' + 24z2 + 4z + 8 = 4(3zª + 6z2 +z + 2)
· = 4 (3 z2 (z + 2) + (z + 2))
= 4(z + 2)(3z2+ 1).
.-. the L.C.M. = 12z(z+2)(z-2)(2z-3)(3z+2)(3z2+1).

l. Find the H.C.F. and the L.C.M. of
6 z4 - 13 z 8 + 6 z2 ; 8 z4 - 36 zª + 64 z2 - 27 z.
z2)Gz4-13zl + 6z2 z) 8zt - 36zª + 64z2- 27z
6 z2 - 13 z + 6_ 8 zª - 36 z2 + 64 z - 27
6z2 - 9z S
- 4z + 6
- - - - - - - - - - 4z
24zª -108z2 + 162z - 81
4z + 6 24z8 - 62z2 + 24z
- 66z2 + 138z - 81
3
- 168z2 + 4I4z - 243 - 28
-168z2 + S64z -168
25) 60z - 76
2z ~ S 3z - 2
:. the H.C.F. = z(2z - 8).
6z4 -13zª + 6z2 = z2(2z - 3) (3z - 2).
=
8zt - 36z8 + 64z2 - 27z z(2z - 3)(4z2 -12z + 9)
=
z (2 z - 3) (2 z - 3)2
=
z(2z - 8)ª.
=
:. the L.C.M. z2(2z - 3)ª(3z - 2).

6xª -.7z2 -16z + 12; 4z8 - 8z2 - 9z + 18.
4z8-8z2- 9z+l8 6z8- 7z2--16z+l2
4zl-2z2-12z 2
...: 6z2 + 3z + 18 -I2_z_a___l_4_z_2--3-2_z_+_2_4 3
-6zt+ 3z+l8 I2z8-24z2-27z+64
6 ~ 6x-30
2z2- z- 6 2z-S
:. the H.C.F. = 2z2-z-6 = (z - 2)(2z + 8).
6 z8 - 7 zS - 16 Z + 12 =(2 zl - Z - 6)(8z - 2)
= (z - 2) (2 z + 3) (3 z - 2).
4z'- 8z'-9z + 18 = (2z'-z -6)(2z -3)
= (z - 2) (2z + 3)(2z - 3).
: . the L.C.M. = (z - 2) (2:i: + 3) (2z - 3) (3z - 2).
8. Find the H.C.F. and the L.C.M. of

zl- 6zt+ llz -6; z•- 9z'+ 26z-24.
z'-6z•+llz-6 z'-9z'+26z-24 1
zª-óz'+ 6z z•-6z2 +11z- 6
- zi+ 6:i:-6 -8)-3z'+16z-18
- z2 + ÓZ - 6 zl - ÓZ + 6 Z -1
:. the H.C.F. = z 2 - óz + 6 = (z - 2) (z - 3).
zª - 6zt + llz - 6 = (zt - óz + 6) (z - 1)
= (z -1) (z - 2) (z - 3).
z8- 9z' + 26:i:- 24 = (z' - óz + 6)(z-4)
=(z - 2) (z - 3) (z - 4).
: . the L.C.M. = (z - 1) (z - 2) (z - 3) (z - 4).
4 . Find the H.C.F. and the L.C.M. of

4z• + 7z2 + 16; 4x' + 12:i:' + 9z2 -16.
4x' + 7z2 + 16 4x' +12zª+ 9z' -10 1 ¡
_3_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4z• + 7 zS + 16
12x'
12x' + 2z'
+21z2
- 32z
+ 48 2)12x"+2z'
6z8 + z 2 -16 2z-1
-321
-2z8 +21z'+32z+ 48 6zª + 9z2 + 12z 3z-4
3 -8z'-I2z-16
- 6z' + 68z2 + 96z + 144 -8z'-12z - 16
- 6:i:' - z2 + 16
82) 64z2 + OOz + 128
2z2 + 8z+ 4
=
:. the H.C.F. 2z2 + 8z + 4.
4x' + 7zt + 16 = (2z2 + 8z + 4)(2:it- 8z+ 4).
4x' + 12zª + Oz' -16 = (2z2 + 3z + 4)(2z' + 8z -4).
:. the L.C.M. = (2z' + 8z + 4) (h' ~ 3~ + 4) (2z2 + 3z - 4).
5. Fin<l the H.C.F . and the L.C.M. of
2:t8+z'-4z-3; 2zl+zt-9.
2zª + zt - 4z - 8 2zl + zt - 9 1
_2zl_-_8_z_s___ 2 zl + zt - 4z - 8
4z2-4z 2J4z-6
4z2 - 6z 2z - 3 zt + 2z + 1
2:t-3
2:i-3
:. the H.C.F. = 2:t - 3.
=
2 z8 + zt - 4z - 3 (2 z - 8) (z' + 2z + 1)
=
(2z - 8)(z + 1)2.
=
2 z8 + zt - 9 (2 z - 8) (z2 + 2 z + 3).
=
:. the L.C.M. (2z - 3) (z + l)l(zt + 2z + 8).

nª + 4 n' + ó n + 2; n• + 2 nt - n - 2.
n• + 4 nt + 6 n + 2 nª + 2 nt - n - 2 1
n• + 8 nt + 2 n nª + 4 nt + 6 n + 2
nt + 3 n + 2 - 2 )- 2 nt - 6 n - 4
ni + 3 n + 2 nt + 3 n + 2 n + 1
:. the B.C.F. =n 2 + 3n + 2 = (n + 1) (n + 2).
n• + 4n2 + ón + 2 = (n' + 8n + 2) (n + 1)
= (n + 1)2(n + 2).
n• + 2n' - n - 2 = (n2 + 8n + 2) (n -1)
= (n - 1) (n + 1) (n + 2).
:. the L.C. M. =(n + l)'(n -1) (n + 2).
6z• -13z' + 19:t - 7; 9z8 - 21z2 + 41x - 28.
6zl-18z2+19z-7 9z8-27z2+4lz-28
6zª-10zt+Hz
-2 - - - - - - -
- Szt + 6:c - 7 18:cª - ó4z2 + 82:t - ó6 8
- 3z' + 6:t - 7 18:c• - 39z2 + 67:t - 21
- 6) - tózt + 26:t - 36
3z2 - ÓZ + 7 2:t -1
: . the H.C.F. = 3:t2 - óz + 7.
1
1
6z8 -13zt + 19z - 7 =(Szl - 6z + 7)(2z -1).

Ozª - 27z' + 4lz - 28 = (3z2 - óz + 7) (Sz - 4).
;. tbe L.C.M. =(2z - 1) (Sz - 4) (3z' - óz + 7).

2z8-0z'+llz-3; 4z8-4z•-óz+3.
2z8- Oz2 + llz- 8 4z8- 4zl- óz+3 2
7 4z8 -18:t' + 22z - 6
Hz'- 63:t2 + 77z - 21 Hz'- 27z + O z-18
Hz'- 21z2+ Oz Hzt - 21 z 7z-8
- 36z9 + 68z- 21 6z+O
7 - 6z+o
- 252:t' + 476z - 147
- 2ó2:t2 + 486:t - 162
-ó)- 10:t+ ló
2:t- 3
.·. the H.C.F. = 2:t - 8.
2zª- Oz'+ llz- 3 = (2z - 8)(z' ":" 8:t + 1).
4:tª - 4:t' - óz + 3 = (2:t - 3) (2:t' + z -1)
= (2:t - 3) (z + 1) (2z -1) .
.·. the LC.M. =(:t + 1) (2z - 1) (2:t - 8) (z' - 3:t + 1).

z8 - 3zl11 + 32:11' - 2118; zª + 8zy' - 2z9y - 671'.
z8-3:t9l/+8Z1/9- 2y8 z• - 2 zly + 8 zyt - 6 11• 1
z8 - 4zy2 z8 - 8 zty + Szyt - 2118
- 3:tly + 7z112 - 2118 11)ztv -4118
- 3:t\t + 12118 z2 - 4111 z - 811
7112 )7:i:yt- 14118 z2 - 2:l:11 z + 211
:t - 211 2zy - 411'
2:ty - 4y9
=
.-. the H.C.F. :t - 2 y.
=
z8 - 3 :t'y + 8:ty~ - 2118 (:t - 211) (:t9 - 2:11 +, 112).
zª + 8:tyt - 2z2y - 6 y8 = (z - 211) (:t2 + 8112) •
•·• the L.C.M. = (:i - 211) (:I? - Zl/ + y') (:t' + 3yt).
7zt - lOzl + 3z• - 4z + 4; Szt -13zl + óz• - 3z + 3.
7 -10 + 3- 4 + 4 8-13 + ó-3 + 3

7 - 21 + 14 + 7 - 7 7 -10 +8 - 4 + 4
11)11-11-11+11 1- 8+2+1-1 7
1-1-1+1 1- 1-1+1 1-2
1- 2+ 1 - 2+8+0-1
1- 2+ 1 - 2+2+2-2
1- 2 + 1 1-2+1 1+1
:. the H.C.F. = zt - 2z + 1 = (z -1)'.
7zt -10zl + 3zl - 4z + 4 = (z' - 2z + 1) (7zl + 4z + 4)
= (z -1)'(7zl + 4z + 4).
8zt-18zl + óz'-8z + 8 = (z'- 2z + l)(Szl + 3z + 3)
= (z - l)•(Szt + 3z + 3).
.·. the L.C.M. = (z -1)'(7z• + 4z -4) (Sz• + 8z + 3).
Factor Method
Hz = 1, 7 zt - 10 zl + 8 z' - 4 z + 4 = 7 - 10 + 3 - 4 + 4 = O,
and Szt -13z• + óz2 - 3z + 8 = 8 - 13 + ó - 3 + 3 = O.
.-. z - 1 is a factor of each expl'888ion.
•·. 7zt-10z•+8z•-4z+4=(z-1)(7zl- Sz'-4),
and 8zt-1Szl + óz2 - Sz + 3 = (z - 1) (Szl - óz1 - 8).
Hz=l, 7 zl - 3 zt - 4 =7 - 3 - 4 = O,
and 8 zª - ó z2 - 3 =8 - 6- 3 = o.
.-. z - 1 is again a factor of each expression.
:. 7zl-8z2-4 = (z-1)(7z2 + 4z + 4),
and =
Szl - ózl - 8 (z - l)(Sz• + Sz + 8).
Now 7z• + 4z + 4 &nd Sz• + 8z + 8 cannot be resolved into rational

integral factora .
.·. the H.C.F. = (z - 1)',
and the L.C.M. = (z-1)2(7z• + 4z + 4)(8z' + 8z + 3).
166 ELEllENT ARY ALGEBRA

zt - :i.:'71 - :i.:tyt + z1f' ; z6 - z'y - :i:¡,4 + '1/6.
=
zt - zly - z'7!2 + :i.:v' :i.: (:i.:1 - z"v - ZJ/2 + 118)
::: z[:i.:1 (:i.: - Y) -112 (:i.: -11)]
= :i.:(:i.:' -112)(:i.: - y)
= z (z + y) (z - 11)1 •
=
z6 - zty - zy4 + 11' x• (z - y) - yt (z - y)
= (zt - yt) (z - Y)
= (z2 + 112) (z2 - 112> (z - y)
= (;i:2 + 112) (z + y) (:i.: _ y)2.
=
.·. the H.C.F. (z + y) (z - y)2.
=
.·. the L.C.M. z(z + y) (:i.: - y)2 (z' + yt).
19. Find the H.C.F. and tbe L.C. .M. of zt+2z2+9; zt-4z•+8:i.:-21.
zt + 2z2 + 9 zt - 4zª + 8:,.: - 21 1
2 zt + 2z2 + 9
2zt + 4z2 +18 -2)-4zl-2z:1+ 8z-30
2z•+ z~- 4z2+1ñz 2:i.:ª+ z2_ 4:i.:+16 z-1
zª+ 8z2-16z+18 2zª - 4z'+ 6z 2:t+6
2 6z2-10:t+l6
-2zª+16z2-30z+36 6z1-10:t+l6
- 2z8 - z2 + 4:t - Ió
17 )•11z2 - 34:t + ól
z2- 2z+ 3
=
.·. the H.C.F. z2 - 2:t + 3.
=
zt + 2 z2 + 9 (z2 - 2 z + 3)(:t' + 2 :i.: + 3).
zt - 4z8 + 8z - 21 = (z2 - 2:i.: + 3) (z2 - 2z - 7) .
=
.·. the L.C.M. (z2 - 2z + 3)(z2 + 2z + 3)(z2 -2:i.: -7).

2 x• + zª - 9 :,.:2 + 8 :t - 2 ; 2 x• - 7 zB + 11 :t2 - 8 z + 2.
2+1- 9+ 8-2 2-7+11- 8+2 1
2-6+ 4- 1 2+1- 9+ 8-2
6-13 + 9- 2 -4)-8+20-16+4
6-16 + 12 - 3 2- 6+ 4-1 1+3
2- a+ 1 2-3+1 1-1
- 2"+ 3-1
- 2+ 3-1
.·. the H.C.F. = 2z2 - 3:i.: + 1 = (:t - 1) (2z -1).
2 z4 + z• - 9 z2 + 8 z - 2 = (2 zl - 3 z + 1) (z2 + 2 z - 2)
= (z - 1)(2 z - 1) (z2 + 2z - 2).
2z4 - 7z8 + nz2 - 8z + 2 = (2z' - 3z + 1) (z2 - 2z + 2)
= (z-1)(2z- l)(z2 - 2z + 2) .
.·. the L.C.M. = (z -1) (2z -1) (z + 2z -
2 2) (z' - 2z + 2).
H. Find the H.C.F. and the L.C.M. of
6z4 - lOzª + z2 - 31z - 21; 6:v - 4z8 + 3z2 - 68z - 42.
6 - 10 + 1 - 31 - 21 6 - 4 + 3 - 68 - 42 1
6 + 2 - 87 - 21 6 - 10 + 1 - 31 - 21
- 12 + 38 - 10 - 21 6 + 2 - 37 - 21 1 - 2
-12- 4 + 74 + 42 6-12 - 9 3+7
21 ) 42 - 84 - 68 14 - 28 - 21
2- 4- 3 14 - 28 - 21
.·. the H.C.F. = 2z2 - 4z - 3.
6:v - lOzª + z2 - 3lz - 21 = (2z2 - 4z - 3) (3z2 + x + 7).
6z4 - 4z8 + 3z2 - 68z - 42 = (2z2 - 4z - 3) (3z2 + 4z + 14).
.·. the L.C.M. = (2z2 - 4z - 3) (3z2 + z + 7) (3z2 + 4z + 14).

6 z8 - 7 az2 - 11 a2z + 12 aª ; 8 zª - 14 az2 - 7 a2z + ló a•.
6z8- 7az2- lla2z+ 12aª 8x'-14az2- 7a2z+lóa•
7 3
42z8- 49az2- 77a2z+ 84aª 24z8-42az2-2la2z+46a• 4
"'""42-'-z8'---6-'--9--'az-'-t-+'--_9_a2z___ 24 zª-28 ax9 -44 a2z+ 48 a•
20az2- S6a2z+ 84a8 -a)-14az2+23a2z- 3aª
7 14z2-23az + 3a' 3x+10a
140az2-602a2z+688a• 14x'-21az 7x-a
140az2-230a'z+ 30a• -2ax+3a2
-186 as) -372 a2x + 668 aª -2ax+3a2
2x- 3a·
=
.·. the H.C.F. 2x - 8a.
6z8 - 7 az2 - 11 a2z + 12 a•= (2 x - 3 a) (3z2 + az - 4 a2)
= (2 z - 3 a) (x - a) (3 x + 4 a).
8z8-14az'-7a2z + 16aª = (2x - 3a)(4z2 - ax - 6a2)
= (2x - 3a) (x + a)(4x - 6a).
=
:. the L.C.:M. (z + a)(z - a)(2x -8a)(3x + 4a)(4z- óa).
18. Find tbe H.C.F. and tbe L.C.M. of

42z' + 41z8- 9z2 - 9z -1; 36z8 + 47z2 + 13z + l.
42 + 41 - 9- 9- 1 36 + 47 + 13 + 1 6 - 11
6 36+40+ 6 6+1
210 + 206 - 46 - 46 - 6 7+ 8+1
+
210 282 + 78 + 6 7+ 8 +1
- 77 - 128 - 61 - 6
6
- 386 - 616 - 266 - 26
- 386 - 617 - 143 - 11
-14)- 98 - 112 -14
7 + 8+ 1
:. the H.C.F. = 7 z2 + 8z + 1 = (z + 1) (7z + 1).
42:r:' + 41:r:• - 9z2- 9z -1 = (z + 1) (7z + 1) (6z2 - z -1)
= (z + 1) (7x + 1) (2z - 1) (3z + 1).
36zª + 47z2 + 13z + 1 = (z + 1)(7z + l)(óz+ 1).
:. the L.C.M. = (z + 1)(7z + 1) (2z -1) (3z + 1) (6z + 1).
17. Find the H.C.F. and tbe L.C.M. of

c6 - 2 e' - 6 e•+ 4 c2 + 13 e + 6; c6 + 3 e' - 8 et - 9c - 3.
1- 2- 6+ 4+ 13+ 6 1+8+ O- 8- 9-3 1
6 1-2- 6+ 4 + 13+ 6
6-10-30+ 20+ 66 +30 6+ 6-12- 22 -9 1 + 8
6 + 6-12 - 22- 9 6 + 16 + 15 + 6 6-9
- 2~-16-18 + 42 + 74 + 30 - 9-27 - 27 - 9
8+ 9- 21- 87 -15 - 9-27-27-9
6
40 + 46 - 106 - 186 - 76
40 + 48 - 00 - 176 - 72
-3)- 3- 9- 9- 3
1+ 8+ 3+ 1
.·. the H.C.F. =e'+ Set+ 3c + 1 =(e+ 1)8.
c6-2c'-6cª + 4c2 + 13c + 6 =(e+ 1)8 (c2 - 6c + 6)
= (e + 1)ª (e - 2) (e - 8).
¿,+Se' - 8c2 - 9c - 3 =(e+ 1) 8 (c' - 8).
:. the L.C.M. = (e+ 1)ª (e - 2) (e - 3) (c2 - 8).
TEACBERS' EDITION 169
18. Flnd the H.C.F. and the L.C.M. of
z• + 8zi + 19:i: + 12; z6 + 9zl + 26:i: + 24.
1 + 8 + 19 + 12 1+9+26+24 1
1 + 7 + 12 1 + 8 + 19 + 12
1+ 7+12 1 + 7 + 12 1 + 1
1 + 7 + 12
•·• the H.C.F. = zi +7z + 12 = (z + 3)(z + 4).
=
z6 +8zl + 19:i: + 12 (z + 3)(z + 4)(z + 1).
=
zª + 9 zt + 26 z + 24 (z + 8) (z + 4) (z + 2) •
=
.·. the L.C.M. (z + 1) (z + 2) (z + 3) (z + 4).
19. Find tbe H.C.F. and the L.C.M. of

6:i:' - zª - zi + 17:i: - 6; 9:i:' - SOz6 + 46:i:• - 41:i: + 10.
6- 1- 1 + 17 - 6 9 - 80 + 46 - 41 + 10
6-10 + 14 - 4 2
9- ló + 21 - 6 18 - 60 + 92 - 82 + 20 3
9-ló+ 21 - 6 18 - 3 - 3 + ól - 18
- 19 )~7 + 9ó - 133 + 38
3-ó+ 7-22+3
.·. the H.C.F. = Sz• - ózi + 7z - 2.
=
6 zt - zB - zt + 17 z .:.. 6 (3 z6 - 6zl + 7 z - 2) (2 z + 3).
=
9zt - SOzª + 46z·2 - 41:i: + 10 (3z6 - 6z2 + 7z - 2) (3z - ó) .
••• the L.C.M. = (2z + 3) (3z - ó) (3z6 - ózt + 7z - 2).
10. Find tbe H.C.F. and the L.C.M. of

4:i:' + 2z6 -18:i:t + 3z - ó; Oz6 - 4zt - llzª - 3z2 - 3z -1 .
4+ 2- 18 + 3 - ó 6 - 4 - 11 - 3- 8- 1
4- 8+ 2- 2 _2_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
10 - 20 + ó - ó 12 - 8 - 22 - 6- 6- 2 3- 7
10 - 20 + ó - ó 12 + 6 - ó4 + 9 - ló
- 14 + 32 - ló + 9 - 2
2
- 2i + 64 - 30 + 18 - 4
- 28 - 14 + 126 - 21 + 3ó
39) 78 - 1611 + 30 - 39
2- 4+1-12+ó
••• t.he H.C.F. = 2z8 - 4z2 + z -1.
l
1
1
4 z' + 2 zª - 18 z1 + 3 z - 6 = (2 zª - 4 z2 + z - 1) (2 z + 6).
=
6zl -4:z:'-llzl -3z2 -3:i: -1 (2zª-4z2 +z -l)(Sz2 +4z+ 1)
=
(2zª _ 4z2 + z -1) (z +l) (3z +l).
.·. the L.C.M. = (z + 1) (Sz + 1) (2z + 6) (2z8 - 4zll + z -1).

2:z:' + 3zª + 6z2 + 9z - 3; 3:z:' - 2z8 + 1oz2 - 6z + 3.
2z4 +3z8 + 5z2+ llz-3 3:z:'- 2z1+10z2- 6z+ 3

2:z:' +6z2 2
Szª- z2+9z-3 6:z:'- 4z8 + 20z'-12z + 6 3
3zª + 9z 6:z:'+ 9zª+lóz2+2iz- 9
- z2 -3 -1)-1Sz• + 5z2_ 39z +16
z2 -3 13z8- 6z2+3llz-16
=
13 z - 6) (z' + 3) (13 z - 6)
z2+3 2z2+sz-l
=
.·. the H.C.F. z 2 + 3.
2 z4 + 3 zª + 6 z2 + 9 z - 3 = (z2 + S) (2 z2 + 3 z - 1).
Sx' - 2zª + 10z2 - 6z + S = (z2 + 3) (3z2 - 2z + 1).
.·. the L.C.M. = (z2 + 3) (2z2 + 3z -1) (Sz' - 2z + 1).

z4 - 6z8 + 1Sz2 -12z + 4; z6 - 4:z:' + 8z8 -16z' + 16z.
:z:'- 6zª + 13z'- 12:i:+ 4 z)z"-4:z:'+ 8z8-16z2+16z

2 z4-4z8 + 8zi-16z +16 1
2:z:'-12zª+26z2- 24:i:+ 8 z'-6zª+l8z2-12z + 4
2z'- 6zª- 4z:i+ 12:i: 2z8 - 6z'- 4z +12 z-7
-7z8+30z2-30z+ 8 2z8 - 8x2 + Sz 2z+3
2 Sz2-12z +12
-14zl+60z'- 72:i:+ 16 Sz2-12z +12
-14z8+86z2+ 28x- 84
26) 26:z:' -lOOx+ 100
z2- 4x+ 4
.·. the H.C.F. = z2 - 4x + 4 = (x - 2)2.
z'-6:i:ª + 13zt -12:t + 4 = (z- 2)2(zt-2z + 1)
= (z - 2)2(z - 1)2.
z6- 4:i:' + 8zª -16:i:t + 16:t = z(z' - 4:tª + 8z2 -16:t + 16)
= z(z - 2)2(z2 + 4) .
.·. the L.C.M. = z(z - l)t(z - 2)2(z2 + 4).
11. Find the H.C.F . and the L.C.M. of

6z'- 9:i:'y + 19:i:8y2-12zly' + 19:i:y' -16116;
4:i:' - 2:tly + 10:i:tyt + ZJ/8 + 16JI'.
4 - 2 + 10 + 1 + 16 6 - 9 + 19 - 12 + 19 - 16
4+6- 8+30 2
- 8 + 18 - 29 + 16 12 - 18 + 88 - 24 + 88 - 30 3 - 8
- 8 - 12 + 16 - 60 12 - 6 + 80 + 3 + 46
16)30- 46 + 76 -12+ 8-27- 7-30
2- 8+ 6 - 12 + 6 - 80 - 3 ...: 46
2 + 8 - 4 + 16 2 - 4
2-3+5 1+8
6- 9 + ló
6- 9+~
.·. the H.C.F. = 2:i:2 - 3:ty + óyt.
6:i:6 - 9z4y + 19z8y2 - 12z2y8 + 19:i:¡¡4 - 16116
= (2zt - 8:i:y + 6y2) (8zª + 2:tyt - 811ª).
4:i:' - 2z8y + 10z2y2 + xyª + 16¡¡4
= (2zt - 3:i:y + óy2)(2z2 + 2:i:y + 3y2).
.·. the L.C.M. = (2z2-8zy+6y2}(8z8+2zy2-3y8)(2z'+2zy+8yt).
....
~
1.-o
H. Find the H.C.F. and the L.C.M. of aª- 3a'+ 6a4 -7 a• +6 a• - 3a +1; aª- a'+ 2 a4-a•+ 2a1 -a+l.
aª- a'+2a•- a•+2a•- a+l ae - 8a' + 6a• - 7 a•+ 6a• - 3a + 111
aª-2a'+8a•-2a•+ a• a' - a' + 2 a4 - a• + 2 at - a + 1
a'- a•+ a•+ a•- a - 2 a)- 2 a'+ 4 a4 - 6 a8 + 4 a' - 2 a ~
a'-2a•+sa•-2a•+ a a•-2a•+sa•-2a +1 la2 +a+l ~
a•-2a1 +3a'-2a+l
a•-2a•+sa•-2a+l
~
~
•·• the H.C.F. = a4 - 2a• + Sat -2a + 1 = (a' - a+ l)'. ~
>
t'"
a' - a' + 2 a4 - a• + 2 at - a + 1 = (a4 - 2 a• + 3 a• - 2 a + 1) (a' + a + 1) :'}
= (a• - a+ l)'(a• +a+ 1). &;
ae - Sa' + 6 a4 - 7 a• + 6 a• - 3 a+ 1 = (a• - 2 aª+ 3 a• - 2 a+ 1) (a• - a + 1)
= (a• - a+ l)'(a• - a+ 1) ==
>
= (a• - a+ l)ª·
•·. the L.C.M. =(a•+ a+ 1) (a• - a+ l)•.
H. Find the H.C.F. and the L.C.M. of 16z6 +10:vy + 4:i:87,2 + 6zll¡,• ~ Szy4 ¡ 12z8¡¡9+ 88z'v8+16:ey'-10y6.
2yt)12zly2+88ziy8+16:ey'-1071' z)lóz6+ 10:vy+ 4:i:•712+ 6.z'11ª- 8.z!I'¡
6z6 + 19:i:'11 + 8zy1- óyl lóz' + lOzly + 4z'112 + 6.z718 - 31/' 1 óz
6z8 + 4zll¡, - 2z712 _2_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
+ ló z'11 + 10 z711 - ó 718 30 zt + 20 z81/ + 8 :i:2112 + 12 zyª - 6 ¡¡'
+ lóz'11 + lOzy' - óy' 30:v + 9óz8y + 40z'11' - 2ózy8
7 ó z8y - 32.z91/1 + 87 z118 - 611' - 26s, '"'
ll':l
2 ~
- 160 z8y - 64 z 2111 + 74 zy3 - 12 lf' ::e
-160zly - 47óz1 y1 - 200zy8 + 126¡¡'
187 yt) 4 l 1.z'1I' + 2i 4zy8 - 137 ¡¡'
¡
8z2 .+ 2zy - yt 2z + 6s, ('.!rj
.·. the H.C.F. = Sz2 + 2zy - y 2 = (z + y) (3z -y). ....t,

lóz6 + 10:vy + 4zª112 + 6z91/ª - 3:ey' = z(16zt + lOzly + 4z2y1 +6zy•·- 3¡¡') '"'
o
=z(3zl + 2.zy - 71'-) (ózt + 3yl) z
= Z (z + Y) (8 Z - Y) (6 :i:2 + 3 y1).
12zly2 + 38:i:iy' + 16:i:y4 -10116 = 2y'(6:i:ª + 19z'11 + 8:i:y' - 611')
= 2 y'(3z' + 2.zy -yt) (2z + 6y)
= 2 ff(x + y) (8z - Y) (2.z + 6y)•
.·. the L.C.M. = 2zy'(x + y) (8z -y)(2z +5y) (5.z2 + 3y2),
.....
~
c:,:i
,_.
-'I
~
Factor Method
12 :z:8y2 + 38 :z:2yª + 16 :z:¡¡4 - 10 y6 = 2 y2 (6 :z:8 + 19 :tiy + 8 :z:y2 - 6 y').
If :t =- 71, 6 :z:8 + 19 :tiy + 8 :z:y2 - 6 ya =- 6 ya + 19 y 8 - 8 y 8 - 6 718 =O. ~
;. 6:z:8 + 19:z:2y + 8:z:yt - 6y8 = (:t + 71) (6:z:2 + 13:z:y - 6y2) ~
t.-,
= (:t + Y) (3:t - y) (2:t + 6y). z""3
;. 12:z:8y2 + 38:z:tya + 16:t?/4 -107/6 = 2y2(:z: + y) (3:t -11) (2:t + 6y).
16:z:6 + IO:z:'11 + 4zBy2 + 6z211a - 8z¡¡4 = z(l5z' + 10z8y + 4z2y2 + 6z¡¡ª - 81/4). ~
~
lf z = - 11, 16 :ti + 10 z8y + 4z2y2 + 6 z¡¡8 - 8y4=161/4 - 10 y4 + 4 ¡¡4 - 6 ¡¡4 - 3 ¡¡4 = O..
>
.·. 16:z:i + 10:z:By + 4z2y' + 6z¡¡ª - 8¡¡4 = (z + y) (16zª - 6:z:211 + 9zy2- 811ª)
= (z + y) [6z2(3z - y)+ 3112(8:z: - 11)] s
t.-,
= (z + y) (3z -11) (6z' + 3y2). a,
~
;, 16z6 + 10:z:iy + 4z8y' + 6ztya - 8z¡¡4 = z(z + y) (8z -y) (6z2 + 3712). ;a.
;. the H.C.F. = (z + y) (3z - y),
and the L.C.M. = 2zy2(z + 71) (8z - y)(2z + 6y) (6:z:S + 8y2).
18. Find the H.C.F. and tbe L.C.M. of z6 + z'y + :i:ly1 + z'ly8 + zy' +ya; z6 - zty + zlyi - z'11ª + ZI/' -1/6.
z6 + z'y + zlly' + z'ly8 + zy' + y6 z6 - z4y + :¡:ly• - z'ly8 + zy' - y6 11
z6 + zlly' + zt z6 + z4'V + z11y9 + zY + z?I' + 716
+z"V +zY +y6 -,-2y)-2z"V -2z'ly8 -2716
+z"V +zY +'V6 z4 + ziy' + Y'¡z+y
.·. the H.C.F. = z4 + ziy• + 11' = (z 2 + zy + y') (z' - zy + yt).
z& + z4'V + :i:3v2 + z2713 + zy' + y6 = (z' + z'Y' + 11') (z + y) 1--3
t_,:j
= (z' + zy + y') (zt - zy + y1) (z + y). 11>-
z6 - z'y + zlly2 - z'yª + zy' - y6 = (z' + ziy' + 11') (z - y) Q
ll:::
= (z2 + xy + y2) (z' - zy + y•) (z - y). t_,:j
.·. the L.C.M. = (z + y) (z - y) (z + zy + Y') (z - zy + y').
2 2
~
t_,:j
Factor Method ~
1-1
=z4 (z + y) + z'y9 (z + y) + 11' (z + y) o

z6 + z'y + zlly2 + z'vª + zY' + y6 z
= (z + y) (z' + ziy' + 11')
= (z + y) (z + xy + y (z' - zy + Y,).
2 2)
z6 - z'y + :i:3v' - ztyª + z1f' - y6 = z4 (z - y) + z'Y' (z - y) + 11' (:z - y)

= (:z - 1/) (z' + :ziy' + 11')
= (z - y) (z + zy + y') (z' - zy + 1/2).
2
.·. the H.C.F. = (z2 + zy + y') (z2 - :zy + yt),

and the L.C.M. = (z + y) (x - y) (x' + v¡ + y2) (x2 - zy + y2). .....
~
"11
IT. Find the H.C.F. and the L .C.M. of 4a6b- 4aªb3 + 4a21Jf - ab6; 24aª + 16a•b-3t!aªb~ -12a2b8 + Sa!Jt.
-
.....
e,;,
ab)4a6b - 4 aªb8 + 4 a21Jf - ab6 4 a) 24 a6 + 16 a•b - 86 aBb2 - 12 a2bB + 8 alJf

4a• - 4a'Jlfl+ 4ab3 - b• 6 a• + 4 aªb - 9 a 2b2 - 8 ab8 + 2 IJf
2 2
t.:,;
8a4 - 8a21fl + 8ab8 - 2b4 12 a• + 8 a8b - 18 a'Jlfl - 6 abª + 4 !Jt 3 t"'
~t<J
8 af - 6 a8b - 18 a'Jlfl + 7 ab8 12a4 - 12 a2bl + 12 ab8 - 8 bt
6a8b + lOa'J?fl + ab8 - 2b• b¿8aªb- 6a2b2-·18ab~+11Jf
4
24 aªb + 40 a21fJ + 4 ab8 - 8 bt
8 aª - 6 a2b - 18 ab~ + 7 bª a+8b
8aª + 8a2b - 4ab2 4a- 1b
...,z
24 aªb - 18 a21fl - ó4 ab8 + 21 /Jf - 14 a2b - 14 alfl + 7 b8
>
t:d
29 lfl 258 a21fl + 58 ab8 - 29 IJf -14a2b -14ab2 +7b8 to<
2a2 + 2ab - b2 >
t"'
.·. the H.C.F. = a (2 a2 + 2 ab - 1>2). Q
t_:,j
4 a6b - 4 aªb8 + 4 a21Jf - ab6= ab (4 a• - 4 a21fl + 4 abª - bt) e:
~
= ab (2 a2 + 2 ab - lfl) (2 a2 - 2 ab + b2). >
24 a6 + 16 a•b - 86 aªlfl - 12 a2bB + 8 a/Jf = 4 a (6 a• + 4 aªb - 9 a2bl - 8 ab8 + 2 /Jf)
= 4 a (2 a2 + 2 ab - "b2) (8 a2 - ab - 2 b2)
= 4 a (2 a2 + 2 ab - lfl) (a - b) (3 a + 2 b) .
.·. the L.C.M. = 4ab(a - b) (3a + 2b) (2a2 + 2ab- b2) (2a2 - 2ab + b2).
H. Mnd the H.C.F. and the L.C,M. of
a6 + 4 a&b - 8 a41Ji - 16 aªbª + 11 a21J4 + 12 ab6 - 91,6 ; 6 aª + 20 atb - 12 aªbi - 48 a2b8 + 22 ab4 + 12 b5.
2 ~6aª+ 20a4b- 12aªbi- 48a2b8+ 22ab4+ 121,11 a&+ 4a6b- 8a41Ji-16aªb8+ lla2b4+ 12ab6- 91,6
8a6+ lOatb- 6aªb:1- 24a2b8+ llab4+ 6b6 8
29 8a&+12a6b- 9a41Ji-48aªb8+ 88a2b4+ 86ab6-27b6 a
87 a&+200atb- 174 a*bi- 696a2bª+ 819ab4+ 1741,6 3a&+lOa6b- 6a4b2-24aªb8+ 11a21,t+ 6abb
1-3
87a&+180a•b- 842aªb2- 204a2b8+ 279ab4 2 a6b- 8 a•b2 -24 aªb8 + 22 a2b4 + 80 ab6- 27 1,6 tr,
110a4b+ 168aªbi- 492a2b8+ 40ab4+ 174b6 3 n>
29 6a6b- 9a•rµ-72a 8_b8+ 66a2b•+ 00ab6-811,6 2b ~
8100a4b+4872aªb2-I4268a2b8+ 1160ab4+ 60461>6 6a6b+ 20a4b2- 12 aBbL 48 a2b4+ 22 ab6+ 12 b6 tr,
8190a4b+6600 aBb2- I2640a2b3-7480ab4+ 102801J6 - b2 )-29a4b2-60aªb8+ 114a2b4+ 68ah6-93b6 ~
-1728b22-I728a3b2- 1728a2b8+8640ab4- 6184b6 29a4 +60aªb -114a2b:I- 68ab3+98b4 t_,rj
a2b - 6ab2 + 8b8 29a4 +29aªb -146a21Ji+ 8iab8 3a+l10b t::,
ªª +
3la8b + 8la2bi-166abª+93b4 29a+31b '""'
'"3
81aªb + 8Ja2b2-166abª+98b• o'""'
z
.·. the H.C.F. =aª+ a2b- 6abi + 8b8 = (a - b)(a2 + 2ab - Sbi) = (a - b) (a - b) (a+ 8b) = (a - b)2(a + 8b).
a6 + 4a6b-8a4bi-16aªb8 + lla2b4 + 12ab6- 9116 =(aª+ a2b- 6ab2 + 8b8)(aª + 8a2b- ab2- 8ab6)
= (a - b)2(a + 3b) [a2(a + 8b) - b2(a + 8b)]
= (a - b) 2 (a + 8b)(a2 - b2) (a+ 8b)
= (a - b)2 (a + 3 b) (a + b) (a - b) (a+ 8 b)
=(a+ b) (a - b)ª(a + 8b)2.
'""'
~
~
....
-l
00
6 a& + 20 a'b - 12 a&bi - 48 a 21J8 + 22 ab' + 12 b6 = 2 (3 a& + 10 a•b - 6 a&bi - 24 atbl + 11 ab' + 6 b6)
= 2(as + a2b- 6ab8 + 31J8)(3a' + 7ab + 21>2)
= 2 (a - b)' (a+ 3 b) (a+ 2 b) (3 a+ b) •
.·. the L.C.M. = 2 (a+ b) (a - b) 8 (a + 3b)2 (a + 2b) (3a + b).
t.,:::
t"
t.,:::
Facto1· Method
~
as+ 4 a6b - 3 a'b2 -16 a8b8 + 11 a2b' + 12 ab6 - 9 b8 = (a - b) (a6 + 6 a'b + 2 asb2 -14 a21J8 - 3 ab' + g b6) z
..,3
= (a - b)2(a4 + 6aªb + 8a2b2 - 6ab8 - 9b') >
= (a -b)ª(aª+ 7a2b + 16ab' + 9b8)
= (a - b)ª(a + b) (at + 6ab + 91>2) ~
=(a -b)ª(a + b)(a + 3b)2, >
t"-
6 a6 + 20 a'b - 12 a&bi - 48 a 1J8 + 22 ab' + 12 b6 = 2 (3 a6 + 10 a'b - 6 aªb2 - 24 a2b8 + 11 ab' + 6 b6)
2
~
= 2(a - b)(3a' + 13a8b + 7a2b2 -17ab8-6b') t:c
=:,:I
= 2 (a - b)~ (3 aª+ 16 a2b + 23 ab8 + 6 b8)
>
= 2(a- b)'(a + 2b) (3at + lOab + 31>2)
= 2 (a - b)2 (a + 2 b) (a+ 8 b) (8 a+ b) •
.·. the H .C.F. = (a - b)2 (a + 8b),
and the L.C.M. = 2 (a - b)ª (a+ b) (a+ 8 b)2 (a+ 2 b) (8 a+ b).
B9. Find t.he H.C.F. and the L.C.M. of 2z8 - 4z' + 8z8 -12zt + 6z; 8z5 - 8z' - 6zª + 9z' - 8z.
2z) 2z6 - 4z' + 8z8 - 12z2 + 6z 8z)3z6 - 8z' - 6zª + 9z2 - Sz H

zi-2zª+ 4z2 - 6z + 3 z' - z8 - 2z2 + 3z - 1 1 t_,:j
11>-
z'-6z8 + 9z2 - 4z z' - 2zª + 4zl - 6z + 8 n
4zª - ózl:.... 2z + 8
4z8-24z2+36z -16
z8-6z2 +9z -4 z+4
z8-2z'+ z z-4
=
t_,:j
19)19zj-38z +19 -4z2+8z -4 F;J

z2- 2z + 1 -4z2+8z -4 t,:j
.·. the H.C.F. = z(z' - 2z + 1) = z(z -1)'. s

2z6 - 4z' + 8z8 -12z' + 6z = 2z(z - l)'(zl + 8).
...
H
o
3z5 - 3z' - Ozª + l)z2 - 3z = 8z(z - l)'(z2 + z -1) . z
.·. the L.C.M. = 6z(z - l)'(z2 + z -1) (z2 + 3).
~
~
(J:)
....
00
o
. 80. Find the H.C.F. and the L.C.M. of
4z6 + 2oztv + 13xay2 - 16:1:27/ª - 17 xr - 4 r; 6z6 + llz411- 64xly2 - zY + 80:ey' + 8¡,6.
4+ 20+ 18- 16- 17 - 4 6+11- 64- 1+ 80+ 8

19 2
76 + 880 + 247 - 804 - 828 - 76 12 + 22 - 108 - 2 + 60 + 16 8l ~
76 + 294- 92- 222- 56 12 + 60 + 89 - 48 - 61 - 12 t;,j
86+ 889- 82- 267- 76 - 88 - 147 + 46 + 111 + 28, - 2 - 43 is::

t;,j
19 - 88 - 188 + 96 + 76 - 19 - 7 z~
1684 + 6441 - 1668 - 6078 - 1444 - 14 - 49 + 86 + 28 >
1684 + 6821 - 1978 - 4773 - 1204 - 14 - 49 + 86 + 28 ::,::,
601120 + 420 - 300 - 240 t-<
2+ 7- 6- 4 >
t"'
,•. t.he H.C.F. = 2z8 + 7z2y- 6z111 - = (z -11)(2z1 + 9zv + 4119) = (z -11)(z + 411)(2z + 11).
411 8 ;;
t;¡:,
4 z6 + 20 zty + 18 z8111 - 16 zY - 17 zr - 4 r = (2zª + 7 zty - 6 z11' - 4118) (2z' + 8 z11 + 119) ::,::,
= (z - 11) (z + 411) (2 z + 11) (z + 11) (2z + 11) >
=(z + 11) (z - 11) (z + 4 y) (2z + 11)1 .
6 z6 + 11 z4v - 64 xays - zY + 80 zr + 8 l'6 = (2zª + 7 zty - 6 :1:112 - 411ª) (8 z 2 - 6 zv - 2111)
= (z - 11) (z + 411) (2z + 11) (8 z 2 - 6z11 - 2 119),
,', t.he L.C.M. = (z + 11) (z - 11) (z + 411) (2z + 11)1 (3:tl - 6zy - 2111).
__J
6 z6 + 2 zty - 46 z3t,2 + 88 ;i:2yª - 16 xy' - 82 y6; 4 z6 - 84 z8y2 + 28 zlyª - 14 xy' - 24 JI'.
2)6 + 2 - 46 + 88 - 16 - 8212)4 + o - 84 + 28-14 - 24

8 + 1 - 23 + 19 - 8 - 16 2 + O - 17 + 14 - 7 - 12
2 3
6 + 2 - 46 + 38 - 16 - 32
- -------
6 + O - ól + 42 - 21 - 36 12 ~
6 + ló - 12 + ló + 12 6 + 2 - 46 + 88 - 16 - 32 ~
- 18 - 34 + 23 - 28 - 32
2
- 2- ó+ ó-
- 2 - 4+ 6- 8
4-
3 + 18
-2-1
41- =
t:,,j
-26-68+46-66-64 1-2+3-4 ~
-26-65+52-65-52
- 3)- 8- 6 + 9-12
1+2-3+4
-1-2+3-4
s...
1-3
= 2(zª + 2z2y- 3zy2 + 4yª) . o
•·. the H.C.F. . z
=2(8z6 + :i::411- 28z8t,2 + 19z2yª - 8xy' -16716)
6z6 + 2z4y - 46z8y2 + 38zlyl -16zy' - 3211'
= 2(zª+ 2z2y- 3zy2 + 4yª)(3z2 - óey-4y2).
4z6- 34zlly2 + 28zlyl-14xy'- 24y6 = 2(2z6-17z8y2 + 14z2y8-7xy'-I2y6)
= 2 (zª + 2z2y - 8 eyt + 4 yª) (2 zt - 4 xy - 8112) .
.·. the L.C.M. = 2 (3z2 - 6z11- 4y2) (2z2 - 4 zy - 3 y2) (zl + 2 :i:2¡¡ - 3zy2 + 411ª).
....
....
(X)
Exercille 53. Page 122

a• + a2b - abl - b8 ; a• - 8 abl + 2 b' ; a• - 2 a'b - abl + 2 b8.
a•+ alb- abl- b' = al(a + b)-bl(a + b)
= (al - bl)(a + b)
= (a - b) (a + b)I.
a•-8abl + 2b8 =(a'-ab2)- (2abl-2b')
= a(a + b) (a - b) - 2b2(a - b)
= (a - b) (al+ ab - 2b9)
= (a - b) (a - b) (a + 2 b)
= (a - b)l(a + 2b).
a• - 2a'b- abl + 2b' = a'(a - 2b) - b'l(a - 2b)
= (al - bi) (a - 2 b)
=(a+ b)(a - b)(a - 2b) .
=
.·. the H.C.F. a -b,
and the L.C. .M. = (a + b)' (a - b)I (a+ 2 b) (a - 2 b).
a' + 8 ab + 2 b9 ; al + 4 ab + 8 b2 ; al + 6 ab + 6 bl.
a'+ 8ab + 2b9 =(a+ b)(a + 2b).
al+ 4 ab + 8b2 =(a+ b)(a + 3b).
al + 6 ab + 6 b9 = (a + 2 b) (a + 3 b).
=
:. the H.C.F. 1,
and the L.C.M. =(a+ b) (a+ 2b) (a+ 3b).
a 1 + 6ab + 10b2; a•+ 8a9b- 20b8; a• -16abl- 60b'.
1 + 3 + O - 20 1 + O - 16 - 60 1
1 + 6 + 10 1 + 3 + O - 20
- 2 - 10 - 20 - 3 )- 8 - 16 - 30
- 2 - 10 - 20 1 + 6 + 10 1 - 2
•·. the H. C.F. of a• + 3 alb - 20 IJ8 and aª - 16 abl - 60 b8
=al+ 6ab + 101>9.
al+ 6ab + 101>9 =(al+ 6ab + 10b9).
=
a• + 8 alb - 20 IJ8 (al+ 6 ab + 10 bl) (a - 2 b).
a• -16abl- 60b3 =(al+ 6ab+ 10bl)(a-6b).
=
:. the H.C.F. a1 + 6ab + 101>9,
and the L.C . .M. = (a - 2 b)(a - 6 b) (al+ ó ab + lObl).
t. Find the H.C.F. and tbe L.C.M. of
zt+2z-3 ·; zl+3z2-z-3; zª+4zt+z-6.
zt + 2z - 3 = (z - l)(z + 3). ·
zl + 3zt - z - 3 = z 2(z + 3) - (z + 3)
= (zt - 1) (z + 3)
= (z + 1) (z - l)(z + 3).
zl+ 4zt+z -6 = (z- l)(zl + óz+6)
=(z - 1) (z + 2) (z + 3)•
.·. the H.C.F. = (z - 1) (z + 3),
and the L.C.M. = (z + l)(z - l)(z + 2) (z + 3).
i. Find the H.C.F. and the L.C.M. of

6 zt - 13z + 6 ; 6 zt + óz - 6 ; 9 zt - 4.
6z' - 13z + 6 = (2z - 3)(3z - 2).
6z2 + óz - 6 = (2z + 3) (3z - 2).
9z2 - 4 = (Sz + 2)(3z- 2) .
.·. the H.C.F. = 3z - 2,
and the L.C. M. = (3z - 2) (3z + 2) (2z - 3) (2z + 3).

zl - 6zl +Hz - 6; z8 - 9z' + 26z - 24; z• - Szt + 19z -12.
1 - 6 + 11 - 6
1 - 8 + 19 - 12 1
1-4+ 3 1-6+11- 6
-2+ 8-6 -2)-2+ 8- 6
-2+ 8-6 1- 4+ 3 1-2
.·. the H.C.F. of za - 6z2 + 11 :e - 6 and z• - 8z2 + 19z - 12
= zt - 4z + 3 = (z -1) (z - 3).
zl - 6 zt + 11 z - 6 = (z' - 4 z + 3)(z - 2)
= (z - 1) (z - 3) (z - 2).
zl - 9z2 + 26z - 24 = (z - 3)(z' - 6z + 8)
= (z - 3) (z - 2) (z - 4).
z• - Szt + I9z -12 = (z' - 4z + 8) (z - 4)
= (z - 1) (z - 8) (z - 4).
.·. the H.C.F. = z - 3,
and tite L.C.M. = (z - 1) (z - 2) (z - 3)(z - 4).
'1. Find the H.C.F. and the L.C.M. of

3a2+14a-5; 6a2+39a+45; 6aª+7aL-3a.
· 8a2+14a-5=(a+6)(3a-1).
6a• + 3Ua + 46 = 3(2a2 + 13a + 15)
=
3 (a + 6) (2 a + 3).
=
6a• + 1a2- 8a a(6a2 + 7a-3)
= a (2 a + 3) (3 a - 1)•
.·. the H.C.F. = 1,
and the L.C.M. = 3a(a + f>)(3a-1)(2a + 3).

14z2 + 5:i:y-y•; 21z2 -17zy + 2y•; 6z2 -zy- 27/9,
14z2 + 5zy - y2 = (2z + y) (7z - y). ·
2lz2 -17xy + 2y2 = (3z - 2y)(7z -y).
6z2 - zy - 2y2 = (2z + y)(3z - 2y) .
.·. the H.C.F. = 1,
and the L.C.M. = (2z + y) (3:e - 2y)(7z -y).
9. Find the H.C.F. and the L.C.M. of z4-2zª-2z2+7z-10;

z4-7zª + 18z2 - 2:Jz + 15; 2z4 - llzª + 24z2 - 28z + 15.
1-2 - 2 + 7 -10 1 - 7 + 18 - 23 + 15 1
1-4+6- 5 1 - 2 - 2 + 7 -10
2-8 + 12 -10 -ó)-IH20-30+2ó
2-8+12-10 1-4+6-51+2
.·. the H.C.F.of z•-2z8 -2z2+7z-10 and z4-7zª+ 1Sz2-23z+l5
= zª :... 4 z• + 6 z - 5.
1 - 4 + 6 - 5 2 - 11 + 24 - 28 + 15 2 - 3
2 - 8 + 12- 10
- 3 + 12 - 18 + 15
- 3 + 12 - 18 + ló
.·. the H.C.F. =zª - 4z2 + 6z - 5.
z4 - 2 zª - 2 z2 + 7 z - 10 = (z + 2) (z8 - 4 z 2 + 6 z - 5).
z4 - 7 zª + 18 z2 - 23 z + 15 = (z - 3) (zª - 4 z2 + 6 z - 5).
2 z4 - 11 zª + 24 z2 - 28 z + 15 = (2 z - 3) (zª - 4 z2 + 6 :e - 5) .
.·. the L.C.M. =(z + 2) (z - 3) (2z - 3) (zª - 4z2 + 6z - ó).
3:i:4 + 2z8y - lóz2y2 + 13zyª - lóy';
3:i:4 -19z8y + 34z2y2 - 29zy• + 20y';
6:i:4 + z8y - 2az2y2 + 20zyª - 2óy'.
3 + 2 - ló + 13 - ló. . 8 - 19 + 34 - 29 + 20 1
3- 7+ 6- ó 3 + 2 - ló + 13 - ló
9-21+18-ló -7)-21+49-42+36
9 - 21 + 18 - ló 3 - 7+ 6 - ó 1+ 8
.·. the H.C.F. of 3z•+2z8y- lóz2y2+I3zyL1óy' and 8:i:4-19z8y
+84z2y'-29zy&+20y' = 3zª-7z27!+6~2-ó11ª·
8-7+6-ó 6+ ·l -23+20-2ó i+ó
6 -14 + 12 - 10
ló - 3ó + 80 - 26
ló - 3ó + 30 - 26
.·. the H.C.F. = 3zª-7z2y + 6zy2 - 5yª.
3:i:4 + 2x8y - lóz~y• + t:izy8 - lóy'
= (z + 3y) (3zª - 7z2y + 6xy2 - óy8).
3:i:4 -19xSy + 3.tz2y2 - 20xy8 + 20y'
= (x - 4 y) (3xª - 7x2y + 6xy2 - óyª).
6:i:4 + x8y - 23z2y2 + 20xyª - 2óy'
=·(2x + óy)(3xª -7x2y + Gxyz - 51/3) .
.·. the L.C.M. = (x+3y) (x-4y)(2x+óy)(3x8 -7x2y+6zy2-óy3).
20z• -31x1y + 2z2y2 + I3zy3-4y';
4:i:4 + z3y - óz2y2 -zy8 + r;
4:i:4 - 11 x8y + 4:z:21/2 + ózyª - 2 yf.
4+ 1- ó- 1+ 1 20 - 31 + 2 + 13 - 4 ó
4-3-2+1 20+ ó-26- ó+ó
4-3-2 + 1 -9)-36 + 27 + 18-9
4-3-2+1 4- 3- 2+1 1+1
.·. the H.C.F. of 20:i:4 - 31x8y + 2z2y2 + 13xyª - 4y'.and
4:i:4 + ;r,8y - óz2y2 - xyª + yf = 4xª - 3z2y -2zy2 + y8
= (X - y) (4z2 + X11 -112).
20:i:4-31x8y+2x27/2+13zyª-4 yf = (x -11) (4z2 + z11-112) (óx -411).
4:i:4 + x8y - óx2y2 - zy8 + r = (x -11) (4x2 + :ey -112) (x + 11).
4 x4 - 11 ;r,8y + 4 x2y2 + ó xy8 - 2 yf = (x - 11) (4 x2 + zy - 112) (x - 211) •
.·. the H.C.F. = (x - 11) (4x2 + xy - 112),
and the L .C. M. = (z - 11) (x + 11) (z - 211) (ó z - 4 y)(4 z2 + zy - 112).
Exerclae 5-t. Page lH

Reduce to loweat terma :
lOafbl 2 X 6afbl 2a
l . --=
16 a•bf 8 X 6albf = ab·
6z4'y'z6 2 X 8z4y'lz6 zt
l. - - - =
12 :z:&y6z4 21 X 8 :z:&y6z4 = 2:z:1·
64a6blc 26a6b8c 4a2b9
8. = 2f X 3afbt;6
=--·
48a•bc6 3cf
86:z:2y4z6 22 X 32z2y4z6 3y9z
4. = 22 =-·
60:z:fy2z6 X 3 X 6 :z:tytzi óz:i
6 . 60 a7lJllc6d• = 22 x 3 x 6 a7lJllc6d• 8 ble

80 aBbfcfd6 2• x 6 a8bfcfd6 = 4 a.di·
7ó a•z6yfz6 8 x 62a•:z:6ytz' 8 a2z2
8· i:;o aiz7y6zª = 2 x 62a2z7y6z8 2 zty ·
a'-2ab a(a-2b) a
T. ab-2b2=b(a-2b)=¡; ·
a. 1oa2 - 2ab = 2a(óa -b) 2 ab.
8
16ab-3b9 8b(6a-b)
14 a' + 7 a•b 7 a• (2 a + b) 7a
9 • 1ocrc + 6a8bc = 6a8c(2a + b) = 6c ·
12a4 +27alb 3a1 (4a+9b) 3a
lO. 16aªb + 86atbl = 4a2b(4a + 9b) = 4b ·
46alzª - 106a'z' lóalz2(3z - 7 al) 16a2.tt
ll . 38alh - 77 aªb8 = 11 ab 8 (3z - 7 a2) = 1 w·
49 a7blz6 - 81 ab12z' _ abi;J:2 (49 a6:z:t - 811,lQ)
12. - -~-----
66 a6bf:z:6 + 72 alb'z• 8 alb•.t8 (7 alz2 + 9116)
_ abiz2 (7alz2 + 9116)(7a8z2 - 9b5)
- 8 aªbfzª (7 alzt + 9116)
7alz2 - 9116
=----
Satblz
U. zl + zty zt (z + y) zt
:z:2 + 2 zv + 112 (z + 11) 2 z + 11 • =
z8 + 2 :z:t z2 (z + 2) z2
14 · z2 + 4 z + 4 =
(z + 2)' z +2· =
~ - ,r - (z' + 11') (z2 - yt)
16.
~ + 2z2¡¡~ + ,r - (z• + 112)2
_ (zl + 111 ) (z + 11) (z -11)
- (z2 + 112)2
_ (z + 11)(z - 11)
- zl+yt
l6. 7z1 + 8 _ 7 zt + 3
M6z6 + 210:i:' + 46z - 6z(49~ + 42 zt + 9)
7zt + 3
= óz(7zt + S)•
1
=----
óz(7z2 + 3)
16al-27ab 3a(6a-9b) 3a
17 · 26a'-00ab+811,•= (6a-Ob) 2 =óa-llb 0
z-zy+z-%fl _z(l-11)+z(l-11)
18.
1-311+3112 - r ' - (I-11)ª
_ (x + z)(l - 11)
- (1 - y)ª
z+z
=
(I -11)'.
19.
zt+r' ~+~~-Q+~ zl-ey+yt
2 (z + 11)1 = 2 (x + 11)2 = 2 (z + 11) ·
x'y - xYz1 _ x2¡¡ (z6 - y4z2)

10.
zB,r - 7/8z - ,r (:t3 - y 2z)
_ x2¡¡ (xª + y2z) (zl - 111z)
- ,r (xª - ytz)
x•(z& + ytz)
= y& •
11 .
z'+(a+b)z+ab (x+a)(z+b) x+b
zt +(a+ c)x + ac = (x + a) (z +e)= x + e"
4a'-7ab+3bl (a-b)(4a-3b) 4a-8b
11.
5at - Sab - 21>2 = (a - b)(óa + 2b) = 6a + 2b 0
Szl - lOx11 + Syt (x - 211)(8z - 411) 3x - 411

18.
6x2 - 18x11 + 611' = (:t - 2y)(6x -311) = óz -811°
2z•+5z2-12z z(2z2+5z-12) z(z+4)(2z-3) 2z-3

H. 7zª+25z2-J2z =z(7z2+25z-12( z(z + 4)(7z- 3) = 7z-3 ·
26.
a 4 -2a3 -a2 -2a+I
a4-a8 - a+l a•-2a•-a'-2a+11
a•- a• - a+l
- 2 aª - a2 - a + 1 - a) - as - a2 - a
-2aª-2a2-2a a2+a+1 a2-2a+l
a2+ a+l
a2+ a+l
.·. the H.C.F. =as+ a+ l.
. a4-aª-a+l _ (a2 +a+l)(a2-2a+l)
· · a• - 2 a• - a2 -- 2 a+ 1 - (a2 +a+ 1) (a2 - 3 a+ 1)
_ (a2 + a + 1) (a - 1)2
- (a2 +a+ 1) (a2 - 3 a+ 1)
_ (a -1) 2
-a2-3a+l
2&. (z + a)2 - (b + c) 2 _ (z + a + b + e) (z + a -b - e)_ z + a - b - e
(z + b)2 - (a+ c)2 - (z + b +a+ e) (z + b - a -e) - z - a+ b - e·
27. (z + y)7 - z7 - y7
(z + y) 6 - z6 - y6
7 z6y + 21 z6y2 + 35 z4y8 + 35zlly4 + 21 z2 y6 + 7z'fl'
= - - -5z4y -- -----------
+ 1oz9y2 + 10z2y• + 5zy4
7zy(z6 + 3z4y + 5z8y2 + 5z2y8 + 3zy4 + y6)
= ózy(x3 + 2z2y + 2zy2 + yB)
+
_ '1 zy (z1 + 2 z2y + 2 zy2 + yª) (z2 zy + y2)
- 5zy(z8 + 2z2y + 2zy2 + 718)
7 (z2 + zy + y2)
=~----
ó
H. a6 - a•b- ab4 + bll _ a•(a - b)- b•(a - b)
a• - a•b - a2b2 + ab8 - a(aª - a2b - ab2 + bl)
(a• - b4) (a - b)
= - - - -- - - -
a[a2(a-b)-b2(a-b)]
_ (a2 + b2) (a2 - 112) (a - b)
- a (a2 - b2) (a - b)
as+ b2
= -a- ·
z6 + 4z + 3 _ (z + 1) (z8 - z2 + z + 3)
19.
z6 - óz - 4 - (z + 1) (z6 - z8 + z 2 - z - 4)
= (z+l)2(z2-2z+8)
(z + 1)2(z8 - 2z2 + az -4)
z2-2z+8
=z8-2z1 +3z-4
(a' - b6) (a - b) _ (a8 + b8) (a• - bll)(a - b)
ao. (ai _ bll) (a' - bf) - (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2) (a2 + b2) (a2 - b2)
_(a+ b)(a2 - ab+b2)(a-b)(a2 + ab+b2)(a-b)
- (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)(a2 + bZ) (a+ b)(a - b)
a 2 -ab+b2
= a2 + b2
z2(y - z) + yi(z - z) + z2 (z - y)
81.
ztz - zz2 + zy2 - z2y + yzJ - ytz
z2(y - z) + y2(z - z) + z'(:i: -11)
=z2~-~+~~-~+-~-zj
. =-1
.
z• - ó zty - 2 zyi + 2.t ys
H.
z• + Szty - lOzyi - 24 y'
1 - ó - 2 + 24 1 + 3 - 10 - 24 1
1-1-6 1-ó - 2+24
- 4 + 4 + 24 8)8 - 8 - 48
-4+4+24 1- 1- 61-4
=
.·. the H.C.F. zt - z¡¡ - 6 y2.
~ - ó zty - 2 zy2 + 2.t y 8 (z2 - zv - Oy2)(z - 4 y) z - 4 y
= =
.·. z8 + 3 z'v - 10 zy2 - 24 ¡¡8 (z2 - z¡¡ - 6 y2) (z + 4 ¡¡) z + 4 y·
aa. 2·,E' - 8~ -47z2 - 46z + 18
S.•• -13z• - 45z' + 94 z - 24
2 - 3 - 47 - 4ó + 18 3 - 13 - 4ó + 94 - 24
2 - 6 - 88 + 12 _ _2_ _ _ _ _ _ __
3 - 9 - ó7 + 18 6 - 26 - 90 + 188 - 48 3
3 - 9 - 57 + 18 6 - 9 - 141 - 136 + 54
- 17 ) - 17 + ól + 328 - 102
1- 3- 19+ 6 2+3
=
.·. ihe· H.C.F. z• - 3z2 - 19z + 6.
2z6-8zª-47z2-4óz+ 18
3z6 -13z8 - 4óz2 + 942: - 24
_ (zª - 3z2 - 19 z + 6) (2 z + 3) _ 2 z + 3
- (z8 -3z2-19z+ll)(3z-4)-3z-4°
190 ELElt!ENTARY ALGEBRA
Ezercise 55. Page 1.27

Reduce to lowest terma :
l. a2-4ab+4bll_(a-2b)(a-2b) (2b-a)(2b-a) 2b-a
2 b2 + ab - a2 - (2 b - a)(b + a) =
(2 b - a)(b + a) b + a·
(471- 12)' _ 4 8 (71- 3)8

8.
27 712- 371' - 3y2 (9 - 712 )
= 48 (71- 3)8
3 712 (3 + y) (3 - y)
64(y - 8)8
= 3 712 (y + 8) (71 - 3)
64 (11 - 3)2
= 3 ¡¡t(y + 8)
6y2z - 3z2y2 _ 3y2(2z - z2)

a.
z' - 4 z2z + 4 z2 - (z2 - 2 z) (z2 - 2 z)
3y2 (2z - zll)
=
(2 z - z2)(2 z - z2)
3 712
as - z'y{ (a• + z2y2) (a• - z2yl)

4.
ló z2y2----=-"ió a2zy = ló zy (zy - a2)
_ (a'+ z2y2) (a2 + zy) (u2 - zy)
- ló zy (zy - a2¡
(a' + z2y2) (a2 + zy) (a2 - zy)
=- ló zy ( a2 - zy)
(a' + z2y2) (a2 + zy)
=- lózy .
(9 a2z2 - 15 azª)ª _ 3ªaªzG (3 a - ó z)'

l. -
675 a':i:8 - 243 oh!> 27 a'z6 (2ó.z2 - 9 a2)
= 27 aBzG (3 a - ó z)'
27 a 4zG (ó z + 3 a) (ó z - 3 a)
27 aBzG (ó z - 3 a)ª
27a':i:S(óz + 8a)(5z - 8a)
(óx- 3a)2
=- a(óz + :!11) •
6z1 - 811- 2z' + zty _ 3(2z1 -11) - z 1 (2z1 -11)
•• 811' + 3;' - 9z2 - z-Jyt - z2(3z2 -112) - 3(3:c• - yt)
_ (3 - z2) (2z1 -11)
- (z• - 3) (3z2 -112)
(z• - 3)(2 zt - 11)
=- (z• - 3) (3z• -11')
2z1 -11
=-azt-112·
100 a•b - 64 a7 b _ 4 a8b (25 - 16 af)
'l.
48afl>'-120a2b2 + 751>'- 3b2(16a' - 40a2 + 25)
_ 4a8b(6 + 4a2)(6 - 4a')
- 31>'(4 a' - 6) (4a' - 6)
_ 4aªb(6 + 4a•)(5- 4at)
- 3b2(6 - 4 a•) (ó - 4a•)
_ 4 a3 (6 + 4 a')
- 3b(6- 4a2)
l. 2 ate• - 3 a2b2 - 2 l>'c• + 3 bf 2 cl(a• - I>') - 3 b2 (a' - I>')
3 l>'c• - 2 a21>' - 3 alcl + 2 bf 3 e• (IP - a•) + 2 I>' (I>' - a•)
_ (2 e• - 3 b2) (a• - l,2)
- (3 c2 + 21>') (I>' - a 1 )
_ (31>' - 2 e•) (I>' - a2)
- (3 et + 2 b2) (b~ - a•)
3b' - 2c2
= 21>' + Set
48afblzf -144alctz6 _ 48alz'(a2b8- 3c2z)
9.
720 al>'c'z4 - 80 aºb6c2zl - 80 al>'c2z2 (9 c4:c2 - afb6)
= 48 alz' (a2b8 - 3 clz)
80 al>'c2z2 (3 ctz + a2b8)(3c2z - a2b8)
48alz' (3c2z - a2b8)
= SOab ?c2x2(3c2z+a2b8)(3c2z-a2b8)
Saz•
=------
6 b-Jc2 (3 c•z + alb')
6atc• + 18bc• - 2af - 6alb _ 6c'(a• + 3b)- 2a'(a• + 3b)
10. - -~-~--~-~
4 af + 2 all>' - 12 ale' - 6 b'c• 2 a2 (2 a• + I>') - 6 et (2 a' + I>')
_ (6 e• - 2 al) (a1 + 3 b)
- (2 aC- 6 c2) (2 as + b2)
(6 e• - 2 a•) (a• + 3 b)
=- (6 c:i - 2 a•) (2 a• + b2)
a'+ 3b
=-2a•+b'·
192 ELEMENT ARY .ALGEBR.A

Reduce to an integral or a. mixed expression :
l. 12 zt - 5 y =2z _ 5 y . a. azy+4z+5y
6z 6z z+y
l. 25zll-8a+5c . azy+4z+óy)z+y
óz 4z + 4y 4
=óz2 _8a-óc. azy + y
ÓZ azy + 4z + óy = 4 + azy+y
z2+sz+2 2 z + y z+y
8. = z + -- ·
z+3 z+3
at + 2ab + b2
9. ----::-:,------'
4. z2 + 8y2_ a- 2b
z+y a2 + 2ab + b2)a - 2b
z2 + 3 y2)z + Y a2-2ab a.J..4b
z2+zy z-y 4ab + b2
-zy+8y2 4ab-8b2
-zy- y2 Ob2
4y2
a2+2ab+b2
z2 + 3y' 4yt
.·. - --=z - y+ - - · a - 2b
z+y z+y 9b2
=a+4b+--·
a'-b' _ (a2 + b2)(a2 -b2) a-2b
6. a2 + b2 - a·i + b2
zll -3zty + 3zy2 - y3
= a2 - b2. 10.
a' + 6 a + 12 b - 5 b2 zª - 8z2y + 8zy2 - yª)zt -y2

6.
a - 2b+6 z8 - z/¡2 x-3y
a2 + 6 a + 12 b - 5 b2) a - 2 b + 6 - 3z2y + 4zy2 - y8
a2 + 6 a - 2 ab a +2 b - 3z2y + 3yª
· 2ab+l2b-5b2 4zy2 - 4y8
2ab+l2b-4b2 zª - 3zlly + 3zy2 ~ yª
- b2
z2_ y2
a2+oa+l2b-6b2
a-2b+6 = X - 3 y + 4zy2 - 4yª
--''----'-
z2 -y'
b2
=a+2b - - - --
a - 2b + 6 =z - ay+ 4yl(z =-1'.L
(z + y)(x - Y)
'l. 4ab - 2b2 - a 2 = 2 b - ~ - 4 y2
=z-3y+-- ·
2a-b 2a-b X + 11

Reduce to a fraction:
l. a-b+ a2 +lfl = (a-b)(a+b)+a2+1,2 = <_!2-b2_+_a.:__+b2 = 2a2.
a+b a+b a+b a+ b
~ a-b-a-b-c=2~-ij-~-b-tj
2 2
2a-2b-a+b+c
=-------
2
a-b+e
=---
2
a• (a2-az+x~(a+x)-a• a•+z3-a~ x•
8. a2-az+z2 - - - = -- = = - -·
a+x a +x a+x a+x
4 . Sa+ 4 +28-6a=(3a+4)(2a-7)+28-6a
2a-7 2a-7
6a2 -13a - 28 + 28 - 6a
=----- - - - -
2a-7
6a2 -1Sa
=---
2a-7
6_ a-7b _a+ 4 b=a-7b-(a-::-_4b)(a+4b) a- 7b-a2+ Hlb:I

a+4b a+4b a+ 4b
6 _ a+ b +e_ 1 =a+ b + e - (a+ e) a+b+c-a-c b

a+c a+c a+c a+c
=----
a-x
a-x
e. 1 _ a2 - 2ax + z2 == a2_j- x•_-::_(~• - 2__<_!Z + x_~ = 2ax _,

at + :¡;2 a2 + ;e2 a2 + ;e2

Express with lowest cornmon denomlnator :
l. z y
a-b; a+b·
The L.C.D. is at - b9.
The respective quotients are a + b ; a - b.
The respective products are x(a + b) ; y(a - b).
The required fractions are x(a + b); ¡¡(a - b) .
at - b9 at - b9
4z-6 2x+7
B. - 8 - ; - 4 - ·
The L.C.D is 12.
The respective quotients are 4; 8.
+ 7).
The respective products are 4 (4 z - 6) ; 3 (2 z
The required fr~tions are 4 (4 z - 5) • 3 <2 z + 7)
12 ' 12
a. 2 a - 8b 8a - 4b
---¡;-; az·
The L.C.D. is 6z.
The respective quotients are 3; 2.
The respective products are 3(2a - 3b); 2(3a - 4b).
The required fractions are 3 <2 ª - 8 b) · 2 (3 ª - 4 b)
6z ' 6z
4 _ 4a - 6b 2a + 8b
7M; 6a2c' ·
The L.C.D. is 86a2ct.
The respective quotients are 6 ac ; 7.
The respective products are 6ac(4a - 6b); 7(2a + 3b).
. ed f ti
The reqwr 6ac(4a - 6b) 7(2a+ 3b)
rae ons are 36 a 2c2 ; 86 a2ct
11. 2 8
z-2 ; z-3 ·
=
The L.C.D. is (z -2)(z - 3) z2 - 6z + 6.
The respective quotients are z - 3 ; z - 2.
The respective products are 2 (z - 8) ; 3 (z - 2).
2(z-8) 8(z-2)
The required fractions are ;
z2 - óz + 6 z2 - 6z + 6
•
8. /+\; z~\
The L.C.D. is (z + 4)(z - 2) = z2 + 2z- 8.
The respective quotients are z - 2 ; z + 4.
The respective products are 5a(z - 2); 3a(z + 4).
. 5a(x-2) 3a(z+4)
The reqmred fractions are ; -- •
z2+2z-8 z 2 +2z-8
T. 1 1
1+2c; 1-4cs·
The L.C.D. is 1- 4c'.
The respective quotients are 1 - 2 e; l .
The respective products are 1 - 2 e; l.
Th . dfra. 1-2c 1
e reqmre ct10ns are 1 _ 4 c2 ; 1 _ 4 et.
1 1
l . z - 2 a; z - 3 a ·
=
The L.C.D. is (z - 2a)(x - 3a) z2 - 5ax + 6at.
The respective quotients are z - 3 a ; z - 2 a.
The respective products are z - 3 a ¡ z - 2 a.
x-3a x-2a
The required fractlons are -; ·
z' - 5 az + 6 a2 z2 - ó az + 6 a2
9. 1 2y
z+y; z'-y2 ·
The L.C.D. is zl - 111.
The respective quotients are z - 11 ; l.
The respective products are z - 11; 2 y.
The required fractions are z - Y ; ____!!___.
z2 -yl z2 -yl
a a' a8
lO. a - b; a + b; a' - bl ·
Tbe L.C.D. is a2 - bl.
The respective quotients are a + b; a - b; l.
The respective products are a(a + b); a2(a - b); as.
. . a(a+b) a2(a-b) a•
The reqwred fract1ons are - - - ¡ ;
a2 -bl a'-bl a'-bl.
2 2 2
ll. a - b; b - e; e - a
The L.C.D. is (a - b) (b - c)(c - a).
•The respective quotients are
~-tj~-aj;~-ij~-aj¡~-ij~-~
The respective products are
2 (b - e) (e - a); 2 (a - b) (e - a); 2 (a - b) (b - e). ·
The required fractiona are
2(b-c)(c-a) . 2(a-b)(c-a) . 2(a-b)(!l~e)
(a - b)(b- c)'(c - a)' (a - b)(b - c)(c - a)' (a - b)(b- c)(c - a)
7a+4 6a+2 4a-6
18· :z: - 3 ; 3 z - 9 ; 4 z - 12.
The L.C.D. is 12(:z:...: 3).
The respective quotients are 12; 4; 3.
The respective products are 12(7a + 4); 4(óa+ 2); 3(4a --0).
Th . df . 12(7a+4) · 4(6a+2) 3(4a - ó)
e reqwre ract1ons are 12 (z _ S) ; 12 (z _ 3) ; 12 (z _ ti).
a at a8
lS. a+ 1; (a+ l)ll; (a+ 1)3°
The L.C.D. is (a+ 1)8•
The respective quotients are (a+ 1)1 ; a+ 1; 1.
The respective products are a (a+ 1)2; a2 (a + 1); as.
a(a + 1)2 a2(a + 1) aª
The required fractions are · · - - - .
(a+ 1)ª ' (a+ 1)ª ' (a+ 1)ª
l4. 4 3-a 3 + a
9-a2; s+a; 3-a·
The L.C.D. is 9 - a2.
The respective quotients are 1; 3 - a; 3 + a.
The respective products are 4 ; (3 - a)2 ¡ (3 + a)2.
4 (3 - a)2 (8 + a)2
The required fractions are - - · - - - · ---- .
O- a2' 9-at' 9 - a2
1 1 1
16 · :z:2-6:z:+6; z2-7:z:+12; z'-6:z:+8
1 1 1
= ; ; .
~-~~-~ ~-~~-~ ~-~~-~ -
The L.C.D. is (z - 2) (z - 3) (z - 4).
The respective quotients are z - 4 ; z - 2 ; z - 3.
The respective prciducts are z - 4; z - 2 ; z - 3.
The required fractions are
:z: - 4 :z:-2 :z:-3
~-~~-~~-~· ~-~~-~~-~·~-~~-~~-~
TEACHERS' EDITIQN 197
7z 4z 3z
16.
Szt -lOzy + 3712 ; 12z:.1-zy - 6y2' 6z2 + z11- 2712
7z 4z 3z
= ; ; .
. (2z-71)(4z-371) (4z-371)(3z+2 y) (3z+271)(2z-71)
Tbe L.C.D. Is (2 z - 71) (3z + 2 71)(4 z - 3 71).
The respective quotients are 3z + 271; 2z -11; 4z - 871.
Tbe respective products are
7z(3z+271); 4z(2z-71) ; 3z(4z-871).
The required f rae tí.ons are 7z(3z + 2y)
;
(2 z - 71)(3z + 2 71)(4 z - 8 71)
4z(2z -11) 8z(4z - 371)
; .
~z-~~z+2~~z-3~ ~z-~~z+2~~z-3~
3a+2b 2a-3b 4a+ób
11 ' 6 at + ab - 36 b2 ; 12 at - 2ú ab - 71>2 ; 8 a2 + 22 ab + 6 b2.
3a+2b 2a-3b 4a+ób
=(2a+ó(l)(3a-7b) ; (3a-7b)(4a+b); (2a+ób)(4a+b).
The L. C. D. is (2 a + ó b) (3 a - 7 b) (4 a + b).
The respective quotlents are 4 a + b; 2 a + ó b; 3 a - 7 b.
The respective products are
(3 a + 2 b) (4 a + b) ; (2 a - 3 b) (2 a + ó b); (4 a + 6 b) (3 a - 7 b).
(S + 2 b) (4 + b)
The requlred fractions are ª ª
(2a + ób)(3a -7b)(4a + b)
~a-8~~a+ó~ ~a+ó~~a-7~
~a+óij~a-7ij~a+ij;~a+óij~a-7ij~a+ij
Exercille 59. Page 132

Find the algebralc sum of :
4a-28b 4a-2ób 19b-3a
l. 4 6 + 12
The L.C.D. is 12.
Tbe respective multipliers are 3 ; 2 ; l.
3 (4 a - 23 b) = =
12 a - 60 b 1st numerator.
- 2(4a - 26b) =- =
Sa + óOb 2d numerator.
1 (19b - 3a) =-
8a + 19b = 3d numerator.
a = tbe snm of the numerators.
Hence, the sum of the fractions Is 1; ·
29a 3a-20b 3a-10b+óc 4a-2b+8c

l. 00 60 + 20 12
The L. C. D. is 180.
The respective multipliers are 2 ; 8; 9; ló.
2 (29 a) = ó8 a = 1st numerator.
-3(3a - 20b) = - 9a + 60b = 2d numerator.
9(3a - lOb + óc) = 27 a - 90b + 4óc =3d numerator.
- ló(4a - 2b + 3c) =-
60a + 30b- 4óc = 4th numerator.
16 a = the sum of the
numerators.
H ence, t he sum of the frac ttons
. . 16 a
18
180 = 445a ·
a. 2 1 2a +3 1 + 8a - 2b
3a -2b-tÍT-2z' ~ -
The L.C.D. is 6a2bzt.
The respective multipliers are 2 abz2 ; • 3 atzs ; bz2 ; 8 a'b ; azt.
2 abzt (2) = 4 abzt = 1st numerator.
- 8 atzt (1) = -3 a 2z2 =
2d numerator.
- bzt (2 a + 3) =- 2 abz2 - 3 bz2 =
3d numerator.
- 3a'b(l) = =
- 3a2b 4th numerator.
azt (8 a - 2 b) =- 2 abz2 + 3 atz2 = óth numerator.
=
- 3bz' - 3a2b the sum of the
nnmerators.
. . - 8 bzt - 8 a'b z2 + a'
Hence, the sum of the fract1ons 1s
6 atbzt
=- - - ·
2 atzt
4. __ ó__ 1 24
2(z + 1) lO(z - 1) ó(2z + 3)
The L.C.D. is lO(z + 1) (z -1) (2z + 8).
The_ respective multipliers are
ó(z -1)(2z + 3); (z+ 1)(2z + 8); 2(z + l)(z -1).
ó(z -1) (2z + 3) (ó) = =
ó0z2 + 2óz - 76 1st numerator.
-(z + 1) (2z + 3) =- 2z2 - óz - 3 = 2d numerator.
- 2(z + 1) (z -1) (24) = - 4Szt + 48 = 3d numerator.
=
20z - 30 the sum of the
·numerators.
Hence, the sum of the fractions is
20z-30 2z-3
=
10(z+l)(z-1)(2z+3) (x+l)(z-1)(2z+3)
2+3z-óz' 2z+ó 1
6.
zl-3z'+3z-1 z'-2z+l z-1
+--
2+3z-óz' 2z+ó 1
= (z - 1)8
- (z
- --1)'
+ -z - ·
- 1
The L.C.D. is (z -1)ª.
The respective multipliers are 1; (z - 1); (z - 1)'.
= =
(1)(2 + 3z - óz') 2 + 3z - óz2 1st numerator.
= =
-(z -1) (2z + ó) 5 - 3z - 2z' 2d numerator.
= =
(z -1)•(1) J - 2z + z• 8d numerator.
=
8 - 2z - Ozt the sum of the numeratora.
8-2z-6z:I (8+6z)(l-z) 8+6z
(z - 1)ª = (z - 1)ª = - (z - l)' ·
1 2 3
8. ----+ -----
a'-7a+12 a•-4a+3 a'-óa+4
1 2 3
= (a - 3) (a - 4)
+ (a -1) (a - 3)
- (a -1) (a - 4)
.
The L.C.D. is (a - l)(a-3)(a - 4).
The respective multipliers are a - 1 ; a - 4 ; a - 8.
(a - 1) (1) = =
a - 1 1st numerator.
(a - 4) (2) = 2a - 8 = 2d numerator.
- (a - 3) (8) =- =
8 a + 9 8d numerator.
O = the sum of the numerators.
Hence, the sum of the fractiona is O.
z+l z-1 2
T. +
z2+z+l z'-z+l :v+z•+l
+----
The L.C.D. is z• + zt + l.
The respective multipliers are z2 - z + 1; zt + z + 1; l .
=
(z' - z + 1) (z + 1) = z8 + 1 1st numerator.
(zl + z + 1) (z - 1) = =
z8 - 1 2d numerator.
(1) (2) = =
_____±_! 8d numerator.
2 z8 + 2 = the sum of the numerators.
2z8+2 _ 2(z +l)(z'-z+l) _ 2(:i:+1)
z4 + zt + 1 - (z' + z + 1) (zt - z + 1) - zt + z + 1
The L.C.D. Is z2 - a2.

The respectiva multipliers are z + a; z - a.
(z + a) (1) = z + a = 1st numerator.
- (z - a) (1) =- z + a= 2d numerator.
2a = the sum of the numerators.
Hence, the sum of the fractions is ~ -.
z2 - a2
t. z2 + y2 _ - --~ _ _y_2__ = z2 + y2 ___z_2_ _ _ _111 _ .

z11 zy + y2 z 2 + zy zy 11 (z + y) z (z + Y)
. The L.C.D. is zy(.z + y).
The respective multipliers are z + '//; z; y .
(.z + y) (z2 + 112)= z' + z2y + zy2 + 118 =1st numerator.
- z(z2) =- zª = 2d numerator.
- 11 (y2) = - 11ª = 3d nun)erator.
z2y + zy2 = tbe sum of the numerators.
Hence, the sum of the fractions is z2y + zyt = z11 (z + 11) 1.
zy(z+y) zy(z+11)
z2-2z+8 z-2 1
10. +----
z8+1 z2-z+l z+l
The L.C.D. is zª + l.
The respective multipliers are I; z + 1; z2 - z + l.
(1) (z2 - 2z + 8) = z 2 - 2.z + 8 = 1st numerator.
(z + 1) (z - 2)= z2 - =
z - 2 2d numerator.
- (.z2 - z + 1) (1)=- z2 + =
.z - 1 3d numerator.
z2 - 2 z = the sum of the numerators.
z2- 2z
Hence, the sum of the fractions is - 8 - - .
z +1
11. ~...J!____+ - 1 +~-

z2 - zy + 112 x + 11 x8 + 118
The L.C.D. is zª + y•.
'.l'EACHERS' EDITION 201
The respective multipliers are x + y; zt - xy + y2; l .
(z + y) (x - y) = zt - y2 = l!it numerator.
(z2 - xy + y2) (l) = z2 - xy + y2 = 2d numerator.
(1) (xy) = + xy = 3d numerator.
2 z2 = the sum of the numeratore.
Hence, the sum of the fractions is ~ .
x• + y8
1 x-y xy-22:2
11. --+ + .
x-y x2 +x11+112 z8 -y8
The L.C.D. is x• - ys.
The respective multipliers are zt + :r:¡¡ + y2 ; x - y; 1.
(xi+ xy + yl) (1) = z2 + xy + y2 = 1st numerator.
(x - y) (x - y) = z2 - 2 zy + y2 = 2d numerator.
(l)(xy - 2z2) = - 22:2 + xy = 3d numerator.
+ 2 y 2 = the sum of the numerators.
2 j
Hence, the smn of the fractions is _Y_.
:i:8 -118
1 x-1 z2+z-8
18. --+ + - xª-27
- -·
x-3 z2+3z+O
The L.C.D. is xª - 27.
The respective multipliers are z2 + ·3 x + 9; x - 8 ; l.
(x2 + 3x + 9) (1) = zt + 3x + 9 = 1st numerator.
(x-3)(z -1) = z 2 -4x + 3 = 2d numerator.
(1) (z' + z - 3) = z2 + z - a = 3d numerator.
3 z2 + O = the sum of the numerators.
Henre, the sum of the fractions is 3 zt + 9 •
xª - 27
H. 2a 1 + 1
a•-a'+l at-a+l a'+a+I
The L.C.D. is (a• - at + l)(a• + a2 + 1) = aª+ a•+ 1.
The respective multipliers are a•+a2+1; (af-at+I)(at+a+l);
(af - at + l)(a2 - a+ 1).
(af+a2 +1)(2a)= +2a'+2a8 +2a =lstnumerator.
-(af-at+l)(at+a+ 1)(1)= -a6- a6 + aª - a-1=2d numerator.
(a•-at+l)(at-a+l)(l)= a'- a6 + as - a+l=3d numerator.
4 as = the sum of the
numerators.
ªª
Hence, the sum of the fractlons i s --4 - - .
a8 + a4 + 1
2 1 2 1
16 . - - - + - - + - - - - ·
(z-1)ª (z-1)' z-1 z
The L.C. D. ia z(z -1)•.
Tberespectivemultipliersarez; z(z-1); z(z-1)•; (z-1)•.
(z) (2) = + 2z = 1st numerator.
z(z -1) (1) = + z• - z = 2d numerator.
z(z -1)'(2) = 2zl- 4 z2 + 2z = 8d numerator.
- (z -1)ª(1) =- z• + 3z' - 3z + l = 4th numerator.
z8 + 1 = the sum of the numerators.
Hence, the sum of tbe fractions ia z8 + 1 •
z(z -1)'
z-1 z+2 z-3
16.
z 1 -7z+10 z 2 -9z+14 z'-12z+S6
z-1 z+2~ z-8
= ~-~~-~ ~-~~-n ~-~~-n
The L.C.D. is (z - 2) (z - 6) (z - 7).
Tbe respective multipllers are z - 7 ; z - 6; .z-: 2.
(z - 7)(z -1) = z2 - Sz + 7 = 1st numerator.
-(z - 6) (z + 2) =- zt + 3z + 10 = 2d numerator.
-(z - 2) (z - 8) = - zt + 6z - 6 = 3d numerator.
- zt + 11 = tbe sum of the numeratora.
11-z'
Hence, the sum of the fractions i s - - - - - - -
(z - 2) (z - 6) (z - 7)
2 +z 8- z 1 - 2z2
1'7. - - - + -----
3 + zt (3 + z)(8 + z )
9 + 6z + z2 2
2+z 8-z 1-2z2

=--- - --+ •
8 + zt (8 + z)' (3 + z) (8 + z2)
Tbe L.C.D. ia (3 + z)•(3 + z2).
Tbe respective multipliers are (8 + z)•; 3 + z• ; 8 + z.
(3 + z)t (2 + z) = 18 + 21 z + 8 z 2 + z• = 1st numerator.
-(3 + z2) (8 - z)= - 9 + 8z - 8z2 + z8 = 2d numerator.
(3 + z)(l - 2z•) = =
3 + z - 6z2 - 2z8 3d numerator.
12 + 26 z - z 2 =
the 1um of the numer•
atora.
. 12+26z-z•
Hence, the sum of the fract1ons ia - - - - - .
(3 + z)2(3 +. zll)
18.
--be + b2-ac + --ab .
~+~~+tj ~+tj~~~ ~+tj~+tj
The L.C.D. is (a+ b) (b + e) (a+ e).
'rhe respective multipliers are b +e; a+ e; a+ b.
(b + e) (a' - be) = a2b - b2c + a2c - be' = 1st numerator.
(a+ e) (b2 - ac) = + b2c - a2c + ab2 - ac2 = 2d numerator.
(a+ b) (et - ab) = - a2b + be' - ab2 + ac2 = 8d numerator,
O = the sum of the
numerators.
Hence, the sum of the fractions is O.
19. 6:z:-2 + 2:z: +1 _ 3:z:-1

:z:2 - 8 z - 4 z' - z - 12 zt + z - 20
= (z +6:i:-2 2:i:+1
+---~-
8:i:-1
1) (z - 4) (z + 3)(:z: - 4) (z - 4)(:i: + 6) L-c
The L.C.D. is (z + 1) (z + 3) (z - 4) (z + 6).

The respective multipliers are
(:z:+8)(:i:+6); (z+l)(:i:+6); (z+l)(:i:+3).
(:z:+8)(z+6)(óz-2)= ó:i:8 + 38:i:t + 59:i:- 80 =
lstnumerator.
(:z: + l)(z + 5)(2:z: + l)= 2:i:1 + 13:i:2 + 16:i: + 6 =
2d numerator.
-(z+ l)(z + 3)(3:i:-1)=- 3:i:8 - llz:1- 6z + 3 = 8d numerator.
4:z:ª + 40z:I + 70:i: - 22 =
the sum of the
numerators.
. . 4:i:ª + 40:i:2 + 70:i: - 22
Hence, the sum of the fract1ons 1s (
(z + 1) (:z: + 3) (z - 4) z + 6)
SO. 7+3:i:9 _ ó-2:i:2 3-2:i:+zt
4-z2 4+4:z:+zt i-4:i:+z2
7+3zt 6-2:i:2 8-2:z:+z'
= -----
(2 + z) (2 - z) (2 + z)2 (2 - z)'
The L.C.D. is (2 + z)2(2 - z)2.
The respective multipliers are (2+:i:)(2-z); (2-z)1 ; (2+z)t.
(2+z)(2-z)(7+3z')= 28 +óz' -8z4=1stnumerator.
-(2-z)2(6-2zl)= -20+20:i:+3:z:2- 8z8+2z4=2d numerator.
-(2+:z:)'(8-2:z:+zt)= -12- 4:i:+ zt- 2z8- z4=3d numerator.
- 4+ 16z+9z2-10z8 -2z4=the sum of the
numerators.
-4 +16:i: + 9z2 -10:i:ª - 2:i:4
Hence, the sum of the fractions is (2 + :i:) 2(2 _ :i:) 2
204 ELEMENTARY ÁLGEBRA
ll. a-6z 3a2 - 4az + zt

4at - 20az + 2Szt 24aª -1B0a2z + 4ó0az2 - 376zl
a-6z (a -z)(3a - z)
=----
(2 a - Sz) 2 3(2a - Sz) 8
The L.C.D. is 3(2a - 6z)ª.
The respective multipliers are 3 (2 a - ó z); l.
3(2 a - Sz) (a - 6z) = =
6al - 4Saz + 7óz2 1st numerator.
- 1 (3 al - 4 az + z2) = - 3 a2 + 4 az - z2 = 2d numerator.
=
3a2 - 41 az + 74z2 the sum of the
numerators.
. . Sal - 4laz + 74z2
Hence, the sum of the fractions 18
8(2a - óz) 8
H. z+a + z+b + z+c

zl - (b + c)z + be zt - (a+ c)z + ac zt - (a+ b)z + ab
= z+a + z+b + z+c
~-~~-tj ~-aj~-tj ~-aj~-~
The L.C. D. is (z - a) (z - b) (z - e).
The respective multipliers are z - a; z - b; z - c.
(z - a) (z + a) = z 2 - a 2 =
1st numerator.
(z - b) (z + b) = z2 - b2 =
2d numerator.
(z - e) (z + e) = z2 - el =
3d numerator.
3z2 - a2 - b2 - c2 =
the sum of the numerators.
3 z~ - a2 - b' -el
Hence, the sum of the fractions is - - - - - - -
(z - a) (z - b) (z - e)
1 + 2a 1 2a+l
18. + + --
a2+6a+6 a2+4a+3 a2+3a+2 a+8
= 1 + 2a + 1 + 2a+l.
(a+2)(a+3) (a+l)(a+3) (a+l)(a+2) a+3
The L.C.D. is (a+ 1) (a+ 2) (a+ 3).
The respective multipliers are a+ l; a+ 2; a+S; (a +l)(a + 2).
(a+l)(l)= + a+l=lst numerator.
(a+2)(2a)= +2a2+ 4a =2d numerator.
(a+8)(1)= + a+3=3d numerator.
(a+ l)(a+2)(2 a+ 1)=2 aª+7 a2 + 7 a+2=4th numerator.
2 a 8 +9 a 2+ 13 a+6=the sum of the numeratora.
Hence, the surn of the fractions is
2a8 +9a2+13a+6 (a+l)(a+2)(2a+8) 2a+8
(a+ 1) (a+ 2)-(a + ::!) = (a+ l) (a+ 2) (a+ 8) = a+ 8 ·
:z:2-7 z11+ 12 yi 2 :z:2+ 7 2:11-4112 :z:2-7 zy+ 12 ¡¡2 (:z:+411) (2 z-11) :z:2-7 zy+ 12 yi :z:+411
H.
4:z:2-llz¡¡+81/2 8:z:2-6:z:y +112 = 4 :z:2-112:11+8112 - (42:-11) (2 z-11) = 4:z:2-112:11+8112 - 4:i:-11°
The L.C.D. is (4:z: -y)(4:i:2 -1111:11 + 8112).

The respective multipliere are 4 :i: - 11; 4 :z:2 - 11 :i:11 + 3112.
(4 z - 11) (:i:' - 7 :r:y + 12111) = 4 :i:ª - 29 :z:2y + óó :i;y2 - 1211ª = 1st numerator.
-(4:z:2 -11:r:y + 3112)(:i: + 411)=- 4xª - 5x2¡¡ + 41xy2 -1211ª = 2d numerator.
- 34 z2y + IJ6 :i:112 - 24 y8 = the sum of the numerators. ~
t.,:]
;...
96 zy2 - 34:i:2¡¡ - 24 y8 o
Hence, the sum of the fractions is - - - - - - - - - - te
(4x - 11)(4x2 - 11 :i:y + 8112) t_,,:j
BII. a2 + ab + at - ab _ a4 - a2b2 - b'. ~ .
t_,,:j
a2 + ab + b2 a2 - ab + b2 a' + a2b2 + b'
....t:,~
The L.C.D is a•+ a2b2 + b'. ....
e
The respective multipliers are a2 - ab + b2; a2 + ab + b2; l.
z
(a2 - ~b + b2) (a2 + ab) = a• + ab8 = 1st numerator.
(a2 + ab + b2) (a2 - ab) = a• - ab8 = 2d numerator.
- (1) (a' - a2b2 - b') = - a' + a2b2 + b' = 3d numerator.
a'+ a2b2 + b' = the sum of the numerators.
a'+ a2b2 + b'
a'+ aél/2 + b'
= l. ~
o
~
~
IS. _ _ _ x4_-_2_x2___
3 :¡:2 - 4x + 1 - (:i:2 + 1)(:i:2 - 3) z2-4z+l o
~
16:i:6 -17:i:2 -18 + 26:t4 12:i:• - :¡:2 - 6 - (3:i:2 + 2) (6:t4 + 6:i:2 - 9) (4:i:2 - 3)(3:i:2 + 2)
The L.C.D is (3:i:2 + 2)(4:i:2 - 3)(6:t4 + 5:i:2 - 9).
The respective multipliers are 4:i:2 - 3; 6:t4 + 6:i:2 - 9.
(4:i:2 - 3)(:t4- 2:i:2- 3) = 4:i:6 -11:t4 - 6:i:2 + 9 = 1st numerator.
- (6:t4 + 6:i:2 - 9) (:i:2 - 4:i: + 1) = -6:i:6 + 20:i:6 - 10:i:• + 20:i:ª + 4:i:2 - 36:i: + 9 = 2d numerator. t:r1
- x6 + 20:i:6 - 21:i:4 + 20:i:8 - 2:1:2 - 36:i: + 18 = the sum of the numerators. t""'
t.,,,
. . - :¡:6 + 20 :¡:6 - 21 :t4 + 20 :¡:8 - 2 z2 - 36 X + 18 1(
Hence, the sum of the fract1ons 1S ( 3 :1:2 + 2)(4 :i:2 _ 3 )( 6 :t4 + 6 :i:2 _ 9)
t.,,,
z""3
>
~
2-3:i: 3-4:i: 1-2:i:+:i:2 2-6:i:2
17 - - + - - - - = 2-3:i:
. 6-4:i: 6 + 4x 9 -12z +4z2 36-16:i:2 2(3-2:i:)
3-4:i:
+ 2(3 + 2:i:) -
(1-:i:)2 2-6:i:2
- -:-:::---::---=-
(3 -2z)2 4(3 + 2z) (3 - 2:i:)
>
The L.C.D. is 4 (3 + 2:i:) (8 - 2 x)t.
The respective multipliers are 2 (3 + 2 x) (3 - 2x); 2 (3 - 2z)2; 4 (3 + 2 x); 3 - 2 x.
s
t_,j
t:i:,
2(3 + 2:i:) (3 - 2:i:) (2 - 3:i:) =
86 - 64:i: - 16:i:2 + 24 xª = 1st numerator.
2(8 - 2:i:)2 (3 - 4:i:) =
64 -144:i: + 120:i:2 - 32:i:ª = 2d numerator•. ~
- 4(3 + 2:i:)(1 - z)2 = -
12 + 16:i: + 4:i:2 - 8:i:8 = 3d numerator.
-(3-2:i:)(2-6:i:2)=- 6+ 4:i:+ 16z2-10x8=4thnumerator.
72 -178:i: + 123zt - 26:i:• = the sum of the numerators.
. . 72 -178 X + 123 :¡:2 - 26 z8
Hence, the sum of the fract1ons 18 ) .- •
4(3 + 2x (3 - 2 X
:i: - 11 11 - z z - :i: (:i: - 11) (11 - z) (z - :i:)
11. - -+--+--+ .
a: + 11 11 + z z + :i: (:i: + JI) (11 + z)(z + :i:)
The L.C.D. is (:i: + 11) (JI+ z) (z + :i:).
The respective multipliers are (11 + z) (z + :i:); (:i: + 11) (z + :i:); (:i: + 11) (JI+ z); l.
(11 + z) (z + :i:) (:i: - 11) = :i:"1/ + :i:lz - :i:yt + :i:z2 - 11tz - yzt = 1st numerator.
(:i: + 11) (z + :i:) (Y - z) = :i:"1/ - ztz + zt12 - zzt + y z - yz = 2d numerator.
2 2
(:i: + 11) (y+ z) (z - :i:) =- :i:"11 - z2z - zy2 + zzt + ylz + JIZ2 = 8d numerator. 1-3
(1) (:i: - 11) (Y - z) (z - :i:) =- :i:"1/ + :i:lz + :i:7/l - :i:z2 - ytz + yzt =4th numerator. ~
O = tbe eum of tbe numerators. (")
Hence, the sum of the fractione le O.•
=
t.,,,j
~
19. 11-z + z-:i: + :i:-y
--w-~ 11'-~-q 212-~-w
t.,,,j
t:,
~
= y-z + z-:i: + :i:-y
(:i: + 11 - z) (:i: - JI + z) (- :i: + y + z) (:i: + 11 - z) (:i: - JI + z) ( - :i: + y + z)
The L.C.D. is (:i: + JI - z) (:i: - y + z) (- :i: + 11 + z).
The respective multipliere are - z + y + z; :i: - y + z; :i: + y - z.
( - :i: + y + z) ('Y - z) = + 11' - zt - '1:11 + :i:z = 1st numerator.
(:i: - 11 + z) (z - :i:) =- z2 + z + :i:y - 2 yz = 2d numerator.
(:i: + y - z) (:i: - 11) = :i:2 - 119 - :i:z + yz = 8d numera.tor.
O = tbe sum of the numeratoJ'II. t.:>
Hence, the aum of the fractiona is O. o
-1.
~
o
00
(z - y)2 + (y - z)2 + (z - z)2

ªº· ·--+--+--+
z -
2
y
2
y -
2
z z- z (z - y) (Y - z) (z - z) . ~
-~
The L.C.D. is (z - y) ('V - z) (z - z).
The respective multipliers are (y - z) (z - z); (z - y) (z - z); (z - y) (Y - z); l.
-z
:a-
M
'"3
>
(Y - z) (z - z) (2) = - 2 z2 - 2 zy + 2 yz + 2 zz = 1st numerator. ::.i
~
(x - y) (z - z) (2) = - 2z2 + 2 zy - 2 yz + 2 zz = 2d numerator.
(z - y) (Y - z) (2) =· -2y2 =
+ 2 zy + 2 yz - 2 zz' 8d numerator. >
t""
. Q
(l)[(z - y)2 + (y - z)2 + (z - z)2] = =
2 z2 + :! y2 + 2 z2 -: 2 zy - 2 yz - 2 zz 4th numerator. M
e:,
o = the sum of the numeratol'II. ~
Hence, the sum of the fractions is O. >
a8 b8 eª
81. - + .
~-~~-tj ~-~~-tj ~-tj~-tj
The L.C.D. is (a - b) (a - e) (b - e).
The respective multipliers a.re b - e; a - e; a - b.
(b - e) (al) = a"b - a 8c = 1st numerator.
- (a - e) (b8) = - ab + b8c
3 = 2d numerator.
(a - b) (c8) = + ac3 - beª= 3d numerator.
a3b - a3c - ab3 + b3c + ac8 - bc8 = the sum of the
numerators. ·
aªb - aªc - ab8 + b3c + acª - beª
(a - b) (a - e) (b - e)
Now allb - a8c - ab8 + b8c + ac8 - bc8
= (aªb - ab8) - (aªc - b8c) + (ac8 - bc8)
= ab(a' - b2) - c(aª - b8) + c8(a - b)
= ab(a + b)(a - b)- c(a2 + ab + b2)(a - b) + c8(a - b)
= +
(a - b)[ab(a + b) - c(a2 ab + b2) + c8]
= (a - b) (a2b + ab2 - a 2c - abe - b2c + c8)
= (a - b) [(a2b - abe)+ (ab2 - b2c) - (a2c - c3)]
= (a - b) [ab(a-:- e)+ b2(a - e) - c(a2 - c2)]
·= (a - b) [ab(a - e)+ b2(a - e) - c(a + e) (a - e)]
= (a - b)(a - c)(ab + b2 - ac - c2)
= (a - b)(a - c)[(ab - ai:) + (b2 - c2)]
= (a - b) (a - c)[a(b - e)+ (b + c)(b - e)]
= (a - b) (a - e) (b - e) (a + b + e).
~-~~-tj~-tj~+b+tj
. =a+ b +e
(a - b) (a - e) (b - e)
Exerclae 60. Page 135

Find the algebraic sum of :
1 2 1
1. ~~~-.~+ +~~~~
(z - 2) (z - 3) (z - 1) (8 - x) (x - 1) (x - 2)
1 2 1
= (x - 2)(:t - 3)
- +
(x- 1) (x - 3) (x - 1) (x - 2)
.
The L .C.D. is (x -1)(:r; -2)(:r; - 3).
The respective multipliera are z - 1 ; z - 2; z - 3.

(z - 1)(1) = z - 1 = lat numerator.
-(z- 2)(2) =-2z + 4 = 2d numerator.
(z - 3) (1) = =
z - 3 3d numerator.
O = the aum of the numeratora.
Hence, the aum of the fractiona is O.
l. 1 1 + 1
z'(zl + yt) 2zl(11 - z) 2z8(z + v)
= 1 + 1 + 1 '.
zl(:i,t+v') 2zl(z-11) 2zl(z+11)
The L.C. D. is 2 zl (z + 11)(z - 11) (z' + v2) = 2z• (zt - ¡,t).
The respective multipliers are
2z(z2 - v2); (z + 11) (zl + 112); (z - 11) (zl + v').
= 2 zl · - 2 zvt
2 z (z' - v2) = 1st numerator.
= zl + ztv + z¡,2 + 11 = 2d numerator.
(z + 11) (z' + 112) 8
= zl - z2y + zyt - 113 = 3d numerator.

(z - 11) (zt + 112)
4 z8 = the aum of the numerators.
Hence, the BUID of tbe fractiona la 2 z1(4:- ¡,t) = z4:
¡,t ·
3. 1 1 1
a(a - b) (a - e)+ b(b - c>:(b - a) + é(c - a) (e - b)
1 1 1
= a~-ij~-tj - b~-tj~-~ +
c~-tj~-tj
.
The L.C.D. la abe (a - b) (a - e) (b - e).

The respective multipliers are be(b - e); ac(a - e); ab(a - b).
be (b - e)= b2c - bel = 1st numerator.
-ac (a - e)= - a2c + ac' = 2d numerator.
ab (a - b) = + atb - abl = 3d numerator.
b2c - be' - a'c + ac2 + a2b - abl = the aum of the nu-
merators.
Hence, the aum of the fractiona la
b2c - be' - a'c + ac' + a2b - abl _ (a - b) (a - e) (b - e) _ 1
- abe(a - b)(a - e) (b - e) - abe(a - b) (a- c)(b - e) - abe·
b'
+ c
at b2 et a' 2
,.
~-~~-tj
+
~-tj~-aj
+
0-aj0-~
=
~-~~-tj
-
~-tj~-~ ~-tj~-tj
.
The L.C.D. is (a - b) (a - e) (b - e).
The respective multipliers are b - e ; a - e ; a - b.
(b - e) (a2) = a2b - ate = 1st numerator.
-(a - e) (b2) = - ab2 = 2d numerator.
+ b2c
(a - b) (c2) = + aes - be'= 3d numerator. ""3
a2b - ate - ab2 + b2e + act - bc2 = the sum of the numerators. t:_,,j
Hence, the sum of the fractions is a2b - ate - ab2 + b2c + act - bct = (a - b) (a - e) (b - e) = l. ~
~-~~-tj~-tj ~-~~-tj~-tj =
t:_,,j
~
U:
t.,rj
li. a+ b _ 2 a + atb - aª _ a+ b _ 2 a + at (b - a) _a+ b _ 2 a _ at .
b a+ b a2b - b8 b a+ b b(a2-b2) b a+ b b(a + b) ~
The L.C.D. is b(a + b). o
z
The respective multipliers are a + b; b; l.
(a+ b) (a+ b) = at + 2 ab + b2 = 1st numerator.
- (b) (2 a) =
2 ab -
2d numerator. =
- (1) (a2) = - at 3d numerator. =
=
b2 the sum of the numerators.
Hence, the sum of the fractions is __ b2_ = _b_.
b(a+b) a+b ........
N)
~
~
~ ~ + ,r + ~ = ~ - ,r +--zt- 1-'
1:.:)
~-~~-zj ~-tj~-tj ~-tj~-~ ~-~~-tj ~-tj~-~ ~-tj~-tj
The L.C.D. is (x - 71) (x - z) (11 - z) .
The respective multipliers are 71 - z; ; - z; x - 71.
(71 - z) (~)= ~y - ~z = 1st numerator.
-(:e - z)(r)= - xyt + ,rz = 2d numerator.
(x - 71) (zt)= + xzt - yzt = 3d numerator. :-1
~11 - ~z - z,r + ,rz + :czt - yzt = the sum of the nqmerators. t""
Hence, the sum of the fractions is ~
:,j
vr, - ~z - x,r + ,rz + zzt-yzt _ (:r - 71) (:e - z) (y - z) (:c2 + 719 + z2 + :i:71 + :cz + 71z) z--3
~-~~-tj~-tj - ~-~~-tj~-tj
= z2 + 712 + z2 + xy + xz + yz. >
'1. a(b + e - a). + b(c + a - b) + c(a + b - e) = a(b + e - a) _ b(c + a - b) + _c--'(a_+_b_-_c-'-)
~
>
~-~~-tj ~-tj~-~ 0-aj0-~ ~-~~-tj ~-tj~-~ ~-tj~-tj
The L.C. D. is (a - b) (a - e) (b - e). s
tr:l
i:i:,
The respective multipliers are b - e; a - e ; a - b.
~
(b - e) (a) (b + e - a) = ab2 - a2b - ac2 + ate = 1st numerator. >
-(a - e) (b) (e+ a - b) = ·ab2 - a2b + be2 - b2c =2d numerator.
(a - b) (e) (a + b - e) = - aes+ ale + bel - b2c =3d numerator.
2 ab2 - 2 alb - 2 ac2 + 2 a'c + 2 bel - 2 b2c =the sum of the numeratol'II.
2 ab2 - 2 alb - 2 ac1 + 2 a'c + 2 bel - 2 b2c = - 2 (a - b) (a - e) (b - e) = _ 2.
~-~~-tj~-tj ~-~~-tj~-tj
8. -
(a - b) (a - c)(l + az)
= (a - -
+ (b -
-
~
e) (b- a)(l + lxl:)
~
+- --- ~ ---
(e - a)(c - b)(l + c.:i:)
+ - - -&- - - -
b)(a - e) (1 + az) (b - e) (a - b) (1 + lxl:) (a - e) (b - e) (1 + cz) ~
l,rj
The L .C.D. is (a - b) (a,.... e) (b - e) (1 + a:,;) (1 + lxl:) (1 + c:e). >
ó
The respective multipliers are (b - e) (1 + oo:) (1 + c:e); (a - e) (1 + az) (1 + c:t); (a - b) (1 + az) (1 + lxl:).
(b- c)(l + lxl:) (1 +c:e)(a2) =a2b-alc +a2b2:,;-alc2z +a2b2c:,;2-a2bc:Zzl
=
i::,,
tx,
-(a - e) (1 + a:,;) (1 + c:e) (b2) = -ab2+b2c -a2b2:e +blc2z-a2l,2c:,;2 +ab2c2:,;2 C'IJ
(a - b) (1 +az) (1 + bx) (c2) = +ac'-bc2 +a2c2z-b2c2:e +a2bc2:,;2-ab2c2:i;2 l,rj
=
a2b-a'c-ab2+blc+ac2-bc2 the sum of the numerators. ....t:::,
Hence, the sum of the fractions is ~
o
a2b - ate - ab2 + b2c + ac2 -
bc2 _ (a - b) (a - e) (b - e) z
(a - b) (a - e) (b - e) (1 + ax) (1 + lxl:) (1 + c:e) - (a - b) (a - e) (b - e) (1 + ax) (1 + bJ:) (1 + c:e)
1 .
- (1 + a:e) (1 + b:1:)(1 + cz)
....
t.:)
«I
9. 8 4 6
~-~~-tj ~-tj~-tj ~-tj~-~
= 8 + 4 6
(z - JI) (JI - a:) (z - JI) (a: - z) (a: - z) (JI - a:) ·
The L.C.D. is (z - JI) (JI - a:) (a: - z).
The respective multipllers are a: - z ; JI - a:; z - JI.
(a: - z) (8) = - 8 z + 8a: = lat numerator.
(JI - a:) (4) = + 4JI - 4a: = 2d numerator.
-(z - J1)(6) = - 6 z + 6 JI = 8d numerator.
- 9 z + 10 JI - a: = the sum of the numerators.
Hence, the sum of the fractions is lOJI - Slz - a: .
(z - JI) (JI - a:) (a: - z)
7z - 13 + 28 - 13z 28z + 48
10. - -
2z-1 3-2z
+ ----
4z2 -8z+3
7z - 13 13 z - 28 28 z + 48
= ---
2z - 1
+ 2z-3 + --,------,---,---
(2z-1)(2z-3)
-
The L.C.D. Is (2z - 1)(2z - 8).
The respective multipliers are 2 z - 8; 2 z - 1 ; l .
(2 z - 8) (7z ·- 18) = 14 z 2 -47 z + 89 = 1st numerator.
(2z - 1) (13z - 28) = 26zt - 69z + 28 = 2d numerator.
(1)(28z + 43) = +28z + 43 = 8d numerator.
40 z2 - 88 z + no = the sum of the numerators.
. . 4oz2 - 88z + no
Hence, the sum of. the fract1ons 18 •
(2z -1)(:lz - 8)
ll. a2 - (b - c)1 + bl - (a - e)'_ et - (a - b)2

~+~-bl ~+~-& --~+~
=--~ - ~ + b l - ~ - ~ + - - ~ - ~
~+~-bl ~+~-& ~+~--
= (a + b - e) (a - b + e) + (b + a - e) (b - a + e)
(a + b + e) (a - b + e) (a + b + e) (a + b - e)
+ (e + a - b) (e - a + b)
(b + e + a) (b + e - a)
=a+b-c+b-a+c+c+a-b=a+b+c=l.
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
ExerciM 6L Page 137

Find the product of :
l. 12:i:2 x 10:1:71 = 12 x 10z8y = Szl.
6119 9z' ó x 9119z2 871z2
9. ~ X ~ X et = 4'l)lcl = l.
be ac ab atl)lct
a'b ble z2y2z a'b8czlytz ab2
a. - x - x - - = =-·
zty y8z abe abcz2y4z 119
óatb 4lflc 9c2d ó x 4 x 9a'IJ8c8d Set
t. 3cd X lOat X 161)8 = 3 X 10 X 16a21J8cd = g·
l. z 2 -119 x ~ = (z + 11)(:t -11) x ~ = 4:t(z -11).
z 2 +112 z+11 z 2 +119 z+11 z 2 +112
6 . zt - 119 x ~ = (z + 71)(:i; - 11) x ~ = 3:tt (z - 11).
z2 + 71' 4 z + 4 71 zt + 712 4 (z + 11) 4 (z2 + 712)
'1. ab+acxab-ac=a(b+c)xa(b-c)=~· (
bd-cd bd+cd d(b-c) d(b+c) d2
l. 4:i:+411 xóz2 -óy2 = 4(z+11) xó(z'-y2)=2º.-v
3z2- 8712 h + 771 S(z2 - 712) 7(z + y) 21
e. 3 zt - z x 2a = z (3 z - 1) x 2a 8z - J
a 2z2-4z a 2z(z-2)= z-2 ·
10. ~ x S : t - 6 = ~ x3(z-2)=~ ·
óz -10 4zª ó(z - 2) 4zl 20:i;
11 . (z - 71) 2 X 11 = 11 (Z - 71) .
z+ 11 z(z - 71) z(z+ 11)
11. z4 - 71' x z - Y = (z' + 11') (z + y) (z - Y) x ~
zt - 2 zy + 119 z 2 + z11 (z - y) (z - y) z (z + y)
zt + 7111
=--·
z
U. z(a-z) x a(a+z) =:r.(a-z)xa(a+z)
a'+ 2a:i: + zt a' - 2 az + zt (a + z)2 (a - z)t
=-----
(a +z)(a - z)
= at-zt"
a'-'11> at+b2 a+b

lt. X x--
a•+2a2b2+11' a~-ab+b2 a3 -b3
=~+ij~-~~-ab+~~+ab+~x -+1>2
~+~ --ab+b2
a+b
x--- ----
(a - b) (at + ab + b2)
(a+ b)2
= at + b2
a2 +2ab+b2
=
16. a +x
x -a -
3 - b'
-- b (ª2 - ab + 1,2)1
a'+b3 a-b a2+ab+b2
= (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2) x a+ b x (a2 - ab + b2)'
(a + b) (at - ab + 62) a - b (at + ab + 62)2
at - ab + b2
= ª' + ab + b2
l6. a•+8allb+3ab2+b3 x a+b

a'-b2 a'+2ab+b2
=-(ª_" ± " ~ x ~
(a+ b) (a - b) (a + b)2
a+b
= a-b·
2a• + 18alz - lóaz' -126zl 2a• + Hlalz + 3óaz2
lT. alz + 6azt -7zl x a• - alz - 4az2 - 6zl
= (a - 8 :r;) (a + 6 :r;) (2 a + 1 :r;) x a (a + 7 z)(2 a + 6 z)
z(a-x)(a+7:r;) (a-8x)(at+2az+2z2)
_a~+6tj~a+7tj~a+ótj
- z(a -:r:)(a' + 2az + 2:r;2)
a'-:r;s
18. - a'-1>2
- X -- - X
( a +az) --
a+b az+x2 a-z
= (a + z) (a - z) + (a + b) (a - b) x ~
a+ b :r; (a + z) a- z
= a'(a - b).
z
TEACIIEltS' EDITION 217
19. (!-~+!-~)(!-~_!+~)
.axby axb11
=(x2-a2 +112..,.1>2)(:t1 -a2 _11'-b')
az b¡¡ az b¡¡
(xt _ a2)2 (l/2 _ b2)1
= atzt - bly2
x' 2 atx' a• y4 2 b2y2 b4
= atz2 at:i:11 + atzt 1>2112 + 1>2y2 b2f/2
·=~-2+~-t+2-~
a' x' b2 11'
x1 a' 112 b'
--+-----·
a~ x 2 b' 112
ao. (~+~-~-~)(l-
be ac ab e
2c )
a-b+c
=ª'+b'-c'-2ab x a-b-c
abe a-b+c
= (a - b + e) (a - b - e) x a - b - e
abe a-b+c
(a - b- e)'
= abe •
, 11. ~ + ~ _ ! _~ + 1)(!- ~)
(a 'x'ax ax
=r + a4 - azª - aSz + a~s x x_2_-_a_2
a2x2 az
ze - a:rf> + a6x - a6
=
H. zt + 2 x11 + 11' - 4 zt x (2 x - 11)' - 4 zt x (x - 11)2 - 4 zt

4z2 _ (1I + 2z)2 ,z,2 _ (ll - 2z)2 (x + 1l)2 _ 42:2
= (x+11+2z)(x+11-2z) x (2x-11+2z)(2x-11-2z)
(2x + 11 + 2z)(2x-y-2z) (x+11-2z)(x-y+2z)
x (x - 11 + 2 z) (x - v - 2 z)
(x + 11 + 2z)(x + 11 - 2z)
_ (2 x - 11 + 2 z)(x - 11 - 2 z)
- (2x+ 11 + 2z)(x + ¡¡-2z)
zt -Saz+ 2a' zl- 7az + 124' z'- llaz + 304t

18. -----X
:¡:2 - 2az - 3a1 zt -Saz+ 12a'
X ------
zt - 64:i: + 4a'
= (:i: - a)(:i: - 2a) (z - 8a)(:i: - 4a) (z - 6a)(z - Oa)
X x~-~~-~
(:i: + a) (:i: - 3 a) (:i: - 2 a) (z - 6 a) (z - a) (z - 4 a)
:i:-6a
=--·
z+a
(X + 8 y)t - zl X ( l - 6y ) X zl - 4 y2
H.
zt - (3 V+ z)2 z +8y - z :i:8 - 8 yl
=(:i: + 3 y + z) (:i: + 3 y - z) x z - 8 y - z
(:i: + 3 y + z) (:i: - 8 y - z) :i: + 3 y - z
X (z + 2 y)(z - 2 y)
(:i: - 2y)(:i:2 + 2:i:y + 4yl)
:i:+2y
=z2 + 2Z'I/ + 41fJ•
H. 2 a1b8c x a"'lJllcr x 6 :i:•-ltf"-1

3:i:2yª V"tl" am+ 11,n + 2cr + a
2 x Oam+2l,n+3cr+lzn1-111"-t
= 3 am + 11,n + ter +ª:i:"'+ 211" +a
4ab
=
cl:¡:ly6·
4 :i:-tb>'-tcz-a x :¡:,,+1Y"-2za+• x atct

96.
:¡:n-111"+2z.. -3 4 :r-2b>'+lc>=-1 b2zt
a"'+ 1b"'-tcz-t:i:" + 1yn-2za + •
=----------'---~
a>=-2b"'+ acz-1;¡:a + 111" + »za-a
allzT
= b6yf.
a•-111,n-PcP-III X 4"-PbP- 111 C"'-• X X"V

__ "Z"'_
9T.
:¡:n-pyp-mzm-11 :¡:p-lym-2p-8 a""1JllcP
p-pl,n-•cP-•X"yPz•
= a"'bncPX" -1 yp-tp-a
:i:ylz8
= aPb-C" •

Find the quotient of:
l. 18zy + 6mn = 18.zy x 36z2yt = 21zly'.
2óuz 36z~ 26uz 6mn 6mnuz
B. 14 a'ble + 36 zT1,l'z8 = 14 a963c x 9 afb'z2 = 6 a'b8c •

39 z2y6.z& 9 afbl>zt 39 zlyiz& 36 z7y4z8 66 z9y9z12
S. 26a'b6c8 : 80a'bc8 = 26a'b6c8 x 77zy7zl _ 66b'yt .

49 z'y'a:8 77 zy7zt 49 z4y8z8 80 a'bc8 42 clzlz'
4. 3p-8q + 9q-9p =3p-8q x lOq+lOp

6p+6q 10q+10p 6p+6q 9q-9p
= 3 (p - q) X 10 (p + q)
6(p+q) -9(p-q)
2
=-s·
zt+yt 8z1+3'y2 z2+yt z+y
6. --+ =--x - - -
--119 z+y --119 3-+31/9
= z2+y2 x z+y
(z + y) (z - y) 3(zl + yt)
1
= S(z -y) .
e. 6ab - 61,I ..,_ 21,I = 6ab - 6b~ x a(n2 - b2)

a(a + b) a(a2 - 1,1) a(a + b) 2 bl
6b(a-b) a(a+b)(a-b)
= a(a + b)
X--'---'-''--'-
2b2
S(a - b)t
= b •
a'-4z2 a2-2az
'l. ---+
at + 4az az + 4 zt
= ata2_4z2 az+4zt
x-~-
+ 4 az a2 - 2 az
=(a+ 2z)(a - 2z) x z(a + 4z)
a(a + 4z) a(a - 2z)
z(a + 2z)
= at .
8a• 4a• 8aª at+ab+bl
l. a1 -bl+a2 +ab+bl=aª-blx 4a•
Saª a2 +ab+bl
= (a - b) (a2 + ab + bl)
x ----
4 aª
2
= a-b ·
e. zt + 712 + 2zy - zt z + 71 + z
z2 - z:i - y2 + 2zy + 71 + z - z
= z2 + yt + 2zy - z2 x y+ z - z
z2 -z2-712+2z71 z+11+z
=~+Y+~~+Y-~xy+z-z
(z + z - y) (z - z + 71) z + y + z
z+71-z
= z-y+z
lO. a 2 -3ab+2bl at-2ab+b:I

a2-6ab+9b2 · a2-6ab+6b2
= a2 -3 ab + 2 b:I x a2 - 6 ab + 6 bl
a2-6ab+9b2 a2 -2ab+b2
= (a-b)(a-2b) x (a-2b)(a-3b)
(a - 8b)2 (a - b)2
= (a-2b)2
(a-b)(a-8b)
a2-4ab+4b:I
= a2-4ab+3b2
l1. a• - 8a8z + 3a2z2 - az• ~ af - 2a8z + aSzt

a8b - b' a2b2 + ab8 + b'
=ª'-3allz+8a2z2 -azª x a2f>2+ab8+b'
aªb ....: b' cr - 2 aSz + a2z2
= a(a - z) 8 x b2(a2 + ab + b2)
b(a - b) (a2 + ab + bl) at(a - z)2
b(a - z)
= a(a - b) ·
64 a8 - 96 alb + 36 abl 48 alb - 27 b8
11, + -------
86 alb - 729 b8 8 a• - 72 a'b + 162 abl
64a• - 96a•b + 86ab• 8a• - 72a•b + 162abl
= 86 a'b - 729 bl
x-------
48 a'b - 27 b8
= 4a(4a-8b)' x 2a(2a-9b) 2
9b(2a+9b)(2a-9b) 8b(4a+Sb)(4a-8b)
8a'(4a - 8b)(2a -9b)
= 27b2(4a + 8b)(2a + 9b) ·
ll. (l+z_.1-y)+[l+(l+z)(l-y)J
1- z 1+ y (1 - :t)(l + 'V)
_ (l+z)(l+y)-(1-z)(l-y) . (1-z)(l+y)+(l+z)(l-y)
- - (1-z)(l+Y) - ..,. (1-z)(l+y)
= 2(z+y) _,_ 2(1-zy)
(1- z) (1+ ti) (1- z)(l + y)
= 2 (z + y) x p__- _z ) !!_+Y)
(1- z)(l + y) 2 (1- zy)
z+ Y
=
1-z¡,"
!4. (a+b _a)~+[l+a(a+b)]=ª(l+a•)+l+a'

1-ab b 1-ab l-ab 1-ab
=
a(l+ a2) x 1-ab
1-ab 1+a2
=a.
16. (2z-z'; 112 )(sv+z':tl2)+(~+6+ 4::)
= z• + y' x z• + 4yl + z' + 6zlyl + 4114

z ti . zty•
=z'+t/2xz'+41/2x z'y'
z ti z' + 6z27;2 + 4114
=z'+tl2xz'+41/9x ztyt
z y (z2 + y 2) (z2 + 4 y2)
=zy.
l8. z1 - 8 az + 2 at x zt - Saz + 16 at + _z_1_-_6_az_+_6_a'_

zt - 2az - 3at zt - Saz+ 12a• z• - Haz+ 80a'
= zt - 3 az + 2 at x zt - S az + ló at x zl - 11 az + 80 a•
z• - 2az - 8a2 z 2 - Saz+ 12a• z1 - 6az + 6a•
= (z - a)_(~ 2a) x (z - 3a)(z - 6a) x (z - 6a)(z - 6a)
(z + a)(z - 3a) (z - 2a)(z- 6a) (z - a)(z - 5a)
z-5a
=--·
z+a
4 2 ) . [(z + 1)• - 4]
17 · ( z + 1 - z + 2 ~ z 2 + z - 2
= 2 (x + 8) ~ (x - 1) (x + 8)
(z + 1) (x + 2) · (x - 1) (x + 2)
= 2(x+8) x<z-1)(:i:+2)
(x + 1) (z + 2) (x - 1) (z + 8)
2
=x+1'
ll. 712 +(a+ c)11 + ac + 112 - a2 = y2 +(a+ c)11 + ac x 112 - b2
112 + (b + e) 11 + be • 112 - b2 112 + (b + e) y + be 112 - a1
={~ + a) (11 + e) X (11 + b) (y - b)
(11 + b) (11 + e) (11 + a) (11 - a)
11-b
=--·
11-a
(z + 11)' - (a + b)' . (x - a)• - (b - 11)•
l&. (z + a)2 - (y + b) 2 ~ (z - 11)' - (b - a)•
= (x + 11)• - (a + b)' x (x - 11)' - (b - a)'
(z + a)' - (11 + b)• (z - a)• - (b - 11)•
= (z+11+a+b)(x+y-a-b) x (z-11+b-a}(z-11-b+a)
(x+a+11 +b)(z+a-11-b) (x-a+b-11)(x-a-b+11)
=l.

Simplify:
1 + _1_ a - 1 + 1 _a_
l. a -1 _ a -1 _ ~ _ - ~ x a+ 1 _a+•.
1 __1_ a+l-1 a a-1 a a-1
a+l a+l a+l
1+-'V-
Z-Y+'V Z
z-y Z - y _ :..=.,! _ ~ - X Z + 'V _ Z + 'V.
l.
1--'V-
z+y-11 z z-y z z-11
z + 'V z+y z+y
mn m' - mn + mn mt
m+--
a. m-n= m-n -~-± xm+n_m+n .
mn m•+mn-mn m' m-n mi m-n
m---
m+n m+n m+n
z+y_z-11
t. z - 'V z + 'V
z-y+z+y
z+y z-11
Multiply both terms by (z +Y) (z - y).
z+11_z-11
z -y z + 11 z'+2zy+y'-z'+2zy-yl 4zy 2zy
z - y+ z +y= z1-2zy+y2+z1+2z11+'V2 2z'+2y' =zt+ys·
z+y z -y
z+ y-z
1 +z-v
6. - - - - - -
1- (Y -z)z
1 +Z'V
Multiply both terms by 1 + zy.
z+ 11-z
l+zy z+z21/+11-z z21/+'V y(z1 +1)
----= =--= =Y·
1 _ (11- z)z 1 + z11 - z11 + zt 1 + zt I + z•
1 +z-v
2m +n_1
8. m+"
1--"-
m+n
Multiply both terms by m + n.
2m + n _ 1
m+n =2m+n-m-n=~=L
1 _ _n_ m+n-n m
m +n
224 . ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
6
a-1 +--
a- 6
7.
3
a - 2 + --
a-6
Multiply both terms by a ~ 6.

6
a-1+--
a-6 a -7a+6+6 2
-----=
3 a~ - 8 a + 12 + 3
a-2+ - -
a-6
a2- 7a + 12
= a~-8a+15
(a- ll)(a - 4)
= (.;--.. :. :f¡ (a - 6)
a-4
= a-5·
1 l
•• 1+ e
=
1+
e -c2
- 2c l-c2+2c
t+c+--
1-c
l-c2+2c
l-c2+2c+c-c2
l-c2+2c
= 1+3c-2c2
1+2c-c1
= 1+3c-2cl
1 1 1 4 4
9. = =---= =-- ·
1 3-a 3-a 4a+3-a 3a+8
a + - - - a+ a+ - 4-
a+I- 3-a+a+l
l+ -
3-a
· a a acif + ae
10.
~ cf =bdf "+ be +cf·
b+-·-c_ b+ --· - ·
·d+~ cif+e
f
a2 + b2
---a
11.
b
----x
1 1
-ªªa2 _+-b8 1,2
b a
a8 + ab2 - a2b a2 - /f1,
= a-b
x3- -
a +b8
= a(a2 - ab + b2) x (a + b) (a - b)
a- b (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2)
=a.
1 1
-+-- -
a b+e x ( 1 b2 + c2 _ a2)
ll. 1 1 + 2bc
----
ª b+ e
= b+c+a
b+c-a
2bc+b2+c2-a2
x------
2bc
= b + e + a x (/¡ + e + a) (b + e - a)
b+c-a 2bc
(b +e+ a)2
= 2bc
z8-y8 z2-112
z2+112xz8+11ªx
(1;;;¡+yii1) + (1y-;1)
18.
(z + 11)2 - xy
(z - 11)2 + X11
x• - 11ª x z2 - 112 x z2 + 112 + x - 11
z2 + 112 xª + 11ª x2y2 xy
= z2 + X11 + y2
z2 - xy + 112
= z3 _ 11a x z2 _ 112 x z2 + 112 x ~ x z2 _ xy + 112
:i:2 + y2 .zª + y 8 z2y~ z - y :i:2 + :i:11 + y 2
= (z - y) (z2 + xy + '//2) x (z + y) (z - 11)
z2 + y2 (z + y) (x2 - xy + y2)
xz2+y2x~xz2-zy+y2
z2y2 x-y z2+z11+y2
x-y
=--·
xv
1+:t 4:t 8:t 1-:t

--+ - + - - - - -
H. 1-:t l+:i:2 1-z' l+:t
l+z• 4:i:• 1-z•
- -+-----
1-zl l+z' f+z•
( 1 + :t 1- :t) ( 4:t
-i-=; - i+z + l+ii + ¡-=-;¡
Sz )
=
( 1 + zl _ 1- zl) + 4z2
1-z• l+z• l+z'
1 + 2:t + z• -1 + 2:t - zt 4:t - 4:i:ª + Sz
=--------------,.--
1-z• +
1 + 2:i:• + z4 -1 + 2z2 - z4
1-z'
4:i:•
1-z' +l+z'
4:t 12:t - 4z8
~ + 1-z'
= 4:i:• 4:t'
1-z'+l+z'
4 z + 4 z• + 12 z - 4 z8
=------- 1-z'
4z2 + 4:i:6 + 4z2 - 4:i:6
1-zB "'
16:t
1-z'
="'"'szi'"
1-zB
16z 1-zB
=--x--
1-z' Sz•
2(1 + z')
=
1 1
16. 1 + z + 1 + :t + 1 - z = 1 + ~+ ~
1 __ l_ z z 1 + z - 1 :t(l + z) z(l - z)
l+z 1-:t l+z
=!+~+~
z z(l+z) z(l-z)
= 1- x• + (1 - x)• + (1 + x)•
x(l-x•) x(l-z') x(l-x')
1-x• 1-2:i:+xt 1+2x+z•
=---+ +---
z(l- z 2) z (1 - z') z (1-zl)
+ z•
=z 3(1- z1)
[ _~_+b_r_1][-~---~2+1]
l8. 4ab 4ab x [(a+ b)2-ab][(a-b)'+ab] x 4 r;(a2+ b2 _ a2-l,2) + (ª+ b _ a-b)]
(a+b)ª-8a2b-8ab2 (a-b)ª+Sab(a-b) L: a2-b2 a2+1,2 a-b a+b
a2+2ab+b2-4ab a2-2ab+b2+4ab
---- 4ab
- - - x - - -4ab- - - x (a2 + 2ab + b2 - ab)(a'- 2ab + b2 + ab)
= aª+ 8a2b + 8ab2 + b8- 8a2b - 8ab2 aª - 8a2b + 8ab' - bª + 8a'b - 8ab2 1-:3
t_,:j
x4 [
a• + 2 a2112 + b4 - a4 + 2 a2b2 -
+----------1,2]
b4 a2 + 2 ab + b2 - a'+ 2 ab -
~
(a2 + b2) (a2 - b2)
a2-2ab+b2 a2+2ab+b2
(a+ b) (a - b)
=
t_,:j
=
----X----
4ab 4ab x (a2+ ab+b')(a'-ab+b') x 4 [ 4a'll2 + 4ab J ~
-+b8 --b8 ~+~~-~ ~+~~-~ t_,:j
t:::,
= a2-2ab+b' x a'+2ab+b2 x _1_ x (a2+ab+b2)(a2-ab+b2) x 16a2b2 + 4ab ....1-:3
4ab 4ab aª+b8 aª-1>8 (a2+1>2)(a'-b2) (a+b)(a-b) o
z
=_(a_-_b_)2 x _(a_+_b_)' x 1 x (a'+ ab + 1,2) (a' - ab + 1,1)
4ab 4ab (a+ b)(a2 - ab + ~ (a - b)(a' + ab + b2)
x 16a2b2 x(a+b)(a-b)
(a2 + 112) (a + b) (a - b) 4 ab
a2 - b2
- 4ab(a2 + 112)
~
~
~
l. Solve4z-l_~=z-4+3z+6.
3 4 6 4
Multiply by 12, 16z - 4 - 9 = 2 z - 8 + 9z + 16.
Transpose, 16z - 2z - 9z = 16 - .8 + 4 + 9.
Combine, 6z = 20.
. ·. Z=4.
l. Solve 4 z + 9 _ z + 6 = 7 z - 1 _ z + 3 .
10 6 26 20
Multiply by 100,
40z + 00 - 20z -100 = 28z - 4 - 6z -16.
Transp088, 40z - 20z - 28z + óz = 100 - 90 - 4 -16.
Combine, -3z=-9.
.·. z=3.
7 1 23 - z 7 1
3. Solve-+ - = - - + - - - ·
z 3 3z 12 4z
Multiply by 12z, 84 + 4z = 92 - 4z + 7 z - 3.
Transpose, 4 z + 4 z - 7 z = 92 - 3 - 84.
Combine, z = 6.
6 3 1 7
4 . Solve - - + - - - = - - - -- ·
z + 3 2 (z + 3) 2 2 (z + 3)
Multiply by 2 (z + 3), 10 + 3 = z + 3 - 7.
Transpose, - z = 3 - 7 - 10 - 3.
Combine, -z=-17 .
.·. Z= 17.
6 Solve 3z - 6 + 6z -1 + z - 4 _ 2
· 6z-6 7z-7 z-1- ·
Factor denominators,
3z-6 6z-1 z-4
- - - + - - - + - - = 2.
6(z-1) 7(z-1) z-1
Multiply by 36 (z - 1),
21z - 36 + 26z - 6 + 3óz -140 = 70z - 70.
Transpose, 21 z + 26 z + 3óz - 70z = 36 + ó + 140 -70.
Combine, 11 z = 110.
.·. Z=lO.
TEACHER~' EDITION 229
e. Solve 8:i: + 2 _ 2z - 1 + 3z + 2 =lO.

z - 2 3z - 6 6z - 10
8z+2_ 2z-1 + 3z+2 =lO.
z- 2 3 (z - 2) 6 (z - 2)
Multiply by 16(:z: - 2),
120:z: + 30 - lOz + 6 + 9z + 6 = 160:z: - 300.
Tran.spoee, 120:z: - lOz + 9z - lúOz =- ::!00 - 30 - 6- 6.
Combine, - 31 z = - 341.
.·. z =11.
T. Solve8z-1+6z-7+ 7z+l =ll.

2z - 6 8z - 9 4 z - 12
8z- l + 6z-7 + 7z+ 1 =ll.
2 (z - 8) 3 (z - 8) 4 (z - 3)
Multiply by 12 (z - 8),
18:z: - 6 + 20:z: - 28 + 21z + 3 = 132:z: - 896.
Transpoee, =
18:z: + 20:z: + 21:z: -182:t 6 + 28 - 3 - 896.
Combine, - 78 x=- 866.
. ·. Z=6.
l . Solve 2z + 1 + 3z + 1 = 28 _ 6z - 2.
8 4 7
Multiply by 84, =
66:z: + 28 + 63:z: + 21 2362 - 60:z: + 24.
Transpoee, 66:z: + 68:z: + 60:t = 2352 + 24 - 28 - 21.
Combine, =
179:z: 2327 .
.·. Z= 18.
e. Solve 6 (z + 8) + ~ _ 11 - 3 z = 6 z _ 20 _ 13 - z _ 21 - 3 z.
12 9 86 12 18
Multiply by 36,
16:z: + 46 + 20 - 11 + 3 z = 180 z - 720 - 89 + 8 z - 42 + 6 :r.
Tranapose,
=
16:z: + 3z - 180:z: - 3z - 6z 11 - 46 - 20 - 720 - 89 - 42.
Combine, =-
- 171:z: 865.
.·. z=6.
10. Solve z ~ 3 - 2z; 5 - ~ - 8z; 8 + 5zl; 6 = O.

Multiply by 60,
15z - 45 - 20z + 50 - 41 - 36z + 96 + 20z + 24 = O.
Transpoee, 15z - 20z - 36z + 20z = 45 - 50 + 41 - 96 - 24.
Combine, - 21 z = - 84.
:. z=4.
ll. Solve z + 3 _ z - 2 = 3z - 5 + !.
2 3 12 4
Multiply by 12, 6 z + 18 - 4 z + 8 = 3 z - 6 + 3.
Transpose, 6z - 4z - 3z = 3 - 5 -18 - 8.
Combine, - z = - 28.
:. Z= 28.
19 Solve4z_ 9 _16z-81_2x-8_4z-9 9.
. 16 10 24 16 20 + 40
Multiply by 120,
32z -108 - 80z + 406 = 16z - 24 - 24z + 64 + 27.
Tranepose, 82z - 80z -16z + 24x = 108 - 40ó - 24 + 64 + 27.
Combine, - 40 z = - 240.
:. z=6.
l8. Solve 5z - 16 = 6z - 3 .
z-6 z+ó
Multiply _by (z - 6)(z + 5), óz2 + 9z - 80 = óz2 - 28z + ~5.
Tranep08e, óz2 - 6z2 + 9:t + 28:t = 16 + 80.
Combine, 37 z = 96.
:. z=H·
H. Solve 8 z + 7 = 8 z + 5.
4z+ó 4z+8
Multiply by (4 z + ó) (4 z + 3),
12 :i:2 + 37 z + 21 = 12 z2 + 85z + 26.
Tranapoee, 12zt-12z2 + 37z - 36:t = 26 - 21.
Combine, 2z=4.
:. z=2.
16. Solve 29 -10:i: = 6 + 36:i:.

9-6:i: 18:i:
=
Maltiply by 18:i:(9 - 62:), 622:i: -180zt 46 + 200:i: -180:i:t.
=
Transpose, 180:i:2 -180:e:I + 622:i: - 200:i: 46.
Combine, =
223 z 46.
.·.z=&·
l8. Solve 47 + 6:i: = 2(8 + Sz).

11+2:i: 8+2:i:
Maltiply by (11 + 2:e)(8 + 2:i:),
=
· 141 + 112:i: + 12:i:' 176 + 98:i: + 12:i:2.
Tranapose, =
12:i:2 -12:i:' + 112:i: - 98:e 176 -141.
Combine, 14:i:=;:86.
.·. z=l·
l'I. Solve 6-2:i: _ 2 -7:i: =6:i:'+4 .
z-1 z+l z2-1
Multiply by zt - 1, 6 + 3z =
- 2 z2 + 7 zt - 9 :e + 2 6 zl + 4.
Transpoae, =
7:i:' - 2:i:' - 6z2 + 3:i: - 9:i: 4 - 6-2.
Combine, -6:i: =-3•
.·.z=i·
11. Solve 2:i:+1 _ _8_=2:i:-1_.
2:i:-1 · 4:i:'-1 2:i:+1
Multiply by 4z2 -1, 4z2 + 4:i: + 1- 8 = 4z2 - 4:i: + l .
Transpoee, 4:i:' - 4zt + 4:i: + 4:i: = 1-1 + 8.
Combine, =
8 z 8.
.·.z=l.
l9. Solve 1+8z_9-lh=14(2z-3)'.

6+7:i: 6-7:i: 26-49:i:2
:Maltiply by 26 - 49z2,
6 + 8:i:-21:i:• -46- 8:i: + 77z2 = 66z2 -168:e + 126.
Transpoee,
. 77:i:1- 21z1_ 66:i:I + 8:i: - 8:i: + 168:i: = 126- 6 + 46.
Combine, 168:e = 166.
:.:e=H·
IO. Solve llz-13_22z-7ó= 13z+7.

14 28 2(3:t + 7)
Multlply by 28 (Sz + 7),
66zt + 76z -182 - 66z2 + 71z + ó2ó = 182z + 98.
Transpose, 66:i:1- 66zl + 76z + 7lz-182z = 98 + 182 - ó2ó.
Combine, - 3ó z 245. =-
.·.z=7.
ll. Solve 4z + 8 llz- ó 37óz-86z2 -3ó

lóz - 3ó - 9z + 21 = 10(9z2 - 4U)
Factor denomlnators,
4z+ 8 llz - ó 37óz-86z•-3ó
ó(Sz-7) 3(3z+7) = 10(3z+7)(3z-7)
Multiply by 30 (3 z + 7) (3 z - 7),
72z2 + 222z + 126 - 330zt + 920z - 360 = 112óz - 2ó8zt - lOó.
Tra1111pose,
72z2-330z'+2S8z'+ 222z + 920z-112óz = 8óO -126 - lOó.
Combine, 17z =119.
. ·. z= 7.
11. Solve - 2- - - 6 -
z - 14 z - 13
= z- -2- 9 -
~- .
z - 11 ·
- 3z + 44 - 3z + 28
Simpllfy each member,
z'-27z+l82 =
z2-20z+99
Clear of fractioDB,
- 3zl + 104z2 -1177 z + 4366 =- 3zl + 104z' - 1167z + 4186.
Transpose,
=
- 3 z• + 3 zª + 104 zt - 104 zt - 1177 z + 1167 z 4186 - 4366.
Combine, - 10 z = - 170.
.·. z=l7,
18. Solve - 9- - - 9 -
z - ól z - ló
= z- -2- 81 -
- 2- .
z + 81
324 324
=
Slmpllfy each member, :¡;t _ 66 z + 766 :z:t _ 6661
Since the numerators are equal, the denominators are equal .
=
.·. z2 - 66 z + 766 z2 - 6661.
Transpose, =-
z 2 - z 2 - 66z 766 - 6661.
Combine, =
-66z -7326.
.·. Z=lll.
z- 8 z- 8 z- 9 z- 1 z - 18 z- 6
94. Solve - - + - - + - - = -- + - - + - - ·
z-3 z-6 z-7 z-8 z-6 z-7
z-8 z-13 a:-1 z-8 z-6 z-9
Transpoae, - - - - - = - - - - - + - - - ···- - ·
z-6 z-6 z-3 z-3 z-7 z-7
10 7 8
Combine, --=--+--·
z-6 z-8 z-7
Multiply by (z - 6) (z - 8) (z - 7),
=
1oz2 -100:i: + 210 7z2 - 84z + 246 + 3z2 - 24z + 46.
Transpose,
=
lOzt -7z2 - 3z2 + 84z + 24z - lOOz 246 + 46 -210.
Combine, =
8 z 80.
.·. Z=10.
Slí. Solve z + 2 + z + 7 + z + 1 =z + 9 + z -
8 + z + 4.
z+7 z+6 z+3 z+7 z+6 z+3
z+7 z-3 z+9 z+2 z+4 z+l
Transpose, - - - - - - - - - --+ - - - --·
z+6 z~6 z+7 z+7 z+3 z+3
10 7 '3
Combine, --=--+--·
z+6 z+7 z+3
Simplify the right member,
10 lOz + 42
z+6 =z2+1oz+21
Multiply by (z + 6) (z2 + lOz + 21),
1oz2 + lOOz + 210 = 1oz2 + 92z + 210.
Transpose,
=
1oz2 -10z2 + lOOz - 92z 210 - 210.
Combine, 8z=0.
.·. z=O.
Ezerciae 65. Page 1-17
l. Solve 4z + 3 _ 8z + 19 + 7z - 29 = O.
9 18 6z-12
Multiply by 18,
8z+ 6 -8z-19 + 126z- 622 =0.
6z-12
Transpoae, 126z - 622 = 8z - 8z + 19 - 6.
6z-12
Combine, 126z - 622 = IS.
6z-12
Multiply by ó z - 12, 126z - 622 = 6óz -156.
Transpose, 126z - 66z = 522 -166.
Combine, 61z = 366.
.·. z=6.
B. Solve 16z + 7 _ 2x + 1 = x -16

24 S S(3z - 59)
8z -128
Multiply by 24, 16z + 7 -16z - 8 = •
3z-69
Combine, -1 = 8z -128.
8z- 69
Multiply by 8 X - 59, - 8 X + 69 = 8 Z - 128.
Transpoee, -3z-8x=-128-69.
Combine, - llx =-187.
.·. z=17.
8. Solve 2 z - 3 - 6 = z + 5 - 11 .
2z-4 3z-6 2
Multiply by 6, 6z - 9 36 - 2z + 10 SS
x-2 - --z-2 - ·
Transpose, 6z - 9 _ 2z + 10 = 86 _ S3.
z-2 x-2
Combine, ~-z -19 = S.
x-2
Multiply by x - 2, 4z - 19=8x-6:
Transpose, 4z - 3z = 19 - 6.
Combine, X= 13.
4 _ Solve 2:i: -13 + 2(z - 6) = ! + 2(6z -

39).
2z-16 z-8 8 3z-24
Multiply by 24 , 24z -166 + 48z - 288 = 21 + 80z - 624
.z:-8 z-8 z-8
=
Multiply by z - 8, 24z -156 + 48z - 288 21 z - 168 + 80 z - 624.
Transpose, 24z + 48z - 21 z - 80z = 166 + 288 -168 - 624.
Combine, - 29 z =- 348•
.·. Z=12.
6. Solve ~ + ~ = ~ ·
4 (z + 2) 5 z + 13 20
Multiply by 20, =
5 z + 5 + 20z + 80 9.
z +2 5.z; + 13
Multiply by {z + 2) (5 z + 13),
=
25zt + OOz + 65 + 20zt + 120z + 160 45zt + 207 z + 234.
Transpose,
25zt + 20z'- 45zt + OOz + 120z - 207z = 234 - 65 -160.
Combine, =
3 z 9.
.·. z=3.
z-2 z-1 5
8. Solve - - + - - -
2z + 1 3(z - 3) 6
= -·
6z-12 2z -2
Multiply by 6, - - - + - - 5.
2z+l z-3
=
Multiply by (2 z + 1) (z - 3),
=
6zt - 30z + 36 + 4z' - 2z - 2 lOzt - 25z -15.
Transpose,
6zl + 4 zl - lOzt - 30z - 2z + 25z = 2 - 36 -15.
Combine, - 7 z = - 49.
.·. z=7.
T. Solve 10-z + 13+z = 7z+26 _ 17 + 4z .

. 3 7 z + 21 21
Multiply by 21, 70 - 7z+ 39 + 3z = 21 (7 z + 26) 17 - 4z.
z+ 21
Trampose, 70 + 39 +17 - 7z + 3z + 4z = <7 z + 26).
21
z + 21
Combine, 126 = 21 (7 z + 26) .
z +21
Divide by 21, 6 =7z+26.

z+ 21
Multiply by z + 21, 6z+126=7z+26.
Transpose, 6z - 7 z = 26 - 126.
Combine, -Z=-100.
.·. z = 100.
B. Solve ! + 13 = 1Sz -24 _ 37 + 10.

3 6z 3z 20 z
Multiply by 60z, 140z + 166 = 260z - 480 -111 z + 600.
Transpose, 140 z - 260 z + 111 z = 600 - 480 - 166.
Combine, - 9 z = - 36.
,', Z=4.
t. Solve 7z-6 _ z-6 z

36 6:1:-101=6·
Multiply by 35, 7 z - 6 - 36 z - 176 = 7 z.

6z -101
Transpose, 7 z !'.'7z _ 36z - li5 = 6 _
6z -101
_ 36z - 176 = 6 _
Combine,
6z -101
Multiply by 6z -101, - 35z+ 176 = 36z - 606.
Transpose, - 36z - 36z = - 606 -176.
Combine, - 71z =-781.
.·. z =11.
lO. Solve 9:t + 6 + Sz - 7 = 36z + 16 + 41.

14 6z+2 66 66
Multiply by 66,
224z -196
36z+20+ =36z+16+41.
3z + 1
224:i:-196
Transpose, - - - - = 36:t - 36z + 15 + 41- 20.
3z+ 1 .
Combine, 224z -196 36_ =
3:i: +1
Multiply by 3:t + 1, 224:i: - 196 = 108z + 36.
Transpose, =
224z -108z 196 + 36.
Combine, 116z = 232.
.·. :i:=2.
11 Solve6-óz_ 7-2z• =1+3z_10z-ll _!_.

· ló 14 (z - 1) 21 30 + lOó
Multiply by 210,
lOó - 30z2
84-70z- = 10 + 30z -70z +77 +2.
· z-1 ·
Tran8}>0lle,
lOó - 30zt
84 -10 -77 - 2 - 70z - 30z + 70:r: = .
:r:-1
Combine, -ó-S0:r:=10ó - 30z2 •
:r:-1
Divide by ó, -1 - 6:z: = 21- 6:r;i.
:r:-1
Multiply by :r: - 1, 1 + ÓZ - 6zi = 21 - 6z2.
Transpose, 6z1 - 6:r:2 + = 21 - J.
ÓZ
Combine, =20.
ÓZ
.·. Z=4.
12 Solve 18z - 22 2z 1 + 16:i: = 63 _ 101- 64:i:

· 39 - 6z + + 24 12 24
144z-176
Multiply by 24, + 48z + 1 + 16:i: = 106 - 101 + 64 z.
13-2z -·
Transpoee,
144:i: -176
- - - - = 106 -101-1 + 64:i: - 48:i: -16:i:.
13-2:i:
144z -176 = 4_
Combine,
13 -2:i:
Multiply by 13 - 2 z, 144:i: -176 = ó2 - 8z.
TranBpOlle, 144:i: + Sz = ó2 + 176.
Combine, ló2z = 228.
.·. Z=ll.
18. Solve _z_ - _ó_ =- 8- - _z_ + .!..

z -1 2z - 2 3z - 3 z -1 18
Multiply by 18, 18 :r: - ~ ~ = -
l 8 z + ó.
z-1 z-1 z-1 z-1
Multiply by z - 1, 18z - 4ó = 48 -18x + óz - ó.
Tranapoee, 18z + 18z - óz = 48 + 4ó - ó.
Combine, =
31 :r: 88 .
.·. Z=H·
238 ELEMENTARY.ALGEBRA
H. Solve 18 - ~ = - 2 -+!.
8 4:t + 8 X+ 2 2
Multiply by 8, 13 - lOx = ~ + 4.
x+2 x+2
Transpose, 13-4=___!!_+ lOx.
x+2 x+2 ·
Combine, 9 = 16+10:c.
x+2
Multiply by z + 2, 9:c + 18 = 16 + 10:c.
Transpose, =
9x - 10:c 16 -18.
Combine, -x=-2 .
.·. z=2.

c+d
l . Solve - - - a
Z
= c-d
-X- + b.
...
Multiply by x, c+d-az=c-d+bz.
Transpose, -az-bz=c-d-c-d.
Combine, - ax - bz = - 2 d.
(a+b)x=2d.
2d
.·. x = - - ·
a+b
l. Solve ~ = m-z,
ab + bz an + nx
c+d m-z
Factor denominators, =---
b(a+x) n(a+x)
Multiply by bn(a + x), cn+dn=bm-bz.
Transpose, bx=bm-ci¡-dn.
bm-cn-dn
•·. x= b
8. Solve ªa+b
+ bz = e + dz.
c+d
Multiply by (a+ b) (e+ d),
ac + ad+bcz+bdz = ac +be+ ad:i:-f:-bdz.
Transpose, bcz + bdz - adz - bdz = ac + be - ae - .ad.
Combine, bcz - adz = be - ad.
. ·. Z=l.
TEACHERS' E1>IT10.N 239
f. Solve 6 z + a =3 z - b.
4z + b 2z-a
Multiply by (4 z + b) (2 z - a),
=
-12z2 - 4azo-!. a'I. 12z?. - bz - bS.
Trall8poee, 12z2- J2zi- 4az + bz a?. - bS. =
Combine, b.-t - 4 az = at - 11'.
as- b2
.·. z = - - ·
b-4a
6. Solve 3 (:i: - a) - 2 <z - b) =l.
b a
Multiply by ab, Saz - Sa?. - 2bz + 2b2 = ab.
Transpose, Saz - 2bz = sa2 + ab - 2b2.
Sa2 +ab- 2b2
.·. Z= = a+ b.
Sa-2b
z-a z-b
8. Solve - - + - - 2.
z-m z-n
=
Multiply by (z - m) (z - n),
zt - az - nz + an + z2 - bz- mz + bm = 2zll - 2mz - 2nz + 2mn.
Transpose,
zi + zi - 2 zt - az - nz - bz - mz + 2 mz + 2 nz = 2 mn - an - bm.
Combine, 1nz + nz - az - bz = 2mn - an - bm.
. _ 2mn-an-bm
.. z - - - - - -
m+n-a-b
az cz fz
'l. Solve -
b
- - +-
d ,
= h.
Multiply by bdg, adgz - bcgz + bdfz = bdgh.
.·. z= bdgh
aclg - bcg + bdf
8. Solve mz+n=!·
111Z-n b
Multiply by b(mz - n), b111Z + bn = amz - an.
Transpose, - amz + bmz =- an - bn.
Change signs, a111Z - b1nz = an + bn.
Factor, m(a - b)z = n(a + b).
.·.z=n(a+b).
m(a - b)
9. Solve ~ - 2 = 8 b.
3a + b óa
-Multiply by ó a (3 a + b),
2óax - 30a2 - lOab = 24·ab + 81>2.
Transpose, 2óa:.c = 30ai + lOab + 24ab + 81>2.
Combine, 2óax = 30a2 + 34ab + 81>2.
30a2 + 34ab + 81>2
.·. x = - - - - - - -
2óa
ª ª
10. Solve x - 2 = 3 - 2 x' - 13 2 •
x + 3a x2 -9a2
Multiply by z2 - na2, z2 - óax + Oa2 = 3x2 - 27112 - 2x2 + 13a2.
TranspoHe, x2 - 3xi + 2xt - óax = I3a2 - 6a2 - 27 a2.
Combine, - ó ax = - 20 a 2•
.·. x=4a.
11 . Solve ~+-"'-=m+n .
i+m x+n x+p
Multiply by (x + m)(x + n) (x + p),
mx2 + mnx + mpx + mnp + nx2 + mn:c + npx + mnp
= mxi + nx2 + m2.x; + n2x + 2 mnx + m2n + mn2.
Transpose,
mx2+ nx2 -mx2 + nz2 + mnx+ mpx+mnx +npx -m2x-n2z-2mnx
= m2n + mn2 - mnp - mnp.
Combine, mpx + npx - m2.x; - n 2x = mtn + mn2 - 2 mnp.
.·. x = m2n + mni - 2 mnp
mp + np - m2 - n1
_ mn(m+n-2p)
- (m + n)p-m2-n2
3x 18bx
12. Solve - - + - - - l.
a+3b a2-01,2
=
Multiply by a2 - 9b2, 3 ax - 9 bx + 18 bx = a2 - !l b2.
Combine, 3ax + 9bx = a2 - 9b2.
a2 -!I/J2
.·• X= - ~ -
3a + Ob
- = a-3b
---•
3
18. Solve !+ -ª-

a z +a
= :i; + ª.
az
Multiply by az (z + a), z2 + az + a2:l: = z2 + 2 a:i; + at,
Transpo.se, z2 - ;1:2 + az + a2z - 2 az = a2.
Combine, a2x - a:i; = a2.
Divide by a, az - :i; = a.
.·.z=-ª-·
a-1
mz-a-b mx-a-c
14, Solve = - - -- - - .
nx-c-d nx-b-d
Multiply by (nx - e - d) (nx - b - d),
mnxt - anx - bn:t - bmz + ab + b2 - dmx + ad + bd
= mnx2 - anx - cn:c - cmx + ac + c2 - dmz + ad + cd.
Transpose,
mnz2 - mni:2 - anx + anx - bnx + cnx - lnnx + cmx - dm:r; + dmx
=ac-ab+&-b2+ad-ad+~-M
Combine,
- bnx + cnx - bmx + cmz = ac - ab + c2 - b2 + de - bd.
Factor,
n(c - b)z + m(c - b)z = a(c- b) +(e+ b) (e - b) + d(c - b).
=
Divide by e - b, nx + m:r; a+ e + b + d .
. _a+b+c+d .
.. Z -
m+n
a (z ~ a) b (x - b) z
15. SoI v e - -- + - - - = - ·
a+2b 2a+b 2
Multiply by 2 (a+ 2 b) (2 a + b),
4 a2:l: - 4 aª + 2 abz - 2 a2b + 2 abz - 2 ab1 + 4 b2x - 4 b8
= 2 a2x + 6 abz + 2 b2:I:.
Transpose,
4 a2:I: - 2 a2:I: + 2 abx + 2 abx - 5 abx + 4 b2:I: - 2 b2z
= 4aª + 2a?b + 2ab2 + 4b8.
=
Combine, 2 a2z - abx + 2 b2z 4 a3 + 2 a2b + 2 ab2 + 4 b8 .
. _4aª+2a2b+2ab2+4b8
.. Z - 2a2 -ab+2b'l
= 2(a + b).
l
242 ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA 1
18. Solve e - d = m + 11 •
ab-bv an- ny
Multiply by bn(a -11), en - dn =
bm + by.
Transpoee, -by =-en+ dn + bm.
. _en-dn-bm
.. 11- b
1'1. Solve az - b - tia:+ e= abe.

e a
Multiply bJ: ac, atz - ab - hez - e•= albc•.
Transpose, atz - hez= ab + c2 + albct.
. _ ab + c2 + albc'
.. Z - a2 -bc •
18. Solve óaz - 8a

a-b
= 8:11.
Multiply by a - b, = 8 az -
ó az - 8 a2 + 8 ab 8 tia:.
Transpose, = 3 a!I -
ó az - 8 az + 8 ba: 3 ab.
Combine, 8ba:-3az = 3a• - 3ab•
. _3a2-3ab
•• Z - - - - -
8b-3a
19. Solve 3a+z= 4z-b -1.
óa-b 3a+2b
3a+z 4z-8a-8b
Simplüy the right member,
óa-b =
3a+2b
Multiply by (ó a - b) (3 a+ 2 b),
9a2 + 3az + 6ab + 2ba: = 20az - lóa2 - 4ba: -12ab + 31,S.
Transpose,
3az - 20az + 2ba: + 4ba: =- 9a2 - lóa' - 6ab-12ab + 31,S.
Combine, =
6ba: -17 az 31,S -18ab - 24a2•
.·. z=3b2-I8ab-24a'
6b -17 a
10. Solve ~ - ~ = m - n .
z-m z-n z-p
Multiply by (z - m) (z - n) (z - p),
mz2 - mnz - mpz + mnp - nz2 + mnz + npz - mnp
= mz2 - mtz - n:i;2 + m2n + ntz - mn!I.
Transpose,
~-d-~+d-~+~-~+~+~-*
=- mnp + mnp + mln - mn2•
TEACHERS' EDITiON 243
Combine, - mpa: + npx + ,n2:i; - n2:i; = m2n - mn2.
Factor, (n - m)px + (m2 - n2):i; = mn(m - n),
or (n- m)px + (m + n)(m - n)x = mn(m - n).
Divide by m - n, - pa: + mx + nx = mn.
mn
.·. x = - - - -
m+n-p
lll. Solve x-e_x+c=~ ·
e-el c+cl e2-d2
Multiply by et - d2,
a-&+•-~-cx-&+•+~=2~
Transpose, a - ex - 2 a + * + * = e2 + et + cd - ed.
Combine, 2* - 2a = 2 c2.
Divide by 2, *-
a = et.
e2
.·. x=--·
el - e
X 1
12. Sol ve - - + abx = a + b + - .
a+b ab
Multiply by ab(a + b),
abx + aªlflx + a2b~x = a"b + 2 a2b2 + ab8 + a + b.
... x = _a8_b_+_2_a_
2b2_+_ab8
_ _+_ a_+_b
ab + a3b2 + a2b8
_ ab(a2 + 2ab + b2) +a+ b
- ab(l+a2b+ab2)
_ (a2b + 002+ l)(a + b)
- ab(l + a2b + ab2)
a+b
= -¡;¡;-·
Second Method
X 1
Solve - · - + abx = a + b + - .
a+b ab
Factor, x(- 1
a+ b
- + ab) =a+ b + 2..
ab
x(l + a2b + ab2) = ll2b + _a~2 + 1.
a+ b ab
a+b
.·. x=~·
1- = ~ ·
18. Solve - 1 - - -
z-a z-b z2-ab
Simplify tbe left member,
a-b a-b
=
z2 - az - b:,; + ab zt - ab 0
Slnce tbe nnmerators are equal, the denominators are equal.

.·. z2-ab=z2-az-bz+ab.
Transpose, zt - zt + az + bz = ab + ab.
Combine, ax+ bz= 2ab.
2ab
.·. z = - - ·
· a+b
H. Sol ve _!.!__ - __!_ =
9 n + 14 z
9m2 2m 18mi - 24mn
7z 3 On+Hz
Factor denominators, - --- - - =
2m 6m(3m - 4n)
Multlply by 18m'(311l - 4n),
42mz - 66nz - 81 mt + 108mn = 27mn + 42mz.
=
Transpose, 42 mz - 42 mz - 56 nz 81 m2 - 108 mn + 27 mn.
Combine, =
- 66nz 81 m2 - 81 mn.
8lmn-8Imt
.·.z=-----
ó6n
_8Im(n-m)
- 66n
""' 8 1 a(3 - 2z) a - b:,; _ 2

.-u. o ve + b(3z - 2) - - -- - .
b a 2(a+b)
Multiply by 2 ab (a + b),
6 a•+ 6 atb- 4 a&z- 4 a2bz +6 ab2:,; + 6 b8z-4ab2-4b8- a2b+ abt;r,
= 4 atb + 4 u)flo.
Transpose,
- 4 aªz - 4 a2bz + 6 ab2:i: + ab2z + 6 b8z
= - 6 a• + 4 a'b - 6 a2b + atb + 4 ab2 + 4 ab2 + 4 b8.
Combine,
- 4a8z - 4a2bz + 7ablz + 6b8z = - 6aª - a'b + 8ab2 + 4b8.
- 6aª - a2b + 8u)flo + 4b'
.·. z=
- 4aª -4a2b + 7ab2 + 6()11
6a8 + a2b- 8ab2 - 4b'
= 4a8 + 4a2b- 7ab2-6b8
_ (3 a + 2 b) (2 a• - ab - 2 b2)
- (2 a+ 8 b) (2 a2 - ab - 2 b2)
8a +2b
=2a+sb·
28. Solve (a+l)z+(b+t)z+ 2ab =a+b+l.
b a a+b
Multiply by a + b,
(a2+a+b+ab)z (ab+b2+a+b)z 2 ab 2 ab ~• b
b + a + =a+ 2 +v-+a+ .
'Tran11pose and combine,
(a2 +a+ b + ab)z + (ab + b2 +a+ b)z I b2 b
b a =a+ +a+ .
Multiply by ab,
(a3 +a•+ ab + a2b + ab2 + /J8 + ab + b2):t = ab(a2 + b2 +a+ b).
Combine, (aª+a2b+ab2+b"+a2 +2ab+b2 )x = ab(a• + b2 +a+ b).
Factor the coefflcient of z,
=
[a2(a + b) + b2(a + b) +(a+ b) (a+ b)] x ab(a• + b2 +a+ b),
(a+ b) (a2 + b2 + a + b) x = ab (a•+ b2 + a+ b) .
• •• X = _.!!:!!_ .
a+b
l'1 S 1 a+c (3a-6c)x (8a-2b)(x-l) (óc-2b)x a-e
• 0 ve a-b - 2a-8b + a-b 2a-8b a-b
Separate the third term into two parts,
a+ e_ (3a - 6c):t + {3a - 2~~ _ 3a -_2b = (6c - ~~_a - e.
a-b 2a-8b a-b a-b 2a-8b a-b
Tran11pose,
(!1 a - 2 b) x _ 3 a - 2 b + a + e + a - ! = ~ e - 2 b) x + (3 a - ó e) x.
a-b . a-b a-b a-b 2a-8b 2a-8b
(8a-2b)x+2b-a (!la-2b)z
Combine,
a-b - 2a-8b
Multiply by (a - b)(2a - 3b),
=
(6 a2 -13ab + 6b2)z + (2 b - a) (2 a - 3 l,) (3a2 - 6 ab + 2 b2):t.
Transpose,
(6at - 13ab + 61,2 - 3a2 + 6 ab - 2 b•)x = (a -
2 b) (2 a - 8 b).
Combine, (Sa• - Sal,+ 4b2)z = (a -
2 b) (2 a - 8b).
Factor, (a - 2 b) (3 a - 2 b) z = (a -
2 b)(2 a - 8 b).
Divide by a - 2b, (3a - 2b)x =
2a - 3b.
2a-8b
.·.z=---·
3a-2b

l. The 111m of the fourth and fifth parta of a certain number Is
one leu than twice the difference between tbe third and tenth parta.
Find the number.
Let =
z the number.
Then
z + z = the sum of the fourth and fifth parta,
4 6
: - _!_
3 10
= the difference of tbe third and tenth parts,
2 (: - _!_) = twice the difference of the third and tenth
3 10 parts,
and 2 (: - ~) - (: + :) = the given excess.
3 10 4 ó
But 1 ::;:: the given excess.
··· 2 G-1~)-G+D=1.
Multiply by 60, 40z -12z - lóz -12z = 60.
Combine, z 60. =
Therefore, the requlred number is 60.
~ The difference between the seventh and ninth parts of a certain
~ber is 4. Find the number.
Let =
z the number.
Then : - :
7 9
= the difference between the seventh and ninth parts.
But 4 = the difference between the seventh and nlnth parts.
z z
.·. ;¡-¡¡= 4.
Multiply by 63, 9z- iz = 262.
Combine, 2z = 262 .
.·.z=126.
8. One third of a certain number is 4 leu than the sum of its
fourth and sixth parts. Find the number.
Let =
z the number.
Then : + : = the surn of the fourth and sixth parts,
4 6
and z¡ + z - z = t h e given
.
excess.
6 8
But 4 = the giveu exceSB.

z z z
.·. ¡ + ¡¡-3= 4.
Multiply by 12, 8z + 2z-4z = 48.
Combine, z=48.
4. The sum of the third and fourth parta of a certain number

exceeds the difference between the fifth and sixth parte by 88. Find
the number.
Let z = the number.
Then :8 +:4 = the sum of the third and fourth parte,
: - : = the difference between the fifth and sixth
6 6 parta,
and z z
3+ 4- (z
6 - 6 = the given
z) . exceSB.
But 88 = the given excess.
.·. z (z
z3+¡- 5-¡¡z) =88.
Multiply by 60, 20z + 16z -12:t + IOz = 1980.
Combine, 88 z 1980. =
.·. Z=60.
{i.' There are two consecutive numbers, z and z + 1, such that half
o'f the larger number exceeds one fifth of the smaller by 8. Find the
numbers.
z+l = half of the larger number,
-- 2
:6 = one fifth of the smaller number,

z+l
and -2- - z-6 = the given
.
exceSB.
Bot 8 = the given exceSB.
... z+1_~= 8.
2 ó
Multiply by 10, óz + ó- 2z = 80.
Transpose, óz - 2 z = 80 - ó.
Combine, =
3z ió.
.·. z :x 25.
=
z + 1 26.
Therefore, the two numbers are 25 and 26.
8. The sum of two numbers is 63, and if the greatcr number is
divided by the swaller the quotient is 2 and the remainder O. Find
the nuwbers.
Let z = the greater number.
Then =
63 - z the smaller number.
dividend - remainder
Now the quotient -- - -- - - -
divisor
and in this problem the dividend is z, the remaindcr O, thc divisor
63 - z, and tbe quotient 2.
.·. z-!l = 2.
63-z
Multiply by 63 - z, z - O =126 - 2 z.
Transpose, z+2z=126+9.
Combine, 3z = 135.
.·. z=45.
63 -z 18. =
Therefore, the two numbers are 4ó and 18.
7. The sum of two numbers is 7ó, and if the greater number is
divided by the smaller the quotient is 3 and thc remainder 7. Find
the numbers.
Let =
z the greater number.
Then 7ó - z = the smaller number.
z-7
.·.--=3.
7ó-z
Multiply by 7ó - z, =
z - 7 226 - 3z.
Transpose, z + 3z = 225 + 7.
Combine, 4z = 232 .
. ·. z= ó8.
76 - z = 17.
TEAóHERS' E1>ITI0N 249
8. The sum of two numbers is 137, and if the greater number is
divided by the smaller the quotient is 4 and the remainder 2. Find
the numbers.
Let =
Then 137 - z = the smaller number.
z- 2
.·. - - = 4.
137 - z
Multiply by 137 - z, z- 2 = 648 - 4z.
Transpose, z + 4 z = 548 + 2.
Combine, ÓZ = óóO .
.·. Z=l10.
137-z 27. =
Therefore, the two numbers are 110 and 27 .
Q The difference between two numbers is 19, and if the greater
number is divided by the smaller the quotient is 2 and the remainder
8. Find the numbers.
Let =
Then =
z - 19 the smaller number.
. z-8 _
. . ---2.
z-19
Multiply by z - 19, z-8=2z-38.
Transpose, z - 2z = 8 - 38.
Combine -z =-30.
.·. Z=30.
z -19 11. =
10. The. difference between two nun;bers is 63, and if the greater
number is divided by the smaller the quotient is 2 and the remainder
10. Find the numbers.
Then z - 03 = the smaller number.
z - 19
.·. - - = 2.
z-63
Multiply by z - 63, z-19=2z-126.
Transpose, z - .2z = 10 -126.
Combine, - z =-107.
=
.·. z 107.
=
z - 63 44.
260 ~LEMENTARY ALGEBRA
O, Divide 227 into two parta such tbat the smaller part la contained
in the larger 6 times wlth a remainder of 6.
Let =
z the larger part.
Then =
227 - z the 1111&ller part.
•·• z-6 =6.
227-z
Multiply by 227 - z, z - 6 = 1186 - 6z.
Transpose, z + 6 z = 1136 + 6.
Combine, =
6z 1140.
.·. z = 190.
227 -z =37.
Therefore, the two parta are 190 and 37.
lt. Divide 367 into two parta such that the smaller part Is contained
In the larger 4 times wlth a remainder of 62.
Let =
z the larger part.
Then 367 - z = the smaller part.
z-62
.•. 367-z= 4·
Multiply by 367 - z, z - 62 = 1468 - 4z.
Transpose, =
z + 4 z 1468 + 62.
Combine, =
6z 1620.
=
.· z 304.
367-z = 63.
13. Divide 421 into two parts such that the smaller part Is contained
In the larger 7 times wlth a remainder of 6.
Let z = the larger part.
Then 421- z = the smaller part.
... -z-6
--7 - .
421-z
Multiply by 421- z, z - 6 = 2947 - 7z.
Transpose, z + 7 z = 2947 + 6.
Combine, Sz = 2962.
.·. z = 369.
421-z = 62.
1 lL · Seven
years ago a boy was half as old as he will be 1 year
lmnce. How old is he now l'
Let. =
z tbe number of years old he is now.
=
Then z - 7 the number of years old he was 7 yeara ago,
and =
z + 1 the number of years old be will be 1 year hence.
.·. z - 7 = -
z+l
2 -,
Multiply by 2, 2z -14 z + l. =
Traospose, 2z - z 1 + 14. =
Combine, z ló. =
Tberefore, tbe boy Is ló years old.
. Ñk A son is two fifths 88 old 88 bis father. In 10 years be will be

\haif as old as his fatber. Find tbe age of each.
Let. z = tbe number of years in tbe age of tbe fatber.
2z
Tben -
ó
=tbe number of years in tbe age of tbe son,
z + 10 = tbe number of·years in tbe age of tbe fatber in 10 years,
and 2 z + 10 = tbe number of years in tbe age of tbe son in 10 years.
ó
.•. 2z + 10 =z + 10.
ó 2
Multiply by 10, 4z + 100 = ÓZ + óO,
Traospose, 4z- ÓZ = ó0-100.
Combine, -z =-óO.
.', Z=óO.
2z = 20.
ó
Therefore, tbe fatber is óO years old and tbe son is 20 years old.
18. A Is one tbird aa old as B. In 4 years A will be half as old

as B. Find tbe age of eacb.
Let. =
z tbe number of years in B's age.
Then !
8
= tbe numbér of years in A's age,
! + 4 = tbe number of years in A's age in 4 years,
3
and z + 4 = tbe number of years in B's age in 4 years.
.·.!+ 4 =z+4.
3 2
Multiply by 6, 2 z + 24 = 3 z + 12.
Transpose, 2z-3z=I2-24.
Combine, -z=-12.
.·. Z= 12.
z
3 =4.
Therefore, A is 4 years old and B is 12 years old.
@The sum of the ages of A and B is 70 years, and 16 years henco

A's age will be one third of B's. Find their ages.
Let =
z the number of years in A' s age.
Then 70 - z = the number of years in B's age,
z + 16 = the number of years in A 's age 16 years hence,
and 70 - :i: + 16 = the number of years in B's a.,ae 16 years hence .
.·. z + 16 = 70 - z + 16
3
Multiply by 3, 3 z + 46 = 70 - z + 16.
Transpose, 3 z + z = 70 + ló - 46.
Combine, 4z = 40.
.·. Z=10.
70-z = 60.
Therefore, A Is 10 years old and B Is 60 years old.
18. A Is óO years old and B is half as old as A. In how many

years will B be two thirds as old &.'1 A?
Let z = the required number of years.
Then óO + z = the number of years in A's age z years hence,
and 2ó + z = the number of years in B's age z years hence .
.·. 26+z=2(óO+z).
. . 3
Multiply by 3, 76 + 3z = 100+ 2z.
Transpose, 3z - 2z = 100 - 76.
Combine, z = 26.
Therefore, the required number of years is 26.
rli_: A ill 72 years old and B is two thirds as old as A. How many
y ~ ago was A five times as old as B ?
Then 72 - z = the number of years in A'a age :i: yean ago,
and 48 - z = the number of years in B'a age z yeara ago.
.·. 72 - :t = 6 (48 - :t).
Expand, 72 - :t = 240 - 6:t.
Tranapose, 6:t - :t = .240 - 72.
Combine, 4:i:=168.
. ·. :t = 42.
Therefore, the required number of yeara ia 42.
10. The aum of the agea of a father and son la 80 yeara. The son 'a
age increaaed by 10 yeara is one half of the father'a age. Flnd their
agea.
liet =
:t the number of yeara in the age of the son.
=
Then 80 - z the number of yeara in the age of the father.
.·. z+ 10= 80 - :t
- 2- .
Multiply by 2, 2:t + 20 = 80 - :t.
Transpoee, 2:t + :t = 80 - 20.
Combine, =
8:t 60.
=
.·. :t 20.
80-:i: = 60.
Therefore, the age of the son is 20 yeara and the age of the fathc.i·
is 60 yeara.
11. B is one half as old as A. Seven yeara ago B waa two fiftha :,~
old aa·A. Find their agea.
Let =
:t the number of yeara in A 'a age.
"Thé,n i =the number of years in B'a age,
:t
2 - 7 = the number of yeara in B'a age 7 yeara ago,
and z- 7 = the number of years in A'a age 7 yeara ago.
:t 2(:t - 7)
.·. 2- 7 ó
Multiply by 10, 6:t - 70 = 4:t - 28.
Traruipoae, =
6:t - 4:i: 70 - 28.
Combine, =
:t 42.
:t
2 = 21.
Therefore, A Is 42 yeara old and B is 21 yeara old.
f •. B's age is one sixth of A's age. In six yeara B's age will be one
~ h of A's age. Find their ages.
Let z = the number of years in A 's age.
Then i= the number of years in B's age,
i+ 6 = the number of years in B's age 6 years hence,

and z + 6 = the number of years in A'¡¡ age 6 years hence.
.·. ~+ 6 =z+6.
6 4
Multiply by 12, 2z + 72 = 3z + 18.
Transpose, 2z - 3z = 18 - 72.
Combine, -Z=-64.
.·. z=M.
z
¡¡=9.
Therefore, A is ó4 years old and B is 9 years old.
18. A's age is two thirds of B's age. Eight years ago A's age waa
three fifths of B'e age. Find their agee.
Let =
z the number of years in B'e age.
• Then 2z
3 = the number of years in A's age,
2z -
3 8 = the number of years in A'e age 8 years ago,
and z - 8 = the number of years in B'e age 8 years ago.
... 2z _ 8 = 3 (z - 8) .
3 6
Multlply by 16, 10z-120=9z-72.
Transpose, 1oz - 9z = 120 - 72.
Combine, Z=48.
2z = 32.
3
H . A is eixteen yeare older than B. Sixteen years ago A waa three
times as old as B. Find their agee.
Let =
· z the number of years in A'e age.
=
Then z - 16 the number of years in B'e age,
=
z - 16 - 16 the number of years in B's age 16 years ago,
and =
z - 16 the number of years in A's age 16 years ago.
=
.·. z - 16 3 (z - 16 - 16).
Expand, =
z , 16 3z - 48 - 48.
Transpoee, z-Sz: 16 -48 -48.
Combine, -2z=-80,
.·. Z=40.
z-16 24.=
96. A rectangle haa its length 14 feet more and ita wldth 10 feet
Jeas than the side of the equivalent square. Find the dimensiona of
the rectangle.
Let =
z the number of feet in a side of the square.
=
Then z + 14 the number of feet in the length of the rectangle,
and =
z-10 the number of feet in the width of the rectangle.
Since the number of square unlts in the area of a rectangle is equal
to the product of the number of linear units in the length muitiplied by
the number of linear units in the width of the rectangle,
=
(z + 14) (z - 10) the number of square feet: in the area of the
rectangle,
and =
z x z the number of square feet in the area of the
square.
But these areas are equal.
=
.·. (z + 14) (z - 10) zt,
Expand, =
z2 + 4 z - 140 zl.
Transpose, =
z2 - zl + 4z 140.
Combine, 4z = 140.
.·. z=S6.
Then =
z + 14 49,
and =
z-10 26.
Therefore, the dimensiona of the rectangle are 49 feet and 26 feet.
H. A rectangle haa ita length 21 feet more and ita width 12 feet
lesa than the side of the equivalent square. Find the dlmensions of
the rectangle.
Let =
z the number of feet in a side of the square.
=
Then z + 21 the nnmber of feet in the length of the rectangle,
=
z - 12 the number of feet in the width of the rectangle,
=
(z + 21 )(z - 12) the number of square feet in the area of the rectangle,
and zt = the number of square feet in the area of the square.
Bnt these areas are equal.
256 ELE.MENTARY ALGEBRA
•·. (z =
+ 21) (z - 12) zt.
Expand, z2 + 9x - 2ó2 = zt.
Transpose, z2 -z2 + 9z = 2ó2.
Combine, =
9z 2ó2.
.·. x=28.
Then x+ 21 = 49,
and x-12 = 16.
Therefore, the dimensions of the rectangle are 49 feet and 16 feet.
97. A rectangle has it.s length 9 feet more and it.s width 8 feet less than
the side of the equivalent square. l!'ind the dimensiona of the rectangle.
Let x= the number of feet in a aide of the square.
=
Then x + 9 the number of feet in the length of the rectangle,
=
x - 8 the number of feet in the width of tbe rectangle,
=
(x + 9) (z - 8) thenumberof square feet in theareaof therectangle,
and z2 = tbe number of square feet in the area of _the square.
=
(x + 11) (x - 8) z2.
Expand, z2 + x - 72 = z2.
Tranapose, z2-z2 +·x = 72.
Combine, x=72.
Then =
X+ 9 81,
and X - 8 =64.
Therefore, tbe dimensions of the rectangle are 81 feet and 64 feet.
~ The length of a floor exceeda the widtb by 7 feet. If each
~~aion were 3 feet more, tbe area would be 102 square feet more.
Find the dimensiona.
Let z = the number of feet in the width of the floor.
Then x + 1 = the number of feet in the length of the floor,
x + 3 = the number of feet in the width increased by 3 feet,
=
x + 10 the number of feet in the length increased by 3 feet,
=
(x + 3) (x + 10) the number of square feet in the area of the increased
floor,
=
and x(x + 7) the number of square feet in the area of the floor.
=
(x + 3) (x + 10)- x(x + 7) 102.
Expand, =
z2 + 13 x + 30 - z2 - 7 x 102.
Transpoae, z2 - z2 + 13x - 7 z = 102 - 30.
Combine, 6:t = 72.
••• X =12.
X+ 1 19. =
Therrfore, ihe dimenaions of the floor a.re 19 feet a.nd 12 feet.
TEACHERS' IWITION 257
19. The length of a rectangle exceeds the width by 9 inches. lf
the length were diminished by 6 inches and the width by 4 inches, the
area would be diminished by 206 square inches. Find the dimensione.
Let =
z the number of inches in the width of the rectangle.
=
Then z + 9 the number of inches in the length of the l'ectangle,
=
z + 4 the number of inches in the length diminished by li
inches,
=
z - 4 the number of inches in the width diminished by 4
incbes,
=
(z + 4) (z - 4) the number of square inches in the area of the dimin-
ished rectangle,
=
and z (z + 9) the nurnber of square incbesin the areaoftherectangle .
•·. z(z + 9) - (z + 4) (z - 4) = 206.
Expand, =
z2 + 9z - z2 + 16 206.
Transpose, z2 - z2 + 9 z = 206 - 16.
Combine, =
9z 189.
.·. z = 21.
=
z + 9 30.
Therefore, the dimensio~ of the rectangle are 30 inches and 21 inches.
30. The length of a rectangular fleld exceeds the width by 82 yards.

If the length were diminished by 60 yards and the width increased by
40 yarda, the area would be diminished by 1480 square yards. Find
the dimensiona.
Let =
z the number of yards in the width of the fleld.
Then =
z + 82 the number of yards in the length of the field,
=
z + 22 the number of yards in the length diminished by
60 yards, ·
=
z + 40 the number of yar\ls in the width increased by
40 yards,
=
(z + 22) (z + 40) the number of square yards in tbe area of the
diminished field,
and z (z + 82) = the num ber of square yards in the area of the fiel d.
.·• z(z + 82) - (z + 22) (z + 40) = 1480.
Expand, z2 + 82 z - z 2 - 62 z - 880 = 1480.
Transpose, =
z2 - z2 + 82z - 62:i: 1480 + 880.
Combine, 20 x = 2360 .
. •. X::: 118.
X+ 82 = 200.
Therefore, tbe dimensions of the field are 200 yards and 118 yards.
a,,. A can do a piece of work in 8 days, and B can do the work in

4 ilaye. How many daye will it take them to do it working together?
Let = z the number of days it will take them working tbgether.
Then ! = the part both together can do in one day,
z
! = the part A can do in one day,
l = the part B can do in one day,
and ! + l = the part both together can do in one day.
1 1 1
.·. 3+ ¡ = ;·
Multiply by 12 z, 4 z + 3 z = 12.
Combine, 7z = 12.
... z = lf.
Therefore, A and B together can do the work in lJ days.
81. A can do a piece of work in ó days, B in 6 daye, and C in 7
daye. How many days will it take them to do lt working together ?
Let =
z the number of days it will take them working together.
Then !z = the part the three together. can do in one day,
t = the part A can do in one day,
! = the part B can do in one day,
l = the part C can do in one day,
and t + l + } = the part the three together can do in one day.
1 1 1 1
... 6+6+;¡=;·
Multiply by 21oz, 42z + 3óa: + 80z = 210.
Combine, 107 z = 210.
... z = lf&i•
Therefore, A, B, and C together can do the work in lf&f days.
33. A can do a piece of work in 9 daye, B in 8 daye, and C in 7l
daye. How many daye will it take them to do it working together?
Let =
z the number of days it will take them working
together.
Then !a: = the part the three together can do in one day,
l = the part A can do in one day,
l = the part B can do in one day,
,h = the part C can do in one day,
and l + l + -h = the part the three together can do in one ~ .
1 1 2 1
···¡¡+¡¡+16=; ·
Multiply by 860 z, 40:t + 46:t + 48:t =
860.
Combine, 133:t = 860.
=
.·. :t 21\·J·
Therefore, A, B, and C together can do the work in 2M daya.
84. A can do a piece of work in 8! days, B in 4J days, and C in 6!
days. How many days will it tate them to do it worklng together ?
Let =
z the uumber of days it will take them working together.
1 .
Then i = the part the three together can do in one day,
f = the part A can do in one day,
h =the part B can do in one day,
Ir= the part C can do in one day,
and f+h+lr = the part the three together can do in one day.
2 3 4 1
.·. 7 + 14 + 21 =; .
Multiply by 42 :t, 12:t + 9:t + 8:t = 42.
Combine, 29:t =42.
.·. z = lH.
Therefore, A, B, and C together can do the work in l!J days.
16. A and B together can mow a field in 8 hours, A and C in 10
hours, and A alone in 16 houra. In how many hours can B and C
together mow the field ?
Let =
z the number of honra it will tate B and C together.
'Then ! = the part B and C together can mow in one hour,
:t
n = the part A can mow in one hour,
l = the part A and B together can mow in one hour,
n = the part A and C together can mow in one hour,
j - rs = tbe part B can IDOW in one honr,
h - ir, = the part C can mow in one hour,
and t-rs+n-rs = the part B and C together can mow in one hour.
1 1 1 1 1
.•. 8 - 16 + 10 - 16 - :t.
Multiply by 120 z, 16:t - 82: + 12:t - 8:t = 120.
=
.·. :t lOfi.
Therefore, B and C together can mow the field in lOH hours.
38. A can do a piece of work in 2 a days, A and B together in b

b
days, and A and C together in a + - days. In how many days can
the three do the work together ? 2
Let =
z the number of days it will take them working
together.
1
Then z=
the part the three together can do in one day,
_.!._ = the part A can do in one day,

2a
~ = the part A and B together can do in one day,
- 1-
b
= -2a2-+ b = the part A and C together can do in one day,
a+2
_!__b -
2a+
..!..
2a
= the part C can do in one day,
11.nd !b + -2a+b
2- - _.!._ = the part the three together can do in one day.
2a
l 2 1 1
.·. -+----=-·
b 2a + b 2a z
Multiply by 2abz(2a + b),
4 a'z + 2 abz + 4 abz - 2 abz - b'z =· 2 ab (2 a + b).
Combine, =
4 a'z + 4 abz - b'z 2 ab (2 a + b) .
.·. :t= 2ab(2a+b)
4a2 +4ab-bi
Therefore, A, B, and C working together can do the work in
2 ab (2 a + b) da s.
4a1 +4ab-bi y
37. A and B together can.diga ditch in 40 days, B and C together in
48 days, and A and C together in 86 days. How many days will it take
each alone to dig the ditch, and how many days if they ali work together?
(i) Let :t =
the numberof days it wlll take the threetogetber.
Then !z = the part the three together can dig ln one day,
~ = the part the three together can dig in two days,
z
n = the part A and B ·together can dig in one day,
ir= the part B and C together can dig in one day,
-h = the part A and C together can dig in one day,
and n + Ir + n = tbe part the three iogether can dig in two days.
1 1 1 2
.·. 40 + 48 + 36 =;·
Mult.iply by 720:t, 18:t + 16:t + 20:t =1440.
Combine, 63 z = 1440.
.·. z = 27'5"1. ·
Tberefore, the three together can dig the ditch in 27/s days.
(ii) Let z = the number of days it will take A to dig the ditch.
Then !z = the part A can dig in one day,
n = the part B and C together can dig in one day,
Tih = the part the three together can dig in one day,
and Tffir - n = the part A can dig in one day.
63 1 1
.·. 1440 - 48 =;·
Multiply by 1440z, 63z - 30z = 1440.
Combine, 23z =1440.
.·. Z=62H.
Therefore, A can dig the ditch in 62H days.
(iii) Let z = the number of days it will take B to dig the ditch.
Then z1 = the part B can do in one day,
n = the part A and C together can dig in one day,
Tlh = the part the three together can dig in one day,
and Tffir - n = the part B can dig in one day.
63 1 1
.·. 1440-36 =;·
Multlply by 1440z, ó3z - 40z = 1440.
Combine, 13z = 1440.
.·. Z= 110U.
Therefore, B can dig the ditch in 110H days.
(iv) Let z = the number of days it will take C to dig the ditch
Then !z = the part C can dig in one da.y,
"t'f = the part A and B together can dig in one day,
THir = the part the three together can dig in one day,
and T~h - iir = the part C can dig in one day.
68 1 1
··1440_40-;·
Multiply by 1440.z, 68:t - 86.z =
1440.
Combine, 17.z 1440.=
.·. Z=84tf.
Therefore, C can dig the ditch in 84H daya.
. .. A cistem can be filled by two pipes in 3 and 4 honra, respec-

tively, and can be emptied by a waste pipe in 6 hours. In how
many hours will it be filled if ali the pipes together are open ?
Let =
z the number of hours if ali the pipes are open.
Then !z = the part filled in one hour if ali the pipee are open,
t = the part filled in one hour by the first pipe,
l = tbe part filled in one hour by the second pipe,
t = the part emptied in one hour by the waste pipe,
and ! + l - t = the part filled in one hour if ali the pipes are open.
1 1 1 1
.·. 3+¡-6=;·
Multiply by 12.z, 4z+3:c-2:c=l2.
Combine, ó:c 12. =
.•. :t = 2¡.
Therefore, if ali the pipee are open, the cistem will be filled in 2¡
houra.
89. A clstem can be filled bythree pipes in 6, JO, and ló hours, respec-
tively. In how many hours will it be filled by ali the pipes together?
Let =
z the number of hours required to fill the cistem.
Then ! = the part fllled in one hour by the three pipes together,
z
! = the part filled in one hour by the first pipe,
n = the part filled in one hour by the second pipe,
i's = the part filled in one hour by the third pipe,
and t + n + n = the part filled in one hour by the three pipes together.
1 1 1 1
.·. 6+10+16=;·
Multiply by 80 z, ÓZ + 8:t + 2z = 80.
Combine, lOz 80. =
.·. z=3.
Therefore, the three pipes together will flll the cistem in 3 houra.
40. A cistem can be filled by three pipes In 8 boun 80 minutes,
2 hours 48 minutes, and 2 boura 20 minutes, reapectively. In wbat
time wlll the cistem be filled ü ali tbe pipes are running together ?
3 bours 80 minutes = 81 houra; 2 boura 48 minutes = 2! bours;
=
2 boun 20 minuta 2! boura.
Let =
z the number of boura required to ftll tbe clatem.
Tben ! = tbe part ftlled in one bour by the three pipes
z together,
=
f the part filled In one bour by tbe ftrat pipe,
h = the part ftlled in one hour by the aecond pipe,
=
f the part ftlled in one hour by the third pipe,
and =
f + h + f the part ftlled in one bour by the three pipes
togetber.
2 6 3 1
.·. -+-+-=-·
7 14 7 z
Multlply by 14 z, 4z + 6z + 6z 14. =
Combine, I6z= 14.
.·. z=H·
Therefore, tbe three pipes together will ftll the clatern in H of an
bour, or 66 minutes.
41. A cistem can be ftlled by two pipes in 8! and 3f honra, reapec-

tively, and can be emptied by a waate pipe In 2! boura. In bow
many bours will it be filled if all tbe pipes togetber are open l'
Let =
z the number of houra if ali tbe pipes are open.
Tben !z = the part ftlled in one bour if ali the pipes are open,
/, = the part ftlled In one bonr by tbe ftrat pipe,
n = the part ftlled in one bour by the aecond pipe,
f ·= tbe part emptied in one bour by tbe waate pipe,
and h + n - f =tbe part ftlled in one bour if ali the pipes are open.
8 4 2 1
.·. 10 + 16 - 6 = ; ·
Multiply by 80 z, 9z + Sz-12:i:=80.
Combine, 6z 80.=
.·. z=6.
Tberefore, if ali the pipes are open, tbe clatem will be ftlled in
6 boura.
41. A cistem has threc pipes. The first pipe will 1111 it in 61 hours,
the second in 7t hours, and the three pipes together will fill it in
li hours. ID how many hours will the third pipe alone fill the
cistem?
Let z = the number of hours required for the third pipe.
Then ! = the part filiad in one hour by the third pipe,
X
Ir = the part filled in one hour by the first pipe,
/ 1 = the part filled in one hour by the second pipe,
lr = the part filiad in one hour by the three pipes
together,
and -tr - (r2r + ,;.\) = the part filled in one hour by the tbird pipe.
.·. u6 - (211 + 223) = z.1
Multiply by 22 x, 12x-4x-3x=22.
Combine, 5x 22 . =
.·.X= 4J.
Therefore, the third pipe will fill the cistern in 4! hours.
48. A cistem can be filled by three pipes in 4l, 6J, and 3} hours,
respectively. ID how many hours will it be filled by the three pipes
together?
Let =
z the number of hours required by the three pipes
together.
Then ! = the part filled in one hour by the three pipes
z together,
=
f., the part filled in one hour by the first pipe,
=
f., tbe part fi,lled in one hour by the second pipe,
¡,. = the part filled in one hour by the third pipe,
and f., + ¡,. + ¡., = the part filiad in one hour by the three pipes
together.
4 3 6 1
··· 11 + 11 + 11 = z·
Multiply by 17 z, 4z + 3x + óx =17.
Combine, 12:i: =17.
.·. Z = l/1·
Therefore, if ali the pipes are open, the cistern will be fllled in 1/1
hours.
44. An accomruodation train which goes 82 miles an hour is
followed, after 2 hours, by an exprese train which goes 48 miles
an hour. In how many hours will the express train overtake the
accommodation train ?
Let x = the number of hours the exprese train goes.
Then :i: + 2 = the number of hours the accommodation train goes,
=
48:i: the number of miles the exprese train goes,
=
and 32 (x + 2) the number of miles the accommodation train goes.
But these distances are equal .
=
. ·. 48 X 32 (X+ 2).
Expand, 48:i: = 32:i: + 64.
Transpose, =
48:i: - 32:i: 64.
Combine, =
16:i: 64.
.·. X=4.
Therefore, the express train will overtake the accommoda.tion tra.in
in 4 hours.
46. A sta.rts from Boston and travels at the rate of 8 miles a.n hour.
Four hours afterwa.rds B sta.rts from the sa.me place and follows A at
the rate of 10 miles a.n hour. How many miles from Bostou will B
overtake A?
Let =
x the number of hours B travels.
Then =
x + 4 the number of hours A travels,
8 (x + 4) = the number of miles A tra.vels,
and =
10:i: the number of miles B travels.
But these dista.neas are equal.
.·. 10:i:=8(:i:+4).
Expand, 10:i:=8:i:+32.
Transpose, 10:i: -8:i: = 32.
Combine, 2x = 32.
.·.X= 16.
lOx = 160.
Therefore, B will overtake A 160 miles from Boston.
48. A can run 10 yards a. second and B can run 9 yards a. second. If
A gives B a. sta.rt of 2 seconds, in how ma.ny seconds will A overta.ke B?
Let =
x the number of seconds A runs.
Then x +2 = the number of seconds B runs,
=
9(x + 2) the number of yards B runs,
:u.d =
lOx the number of ya.rds A runs.
But theae distances are equal.

.·. IOz = 9(z + 2).
Expand, IOz =9z + 18.
Trall8p08e, IOz - 9z =18.
Combine, z = 18.
Therefore, A will overt.ake B in 18 second&
et. A freight train which goea 18 miles an hour is followed after 4

houra by a paaaenger train which goea 24 miles an hour. In how many
houra wlll the pasaenger train overtake the freight train :>
Let =
z the number of houra the paaaenger train goes.
Then =
z + 4 the number of houra the freight train goea,
=
18 (z + 4) the number of miles the freight train goea,
and 24 z = tbe number of miles the paaaenger train goea.
But theae distancea are equal.
=
.·. 24z 18(:z: + 4).
Expand, =
24z 18z + 72.
Transpoae, 24z -18z = 72.
Combine, 6z= 72.
.·. z =12.
Therefore, the paaaenger train will overtake the freight train in 12
houra.
H. In going a cert.ain distance a train that makes 42 miles an hour

takes 2 houra leas than a train that makes 86 miles an hour. Find
the distance.
Let =
z the number of houra the flrat train goea.
Then =
z + 2 the number of houra the aecond train goes,
=
86(z + 2) tbe number of miles the aecond train goea,
and =
42z the number of miles the firat train goea.
But theae distancea are equal.
=
:. 42z 36(z + 2).
Expand, =
42z 36z + 70.
Tranapoae, 42z - 36z 70. =
Combine, 7z = iO.
=
:. z 10.
42z = 420.
Therefore, the required diatance is 420 miles.
49. In travellng a certain dlatance a horse that goea 12 mllea an
hour takes 1 hour less than a horse that goes 10 miles an hour. Find
the distance.
Let z = the number of honra the faster horse travels.
Then =
z + 1 the number of hours the slower horee travela,
=
lO(z + 1) the number of miles the slower horee travela,
and =
12 z the number of miles the f88ter horee travels.
=
.·. 12:i: lO(z + 1).
E:r:pand, =
12z lOz + 10.
Transpose, =
12z - lOz 10.
Combine, =
2z 10,
.·. Z=6.
12z= 60.
Therefore, the required di.atance is 60 milea.
. f, :· In traveling a certain distance an automobillst who travels 28
m"lfes an hour takea 6! houra 1888 than a bicyclist who travels 16 miles
an hour. Find the distance.
Let =z the number of honra the automobilist travele.
Then z + 6f = the number of houra the bicyclist travels,
=
16 (z + 6t) the number of miles the bicyclist travels,
and 28 z = the number of miles the automobilist travels.
.·. 28z = 16(z + 6l).
Expand, 28z = 16z + 84.
Tranepose, =
28z - 16z 84.
Combine, =
12z 84.
,·. Z=7,
=
28z 196. ·
Therefore, the required distance is 196 milea.
61. Find the time between 8 and 4 o'clock when the banda of a
clock are together.
At 3 o'clock the hour-hand is 16 minute-spaces ahead of the minute-
hand.
Let z = the n umber of spaces the mlnute-hand moves over.
Then =
z - 16 the number of spaces the hour-hand movee over.
Now, 88 the roinnte-hand movea twelve times 88 f88t 88 the hour-hand,
=
12(z -16) thenumberofspaceatheminute-handmoveaover.
12(:i:- ló) = z.
Expand, =
12:z: -180 z.
Transpose, 12 z - z = 180.
Combine, =
llz 180 .
••. Z= 16-n.
Therefore, the required time is 16n minutes past 3 o'clock.
62. Find the time between 6 and 7 o'clock when the hands of a
clock are together.
hand.
Let =
z the num ber of spaces the minute-h&nd moves o ver.
Then z - 30 = the number of spaces the hour-hand moves over.
Now, as the minute-hand moves twelve times as fastas the hour-hand,
12 (z - 30) .= the number of spaces the minute-hand moves over.
12 (z - 30) = ·z.
Expand, =
12:i: -360 z.
Transpose, 12z-z=360.
Combine, llz = 360.
.·. z = 32/r.
Therefore, the required time is 32/r minutes past 6 o'clook.
63. Find the time between 9 and 10 o'clock when the hands of a
clock are at right angles to each otl1er.
At 9 o'clook the minute-hand is 45 minute-spaces behind the hour-
hand, and must be 16 minute-spaces behind to be at right angles.
Let z = the number of spaces the minute-hand movesover.
Then z-46+ 16 = the number of spaces the hour-hand moves over.
12 (z - 45 + 15) = thenumberofspaces the minute-hand movesover.
12 (z - 46 + 15) = z.
Expand, 12 z - 360 z.=
Transpose, 12:i: - z = 360.
.·. z = 32r"r-
Therefore, the required time is 32r8r minutes past 9 o'clock.
TEACllERS' ED1TION 269
H. Find the time between 4 and 6 o'clock when the hands of a
clock point in opposite directions.
At 4 o'clock the mioute-hand is 20 minute-spaces behind the hour-
hand, and ruust be 30 minute-spaces ahead that the hands may point
in opposite directions. ·
Let z = the number of spacea the minute-hand moves
over.
=
Then (z - 20- 30) the numberof spaces the hour-hand moves over.
Now, as the mioute-hand moves twelve times as fastas the hour-hand,
12 (z - 20 - 30) = the number of spaces the minute-hand moves
over.
12(z-20-30)=z.
Expand, 12z-600=z.
Transpose, 12z -z = 600.
Combine, llz = 600.
=
.·. z 64¡\.
Therefore, the required time is 64r"r minutes past 4 o'clock.
66. Find the times between 6 and 6 o'clock when the hands of a
clock make rigbt angles with each otber.
At 6 o'clock the minute-hand is 26 minute-spaces behind the hour-
hand, and must be 15 minute-spaces behind or 16 minnte-spaces ahead
to be at right angles. ·
Let z =the number of spaces the minute-
band moves over.
Then z-26+ 16 or z-26-16 = the number of spaces the hour-hand
moves over.
12(z-26 +16) or 12(z-26-16)= the number of spaces the minute-
hand moves over.
=
.·. 12 (z - 26 + 16) z. =
12 (z - 26 - 16) z .
Expand, 12z -120 = z. 12z - 480 z.=
Transpose, 12 z - z = 120. =
12z - z 480.
Combine, 1I z = 120. =
llz 480.
.·. z =Ion. .·. z =43r7r·
Therefore, the required times are lOU minutes past 6 o'clock and
43-ir minutes past 6 o'clock.
( ,.Í~ Find tbe time between 4 and 6 o'clock wben tbe hands of a
dleck are togetber.
At 4 o'clock the minute-band is 20 minute-spaces behind tbe bour-
hand.
Let =
z tbe number of spaces the minute-band movesover.
Then z - 20 = tbe number of spaces tbe bour-hand moves over.
Now, as the minute-band moves twelve times as fastas tbe bour-hand,
=
12 (z - 20) tbe number of spaces the minute-band movesover.
12 (z - 20) = z.
Expand, =
12 z - 240 z.
Transpose, =
12z-z 240.
Combine, =
llz 240.
.·. z = 211r.
Tberefore, tbe required time is 21/r minutes past 4 o'clock.
67. Find tbe time between 11 and 12 o'clock wben tbe banda of a
clock point in opposite directions.
At 11 o'clock tbe minute-hand is óó minute-spaces bebind tbe bour-
band, and must be 30 minute-spaces bebind that the hands may point
in opposite directions.
Let =z the numberofspaces tbe minute-hand nioves over.
Tben z-óó+30 = the number of spaces the bour-band moves over.
Now, as tbe minute-hand moves twelve times as fastas the hour-hand,
=
12 (z - óó + 30) the'Dumber of spaces tbe minute-hand moves over.
12 (z -. óó + 30) = z.
Expand, 12z-300=z.
Transpose, 12z -z = 300.
Combine, =
llz 300.
=
.·. z 27/r.
Therefore, the required time is 27-¡\ minutes past 11 o'clock.
58. Find the times between 7 and 8 o'clock wben tbe banda of a
clock ruake right angles with each other.
At 7 o'clock tbe minute-hand is 3ó minute-spaces behind the bour-
hand, and must be ló minute-spaces bebind or ló minute-spaces ahead
that t he bands may make rigbt angleli witb eacb otl1er.
Lct z = the number of spaces tbe minute-
hand moves over.
Then z-36+16 or z-36-16= the numberofapaceathe hour-hand

movea over.
Now, as the minute-hand moves twelve times u fastas the hour-hand,
12(z-36+16) or 12(:i:-36-16)= the number of spaces the minute-
hand moves over.
.·. 12 (z - 36 + 16) = z. =
.·. 12 (z - 3ó - 16) z.
.Expand, 12 z - 240 = z. 12:i: - 600 = z .
=
Transpose, 12 z - z 240. =
12z-z 600.
Combine, =
11 z 240. llz=600.
.·. z = 21/r, =
.·. z My\·
Therefore, the required times are 21/r minutes past 7 o'clock and
Mir minutes put 7 o'clock.
.C,. Find the time between 1 and 2 o'clock when the hands of a
watch point in oppollite directions.
At 1 o'clock the minute-hand is 6 minute-spaces behind the hour-
hand, and must be 30 minute-spaces ahead that the banda n1ay point
in oppoeite directions.
Let =
z the numberof spaces the minute-hand moves over.
=
Then z - 6 - 30 tbe number of spaces the hour-hand moves over.
=
12 (z - 6 - 30) the numberof spacea the minute-hand moves over.
=
.•. 12 (z - 6 - 30) z.
Expand, 12z-420 =z.
Transpose, I2z - z = 420.
Combine, =
llz 420.
.·. z = 38/r.
Therefore, the required time is 38/r minutes past 1 o'clock.
80. A hound takes 2 leaps,while a rabbit takes 3 ; but 3 of the

hound's leape are equivalent to 6 of the rabbit's. The rabbit has a
start of 70 of her own leaps. How many leape must the hound take
to catch the rabbit ?
Let 2 z = the number of leape taken by the hound.
Then =
3z the numberof leapsof the ral.il.iit in thesame time.
Aiso Jet =
a the number of feet in one leap of the rabbit.
6a.
Then 3 = the number of feet in one leap of the hound,
and 2z x 6
3
ª= 3
=
10 az the number of feet the hound runs.
As the rabbit has a start of 70 leaps, and takes 3z leaps more before
being caught, and as each leap is a fEltlt,
(70 + 3 z) a = the number of feet the hound runs.
.·. I03az = (iO + Sz)a.
Multiply by 3, IOaz = (210 + 9z)a.

Divide by a, IOz = 210 + 9z.
Transpose, lOx - 9x = 210.
Combine, z = 210.
2z = 420.
Therefore, the bound must take 420 leaps.
81. A bare takes 5 leaps to 3 of a hound; and 3 of the bound's

Jeaps are equivalent to 7 of the bare's. The hare has a start of
60 of her own leaps. How many leaps must the hound take to catch
tbe hare? ·
Let 3z = t.he nurnber of leaps taken by the hound.
Then óz = the number of leaps of the bare in the same time.
Also let a = the number of feet in one leap of tbe hare.
Then \ª = tbe number of feet in one Jeap of the hound,
7a
and 3z x 3 = 7az = the number of feet the bound runs.
As the hare has a start of 60 leaps, and takes 6 z leaps more before
being caught, and as each leap is a feet,
(60 + 6 z) a = the number of feet the houud runs.
.·. 7 az = (60 + 6.z)a.
Dil·ide by a, 7 z = 00 + 6z.
Transpose, 7x-iiz = 60.
Combine, 2.z = 60.
.·. X = 30.
3x = 90.
Therefore, the hound mnst take 00 leaps.
82. A honnd takes 4 leaps while a hare takes ó ; but 5 of the
hound's leaps are equivalent to 8 of the hare's. The hare has a start
of 84 of her own leaps. How many leaps will the hare take before
she is caught ?
Let =
4z the number of lea.ps taken by the hound.
Then ó z = the number of leaps of the ha.re in the same time.
• Also Jet a =the nuruber of feet ·in one leap of the ha.re.
8a
Then - =the number of feet in one leap of the hound,·
ó
and 4 z x 8 ª =32 ax =the number of feet the hound runa.
ó ó
As the ha.re has a start of 84 leaps, and takes óz leaps more before
being caught, and as ea.ch leap is a feet, •
=
(84 + óz) a the number of feet the hound runs.
32ax
.·. - 6- =
(84 + óz)a.
Multiply by ó, 32a:e = 420a + 2óax.
Divide by a, 32i =420 + 26:i:.
Transpose, 32z - 2óz =420.
Combine, 7z 420.=
.·. z=60.
ÓZ =
300.
Therefore, the ha.re will take 300 leaps before she is caught.
63. A hound takes 3 leaps while a ha.re takes 4 ; but ó of the
hound's leaps are equivalent to 9 of the hare's. The ·ha.re has a start
of 189 of the hound's leaps. How many leaps will ea.ch take before
the ha.re is caught ?
Let =
3 z the number of leaps taken by the hound.
Then 4 z = the number of leaps of the ha.re in the same time.
Also let a ~ the number of feet in one leap of the bound.
Then ó
9
ª =the number of feet in one leap of the ha.re,
and 3 ax =the number of feet the hound runa.
As the ha.re has a start of 180 of the hound's leaps, and ea.ch of these
leaps is a feet, she has a start of 180 a feet.
6a 6a
As the ha.re takes 4 z leaps of - feet ea.ch, she must run 4 z x -
20ax 9 9
feet, or - - feet.
9 20ax · .
Therefore, 189 a + - - = the number of feet the hound runa.
9
20az
.·.Saz= 189a +-- ·
9
20z
Divide by a, 3z=l89+-·
9
Multiply by 9, 2i z = 1701 + 20z.
Transpose, 27 z - 20:r: = 1701.
Combine, 7z=1701 .
.·. z = 243.
3z= 729.
4z = 972 ..
Therefore, the hound will take 729 leape and the hare 972 leaps
before the hare is caught.
84. A merchant adds each year to his capital one flfth of it, and
deducts, at the end of each yea.r, $1000 for expenses. In four years,
after deducting the last $1000, he haa $3160 lesa than twice bis origi-
nal capital. How much had he at first ?
=
Let z the number of dollan the merchant had at first.
Th 6z 1000
en 6 - , or 6z - 66000.
= the number of dollars he had at the end of the first year,
~(6z - 6000)- 1000 or 36z - 66000
6 6 ' 25
= the number of dollars he had at the end of the second year,
~(36z - 66000) _ 1000 or 216z - 466000
6 26 ' 126
= the number of dollars he had at the end of the third year,
a.n d 6(216z
- - 466000) - 1000 or - 1296z
-- - -
3366000
--
6 . . 126 ' · 626
= the number of dollan he had at the end of the fourth year.
But 2 z - 3160 = the number of dollars he had at the end of the
fourth year.
.·. 1296z - 3366000 = 2 z _ 3160 _
626
Multiply by 626, 1296z - 3366000 = 1260z -1976000.
Transpose, 1296:r: - 1260:r: = 3366000 -1975000.
Combine, =
46 z 1380000.
.·. z = 30000.
Therefore, the merchant had '80,000 at first.
86. A merchant adds each year to bis capital one fourth of it, but
takes from it, at the end of each year, $1200 for expenses. At the
end of the third year, after deducting the last fl200, he has $960 lees
•han 1+ times bis original capital. How much had he at first?
Let z = the number of dollars the· merchant had at first.
Then 6z - 1200, or 6z - 4800
4 4
= the number of dollars be bad at the end of the first year,
~(óz - 4800)- 1200 or 2óz - ~200
4 4 ' 16
= the number of dollars he had at the end of the second year,
an d 4
ó(2óz - 48200) - 1200, or 12óz - 292800
16 64
= the number of dollars he bad at tbe end of the tbird year.
But 3 z - 960 = the number of dollars he bad at the end of the third
2 year.
.·. 12óz - 292800 3z _ 960_ =
64 2
Multiply by 64, 12óz - 292800 = 96 z - 60800.
Transpose, 12ó z - 96 z = 292800 - 60800.
Combine, 29 z = 232000•
.·. z = 8000.
Therefore, the merchant had $8000 at first.
88. A trader maintained himself for 3 years at an expense of $2000

a year, and each year increased that part of bis stock that was not so
expended by one third of it. At the end of three years bis original
stock was doubled. How much did he have at füst?
=
Let z the number of dollars the trader had at first.
4 4:i:-8000
Then a<z-2000), or 3
4(4z - 8000 2000 ) 16z - ó6000
8 3 - 'or 9
. = the number of dollars he had at the end of the second year,
and !(16z - ó6000 - 2000) or 64z - 296000
a 9 • n
= the number of dollars he had at the end of the third year.
But 2 z = the number of dollars he had at the end of the third year.
64:i:-296000
:. 27 =2z.
Multiply by 27, 64 z - 296000 = 64 z.
Transpose, 64 z - 54 z = 296000.
Combine, =
lOz 296000.
:. z = 29600.
Tberefore, tbe trader had $29,600 at first.
87. A mercbant adds eacb year to bis capital one third cñ it, but
takes from it, at the end of each year, $1250 for expenses. At tbe
end of the third year, after be has deducted the last $1250, he finds
that he has twice bis original capital. What was bis original capital?
=
Let z the number of dollars tbe mercbant had at first.
Then 4z - 1250, or 4z - 8750
3 3
!(4z - 3750) _ 1250 or 16z - 26250
3 3 . ' O
= tbe number of dollars be bad at the end of the second year,
an d 4(16z
3
- 26250) 12 r. 0
9 - o , or
64:i:-138750
27
= tbe number of dollars he had at the end of the third year.
But 2 z = tbe number of dollars he had at the end of the third year.
:. fl4z-138750 2 z. =
27
Multiply by 27, 64z -138750 64z. =
Transpose, 64z - 54z = 138750.
Combine, IOz = 138750.
=
:. z 138i5.
Tberefore, the merchant's original capital was $13,875.
88, · The sum of the ages of three brotbers is 24 years, and there is
a difference of two years between their successive ages. Find the age
of eacb.
Let =
z tbe number of years in tbe age of the youngest.
=
Then z + 2 the number of years in the age of tbe second, . ·
x + 2 + 2 = the number of years in the age of the eldest,
and z + z + 2 + z + 2 + 2 = 3 :e + 6
= tbe number of years in the sum of thdr ages. •
But =
24 the number of years in tbe sum of their ages.
TEACIIERS' EDITION 277
.·. 3:t + 6 = 24.

Transpoee, 3z = 24 -6.
Combine, 3:t = 18.
=
.·. :t 6.
z+2=8.
=
:t + 2 + 2 10.
Tberefore, tbe ages of the three brothers are 10 years, 8 years, and
6 years,
89. An uncle is 10 years older tban bis nepbew, and 16 years ago
tbe uncle's age was twice tbat of tbe nepbew. Find t.he age of eacb.
Let =
:t tbe number of years in the age of tbe nepbew.
=
Then :t + 10 tbe number of years in tbe age of the uncle,
z + 10 - 15 = the number of years in tbe age of tbe uncle lá years
ago,
and :t - 16 = the number of years in tbe age of the nephew 15 years
ago.
: . z + 10 - 16 = 2 (:t - 16).
Expand, :t + 10 - 15 = 2 :t - 30.
Transpose, :t - 2 z = 15 - 10 - 30.
Combine, -:t=-26.
: . :t = 25.
=
:t + 10 36.
Therefore, the uncle is 35 years old, and tbe nepbew 25 years old.
'70. In an election 1240 votes were cast for two candidates. Of tbcse
votes 47 were defective and were thrown out. Tbe successful candi-
date received 163 votes more tban bis opponent. How many votes did
each candidate receive?
Let =
:t thennmberofvotestbedefeatedcandidatereceivcd.
=
Then :t + 163 t.he number ol votes tbe successful canaidate .
received,
=
and :t + z + 153 tbe number of votes the two candidates received.
But 1240 - 47 = tbe riumber of votes the two candidates received .
=
.:. z + :t + 163 1240 - 47.
Transpose, :t + :t = 1240 - 47 -163.
Combine, = 2:t 1040.
: . :t = 520.
=
:t + 163 673.
Therefore, the two candidates received 673 and 620 votes respectively.
r,. A man and a woman together can do a piece of work in 12

bours and the woman alone can do it in 30 hours. How long will it
take the man alone ?
Let :z: = the number of hours it will take tbe man alone.
Then !:z: = the part the man can do in one bour,
-l~ = the part the woman can do in one bour,
and !:z: + 30
_!_ = tbe part they can do in one hour working together.
But ; 1 = the part they can do in one bour working together.
1 1 1
.·. 12 = z+ so·
Multiply by 60 =
6x 60 + 2:z:.
Transpose, 6:z: - 2:z:=60.
Combine, 3:z: = 60.
.·. :z: =20.
Therefore, tbe man can do the work in 20 hours.
72. A can do a piece of work in 50 days, B in 60 days, and C in

76 days. How long will it take the three working together?
Let =
:z: the number of days it will take the three working
together.
Tben ! = the part the three working together can do in one
:z: day,
-h = the part A can do in one day,
.¡71 = the part B can do In one day,
..,\ = t he part C can do in one day,
and r¡171 + -lo + ,h = the part the three working together can do in one
day.
1 1 r 1
.·. w+oo+75=;·
Multiplyby300:z:, 6:z: + 5:z: + 4:z: = 300.
Combine, 15:z: = 300.
.·. :Z:=20.
Tberefore, the three together can do the work in 20 days.
TS. A can diga ditch in half the time it takes B, and B can dig it
in two tbirds the time it takes C. If the three work together they can
dig the ditch in 6 days. How long will it take each alone?
Let :i: = the number of days it will t.ake C to dig tbe ditcb.
Tben 3 =
2 :i: tbe number of days it will take B to dig the ditcb,
~3 = the number of days it will take A. todig the ditch,
!:i: = the part C can d.ig in one day,

_!_ = the part B can dig In one day,
2:i:
~ = the part A can dig in one day,
:i:
! + _!. + ~ = the part the three work.ing together can dig in one ,,
:i: 2 :1: :i: day,
and ! = the part the three working together can dig in one
6 day.
1 1 3 3
.·. ¡¡= z+ 2x + ;·
Multiply by 6:i:, :i: = 6 + 9 + 18..
Combine, :i:=33.
2 :1: =22.
3
:i:
3 =11 .
Tberefore, A can dig the ditch in 11 days, B in 22 days, and C in
33 days.
74. Divide 451 into two parts such that if 14 is added to tbe first
part and the second part is divided by 14 the results are the same.
Let :i: = one part.
Tben 451 - :i: = the other part.
451-:i:
.·. :i: + 14 = ---¡¡-·
Multiply by 14, 14 :i: + 196 =
461 - :i:.
Transpose, 14 :1: +X =
461 - 100.
Combine, 16:i: = 266.
.•• :I:= 17.
461-:i:=434.
Therefore, the parts required are 17 and 434.
280 ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA.
76. A farmer agreed to give a farm band in payment for a year's

work $200 in money and a cow. Tbe farm band was obliged to leave
after working 10 montbs and received f160 in money and tbe cow.
At wbat price was the valne of the cow estimated?
Let :i: = the number of dollars in the value of the cow.
Then ·200 + :i: = the number of dollars the farm band was to
receive for 12 montbs' work,
and 160 + :i: = tbe number of dollars the farm hand did receive
for 10 months' work.
Since 10 months is i of a year, the farm band sbould receive t of.
his year's wages.
.·. 160 + X = ~ (200 + z).
Multiply by 6, 960 + 6 :i: = l 000 + 5 :i:.
Traospose, 6:i: - 5:i: = 1000 - 960.
Combine, :i: = 40.
Tberefore, the value of the cow was estimated at $40.
76. lf tbree times tbe difference between a third and a fourtb of a

certain number is subtracted from tbree fourtbs of the number, the
remainder is equal to 6 more tban one flfth of the number. Find tbe
number.
Let x = the number.
From tbe conditions of the problem,
tx-3G-D =i+ª·
Multiply by 20, 15:i: - 20:i: + ló:i: = 4:i: + 120.
Transpose, ló :i: - 20 :i: + 15 :i: - 4 :i: = 120.
Combine, 6:i: = _120.
.·. :i:=20.
Tberefore, tbe required number is 20.
77. Tbe denomioator of a certain fra.ction is 5 greater than the

numerator. lf 8 is added to eacb term, the resulting fraction is equal
to ¡. Find the fraction .
Let :i: = the numerator.
Tben x + ó = tbe denomioator,
and _x_ = the fraction.
x+ó
z+s 3
···z+l3=¡·
Multiply by 4 (z + 13), 4 z + 32 = 3 z + 89.
Transpose, 4z - 3z = 39 - 32.
Combine, z=7.
z + 6 =12.
z 7
z + 6 = 12°
Therefore, tbe required fraction is ti·
78. A number is composed of two digits wbose diflerence is 6. If
the dlgits are interchanged, the resulting number is three eighth11 of
the original number. Find the original number.
Let z = the flrst digit.
Then z- 5 = the second digit,
lOz + z - 6 = the number,
and 10 (z - ó) + z = the number with digits re-
versed.
lO(z - ó) + z = 1(10:t + z - 6).
Multiply by 8, =
80:t - 400 + Sz 30:t + 3z -16.
Transpose, SOz + Sz - 30z - 3z = 400 - ló.
Combine, óó z = 386.
:. z =7.
z-6=2.
10:t + z - 6 = 72.
Therefore, the requlred number Is 72.
'19. A does -/-a of a piece of work in 6 hours, B does !,; of the
remainder in 2! hours, and C completes the work in 8 hours. How
many hours would it take the three working together to do the work ?
Let =
x the number of hours it would take the three
together.
Then !z = the part the
tbree together can do in one
hour,
= =
! of -/-a ·Th the part A can do in one hour,
0
=
/,:.of U= H the part B does In 2! hours,
i ofn= =
l/¡¡ the part n can do in one hour,
=
1 - (lo + H) tH = the part C does in 8 hours,
=
l of fU lll~ = the part C can do in ·one hour,
=
and Th + /-h + lllr; the part the three together can do in one hour.
7 23 2ó31
.·. 150 + 240 + 3840 =;·
Multiply by 19'l00z, 896z + 1840z + 1265z = 19200.
Combine, 4001 z = 19200.
.·. Z= 4fU-t,
Therefore, the three working together can do the work in 4ffi-f hours.
80. If a certain number is divided by 4 and by 9 and the two
quotients roultiplied together, the product is equal to the product
obtained by multiplying the number by the difference between the
numher and 36. What is the numher?
Let z =the number.
Then : x : = zt = the product of the quotients obtained by dividing
4 9 36 the numher by 4 and by 9,
and z (z - 3ó) = the próduct obtained by multiplying tbe number
by the difference hetweeu the nurober and 35.
zt
.·. z(z - 35) = 36 .
Multiply by 36, 36z2 - 36 x 35z = z2.
Transpose, 36z2 - z2 = 36 x 3óz.
Combine, 35z2 = 36 x 3óz.
Divide by 3óz, Z=36.
81. The length of a rectangular garden exceeds the breadth by 4
yarda. If each dimenaion is iucreasei by 1 yard, the area is increased
by 27 square yards. Find the dimenaions.
Let =
z the number of yarda in the breadth of the garden.
Tben =
x + 4 the uumber of yarda in the length of the garden,
x(z + 4) = tbenumberofsquareyardsintheareaofthegarden,
=
x + 1 the number of yarda in the breadth increased Ly
1 yard,
z + ó = the numher of yarda in the length increased by 1
yard,
and (z+ l)(z+ó) = the number of square yarda In the arlla of the
increased garden .
.·. (z+l)(x+ó)=z(x+4)+27.
Expand, z2 + 6z + ó = zt + 4z + 27.
Transpose, z2 - zt + 6z - 4z = 27 - ó.
. Combine, 2z = 22.
.·. z =11 .
=
z + 4 16.
Therefore, the length of the garden is 16 yarda and the width of the
garden is 11 yards.
89. A and B have the same income. A saves 6 per cent of bis
income, whlle B, who spends each year t17ó more than A, flnds at
the end of 4 years that he is $200 in debt. Wbat income does each
receive?
Let z = the number of dollars in the income of each.
Since A saves 6 per cent, or ,lr;, of bis income, he must spend U of
bis income ; and since in 4 years B gets 11200 in debt, in one year B
spends i of $200, or $60, more tban bis income.
Therefore, z+óO=the number of dollars B spends in one year,
lOx = the number of dollars A spends in one year,
20
and 1: z + 17ó = the nuruber of dollars B spends in one ye,.;.
0
lOz
.·. z + 60 = - - + 176.
20
Multiply by 20, 20 z + 1000 = 10 z + 3500.
Transpose, 20z -19z = 3600 - 1000.
Combine, z = 2500.
Therefore, each receives an income of $2600.
88. Pind three numbers whose sum is 70 such that the second num-
ber divided by the flrst gives 2 for a quotient and 1 for a remainder,
wbile the tbird number divided by the second gives 3 for a quotient
and 3 for a remainder.
Let z = the flrst number.
Then 2z + 1 = tbe second oumber,
and 70 -(z + 2z + 1) = 60- 3z = tbe tb.i rd number.
: . 6!l- 3z = 3 + _3_,
2z+l 2z+l
Multiply by 2 z + 1, 69 - 3 z = 6 z + 3 + 3.
Transpose, - 3z - flz =- 60 + 3 + 3.
Combine, - 9 z = - 63.
.·. z=7.
2z + 1 = 16.
60-3z=48.
Therefore, the three numbers required are 7, 15, and 48.
284 ELEMENTARY ALGElHtA
H. A rail way train which travels at tbe rate of 32 miles an bour

is 45 minutes in ad vanee of a train whicb travels at the rate of 42 miles
an hour. In bow long a time will the secood train overtake the first?
Let z = the number of hours in wbicb tbe second train
will overtake the first.
Then z + t = the number of hours the first train takes to make
the distaoce,
32 (:i: + t) = the number of miles the first train travels,
and 42:i: = tbe number of miles the second train travels.
But these distances are equal.
.·• 42:i: = 32(:i: + t).
Expand, 42:i: = 32:i: + 24.
Transpose, 42:i: -32:i: = 24.
Combine, 10:i: = 24 •
.·• :t=2J.
Therefore, the second train will overtake the first in 2¡ hours, or
2 hours 24 minutes.
86. At 12 o'clock the hands of a watch point in the same direction.

At what time do the hands next point in the same direction?
The hands next point in the s.'\me direction between 1 and 2 o'clock.
hand.
Let =
x tbenumberofspacestheminute-handmovesover.
Then z - 6 = the number of spaces the hour-hand motes over.
Now, as the minute-hand moves 12 times as fastas the hour-hand,
12 (x - 5) = the numberof epaces the minute-hand movesover.
=
12(:i: - 5) x.
Expand, 12:t-60=:i:.
Trauspose, 12:i: -z = 60.
Combine, 11:i: = 60.
.·• :i: = 5fp
Therefore, the hands of the watch next point in the same direction
at 5/'r. minutes past 1 o'clock.
88. An expresa train which makes 42 miles an hour starts 50 minutes

after an accommodation train, and overtakes it in 2 bours 5 minutes.
How many miles an hour does the accommodation train make?
The exprese train is traveling 2 hours ó minutes, or 21:r hours; and
the accommodation train 2 hours 55 minutes, or 2H hours.
Let z = the number of miles tbe accommodation train goes
in one bour.
Then 2Hz = the number of miles the accommodation train goes,
and 21'1 x 42 = 87 l = tbe nuwber of miles the expresa train goes.
But theae distances are equal .
.·. 2Hz 1=87l,
Multiply by 12, =
36:i: 1060.
.·. z=30.
Therefore, tbe accommodation train goes 30 miles an hour.
87. A starts on a trip, making 4 miles an bour, and 16 minutes

afterwards B sets out from the same place at tbe rate of 4! miles per
hour. How many miles will B walk to overtake A and bow long will
it take him?
Let =
z the number of hours B walks.
Then =
z + l the number of bours A walks,
4fz = tbe number of miles B walks,
and =
4 (z + t) the number of miles A walb.
.·.4fz=4(z+!).
Expand,
4
=
l 9 z 4 z + 1.
Multiply by 4, 19:i: = 16:i: + 4.
Transpoee, 19:i: -16:i:=4.
Combine, 3:i:=4.
.·. z=l!,
=
4tz 6}.
Therefore, to overtake A, B walks 6! miles, and requlres 1! hours,
or 1 bour 20 minutes.
88. Three men, A, B, and C, set out from the same place and travel
over the same route at the ratea of 4, 6, and 6 miles respectively pcr
hour, B stluta two hours after A. How long after B ahonld C start
that B and C may overtake A at the same moment?
Let z = the number of hol.lrs A travela.
Then =
z - 2 tbe number of bours B travels,
4z= the number of miles A travela,
and 6(:i: - 2) = the uumber of miles B travels.
But tbese distances are equal.
•·. 6 (z - 2) =
4:t.
Expand, 6z-10=4z.
Transpose, 6z-4z=l0.
Combine, z=lO.
4z= 40.
Hence, each man travels 40 miles; and since C travels 6 miles per
hour, he requires 6i hours to travel the distance. Since A travels 10
hours, B travels 2 hours leas, or 8 hours.
Therefore, C should start 8 hours - 6i hours, or l! hours, after B.
89. At what times between 6 and 7 o'clock do the hands of a watch

make right angles with each other ?
hand, and must be 16 winute-spaces ahead or 16 minute-spaces behind
to be at right angles with the minute-hand.
Let z = tbe numberofspaces the minute-
hand moves over.
=
Then z - 30 + 16 or z - 30 - 16 the number of spaces tbe hour-
hand moves over.
As the minute-hand moves 12 times as fast as the hour-hand,
12 (z - 30+ 16) or 12 (z - 30 - 16) = the numberof spaces the minute-
hand moves over.
.·. 12 (z - 30 + 16) = z. .·. 12 (z - 30 - 16) = z.
Expand, 12 z - 360 + 180 = z . 12 z - 360 - 180 = z.
Trauspose, 12 z - z = 360 - 180. 12 z - z = 360 + 180.
Combine, 11 z = 180. 11 z = 640.
=
.·. z 16n. .·. z = 49n,
Therefore, the required times are 16n minutes past 6 o'clock. and
49n minutes past 6 o'clock.
90. At what time between 3 and 4 o'clock do the hands of a watch

point in opposite directions?
At 3 o'clock the hour-hand is 16 minute-spaces ahead oMhe minute-
hand, and must be 30 minute-spaces behind that the hands may point
in opposite directions.
Let =
z the number of spaces the minute-hand moves over.
=
Then z-16-30 the numberof spaces the hour-hand moves over.
As the minute-band moves 12 times as fastas the hour-hand,
=
12 (z - 16 - 30) the number of spaces the minute-hand moves over.
=
.·. 12 (z - 15 - 30) z.
,:
Expand, 12z -180 - 360 z. =

Transpose, =
12 z - z 180 + 360.
Combine, =
llz 540.
.·. z = 491\·
Therefore, the required time is 49r1r minutes past 3 o'clock.
91. A man is 665 of his own steps ahead of a horse.' If 4 of the
man'• &tepe are equal to 3 of the horse's, and the man takea 6 steps
while the horse takes 4, how many steps must the horse take to over-
take the man?
Let =
4 z the number of atepa taken by the horse.
Then 6z = the number of steps taken by the man.
Also !et a ::::: the number of feet in one step of the man.
Then 4ª = the number of feet in one step of the horse,
3
4a
and 4z x 8 =16az
- 3 - = the number of feet the horse goes.
As the man has a ata.rt of 666 steps, and takea 6 z steps more before
being overtaken, and as each step is a, feet,
(666 + 5z)a::::: the number of feet the horse goes.
16az
.·. - 3 - = (666 + 5z)a.
Multiply by 3, . =
16az 1696a + 16az.
Transpoae, 16az -16az::::: 1696a.
Combine, az = 1696a.
=
.·. z 1696.
=
4z 6780.
Therefore, the horse must take 6780 steps to overtake the man.
99. A fatber 60 years old has two sona whoae ages reapectively are
14 years and 11 years. In how many years will the aum of the agea
of the sona equal the age of the father?
Tben =
60 + z the number of years in the age of the father z
years hence,
14 + z ::::: the number of years in the age of the elder son
z years hence,
and =
11 + z the number of years in the age of the yonnger
son z yeara hence.
• 14+:i:+11+:i:=fiO+:i:.
~. :i:+:i:-:i:=60-14-11.
Combin~ :i: = 25.
Therefore, the required number of years is 26.
98. Four workmen do a pieee of work together. A could do the
work in 8 days, B in 10 days, C in 12 days, and D in 15 days. In bow
many days do they finish the work? ·
Let :i: = the number of days it will take the four
working together.
Then z1 = the part the four together can do in one day,
l = the part A can do in one day,
n = the part B can do in one day,
r'I = the part C can do in one day,
../r, = the part D can do in one day,
and l+ n + -h + ..¡!; = tbe part the four together can do in one day.
1 1 1 1 1
.·. 8 + io + 12 + 15 = ; ·
Multiply by 120:i:, 15:i: + 12:i: + 10:i: + 8:i: = 120.
Combine, 45:i: = 120.
.·. :i:= 2¡.
Therefore, the four working together can do the work in 2f days.
94. A messenger starts to carry a despatch; 4! bours after bis
departure a second messenger is sent, who ougbt to bvertake the first
in 9 hours, and to do this he is obliged to travel 3 more miles per hour.
llow many miles per hour does the first messenger travel?
Let :i: = -the number of miles the flrst messenger travels
in one J;10ur.
Then =
:i: + 8 the number of miles the second messenger travels
in one hour,
9 (:i: + 3) = the number of miles the second messenger travels,
and 131 :i: = tbe number of miles the ftrst messenger travels.
.•. 18! :i: = O(:i: + 3).
Multiply by 2, 27x=18:i:+64.
Transpose, 27:i: -18:t = 64.
Combine, 9:i:"" 64.
.·. :i:=6.
Therefore, the first messenger travels 6 miles per hour.
96. A, B, and e have together $1000. A has t70 less than. a third
more than B, and C has f20 more than three sevenths of the amount
A and B together have. How mauy dollars has eaoh?
Let z = the number of dollara B has.
4z
Then 3 - 70 = the number of dollars A has,
and 3(
7z + 4z
3 - 70 ) + 20 = the number of dollars C has.
.·. z + -4z
3
- 70 + 3(
-7 z + -4z
3
- 70 ) + 20 = 1000.
4z
Expand, z +3 - 70 +z - 30 + 20 =1000.
Multiply by 3, 8z + 4z - 210 + 3z - 90 + 60 = 8000.
Tranapoae, 8z + 4 z + 3z =3000 + 210 + 00 - 60.
Combine, lOz = 3240.
.·. z = 324.
4 z -70
3 = 862.
3(
7 z + 34z.- 70 ) + 20 = 814.
Therefore, A has '862; B, '824; and C, 8814.
98. A man has 9 houra at his diaposal. How far lnto the country
may he ride in an automobile at 22! miles an hour tbat he may return
in time, driving a horse at the rate of 6! miles an hour?
Let z = the numberof hours he may ride in theautomobile.
Then 9 - z = the number of hours he may drive the horse,
=
22!z the number of miles he rides in the automobile,
and 6!(9 - z) = tbe number of miles he drives the horse.
.·. 22!z 6!(9 - z).=
Multiply by 2, 46z 117 -13z. =
Tranapoee, 46z + 13z 117. =
Combine, 68z 117. =
.·. z=2n.
2'.l!Z = 46Ni·
Therefore, the Jnatl may ride lnto the country 46n\-miles.
290 ELEMENTARY ALGEBRa
97. In going from New York to Buflalo, a fast expresa train at 66

miles an hour take11 3 hours lesa than a pusenger train at 40 miles an
hour. Find the distance from New York to Buffalo.
Let :i: = tbe number of bours it takes the expre18 train.
Tben :i: + 3 = the num ber of hours it takes the puaenger train,
56:i: = the number of miles the expresa train runa,
and 40 (:i: + 3) = tbe number of miles tbe pa.ssenger train nma.
.·. 66:i: = 40(:i: + 8).
Expand, 66:i: = 40:i: + 120.
Transpose, 66:i: - 40:i: = 120.
Combine, ló:i: = 120.
.·. :i:=8.
óó:i: = 440.
Therefore, tbe distance from New York to Buflalo is 440 miles.
98. A boy buys apples at the rate of 6 for 2 cents. He sella balf of
tbem 2 for a cent and the otber half 3 for a cent, and gains 10 cent&
by tbe transaction. How many apples does he buy ?
Five apples for 2 cent& is f of a cent eacb; 2· apples for a cent is l
of a cent eacb; 8 apples for a cent is l of a cent eacb.
Let :i: = the number of apples the boy buys.
Then !
2
= the number of apples he sella 2 for a cent,
! = tbe number of apples he sella 8 for a cent,
2
-2:i:
6
= the number of cent& he paya for the apples,
~ = the number of cents he receives for the apples
4 he sella 2 for a cent,
i= th~en~~:e; f:! :e:a~t,be receives for the apples
and ¡ + ¡= the number of cent& he receives for the apples.

;¡: ;¡: 2:i:
=
.·. ¡ + 6 -¡-+10.
Multiply by 60, 16:i: + 10:i: = 24:i: + 600.
Transpose, ló:i: + 10:i: - 24:i: ·= 600.
Combine, :i: = 600.
Therefore, the boy buys 600 apples.
99. When & body of troops is formed into & solid squ&re, there
are 54 men over; but when formed in & column with ó men more in
front &nd 4 men fewer In depth, there &re l&eking 4 mento complete it.
How many men &re there?
Let z = the number of men oo a side of the solid
square.
Theo zt + ó4 = the whole number of men,
z + ó =the number of men on the frontof thecolumn,
z - 4 = thenumberof menon thedepthofthecolumn,
aod (z + ó) (z - 4) - 4 = the whole number of men.
(z + ó) (z - 4) - 4 = zt + 54.
Expa.nd, zt +z-20-4 = zt+ ó4.
Traospose, z'-z•+z=54+20+4.
Combine, z=78.
=
zl + ó4 6138.
Therefore, there are 6138 men.
100. Divide the number 628 into two parta auch that the stnaller
part is cont&ined in the larger part twice, with &rem&inder of 7.
Let z = the· larger part.
Then 628 - z = the smaller pan.
. z-7 _
.. - - - 2 .
628-z
Multiply by 628 - z, =
z-7 12ó6-2z.
Traospose, z + 2z = 1266 + 7.
Combine, =
3z 1263.
.·. z = 421.
628 - ;i: .= 207.
Therefore, the parts required are 421 and 207.
101. The difference between two numbers is 154, and if the greater
number is divided by the less the quotient is 3 and the remaioder 10.
Find the numbers.

Then z -154 = the sm&ller number.
.-. z-10 = a.
z-lM
Multiply by z - lM, z - 10 = 3z - 462.
Transpose, z -3z = 10-462.
Combine, -2Z=-452.
... z = 226.
z - IM = 72.
Tberefore, the numbers required are 226 and 72.
109. The widtb of a room is two thirds the length. If the width
was 4 feet more and the length 4 feet leas, the room would be aquare.
Find the dimensions.
Let 3z = the number of feet in the length of the room.
Then 2z = the number of feet in tite width of the room.
.·. 3z - 4 = 2z + 4.
Transpose, 3z-2z=4+4.
Combine, z=8.
=
3z 24.
=
2z 16.
Therefore, the length of the room is 24 feet, and the width 16 feet.
103. A walks to the top of a mountain at tbe rate of It miles an

hour, and back again at the rate of 2! miles an bour, and is out 7
hours. How far is it to the top of the mountain I'
Let z = the number of miles to the top of the mouncain.
Then ~ 4 z the number of hours A is ascending the mountai~,
= =
lf 7
and ~ = 3 z = thenumberof hoursAisdescendingthemountain.
2} 7
4z 3z
... -,+-,=7.
Multiply by 7, 4z + 3z = 49.
Combine, 7z = 40.
.', Z=7.
Therefore, it is 7 miles to the top of the mountain.

1. A and B together can do a piece of work in m daye, A and C
together in n daye, and B and C togetber in p daye. How many
daye will it take each alone to do the work, and how many daye if
the three work together P
Let =
z the number of days required for the three together
to do the work.
'Then
z
!=
the part the three together can do in one day,
!z = the part tbe

. three together can do in two daye,
.!..m = the part A and B together can do in one day,
! = the part A and C together can do in one day,
71
.!.p = tbe part B and C together can do in one day,

and .!_ + ! + .!. = the part the three together can do in two daye.
m n· p 1 1 1 2
.·. -+-+-=-·
m n p z
Multiply by mnpz, npz + mpz + mnz = 2 mnp.
Factor, (np + mp + mn) z = 2 mnp.
·.· . zmn+mp+np
=~~-
Again, !z - .!..
m
= the part C can do in one day,
! - ! = tbe part B can do in one day,
z "
and !z _ .!.p = the part A can do in one day.
1 1 mn+mp+np 1 mn+mp+np-2np mn+mp-np
---=
z m 2mnp --=
m 2mnp = 2mnp
1 1 mn+mp+np 1 mn+mp+np-2mp mn-mp+np
---=
z n 2mnp n= 2mnp = 2mnp
1 1 mn+mp+np 1 mn+mp+np-2 mn mp+np-mn
i--¡;= . 2mnp -:,¡= 2mnp = 2mnp •
Therefore, the three together can do tbe work in 2 mnpdaye ;
mn+mp+np
A 1 . 2 mnp da B. 2 mnp d
a one m mp + np _ mn ye; m mn + np _ mp aya;
. 2mnp
C 111 - - _ _ ____,_.___ daye.
mn+ mp-np
l. Three partners, A, B, and C, are to divide a proflt of d doll&l'B

made in a partnersbip. A fumisbed a dollars for m months; B, b
dollara for n months; and C, e dollars for p montha. What will be
tbe abare of eacb?
Let =
z the no.mber of dollars in A'a abare,
y = tbe number of dollars in B'a abare,
and z = tbe number of dollara in C's share.
Tbe abare of eacb is proportional to the prodnct of tbe number of
d'ollars fumisbed by tbe number of months. A furnisbed a dollars
for m monthe; B, b dollars for n months; and C, e dollars for p montbs.
.·. z= am ofd= ama'
am+bn+cp am+bn+cp
bn bnd
'V= ofd= ,
am+bn+cp am+bn+cp
and z= cp ofd= epa
am+bn+cp am+bn+cp
Therefore, A'a sbare is -- ama dollars; B'a abare, bnd
=+h+cp ~+bn+cp
dollars; and C's share, - - ~ dollars.
am + bn + cp
a. The population of a city increases eacb year t per cent of tbat of
tbe preceding year. Tbe population is a inhabitants. What was the
· population n years ago?
Let
Then e~: t)z z = tbe population n years ago.
= the population n -1 years ago,
( 1~ : t/z = the population n - 2 years ago,
( lOO + t)ªz = tbe population n - 3 yeara ago,

100
and ( 1OO + t)"z = the population n - n years ago ; that is, the
lOO population now.
a = the population now.
e~: t)"z =a.
But
=
.,__(I_OO_+_t~)" z a.
l()()n•
.Multiply by 100-, (100 + t)•z = 100-a.
100-a
,', Z= '
(100 + t)"
Therefore, the population of the city n years ago was lOO-
(100 + t)"
ª
f. A number Is divided by d, and the surn of the quotient, dividend,
and divisor is b. What is the number?
Let z = the number.
Then z
d =t be quotit.
en.,
z = tbe dividend,
d = the divisor,
and i+z + d = the sum of the quotient, dividend, and divisor.
But b = tbe sum of tbe quotient, dividend, and divisor.
z
.·. ;_¡+z+d =b.
.Multiply by d, z+dz+<P=bd.
Transpoee, dz + z = bd-cP.
Factor, z(d+l)=d(b-d).
.·. z = d(b -d).
d+l
Therefore, tbe required number is d(b - d).
d+l
11. A traveler wishes to accomplish a journey of k miles in n days.
At the end of d days he receives news which obligas him to reach the
end of bis journey a days sooner. How many more miles must he
travel each day ?
Let =
z the number of extra miles he must travel per day.
Then ~n = the nurnber of miles per day he travels at first,
dk
n
=the number of miles he travels at the first.rate,
k - dk
n.
= the number of miles he then has to travel,
n - d- a = the number of days in which he is to finish hil,
journey,
k-dk
and ___n_ = the number of miles per day he must travel.
n-d-a
But ~ + z = the number of miles per day he must travel.
n
k-dk
k n
.·. -+z= .
n n-d-a
Multiply by n(n - d - a),
nk - dk - aJc + (n - d - a) nz = nk - dk.
Tranllpose, (n - d - a) nz = nk - dk - nk + dk + ak.
Combine, (n -d =
- a)nz aJc.
aJc
.·. z=-----
n(n - d - a)
• aJc
Tberefore, the traveler must ú"avel more mileseacb day.
n(n-d- a)
8. Tbe circumference of afore wbeel of a carriage is a feet, and that
of a bind wbeel is b feet. Find the distance the carriage has traveled
when the fore wbeel has made n revolutiona more than the hind wbeel.
Let =
z tbe num ber of feet the carriage has tben traveled.
Tben ~ = thenumberofrevolutionatheforewbeelbaamade,
a
and ~ = tbenumberofrevolutionathehind wbeelbaamade.
b .
z z
.·.---=n.
a b
Multiply by ab, bz- az = alm.
abn
.·.z=--·
b-a
Tberefore, tbe required distaRce is abn feet.
b-a
T. A boatman, rowing with tbe tide, makea n miles in t boura. In
retuming be rows against a tide m times 88 strong as tbe first and
makes thll distance in t' bours. Find the velocity of tbe second tide.
Let =
z the number of miles per hour the flrat tide flows.
Then =
mz the number of miles per bour the second tide flows,
~ = tbe num ber of miles per bour be makea with the
t flrst tide,
~ - z = tbe number of miles per bour he actually roWB,
t
~ = the number of miles per hour he makea against
t the second tide,
and !!. + mz = the number of miles per hour be actually rows,
t'
n n
:. t' + 771:t: = t
- z.
Multiply by t.t', nt + mtt'z = nt' - t.t'z.
Transpoee, mtt'z + t.t'z = nt'- nt.
Factor, t.t'(m + l)z =n(t'-t).
:. z= n(t'-t).
t.t'(m + 1)
771:t: = mn(t'-t)
U'(m + 1)
.
Tberefore, the velocity of the second tide is mn (t' - t) miles per hour.
t.t'(m+l)
.
Ezerciae 69. Pagé 167
l. Find the interest on tnoo for 8 years 4 months at 6 per cent.

By Formula 1, =
i prt.
Here p = 1100, r = T&il, t = 8!.
=
:. i 1100 X Tb X lf- =188}.
Tberefore, the required interest is 1188.88.
l. Find the interest on $1276 for 8 yéars 2 months 16 days at 8 per

cent.
By Formula 1, =
i prt.
Here p = 1276, r = Tllf, t = 8-/¡.
=
.·. i 1276 X Th X H 8271, =
Therefore, the required interest is $327 .26.
8. Find the amount of $6460 for 1 year 10 months 22 days at 41

per cent.
By Formula 1, =
a p + prt.
Here p = 6460, r =THh, t = lf H·
=
.·. a= 6460+6460 x n!h x fH 6460 + 620.12 6980.12. =
Tberefore, the required amount is $6980.12.
4. Find the amount of 11260 for 8 montha 16 days at 6 per cent. .

By Formula 1, a = p + prt.
Here p = 1260, r= Th, t= !h·
=
.·. a= 1260 + 1260 x Th x tVlf 1260 + 18.40 1268.40. =
Tberefore, the required amount is t1268.40.
11 . Find the rate per cent when the intereat on $007.76 i8 1100.66
for 6 years 4 months.
By Formula 6, r =ª - P.
pt
Here a - p = i =199.66, p = 997.76; t =6!,
,•, r = 100.66 = 100.66 X 3 3
001.15 x v 001.15 x 16 = so·
-1,; of 100 = s¡.
Therefore, the required rate i8 3i per cent.
8. Find the rate per cent when $360 amounts to '400. 70 in 3 years
7 months 6 days.
By Formula 6, r=ª-P .
pt
Here a = 406. 70, p = 360, t = 8J.
406.70 - 360 66.70 X 6 9
.·. r =1360 X 3f - = 360 X 18 = 200.
Th of 100 = 4i.
Therefore, the required rate is 4! per cent.
T. Find the time in which the interest on $487.60 will amount to

$39 at 4 per cent.
By Formula 4, t =ª -
p.
pr
Here a- p =i = 39, p = 487 .60, r = rh·
... t = 89 = 39 X 100 = 2.
487.60 X r!ir 487.60 X 4
Therefore, the required time is 2 years.
8. Find the time in which the sum of $1687. 76 will amount to

$1611.68 at 61 per cent.
By Formula 4, t =ª - p·
pr
=
Here a= 1611.68, p 1687. 76, r = r&h·
1611.68 - 1687. 76 23.93 X 1000 19144
.·. t= = =--·
1687.76xrHir 1687.76x66 60861
=
HUt years 3 months 9 days. 1
Therefore, the required time Is 3 months 9 days. 1
J
9. Find the principal that will produce $1746.60 interest in 3 years
6 months at 6 per cent.
i
By Formula 2, p=-·
rt
Here i = 1746.60, r =
Th• t = 3/,¡.
p = 1746.60 = 1746.60 X 100 X 12 = 8620.
Th x H 6 x 41
Therefore, the required principal is '8620.
10. Find the principal that will produce $1339.28 interest in 2 years
7 months 24 days at 6 per cent. ·
i
By Formula 2, p = -rt ·
Here i = 1339.28, r = Th, t = 2H.
p = 1339,28 = l!l39.28 X 100 X 20 = 8423. 14.
ThxU 6xó3
Therefore, the required principal is $8423.14.
11. Find the principal that will amount to $6378. 76 in 1 year
1 month at 6 per cent.
By Formula 3, = 1 +a rt .
p
Here a= 6378.76, r = Th, t = li1f•
.·. = 6378.76 = 6378.76 = 6378.76 = 6378.76 X 240 = 60ó0. 99.
p 1 + Th x H 1 + ,M !H 263
Therefore, the required principal is $6060.99.
11. Find the principal that will amount to $21,047.96 in 1 year
7 months 21 days at 4! per cent.
By Formula 3, P=l+rt· ª
=
Here a= 21047.96, r T!h, t lflir, =
.·. = =
21047.96 = 21047.96 = 21047.96 21047.96 X 8000 = l9600.
P 1 + ñ&-o· x +u 1 + -t·N,s uu 8691
Tberefore, the required principal is $19,600.
18. If A can do a piece of work in 3! days, and B can do the same
work in 41 days, in how many days can both together do the work I'
By Problem 2, page 164, z = ~-
m+n
Here m = 3!, n = 4¡ .
.,. z = 31 X 4! = f/ = 63 = lJl.
3} + 4! 8 32
Therefore, the required time is 1}1 days.
H. A and B together can do a plece of work in 12 days, A and C

together in ló days, and B and C together in 16 days. How many
days will it take each alone to do the work, and how many days if
the three work togetber?
By Problem 1, Exercise 68, page 166,
z_ 2mnp . A..:.. 2mnp .
-mn+mp+np' -mp+np-mn'
B- 2mnp . C = __ 2_m_n=-:p__
-mn+np-mp' mn+mp-np
Here m = 12, n = ló, p = 16.
•·• X= 2 X 12 X ló X 16 2 = X 12 X ló X 16 = 160 = Oi,,•
12xló+12xl6+1óx16 612 17 '
A= 2 X 12 X ló X 16 =2 X 12 X ló X 16 =
160 22 •.
12xl6+ll!xl6-lóx1ó 2ó2 7 '
B = 2 X 12 X ló X 16 2 = X 12 X ló X 16 = =
480 2Óf. .
12 X ló + ló X 16 - 12 X 16 228 19 V•
C = 2 X 12 X ló X 16 2 = X 12 X 16 X 16 = =
480 43"t'r•
12 X 16 + 12 X 16 - ló X 16 132 11 ·
Tberefore, A will do the work in 22f days ; B in 2ó/v days; C in
43?r days ; and the three together in o¡., days.
16. Three graziers, A, B, and C, hire a pastura for which they pay
$'182.60. A puts in 10 oxen for 8 months ; B, 12 oxen for 4 months;
and C, 14 oxen for 2 months. How much rent ought each to pay I'
amd bnd epd
x= ;Y= ;z=--"----
am + bn + cp am + bn + cp am + bn + cp
= =
Here a-= 10, b 12, e= 14, d 182.60, m 3, n 4, p = 2• = =
•·. X= 10 X 8 X 182.60 = 37.60;
10 X 8 + 12 X 4 + 14 X 2
_ 12 4 X 132.60
X _ 60 OO.
f/ - 10 X 8 + 12 X 4 + 14 X 2- . '
% = 14 X 2 X 132.60 = 86.00.
10 X +
8 12 X 4 14 X l! +
Tberefore, A should pay $37 .óO ; B, $60.00; and e, $36.00.
18. A traveler wisbes to accomplisb a joumey of 240 miles In
8 days. At the end of 8 days he receives news whlcb obligas bim
to reach the end of bis journey 2 days sooner. How many more miles
must he travel each day?
.
:i: = n(n-d-a)
ak . .
Here a = 2, k = 240, 71 = 8, d = 8.
.•. z =2 X 240 = 2 X 240 = 20.
8 (8 - 8 - 2) 8 X8 ,
Therefore, the traveler must travel 20 miles~ eaoh day.
1T. The circumference of a fore wheel of a carriage is 11 feet

8 luches and that of a hind wheel is 12 feet 2 inches. Find the
distance the carriage has traveled when the fore wheel has made
160 more revolutions than the bind wheel.
By Problem 6, Exercise 68, page 166, :i: = abn •
b-a
Here a= 11!, b = 121, 71 = 160.
:. z = ~ X V- X 160 = % X 78 X }li(J ><° 12 = 22 397 • .
12t - 11\ 4 X O X 11 ' IT
Therefore, the requiied distance is 22,897 1\ feet.
11. A boatman rowing with the tide makes 27 miles in 4 bours.
In retnrning he rows against a tide twice as strong as the fl.rst and
makes the distance in 9 hours. Find the velocity of the second tide.
• . mn(t'-t)
By Problem 7, Exerc1Se 68, page 166, :i: = •
. tt'(m + 1)
Here m = 2, 71 =
= 27, t' 9, t = 4.
.•. z = 227 (9 - 4) = 2 X 27 X 6 = 21 .
X
· 9x4(2+1) 9x4x8
Therefore, the velocity of the second tide is 21 miles an hour.
19. The popnlation of a city lncreaees each year 2 per cent of that
of the preceding year. The population now is 64,121 inhabltants.
What was the population 4 years ago?
By Problem 3, Exercise 68, page 166, x = lOO- ª .
(100 + t)•
Here n = ·4, a= 64121, t = 2.
:. z = l()()f X 64121 = 60 OOO.
(100 + 2)' '
Therefore, the population 4 years ago was 60,000.
10. A number la divided by 16, and the sum of the quotient,

dividend, and divisor is óO. What is the number?
By Problem 4, Exercise 68, page 166, x = d(b -d).
d+l
Here d = 16, b = 60.
•·. X= 16(60 - 16) =16 X 34 = 32.
16 + 1 17
Therefore, the required uumber is 32.
'11. Find the time required for the interest at 4 per cent on a sum
of mouey to be equal to the principal.
By Formula 4, t =ª - P.
pr
Here a- p = p, p = p, r = Th·
.·. t=-p-:;::26.
p X Th
Therefore, the required time is 26 years.
11. The sum of two numbers is 326 and the difference betw1>en
them is 93. Flnd the numbers.
. a+d a-d
By Problem 1, pa.ge 164, the tequ1red numbers are - - and - - .
, 2 2
Here a = 326, d = 93.
.·. a + d = 326 + 93 = 209, and a - d = 326 - 93 = 116 _
2 2 2 2
Therefore, the required numbers are 209 a.nd 116.
23. Three partners in a restaurant furnish respectively $600 for
7 months, $600 for 8 months, and $000 for 9: months. lf they lose
$410, wha.t is each one's abare of the 1088?
amd lmd cpd
A'sshare= , B's= , C's=-----. .
~+h+cp ~+h+cp ~+h+cp
Ilere d = 410, a= 600, b = 600, e= 000, m = 7, n = 8, p = 9.
amd = óOO X 7 X 410 , = 87 .óO,
am+h+cp 600x7+600x8+000x9
bnd = 600 X 8 X 410 = l 20.00,
am + bn + cp 600 x 7 + 600 X 8 + 900 x 9
and cpd = 900 x 9 x 410 =
202 _60 _
am+bn+cp ó00x7+600x8+900x9
Therefore, A's share of the 1088 is $87.60; B's, $120.00; C's, $202.60.
TEACHERS' EDITIO.N 303
lt. Find the time In which the interest on '8620 will amount to
11746.60 at 6 per cent.
By Formula 4, = ª pr
t - P.
Here a- p = 1746.60, p = 8620, r = Th-·
.·. t = 1746.60 = 1746.60 = 3/,¡.
8620 X rlv 611.20
3-¡\ years = 3 years 6 months.
Therefore, the required time is 8 years 6 months.
16. Flnd the principal that will produce fl312.66 interest In 2 years
3 months at 6 per cent.
i
By Formula 2, p=-·
rt
Here i =1812.66, r = Th-, t = 21•
.·• p = 1812.66 = 1312.66 = 1812.66 X 200 = 9723 •.
"f!11xt N11 21
Therefore, the principal required ia f9728.33.
18. Find the time required for '4000 to amount to '4626 at 6l per
cent.
a-p
By Formula_4, t = ----¡;,:-'.
Here a = 4626, p = 4000, r = T!h·
.•. t = 4626 - 4000 = 626 = 2ff.
4000 X T!!iJ 220
2U years = 2 years 10 months 8 days.
Therefore, the required time is 2 years 10 months 3 days.
17. Find the time required for 13904.92 to amount to 14668.76 at

•
6 per cent.
By Formula 4, t =" - p .
pr
Here a= 4668. 76, p =3904.92, r = rlv·
... t = 4668.76 - 3904.92 = 663.84 = SNN,,.
3904.92 X T!iJ 196.246
3llll, years = 8 years 4 months 24 days.
Therefore, the required time is 3 years 4 months 24 days.
11. A and B go lnto partnerahip. A furnishes t6000 for 18 montha

and B furnishes •7000 for 9 months. Their profits are •1700. What
is the abare of each ?
By Problem 2, Exerclse 68, page 166,
A's share = amamd

+ bn
and B's abare = ~ -
am +bn
Here a = 6000, b = 7000, m = 13, n = O, d = 1700.
amd = 6000 x 13 ·X 1700 = 86.'3.2S,
am + bn 6000 x 13 + 7000 x 9
and bnd = 7000 X 9 X liOO = S36. 72•
am + bn 6000 x 13 + 7000 x 9
Therefore, A's abare is $863.28, and B's share is '836.72.
Eliminate by addition or subtraction.

l. Solve 4x+9y=8} (1)
3x+7y=2 (2)
Multiply (1) by 3, 12x + 27y= 9. (ll)
Multiply (2) by 4, 12x+28y=8. (4)
Subtract (8) from (4), Y=-1.
Substitute the value of y in (2), 3x-7= 2.
'franspose and combine, 3x=9.
.·. X=8.
=
Therefore, x 8, and y = - l.
•
11. Solve 8x+8y=
2z-7t1=-6
88} (1)
(2)
Multiply (2) by 4, 8x - 2811 =- 24. (8)
Subtract (8) from (1), =
31y 62.
=
••• 11 2.
Substitute the value of ti in (2), 2x - 14 = - 6.
Transp088 and combine, 2x=8.
.·. X=4.
=
Therefore, x 4, and y = 2.
l. Solve z+411=31} (1)

=
4z + 11 19 (2)
Add (1) and (2), 6z + Ó1I = 60. (3)
Divide (8) by 6, z + 11 = 10. (4)
Subtract (4) fron1 (1), 871 = 21.
•·• 11 =1.
S u ~ (4) from (2), 3z=9.
.·. z=3.
Therefore, z = 8, and 11 =1.
f. Solve óz-871=20} (1)
3z-411= 1 (2)
Multiply (1) by 4, 20:e -12 y= 80. (3)
Multiply (2) by 3, 9:e -1271 = 8. (4)
Subtract (4) from (3), llz = 77 .
.·. :e= 7.
Substitute the value of :e in (1), 36 - 871 = 20.
Transpoee and combine, - 3 y = - 16.
=
••• 11 ó.
=
Therefore, :e 7, and 11 6. =
6. Solve 8z+4y=100} (1)
9:e-ó11= s (2)
Divide (1) by 4, 2:e + 11 = 26. (3)
Multiply (3) by 6, 10:e + 671 = 126. (4)
Add (2) and (4), 19:e = 133.
.·. :e= 7.
Substitute the value of :e in (8), 14 +y= 26.
Transpose and combine, =
11 11.
Therefore, z 7,= and =
11 11.
6. Solve 6:e - 271 = 28} (1)

13:e-371=61 (2)
Multiply (1) by 3, 16:e - 611 = 69. (3)
Multiply (2) by 2, 26z - 671 = 102. (4)
llz 33.
.·.:e= 3.
Substitute the value of z in (1 ), 16 - 2 y = 23.
Trampose and combine, - 2y = 8 ..
.·. 11 = -4.
=
Therefore, z 3, and 11 =- 4.
'l. Solve 6z + 711 = 31} (1)

3z+211= ó (2)
Multiply (2) by 2, 6z+411=10. (3)
Subtract (3) from (1), 811=21.
,', 1/ = 7.
=
Substitute the value of y in (2), Sz + 14 ó.
Transpose and combine, Sz = - 9 .
.·. z=-3.
Therefore, z =- =
3, and 11 1.
l. Solve 11 z - 12 y = 31 } (1)
lOz + 711 = 64 (2)
Multiply (1) by 7, 77z - S4y = 217. (3)
Multiply (2) by 12, =
120z + 8411 768. (4)
Add (3) and (4), =
197z 98ó.
,', Z= Ó.
Substitute the value of z in (2), ó0+7y=64.
111 14.
=
••• 11 2.
=
Therefore, z ó, and 11 2.=
9. Solve 4z-3y=29} (1)
2z+ 11=47 (2)
Multiply (2) by 3, 6z+3y=l4I. (3)
Add (1) and (3), lOz = 170.
.·. z=I7.
Substitute the value of z in (2), 34 +y= 47.
Transpose and combine, y =13.
Therefore, z = 17, and y= 13.
10. Solve 2z - lly = 67} (1)

óz- 6y=60 (2)
Multiply (1) by ó, lOz - 66y = 33ó. (3)
Multlply (2) by 2, lOz -12y = 120. (4)
Subtract (3) from (4), 43y =-216.
.·. Y=-6.
Substitute the value of 11 in (1), 2z + óó = 67.
Transpose and combine, 2z = 12.
,', Z=6.
'1:herefore, z = 6, and 11 = - ó.
11. Solve 7z-311=22} (1)
8z+ 511 = 66 (2)
Multlply (1) by 6, 35z -1511 = 110. (8)
Multiply (2) by 8, 9z + 1611= 198. (4)
Add (3) and (4), 44z 308.=
.·. z=7.
Subetituta the value of z in (2), 21 + 611 = 66.
Transpose and combine, 611 = 46.
=
••• 11 9.
=
Therefore, z 7, a.nd 71 9. =
11. Solve 2z- 311 = 8} (1)
6z + 711 = 109 (2)
Multlply (1) by 6, lOz - 16 71 = 16. (8)
Multiply (2) by 2, lOz + 1411 = 218. (4)
Subtract (8) from (4), 2911 = 208•
=
••. 11 7.
Substituta the value of 11 in (1 ), 2 z - 21 = 3.
Transpoee and combine, 2 z = 24 .
.·. z=l2.
=
Therefore, z 12, and 71 7. =
18. Solve lOz +711 = 76} (1)
12z - 611= 28 (2)
Multiply (1) by 6, 60z + 3611 = 376. (3)
Multlply (2) by 7, 84z - 8611 161. = (4)
Add (8) and (4), lMz= 686.
,•, Z=4.
Subetituta the value of z in (1), 40 + 711 = 76.
Tra.nspose and combine, 711 = 85.
·:. 11 = 6.
Therefore, z = 4, a.nd 71 = 6.
H. Solve 7z- 671= 1} (1)

9:i:-1071=12 (2)
Multlply (1) by 2, 14z - 1071 2.= (8)
Subtract (2) from (3), 6z =-10.
:. z=-2.
Substituta the va.lue of z in (1), - 14 - 611 = l.
- 611 16.
.·. 11=-8.
Therefore, z = - 2, and 11 =- 3.
Eliminate by substitution.
l. Solve z+6y=26} (1)
7z+3y=47 (2)
Transpose (1), z = 26 - óy. (3)
Substitute the value ofz in (2), 17ó - 36 y+ 3 y = 47.
Transpose and combine, - 32 y = - 128.
.·. y=4.
Substitute the value of y in (3), :i:=26-20.
.·. z=ó.
Therefore, z = 5, and y = 4.
l. Solve 3z-2y = 15} (l)

5z-9y= 8 (2)
Transpose (1), 3:i: = 15 + 2y. (3)
Divide (3) by 3, z = 15 ; 2 Y. (4)
Substitute the value of z in (2), 75 +/ OY - o y = 8.

Multiply by 3, 75 + 10 y - 2i y = 24.
Transpose and combine, - Ji y= - 61.
.·. y=3.
15 + 6
Substitute the value of y in (4), z=--·
:•;
.·. Z=7.
8. Solve 10:i: - 3y = 116} (1)

3:i:-U)y= 63 (2)
Transpose (2), 3:i: = 53 + lOy. (3)
Divide (3) by 3, z = 53 ~ lOy . (4)

. 580 + lOOy
Subst1tutethevalueofzin(l), 3 - 3y = 116.
Multiply by 3, 630 + 100 y - 9 y = 348.
Transpose and combine, 91 y = -182.
.·. Y=-2.
6.'3-20
Substitute the value of y i11 (4), z=-- ·
3
.·. z= 11.
Therefore, z = 11, and y = - 2.
4, Solve 2z+ v=ll} (1)
4z-9¡,=99 (2)
Transpoae (1), V= 11 - 2z. (3)
Substitute the value of v in (2), 4z - 00 + 18:z: = 90.
Transpoae and combine, 22 z = 198.
.·. :Z:=9.
Subetitute the value of z in (3), V= 11 -18.
.·. v=-7.
Therefore, z = O, and v =- 7.
J.' Solve 3z- V= 16} (1)
óz-12¡,=-26 (2)
Transpollle (1), V= Sz -16. (3)
Substitute the value of v in (2), ó z - 36 z + 192 = - 26.
Transpose and combine, - 31 z =-
217.
.·. z=7.
Substitute the value of z in (3), V= 21-16.
. ·. v=ó.
=
Therefore, z 7, and v ó. =
e, Solve 7z-2v= 91} (1)
2:z: + ó¡, = 143 (2)
Transpoee (1), 2¡, = 7z - 91. • (3)
7:z: - 91
Divide (3) by 2, v=---·
2
(4)
Substitute the value of 11 in (2), 2:z: + 3f>:z: - 466 = 143.

2
Multiply by 2, 4z + 36:z: - 465 = 286.
Tranapoae and combine, 39z = 741.
.·. z= 19.
133 - 91
Substitute the value of z in (4), v=--2--
Therefore, z = 10, and y= 2l. ••• 11 = 21.

7. Solve 2z+17¡,=61} (1)
8:z: - V= 37 (2)
Tranapoee (1), =
2z 61 -17¡,. (3)
61 -1711
Divide (3) by 2, z= . (4)
2
Substitute the value of z in (2), 244 - 6811-11 = 37.
Transpoee and combine, - 6911 207. =-
.·. v=3.
61- 51
Substitute the value of 11 in (4), z = - -,
2
.·. Z=5.
Therefore, z = 5, and 11 = 8.
l. Solve 9z-1411= 14} (1)

llz + 1211 = 119 (2)
Tran8polle (1 ), 9z = 14 + 1411. (3)
14 + 1411
Divide (8) by 9, z= . (4)
9
. 164 +16411
Subst1tute the value ofz In (2), 9 + 1211 = 119.
Multiply by 9, 164 + 16411 + 10811 = 1071.
Tranapoee and combine, 26211 = 917.
••• 11 8}. =
14 +49
Substitute the v&lue of 11 in (4), z=--
9
.•. z=7.
=
Therefore, z 7, and 11 = 81.
9. Solve 8z + 311 118} = (1)

4z+711= 29 (2)
Transpose (2), 4z = 29 -711. (3)
29-711
Divide (8) by 4, z=---· (4)
. 4
Substitute the value of z in (1), ó8 -1411 + 311 113. =
Transpoee and combine, -1111 = 66.
.·. 11=-6.
29 +86
Substitute the value of y in (4), Z=---•
4
:. z = 16.
Therefore, z = 16, and 11 =- 6.
10. Solve 2z-911= 6} (1)
6z+411=68 (2)
Transpoee (1), 2z=6+911. (3)
Divide (3) by 2, z=--·

6 + 9y (4)
2
Subetitute the value of z in (2), 30 + 46 'V + 411 = 68.
2
Multiply by 2, 30 + 4511 + 811 = 136.
Transpose and combine, 6811 =106.
••• 11 = 2.
6+ 18
Substitute the value of 11 in (4), Z= - - •
2
.·. z=l2.
Therefore, z =12, and y = 2.
11. Solve 3i,-2z=80} (1)
2t,- ÓZ = 42 (2)
Transpose (2), 2t,=42+óz. (3)
42+5z
Divide (3) by 2, t,=---· (4)
2
Subatitute the value of 1f in (1), 126 + ló z - 2 z = 30.
2
Multiply by 2, =
126 + ló z - 4 z 60.
Traruipose and combine, 11 z =- 66.
.·. Z:::-6.
42-30
Subltitute the value of z in (4), t,:::--·
2
••• 1f =6.
Therefore, z ::: - 6, and i, ::: 6.
11. Solve + 7t, = 12ó}

ÓZ (1)
7z- t,= 13 (2)
Transpose (2), =
t, 7 z - 18. (3)
Subatitute the value of 1f in (1), óz + 49z - 91 = 12ó.
Transpose and combine, ó4 z = 216.
.·. z=4.
Substitute the value of z in (3), =
1f 28 -13.
=
••• 1f ló.
18. Solve 3z + Sy 71} = (1)

2z+3y=31 (2)
Transpose (2), 2z=31-3y. (3)
31 - 3y
Divide (3) by 2, Z=---• (4)
2
93 - 9y S _ 71
Subatitute the value of z in (1), 2 + 'Y- .
Multlply by 2, 93-9t, + 16y,;, 142.
7t, 49.
.·. 'Y= 7.
31-21
Subatitute the value of y in (4), z=---;
2
.·. Z= Ó.
Therefore, z = ó, and y = 7.
a. Solve 6z-8y=27} (1)

711- 3z = ló 00
Transpoee (1), 6:i:=27+311. (3)
Divide (3) by 6, z=27+8v. (4)

6
Substitute the value of z in (2), 711 - 81 +6 9 y= ló•
Multiply by 6, 36y - 81 - 911 = 76.
Tranapose and combine, 2611 = 166•
.·. v=6.
27 + 18
Substitute the value of 11 in (4), z=--·
5
.·. z=9.
Therefore, ·z = 9, and 'V= 6.
16. Solve 7z-411= 26} (1)
12:i: + 7 y= 197 (2)
Transpose (1), 411 = 7 z - ·26. (3)
. 7z-26
Divide (3) by 4, 'V = - -4- . (4)
. 49:i: -182
Subst1tutethevalueof 111n(2), 12:i: + 4 = 197.
Multiply by 4, 48z + 49:i: -182 = 788.
Transpoee and combine, 97 z = 970.
.•. Z=lO.
70-26
Substitute the value of z in (4), 11=--·
4
.·. 11 = 11.
Therefore1 z = 10, and 11 = 11.
18. Solve 19:i: - 671
12:i: + 2511 = 248
= 36} (1)
(2)
Transpoee (1 ), óy = 19z- 86.. (3)
19:i: -36
Divide (3) by 6, 11 = ó
(4)
Substitutethevalue of yin (2), 12:i: + 96z - 180 = 248.
Trall8pose and combine, 107 z = 428.
.·. z=4.
76 - 36
Substitute the valne of z in (4), 11=--
ó
•·. 11 = 8.
TEACHERS' ED1TION 818

Ellminat.e by comparison.
;_~lve 2z -6y = ª} (1)
3:i: - 7y = 13 (2)
Transpose (1), 2:i: = 8 + 671. (3)
Tranapose (2), 3:i: =13 + 7 y. (4)
8 + Ó1/
Divide (3) by 2, Z=--· (6)
2
13 + 7·11
Divide (4) by 3, z=---· (6)
3
8+611 13+7'11
Equat.e the valuea of z, - 2 - = - a- ·
Multiply by 6, 24 + 16 '1/ = 26 + 14 '11·
Transpoee and combine, '11=2.
Subetitut.e the value of 11 in (6), Z=--
s+ 10
2
.·. :i:=9.
Therefore, z = 9, and '1/ = 2.
~. Solve
/
9:i: - 2y 69} = (1)
7.:r:-311=32 (2)
Transpose (1), 2y = 9:i: - 69. (3)
Tran8pose (2), 3y = 7:i: - 32. (4)
9:i:-69
Divide (3) by 2, 'l/=--2- · (6)
7:i:-32
Divide (4) by 3, 'l/=--3-· (6)
9:i: - 69 7:i:- 32
Equate the values of 1/, - 2 - = - 3- ·
Multlply by 6, 27 X - =
207 14 :t - 64.
Transpose and combine, 13:i: = 143.
.·. z=ll.
99-69
Substlt.ut.e the value of z in (ó), '11=-2-·
.·. '11= 16.
Therefore, z = 11, and '1/ = 16.
8. Solve 6:t + 711 70} = (1)

3:i: + 8y=61 (2)
Transpoee (1 ), =
6 :t 70 - 7 y. (3)
Transpose (2), 8:t=6l-871. (4)

70 - 7y
Divide (3) by 6, Z=---, (!°•)
ó
61 - 8y
Divide (4) by 3, Z=---, (O)
3
70 - 711 61 - 8 'V
Equata the values of z, --ó-=--3-·
Multiply by ló, 210 - 21 y= 806 - 40y.
Transpoae and combine, =
19y 96.
=
••• 11 ó.
70-86
Substituta tbe value of 71 in (ó), :t=---·
ó
.·• z=7.
Therefore, z = 7, and 11 = ó.
,. Solve 4:t-lly=-32} (1)
8z+ 9y= 60 (2)
Transpose (1), 4 :t = ll 71 - 32. (8)
Transpose (2), 8z = 60 - 9y. (4)
Divide (8) by 4, =
:t ll 71- 32 (6)
4
Divide (4) by 8, Z=60-9y_ (6)
8
lly-32 60-9y
Equate tbe values of z, 4 --8-·
Multtply by 8, =
22 y - 64 60 - 9 'V·
Trall8po88 and combine, 3ly = 124.
.·• 11=4.
44-32
Substituta the value of 11 in (ó), :t=--·
4
=
.·. :t 3.
6. Solve lóz+411=
=
10:t - 7y 81
8} (1)
(2)
Transpose (1), lóz = 3-471. (3)
Transpoae (2), 10:t = 31 + 7y. (4)
8-4y
Divide (8) by ló, : t = -- · (ó)
ló
81+771
: t = - -- ,
Divide (4) by 10, (6)
10
31 + 7 71 3 - 4 71
Equate the values of z, _l_O_ = -1-6-·
Multiply by 30, 93 + 2171 = 6 - 8 71.
Transpoae and combine, 2971 =- 87.
.·. 11=-8.
31- 21
Substitute the value of 71 in (6), z= - - - ·
10
.·. z= l.
=
Therefore, z 1, and 71 = - 3.
8. Solve 6z+711=-80} (1)
9z-5y= 4 (2)
Transpose (1), 6z=-80-7v. (8)
Transpose (2), 9z=611+4. (4)
Divide (3) by 6, Z= -80-771 (6)
6
Divide (4) by 9, z=611+4. (6)
9
671+4 -80-711
Equate the values of a¡, =----
9 6
Multiply by 18, 10 Jf + 8=- 240 - 2171.
Transpoee and combine, 3ly =- 248.
.·. 71=-8.
-40+4
Substitute the value of 71 in (6), Z=
9
· .•. Z=-4.
Therefore, z = - 4, and 71 = - 8.
T. Solve 17:i: - 671 = 43} (1)

13z-971= 2 (2)
Transpose (1), =
6 71 17 z - 43. (3)
Transpo88 (2), =
911 18z - 2. (4)
17z - 43
Divide (3) by 6, y= 6 (6)
18z-2
Divide (4) by 9, 11=--9-· (6)
17z-48 13z-2
Equate the values of 11, 6 = - -9- ·
Multiply by 18, 61 z - 129 = 26 z - 4.
Transprn¡e and combine, 26z = 126.
.·. z=5.
65-2
Substitute the value of z in (6), 11=--·
9
.·• 11 =7.
Therefore, z = 5, and JI = 7.
l. Solve llz+411=66} (1)
5z-6y= 2 (2)
Transpoee (1), 4y=56-llz. (3)
Transpose (2), 61t=5z-2. (4)
56- llz
Divide (8) by 4, 11=--4-- (5)
5z-2
Divide (4) by 6, 11=-6-· (6)
5z-2 56-llz
Equate the values of 11, -6-= 4
Multiply by 12, lOz - 4 = 168 - 88z.
:. z =4.
20-2
Substitute the value of z in (6), Y=-6-•
.•. 11 = 8.
Tberefore, z = 4, and JI = 3.
9. Solve 14z -17y = 88} (1)

21 z - 19 71 = 96 (2)
Transpose (1), 14z=1771+88. (8)
Transpose (2), 21z = 1911 + 96. (4)
Divide (8) by 14, Z=1771+88. (5)

u
Divide (4) by 21, z = 19y + oo. (6)
21
1771 + 88 19y + 96
Equate the values of z,
14 21
Multiply by 42, 5111 + 114 = 8871 + 192.
... 11 =6.
102+88
Substitute the value of 11 in (5), Z= 14 •
.-. Z=10.
=
Tberefore, z 10, and 11 6. =
1
lÓ. Solve 9z-ló11= 30} (1)

14 z + 2ó JI = 38ó (2) 1
Transpose (1), lólf = 9z - 30. (8)

Transpoee (2), 2611 = 38ó -14z. (4) 1
Sz -10
Divide (3) by ló, 11=---· (ó) 1
ó
38ó-14z
Divide (4) by 2ó, JI= (6)
2ó
3z -10 38ó-Hz
Equa.te the values of JI, ---=
ó 2ó
Multiply by 2ó, lóz - óO = 38ó - Hz.
Trt;nspose and combine, 29z =48ó•
.·. Z=ló.
46-10
Substitute the value of z in (ó), 1 1 = - -·
ó
,·. JI= 7.
=
Thwefore, z ló, and 11 = 7.
11. Solve 12z - 711 = 69} (1)

9z-18y=83 (2)
TraJiill)Olle ( 1), 12z = ó9 + 711. (3)
Transpose (2), 9z = 83 + 1311. (4)
69 + 711
Divide (3) by 12, Z= - - - • (6)
12
83+1311
Divide (4) by 9, Z= (6)
9
83 + 13y ó9+7y
Equate the values of z, = --·
9 12
Multiply by 36, 382 + 62y = 177 + 21 JI.
Transpose and combine, 31y =- lóó.
.·.11=-6.
83-66
Subatitute the value of y in (6), z=--·
9
.·. Z=2.
Tberefore, z = 2, and JI = - ó.
11. Solve 4z+9y=ó6} (1)

6z+611=ó0
' (2)
Transpoee (1), 4z=ó6-9Jf. (3)
Transpose (2), 6z=ó0-óy. (4)
318 Jo:LEMENTARY ALGEBRA
Divide (3) by 4, Z=ó6-9y . • (6)

4
Divide (4) by 6, Z=60-óy. (6)
6
60-óy óll-9y
Equate the values of z, -6-=-4-·
Multiply by 12, 100 - lOy = 168 - <¿j'V·
.•• 'V= 4.
f>6-36
Substituta the value of 'V in (ó), z=---·
4
.·. Z=Ó.
Therefore, z = ó, and 'V = 4.
18. Solve 18:t + 13y = 74} (1)
12:i: - 711 = 112 (2)
.Transpose (1), 18:t = 74 -13t,. (3)
Trauspose (2), 12z=l12-~7g. (4)
Divide (3) by 18, z =!_4_- rn~. (6)
18
Divide (4) by 12, z =.!_!.2 +_7_11_ (6)
12
112+711_74 - 13:q
Equate the values of z, 12 - - 18- ·
Multiply by 36, 336 + 2111 = 148 - :!6 y.
Transpose and combine, 47y =-188.
... 'JJ=-4.
112 - 28
Substitute the value of y in (6), Z= - - - .
12
.-. z=7.
Therefore, :t = 7, and y = - 4.
H. Solve 16:t - 6y = 40} (1)
12 z + 7 11 =116 (2)
Transpose (1), 16:t = 40 + 611. (3)
Transpose (2), 12 :t =116 - 711. (4)
40 + 611
Divide (3) by 10, : t = -- - · (6)
16
116 - 711
Divide (4) by lli, Z= - -- • (6)
12
40 + 611 116 - 7 'V
Equate the values of z, =
16 12
TEACHERS' ºEDITION 319
Multiply by 48, 120 + 15¡., = 464 - 28y.
Transpose. and combine, 43¡., = 844.
;. 'V= 8.
116 - ó6
Substituta the value of y in (6); z=---
12
.·. z=ó.
Therefore, z = ó, and ¡., = 8.
16. Solve 3:z:+14y=l25} (1)
19 :z: - 21 y = 24 (2)
Transpose (1 ), · 14y = 126 - 3:i;. (3)
Transpoee (2), · 21 ¡., = 19 z - 24. (4)
125 - 3:i;
Divide (3) by 14, lf = (ó)
14
19:z: - 24
Divide (4) by 21, 'V= (6)
21
19:i; - 24 125 - 3:i;
Equate tbe values of ¡.,,
21 14
Multiply by 42, 38:i: - 48 = 375 - 9:i;.
Transpose &nd combine, 47:i: = 423.
.·. Z= 9.
125 - 27
Substituta the value of z in (5), y= - - - ·
14
.·. y=7.
Tberefore, :z: = 9, &nd ¡., = 7.
18. Solve 41z+33y=42} (1)
31:i; + 22y = 17 (2)
Transpose (1), 83y=42-41z. (3)
Transpose (2), 22y = 17 - 31:z:. (4)
42 - 41:i;
Divide (3) ·by 33, Y= 83 (ó)
17- 31:i;
"Divide (4) by 22, Y= 22 (6)
42 - 41 X 17 - 31 Z
Equate the values of y, - - - = - --
33 22
Multiply by 66, 84 - 82x = 51- 93:i:.
Transpose and combine, llz =-33.
.•. Z=-·3.
17 + 93
Substituta the va.l.ue of z in (6), Y= - 2~ ·
:. Y= 5.
Tberefore, z = - 3, and ¡., = ó.
320 F.l,EMENT A"RY ALGEBRA
Ezerolae 73. Pap 176
). Solve
¡+
z
~ y
=~} 1
(1)
(2)
3-8=2
Multlply (1) by 12, Sz + 211 = 42. (3)
Multlply (2) by. 24, 8z - 811 = 12. (4)
Multiply (3) by 3, 9z + 6y =l26. (ó)
Multlply (4) by 2, toz - 611 = 24. (6)
Add (lí) and (O), 25z = 150.
.·. z =6.
Rub11titute the value of z in (3), 18 + 211 = 42.
Transpose and combine, 2y = 24.
.•. y =12.
Therefore, ~ = O, and y = 12.
r. Solve :4 + !'4 = 14} (1)
:z: 11 1 (2)
3- 0 = ii
M,,dtiply (1) by 4, :z: +'V= 66. (3)
Multiply (2) by 6, 2z-y=7. (4)
Add (3) and (4), 3z = 03.
.·. z = 21.
Transpose and combine, 'V= 8ó.
=
Therefore, z 21, and y= 3ó.
8. Solve z-4 = Y_+.~1 (1)

z-3 Y+i
z+ó=y - 1
. z+2 y-2J
r (2)
Multiply (1) by (z - 3) ('V + 7),
zy + 7 Z - 4 y - 28 = Z!/ + 4 Z - 3 y - 12. (3)
Multiply (2) by (z + 2) (Y - 2),
zy - 2 z + 5 y - 10 = zy - z + 2 y - 2. (4)
Simplify (3), 3z - y= 16. (ó)
Simplify (4), z-3y=-8. (6)
Subtract (6) from (6), 2z + 2y =24. (71
Divide (7) by 2, z +y= 12. (8)
Add (ó) and (8), 4z 28. =
.·. :t=7.
Subtrac~ (6) from (8), 411 = 20.
••. 11 = ó.
Therefore, :t =7, and 11 = 6.
4. Solve 2(6 -11:t) + 11 - 711 = ó} (1)
11(:t-l) 3-11
7 + 2:t _ 126-14411 2
(2)
3 - :t 36 (11 + ó)
Multiply (1) by 11 (:t - 1) (3 -11),
30 - 66:t -1011 + 22:ty + 121 :t - 77 :t1/ -121 + 7711
= 16ó:t - 16ó - ÓÓ:t11 + óó11. (ll)
Multiply (2) by 36 (3 - :t) (Y + ó),
26211 + 72:ty + 1260 + 360:t - 376 + 432y + 12ó:t - 144:ty
= 21611 + 1080 - 72:ty - 360:t. (-1)
Simplify (3), . óó:t - 6y = 37. (ó)
Simplify (4), 6ó :t + 36 y = ló. (6)
Multiply (ó) by 6, =
330 :t - 3611 222. (7)
Add (6) and (7), 396:t = 237 .
= =
.·. :t iH !·
Substitute the value of :t in (ó), 33 - 6 y = 37.
Tr&nspose and combine, =-
6y 4.
.·.y=-!-
Therefore, :t = !, and 11 = -J.
6. Solve z-- 211-:t
- = 2 0 + 2:t-ó9l
---- (1)
23 - :t 2
y-3
11---=30---- 73-3yJ (2)
z -18 3
2:t-69 2y-:t
Transpose (1), :t-20--- - = - - · (3)
2 23-:t'
73- 3y y- 3
Transpose (2), y-30+ - - - = - - · (4)
3 :t - 18
19 211- :t
Simplify (3), (ó)
2=28-:t 0
17 y - 3
Simplify (4), --=--· (6)
3 :t -18
Multiply (6) by 2(23 - :t), 437-19:t = 4y- 2:t. (7)
Multiply (6) by 3 (:t - 18), - 17 :t + 306 = 3 y - 9. (8)
Simplify (7), 17 :t + 4 y = 437. (9)
Simplify (8), 17:t + 3y = 315. (10)
Sobtract (10) from (9), 11 = 122.

Substitute the value of 11 in (10),
17z + 366 = 316.
Transpose and combine, 17 z = - 61.
.·. Z=-3.
Tberefore, z =- 3, aud 11 =122.
8. Solve 7 - 6z 4 - 3z } (1)
=
1011 - 19 671 - 11
6z-10y-17 _4z-1471-6
(2)
8 -z - 6 y + 2 - 2 z - 111 + 12
Multiply (1) by (lOy -19)(571- ll),
=
35y - 77 - 30Z71 + 66z 40y - 76 -30Z1/ + 57z. (3)
Multiply (2) by (3z - 671 + 2) (2z - 711 + 12),
12z2 - 62zy + 38z + 70 y"- - 11- 204
=12z1 - 62z71-7z + 70112 - 371-10. (4)
Simplify (3), 9z - 671 = l. (óJ
Simplify (4), 45z + 2 71 = 194. (6)
Multiply (6) by 6, 45z - 2571 5. = (7)
Subtract (7) from (6), 2711 189• =
.•. 11 = 7.
Substitute the value of y in (5), 9z - 35 l. =
.·. z=4.
=
T. Solve z +Y +z =15} (1)
3
z-11
--+11= 6 (2)
ó
Multiply (1) by 3, z + 11 + 3z = 45. {3)
Multiply (2) by ó, z - 11 + 671 = 30. (4)
Simplify (3), 4z +y= 46. (5)
Simplify (4), z + 471 30. = (6),
Add (ó) and (6), ÓZ + Ó1/ =
75. (7)
Divide (7) by ó, z + 11 15.= (8)
Subtract (8) from (ó), 3z 30.=
.·. Z=lO.
811 15.
=
••• 11 6.
8. Solve 6 7 } (1)
z+2y=2x+y
7 6
(2)
Sz - 2 = 6-y
Multiply(l)by(z+2y)(2z+y), lOz +6y = 7z + 14y. (3)
Multiply (2) by (Sz - 2) (6 - y), 42 - 7 y= 16 x - 10. (4)
Simplify (8), x = 3y. (6)
Simplify (4), 16:t + 7y = 62. (6)
Substitute in (6) the value of x from (6),
4óy +7y = 52.
Combine, 62y = 62 .
.·.y= l.
Substitute the value of y in (6), Z= 3.
=
Therefore, z 3, and y 1.=
9. Solve Sz -2_
6z -1 - 6y + 16
7}
3y + (1)
8z-1 6y-ó
(2)
z+6 =2y+3
Multiply (1) by (6z -1) (6y + 16),
16zy - lOy + 48x - 32 = 16zy + 36z - 3y - 7. (3)
Multiply (2) by (z + 6) (2 y + 8),
=
6 zy + 9 z - 2 y - 3 6 xy + 30 y - 6 z - 26. (4)
Simplify (8), 13 z - 7 y = 26; (6)
Simplüy (4), 7 z - 16 y= - 11. (6)
Multiply (ó) by 7, 91 z - 49 y = 176. (7)
Multiply (6) by 13, 9Iz - 208y = -148. (8)
16~y 818 .
.·. Y=2.
=-
Substitute the value of y in (6), 7 z - 32 11.
Transpose and combine, 7 z = 21.
.·. Z=3.
=
Therefore, z 3, and y 2.=
10. Solve ! +Y+Z-y= 6 } (1)
8 6
z + 11 _ z - y 10= '(2)
4 8
Multiply (1) by 24, 8z + 3y + 4z- 4y = 120. (3)
Multiply (2) by 12, 8z + 8 y - 4z + 4 y = 120. (4)
Simplify (3), 7z -11 = 120. (6)

Simplify (4), 711 - :z = 120. (6)
Add (6) and (6), 6z + 611 = 2'0. (i)
Divide (7) by 6, z + 11 = 40. (8)
Add (6) and (8), 8z 160.=
.·. z=20.
Add (6) and (8), =
811 100.
=
.·. 11 20.
Therefore, z =20, and 11 = 20.
11. Solve z+811+ta = 3 } (1)
4:i:+611-26
8:i:+11+6 =6 (2)
6z+3y-23
Multiply(l) by 4z + 6y- 26, z + 311 + 13 = 12:i: + 16r, - 76. (3)
Multiply (2) by 6 z + 311 - 23, 8 :r: + 11 + 6 = 26 z + 16 r, - 116. (4)
Simplify (3), 11 z + 12 y = 88. (ó)
Simplify (4), 17 z + 1411 = 121. (6)
Multiply (6) by 7, 77:i: + 8411 = 616. (7)
Multiply (6) by 6, 102:i: + 8411 = 726. (8)
Subtract (7) from (8), 26z = 110.
.·. z = 4J.
Substitutethe valueof zin (6), 2p + 1211. = 88.
Multiply by 6, 242 + 6011 = 440.
Transpose aud combine, 60 11 198. =
••• 11 = 3li,.
Therefore, z = 4J, and y = 8t\·
12. Solve 9:i: - 711 + 73 _ 2} (1)
13z-lóy+17-
12 z - 211 + 89 =
S (2)
13:i: - 1611 + 17
Multiply (1) by 13:i: -1611 + 17,
9:i: - 711 + 73 = 26z - 3011 + 34. (3)
Multiply (2) by 13 z - ló 11 + 17,
12z - 211 + 89 = 39:i: - 4óy + ól. (4)
Simplify (3), 17 z - 23 y = 39. (6)
Simplify (4), 27:i: - 4311 = 38. (6)
Multiply (6) by 27, 469 z - 62111 = 1063. (7)
Multiply (6) by 17, 469:i: - 73111 = 646. (8)
11011 407.
••• 11 = 3r\·
Substitute the value of 11 in (6), 17 z - Vi 39. =
Multiply by 10, 170z - 861 = 300.
TraDSpose and combine, 170 z = 1241.
.·. Z=7-,h.
=
Therefore, z 7h, and 11 3~. =
18. Solve 2+6z-611=411-3z } (1)
13
• 12 6z-611= 2
+ 6
3z-211
1I+ · 4 (2)
Multiply (1) by 13, 26 + 6z.:... 611 = 6211- 39z. (3)
Multiply (2) by 12, 144 + lOz -1211 = 2411 + 9z - 611. (4)
Simplify (3), 22z - 2911 =-13. (6)
Simplify (4), z-8011=-144. (6)
Multiply (6) by 22, 22z - 66011 = - 3168. (7)
Subtract (7) from (6), 63111 = 3166.
.·. 11 = 6.
Substitute the value of 11 in (6), z - lóO =- 144.
Transpoee and combine, Z=6.
Therefore, z = 6, and 11 6.=
H. Solve 3z-4y+2+ 7z-211+7 = 3} (1 :
3 ó
6z+11-7 ó:i:+3y+4_ 6
11 + 13 - (2)
Multiply (1) by 16,

16z - 2011 + 10 + 2lz - 611 + 21 = 46. (3)
Multiply (2) by 143,
78z + 1311-91 + 66z + 3311 + 44 716. = (4)
Simplify (3), 18z -1311 = 7. (ó)
Simplify (4), 133 z + 4611 = 762. (6)
Multiply (6) by 46, 828 z - 69811 = 322. (7)
Multiply (6) by 13, 1729:i: + 69811 = 9006. (8)
Add (7) and (8), 2667 z = 10228.
.·. Z=4.
Substitute tbe value of z in (6), 72 - 1311 = 7.
Transpoee and combine, 13y = 66.
••• 11 = 6.
Therefore, z = 4, and 11 6.=
16. Solve 6y+ó 4z-óy+ó_9y-4} (1)

-8-- 4z-2y-~
Sz + 3 _ z - 9y = 2 z _ 2
(2)
4 3-z
Multiply (1) by 24,
1Sy + 16 - 4Sz - 6011 + 60 18y - 8. (3)
2x - 11
Multiply (2) by 4, Sz +3- 4z3 -=_ ~611 = 8z - 8. (4)
Simplify (3), 23 =48:i: -

60 ¡¡ + 60.
(5)•
2z -11
Simplify (4), 11=4z-36~ . (6)
3-z
Multiply (6) by 2z - 11, 46:i: - 23y = 48:i: - 6011. + OO. (7)
Multiply (6) by 3 - z, 33-llz=4z-3671. (8)
Simplify (7), 2 z - 37 71 =- 60. (9)
Simplify (8), 6z -1271 = 11. (10)
Multiply (9) by ó, 10:i: - 18611 = - 300. (11)
Multiply (10) by 2, lOz-24¡¡=22. (12)
Subtract (11) from (12), 16111 = 322 .
••• 11 = 2.
Substitute the value of ¡¡ in (9), 2 x - 74 = - 60.
Transpose and combine, 2 x = 14 .
.·. z=7.
=
18. Solve By_ 4(4 + 1611) = 16:i:y -107 }
3z - 1 2z +5 (l)
2 + 6z + 971 = 2771' -12zs + 38 (2)
811-2:i:+1
S 16:i:11 - 107 4 (4 + 1611)
Transpose (1), (3)
y- 2z+6 3:i:-1
. lify the Ieft mem be ro f (3) , 40¡¡ +107 = 4 (4 + ló 71) .
S1mp (4)
2z+6 3:i:-1
Multiply (4) by (2z + 6) (Sz - 1),
120:i:y + 32Iz - 40 71-107 = 32:i: + 120:1:71 + 80 + 30071. (6)
Multiply (2) by 811 - 2z + 1,
2 + 2z + 1671-12:i:' + 27119 = 2771'-12:i:' + 38. (6)
Slmplify (ó), 17:i: - 2071 = 11. (7)
Simplify (6), =
2 x + 15 71 36. (8)
Multiply (7) by 3, 61 x - 6011 88. = (9)
8 .r:, + 60 y 144. (10)
Add (9) and (10), 69z = 177 .

.·. Z=3.
Substitute the value of z in (8), 6 + 16y = 36.
Transpose and combine, 16y = 80.
.·. Y=2.
=
Therefore, z 8, and y 2. =
1'1. Salve z-~=16z+4y+6z2+4y2+106} (1)
2y+6 6y-2z (z-3y)(2y+6)
8- 7z+__!!=6- 6y+9 (2)
ÓZ 3z
Simplify each member of (1),
2 zy + 6z - 2zy lOz' + 8y' + 210 - 30xy - 8yt - 76x - 20y
2Y + Ó = 2 (X - 3 y) (2 y + 6) . (3 )
=
Simplüy(8 ), ~ 10x9 - 30xy -76x - 20y + 210 . <•>
. 2y + 6 2 (x - 8 y)(2 y + 6)
Multiply (4) by 2 (x - 3 y) (2 y+ ó),
=
lOzS - 30zy lOxt - 30xy - 7óz - 20y + 210. (ó)
Simplify (ó), 16 x + 4 y = 42. (6)
Multiply (2) by 16x, 46 X - 21 X - 6 y= 76x - 26 y - 46. (7)
Simplüy (7), 61 X - 19 y 46. = (8)
Multiply (6) by 19, 286x + 7671 = 798. (9)
Multiply (8) by 4, 204 X - 76 71 = 180. (10)
.Add (9) and (10), 489x = 978.
.·. Z=2.
Substitute the value of z in (6), 30 +4y =42.
Transpose and combine, 471 = 12. •
=
Therefore, z 2, and 11 8. = ••• 11 3.=
Ezercl.ae 74. Page 178
l. Salve z+y=m} (1)
z-y=n (2)
Add (1) and (2), 2x=m+n.
. _ m+n
.. X--2- •
Subtract (2) from (1), 2y=m-n.
m-n
.·. y=-2-·
Therefore, z = m + n, and y =m - n.
2 2
l. Solve z+y=óa-4b} (1)

z-y=4a-5b (2)
Add (1) and (2), 2z = 9a- 9b.
.·.z=9a-9b.
2
Subtract (2) from (1), 2 y =a+ b.
. _ a+b
··'//--2-·
9a-!lb a+b
Tberefore, z = -- -- , and y=----·
2 2
a. Solve a.z-by=c} (1)
a'z + b'y = e' (2)
Multiply (1) by a', aa'x - a'by = a'c. (3)
Multiply (2) by a, aa'x + ab'y = ac'. (4)
ab'y + a'bv ac' - a'c.
ac'- a'c
Divide by ab' + a'b,
y =ab' + a'b ·
Multiply (1) by b'1 =
ab'x - bb'y b'.c. (ó)
Multiply (2) by b, =
a'lxt + bb'y be'. (6)
Add (ó) and (6), =
ab'x + a'lxt be' +b'c.
be'+ b'c
Divide by ab' + a'b, X = ---·
ab'+ a'b
be'+ b'c ac' - a'c
Therefore, z = - - --, and ' V = - -- ·
ab' +·a'b ab' + a'b
4. Solve • az+blf=2ab } (1)

ay - bz = as - b9 (2)
Multiply (1) by b, abz + b9y = 2 abi. (3)
Multiply (2) by a, =
- abz + aiy a• - abi. (4)
Add (3) and (4), =
aiy + b9y a 8 + abi.
Divide by as+ b9, y=a.
Substitute the value of y in (1), az+ab=2ab.
a.z ab .
.·. x=b.
=
Therefore, z b, aud y= a.
6. Solve bz+ay=2ab} (1)

a2z+b2 y=a8 +bª (2)
Multiply (1) by a2, =
a2lxt + a8y 2 a'b. (3)
Multiply (2) by b, a2bz + b8y = aªb + b'. (4)
Subtract (4) from (8), a8y - b-,Y = a8b - b'. (6)

Divide (ó) by a 8 - b8 , y=b.
Substituta the value of 71 in (1), bz + ab = 2ab.
Transpose and combine, bz = ab.
,', Z=a.
=
Therefore, z a, and 71 b. =
8. Solve b(z-c)=a(11-c)} (1)
z-y=a-b (2)
Simplify (1), bz - ay= be - ac. (8)
Multiply (2) by a, az - ay = a 2 - ab. (4)
Subtract (8) from (4), az - bz = a 2 - ab - be + ac. (ó)
Divide (6) by a - b, =
z a + c.
Substituta the value of z in (2), a + e - 11 = a - b.
Transpose and combine, y = b + c.
Therefore, z = a + e, a.nd 71 = b + c.
'l. Solve az+by=4a+b} (1)

bz+ay=4a-b (2)
Multiply (1) by b, abz + b2y = 4 ab + fil. (3)
Multiply (2) by a, =
abz + a2y 4 a2 - ab. (4)
Subtra.ct (3) from (4), a2y - b2y = 4 ai - ó ab - b2, (6)
4a2 -óab-b2
Divide (ó) by a2 - b2, 11 = __
a_2__-b2--
Multiply (1) by a, a2z + aby = 4 ai + ab. (6)
Multiply (2) by b, b2z + aby = 4 ab - b2. (7)
Subtract (7) from (6), a2z - b2z = 4 as - 8 ab + b2. (8)
4a2-3ab+b2
Divide (8) by a2 - fil, x = - -- - -
a2 - bi
4a2-3ab+b2 4a2-5ab - b2
Therefore, z = as - b2 ,
and y = - -a2-- b2
- -,
8. Solve az+.by =abe } (1)

a'z + b'71 = a'b'c' (2)
Multiply (1) by a', aa'z.+ a'by = aa'be. (3)
Multiply (2) by a, aa'z + ab'y = aa'b'~. (4)
Subtract (3) from (4), ab'71 - a'by = aa'b'c' - aa'be. (ó)
aa'(b'c' - be)
rnvide (6) by ab' - a'b, 11 = -ah, - a'b ·
Multiply (1) by b', allz + bb'71 = abb'c. (6)

Multiply (2) by b, a'bz + bb'11 = a'bb'c'. (7)
allz - a'm: abb'c - a'bb'c'. (8)
Divide (8) by ali - a'b, z = bb'(ac - a'c').
ali- a'b
bb'(ac - a'c') aa'(b'e' - be)
Therefore z = -- , and 71 = .
' ab' - a'b ab' - a'b
9. Solve (a+ b)z + (a - b)71 = 2(a' + bl)} (1)

(a - b)z +(a+ b)71 = 2(a2 - b2) (2)
Add (1) and (2), =
2 az + 2 a71 4 a2• (3)
Divide (3) by 2 a, z+11=2a. (4)
Subtract (2) from (1), 2bz - 2bf/ = 4b2. (ó)
Divide (ó) by 2 b, z -11 = 2b. (6)
Add (4) and (6), 2z = 2a + 2b.
.·. z=a+b.
Subtract (6) from (4), 211 = 2a - 2b.
=
.·. 11 a - b.
= =
Therefore, z a + b, and 11 a - b.
10. Solve z+y=2(a'+bl)} (1)

as- bS
4ab
z-11= a2-lfl (2)
z =2(a' + 2ab+ b2) = 2(a+ b).

Add (1) and (2), 2
a2-bS a-b
.·. z=ª +b.
a-b
211 -- 2(a2 -2ab + 1>2) __ 2_ (a- b).
Subtract (2) from (1), ª
2 _ b2 a+ b
a-b
··· 11 =a+b·
a+b a-b
Therefore, z = --, and 11 = -- ·
a-b a+b
11. Solve z-11 + 1

z-11-l
= ª} (1)
z+11+l =b (2)
z+11-l
Multiply (1) by z - 11 - 1, z-11+l=az-ay-a. (3)
Multiply (2) by z + y - 1, z+11+l=bz+bf/-b. (4)
Simplify (3), (a - l)z - (a - 1) 11 =a+ 1. (ó)

Simplify (4), (b - l)z + (b -1)11 = b + 1. (6)
Multiply (6) by b -1,
(a -l)(b-l)z-(a-.l)(b-1)11 = ab+b-a-1. (7)
Multiply (6) by a - 1,
(a-l)(b-l)x+(a-l)(b-l)11=ab-b+a-l. (8)
Subtract (7) from (8), 2 (a - 1) (b - 1) 11 = 2 (a - b).
a-b
.·• 11 = (a - 1) (b - 1) •
Add (7) and (8), 2(a - l)(b-1):i: = 2ab - 2.
ab-1
.·.z=-----
(a - 1) (b - 1)
ab-1 a-b
Therefore, z = (a - , and 11
1) (b - 1)
=-----
(a - 1) (b - 1)
lB. Solve
:=:::=~ }
x+c a+b
(1)
(2)
11+b=a+c
=
Multiply (1) by 11- a+ b, ex - ac + c2 by - ab + bl. (3)
Multlply (2) by (11 + b) (a+ e),
az + ex + ac + c2 = ay + by + ab + b2. (4)
Simplify (3), ex - by = - ab + b2 + ac - c2. (6)
Simplify (4), az + cz - ay - by = ab + b2 - ac - c2. (6)
Subtract (6) from (6); az - ay= 2 ab - 2 ac. (7)
Divide (7) by a, z -y= 2b- 2c. (8)
Multiply (8) by e, =
ex - cy 2 be - 2 c2. (9)
Subtract (6) from (9), (b - e) y = ab - b2 + 2 be - ac - cs. (10)
Divide (10) by b - e, 11 = a - b + c.
Substitute the vaJue of y in (8),
x- a+ b-c = 2b-2c.
Transpose and combine,· x =a+ b - c.
= =
Therefore, x a + b - e, and y a - b + c.
18. Solve x + 1 a+ b +
11+1=a-b+c
e} (1)
z-l~a+b-c
(2)
y-1 a-b- c
Multiply (1) by (1/ + 1) (a - b + e),
(a - b + c)x + a - b +e= (a+ b + c)y +a+ b + c. (3)
Multiply (2) by (11 - 1) (a - b - e),
(a - b - c)x - a+ b +e== (a+ b - c)y - a - b + c. (4)
Simplify (8), (a -b + c)z -(a+ b+ c)y 2b. = (ó)

Simplify (4), (a-b-c)z- (a+ b-c)11 =- 2b. (6)
Subtract (6) from (ó), 2 cz - 2 cy 4 b. = (7)
2b
Divide (7) by 2 e, :e-v=c· (8)
2b
Trall8pose, z=11+c · (9)
Substitute the value of z in (ó),
2b(a-b+c)
(a-b+c)11+ -(a+b+c)11=2b.
e
Combine, 2b(a-b+c) _ 2 by= 2 b.
e
a-b+c
Divide by 2 b, e -11= 1.
Transpose, 11 =a - b + e _ l.
e
a-b
.·. 11=-c-·
a-b 2b
Substituta the value of y in (9), X=--+-•
e e
.·. x=a+b .
e
, a+b a-b
fherefore, z = -e- , and 11 =-e- ·
14. Solve _ x +-11 =a+b} (1)

a+b a-b
:+~=2a (2)
a b
Multiply (1) by (a + b) (a - b),
az-~+~+~=~+~-~-~ ~
Multiply (2) by ab, ~ + ay = 2 a2b. • · (4)
Transpose (8), =
az - ~ a 3 + a2b - ab2 - bS - ay - bt,. (ú)
Transpose (4), ~ =
2 a2b - ay. (O)
as+ a2b- ab2 -b*-ay-by
Divide (ó) by a - b, z = a_ b · (7)
2a2b - ay
Divide (6) by b, Z= b ' (8)
Equate the values of z,
aª + a2b - ab2 - bª - ay - by 2a'b - ay
a-b b
TRAC11E11S' RDITIO.N 833
Multiply by b (a - b),
aªb + atb2 - ab8 - b' - a)yy - b2y = 2 aªb - 2 a2b2 - a'Jy + ab11.
Transpose and combine,
a'Jy - 2 a)yy - b2y = asb - 3 a21,2 + ab8 + b'•
.·• 11 = a8b - 3 a'b2 + ab8 + b4 = ab - b' = b (a - b).
a2 -2ab-b2
Substitute the value of y in (8),
2a'b - a2b + ab2
z= . = a' + ab = a (a + b).
b
Therefore, z = a(a + b), and 71 = b(a - b).
16. Solve :z: +e+ y+ b =2 } (1)

a+b a+c
z-b+y-c= 2 (2)
a-e a-b
Multlply (1) by (a+ b) (a+ e),
az + c.1: +ay+ by= 2a'+ab+ac+2bc-b2- c2 • (3)
Multiply (2) by (a - b) (a - e),
az - bz + ay - c11 =
2a2 - ab - ac + 2be - b'- c2 • (4)
Subtract (4) from (3),
bz + cz + by+ cy = 2 ab + 2 ac. (ó)
Divide (ó) by b + e, z +y= 2a.
Transpose, y 2 a - z. = (6)
az + u + 2 a' - az + 2 ab - 1Y.I = 2 a' + ab + ac + 2 be - b2 - e'.
=
Transpose and combine, ex - bz ac - ab + 2 be - b2 - e'.
Divide by e - b, x = a + b - c.
Substitutethevalueofzin (6), y= 2a - a - b + c.
Combine, y= a - b + c.
Therefore, z =a + b - e, and y = a - b + c.
18. Solve _z _ _
Y = ·a'-1>2 } (1)
b'-1 a'-1
_z_ + _11_ = ª' + b' _ 2 (2)
a'+l b'+l
Multiply (1) by - 1- , _ _ _z___ - - 11- = b'. (3) ª' -
a2 + 1 (a~ + I )(b2 - 1) a4 - 1 a' + 1
Multi 1 (2)b - 1 - ,
py
z
yb'-1 (a'+I)(b2-1) b4-1 ,
+- 11 2
+b'- 2 . (4)
b2-1
-=ª
334 tLEMENTARY ALGE8RA
Subtract (3) from (4), - " - +_ti_=ª'+ bl - 2 _ a• - bl .

b'-1 a'-1 bl-1 a'+l
Slmplify, (a'+ b' - 2)t, _ ª'
+ b' - 2
(a' - 1) (b' -1) - (a:1 + l)(b' -1)
Divide by a' + b' - 2, Y = 1
(a' - l)(b' -1) (ali+ l)(b2 -1)
Multiply by (a' - 1) (b' - 1), t, = (at - 1) (bl + 1).
Substitute the value of t, in m,
z .
- - + a'-1 = at+bl-2.
a'+l
Transpose and combine, _z_
a•+ 1
=1/J - l.
Multiply by at + 1, z =(a'+ 1) (bl - 1).

=
Therefore, z (a2 + 1) (1/J -1), and 11 = (a• -1) (bl + 1).
17. Solve az + b1/ =a•+ 2a2b + b'} (1)

=
b.:t: + av a 8 + 2 ab2 + b8 (2)
Add(l)and(2), (a+ b)z +(a+ b)v = 2a•+2a2b+2ab2+2b8. (3)
Divide (3) by a + b, =
z + 11 2 ali + 21/J. (4)
=
(a - b)z-(a - b)11 2a'b- 2ab2. (ó)
Divide (ó) by a - b, z - 11 2 ab. = (6)
Add (4) and (6), 2 z = 2 a2 + 2 ab + 2 bl.
=
.·. z as + ab + b'.
211 2 a9 - 2 ab + 2 bl.
=
.·. y a2 - ab + b'.
=
Therefore, z a• + ab + b', and y = at - ab + bl.
18. Solve (a+ c)z -(a - c)11 2ab} = (1)

(a + b) y - (a - b)z = 2 ac (2)
Add (1) and (2), (b + e) z + (b + e) v = 2 ab + 2 ac. (3)
Divide (3) by b + e, z+v=2a. (4)
.·. y=2a-z. (ó)
az + c:i: -2at +2ac + az-cz =2ab.
Transpoae and combine, 2 az = 2 ali + 2 ab - 2 ac •
.·. z=a+b-c.
Substltute the value of :r, in (ó), t, =2 a - a - b + c.
.•. y=a-b+c.
Therefore, z = a + b - e, ami y = a - b + c.
TEACHERS' EDITIO~ 335
19. Solve (a+ b - c)z - (a - b + c)y = 4a(b- e)} (1)

z a+b-c (2)
y=a..:..b+c
Multiply (i) byy(a- b + e), (a- b + c)z =(a+ b- c)11. (3)
Transpose (3), (a-b+c)z -(a+b-c)y = O. (4)
Add (1) and (4), 2 az - 2 ay= .4 a (b - e). (ó)
(2 b - 2 c)z + (2 b - 2 c)v = 4a (b - e). (O)
Divide (5) by 2a, z -11 = ib-2c. (i)
Divide (6) by 2b - 2c, z +'V= 2a. (8)
Add (7) and (8), 2z = 2 a + 2 b - 2 c.
.·. Z=a+b-c.
Subtraot (7) from (8), 2 y = 2 a - 2 b + 2 c.
.·. 11=a-b+c.
Therefore, z = a+ b - e, and y= a - b+ c.
10. Solve (1)
(2)
Multiply (2) by (ti + b) (a + e),

(a+ e) z + ac + et = (a + b) y + ab + b2. (8)
Transpose (3), (a+ c)z - (a+ b)y = ab + b2 - ac - et. (4)
Multiply (1) by (z - 11) (b - e),
(b-c)z+(b-c)11=az-ay. (ii)
Transpose (5), (a - b + c)z =(a+ b - c)y.
.·.z=(a+b-c)y_ (G)
a-b+c
Substituta the value of z In (4),
(a+ e) (a+ b - c)y - (a+ b)11 = ab + bl - ac - c2. (7)
a-b+c
Simplify the left member of (7),
(a + e) (a + b - e) - (a + b) (a - b + e) Y == ab + b2 _ ac _ e~.
a-b+c
~ - - ~ ~ - ~ 11 =ab+~-ac-~
a- +e
Divide by ab - e' + bl - ac, 11
a-b+c
l. =
.·. y=a-b+c.
ELE)(f.~T.\.RT _\U.E.BIU
, ,1-6-'-'>1•-••c)
r= - -
a-6TC
.·. z=c-6-c-
Tb,,:ret,-""'· S : 4 - 6 - t.'. and • = • -1> - C..
z-•
= •-• -: (1)
·-· -~,, >
z_r-61¡
Jlnltír,iy (IJ bJ ly - 011a - h1.
.-.. T.,.~ (2)
'ª
Jloili¡,ly '2) bJ •Ir+ b-11.
+ b1z - ti! - ah= ,., - 61. - et+
l•.r ~ ~z (a'- 6'w. =
a e:)
(-&)
Trar...¡,oae and combine 13),
(a+h1z-/a-h111=2a6. (á)
Trar,11po11e H), ta"~ lr1z - /r - b'>tl O. = (6)
)fnltí¡:,ly tr.1 bJ a1 - ah + ~.
=
trr + ~1"' - IIP - 2,A-'- 2af>S - h1 1y 'labia"- ah+ l#). (7)
Sobtract /6) frr,m 17), /2~ - 2a~, ti= 211b4a:r - al,+ l#}.
IJívide by 2 ah, =
/a - bJ ti at - ab + 62.
. _a:-ab+IP
•• • - a-b
)lultiply (6) by a'J + ah + 62.
(a*+ 2 atb + 2 ah2 + lr)z - (a' - IP}y = 2ah(a + ab + 6'!).
2 (8)
Snbtract (6) from (8), (2atb + 2a/Jf)x = 2ah(a' + ab + b!).
Divide by 2a6, (a+ bJZ = a:r + ab + 61.
a1 +ab+bt
.·.z=----
a+b
«1+ab+b2 a1 -ab+bi
Therefore, :i: = a+b
and 11 , =- - - -·
a-b
ti. Solve 1 + :i: = 11- 1 + (a - _b)' - 2bt }

2 2 at - b2 (l)
(3a + b)ab ab ( l)\ ( 2)
bv-az= a'J-b2 + a+b- a+ ,
Multiply (1) by 2(a2 - b2),
=
a2-b2+(«1-b2):i: (a'-b2)11-a'+b2+2a'-4ab-2bt. (3)
Moltiply (2) by at - 112,
b(a'- 6'11-a(a2-b2)z= 3atb+ah'l+allb-ab2-a1 +ab2-a2b+b8. (4)
Simplify (3), (as - b2)z - (as - b2)y 4.ab.=- (ó)

=
Simplüy (4), - a(a2-b2)z+b(a2-b2)y -a•+3atb+ab2+b8. (6)
Multiply (ó) by a, a(a'-b2)z-a(a2-b2) 11 -4 a2b. = · (7)
Add (6) and (7), (b - a) (a2 - f>S) y =-
a• - a2b + ab2 + b8.
Divide by b - a, =
(a' - b2)y a2 + 2ab + b2.
Divide by a+ b, (a - b)y =a+ b.
a+b
.·.y=a-b·
Subetitute the value of y in (ó),
(a2 - f>S)z - (a2 - b2) (a + b) =- 4 ab.
a-b
Simplüy, (as - b2)z - (as+ 2 ab + lfl)= - 4 ab.
Transpose and combine, (a2 - ffl)z (a - b)2. =
... z = (a - .b)' = a - b.
a2-lfl a+b
Therefore, z = a-b
- - , and y
a+b
= -- .
a+b a-b
Ezerclse 75. Page 180
1. Solve ~+...!_=71
3z ó71
(1)
.!__ - _1_ =3 (2)

6z 1071 J
Multiply (2) by 4, 14 _ _!_ = 12. (3)
8z óy
Add (1) and (3), l9
3z
=19.
.·. 8z=l .
.·. z= !·
2
Subetitute the value of z in (1), ó +-
óy
=7.
Transpose and combine, _!_ = 2.
óy
.·. óy=l.
.·. 'Y=*·
Therefore, z = J, and 11 = !·
338 El EYn'"TilY ALGEBIU.
1 1 ~
i-t-¡=•: (1)
!_!=.t
a • J
(2)
t
a
-=•+t. (3)
.·. <• + 6).s =2. t

.·. a=--·
•+6
SallCnc& (2) from (1),
•~ =• - t.
.·. <•-6)•=2.
t
'lberefon, z
2
=--, and 1/
.·. •= ·-··
= --.2
•+b •-b
•. 8ohe -+
t4
:r:
-!/ l':? -10}
- (1)
16 + ! =7 (2)
a 11
12 8
DiYlde (1) by 2, -+-=li. (3)
:r: 11
32 18
lloltiply (2) by 2, -+-=14. (4)
:r: 11
36 18
Moltlply (3) by 3, - +-=Ui. (5)
:r: 11
Subtract (4) from (5), ~=l.
:r:
•·• :r:=4.
9
Subatitute the value of z in (2), 4 +- 7. =
11
811 9• =
Tberefore, z = 4, and y =3. ••• 11 = 3.
, . Solve 25+14=7} (1)
z 11
20-~=1 (2)
z 11
75 42 _ 21
Maltlply (1) by 3, -+--
z 11
. (3)
Multiply (2) by 2, 40 _ 42 = 2. (4)

z 'V
Add (3) and (4), 116 = 23.
z
Divide by 23, ~=l.
z
.·. z=6.
14
Substitut.e the value of z in (1 ), 6+-=7.
'V
Transpose and combine, 14 =2.
'11
211 = 14.
.·. 11=7.
Therefore, z = 6, and 'V= 7.
6. Solve 33_12-·}
z 11
(1)
44+30=9 (2)
z 'V
Multiply (1) by 4, 132 _~ =4. (3)
z V
Multlply (2) by 8, 182 + 00 =27. (4)
z 'V
Subtract (8) from (4), 138 = 23.
'V
Divide by 23, ~ =l.
'11
.·.y= 6;
Substitut.e the value of y in (1), 38_2=1.
z
Transpose and combine, 33=8.
z
Divide by 8, 11 = l.
z
.·. z =11.
8. Solve 1 + 4y
1 = 1 } (1)
ÓZ 12
1 1 11
-+ - = - (2)
4z 8y 120
340 RLJ.:MENTARY ALGEBRA
Multiply (1) by !, 1
-- - + --- =--·
lóa: 1211
1 1
36
(3)
1 1 1 11
Multlply (2) by ¡, (4)
10.i + iir = •so·
1 7
Subtrac\ (4) from (S),
24oz = 1440·
Multiply by 1440:i:, 6=7z.
.·. z = ;.
Substitute the value of z in (1), _7_ + _!___
30 411
= _!__.
12
1 3
Tranllpoee and combine, (y- -20·
Multlply by 2011, ó =- 811•
Therefore, z = f, and 11 =- ;. •·• 11 = - •.
't. Solve -2
3.t + J!_
411 = 1-i't} (1)
3 2
-+-=l.:\¡- (2)
4.t 611 •
2 16 46
Multlply (2) by I, ú + 4úy = 46. (3)
71 101
iso11 = 1so·
Multiply by 180 ll, 71 = 10111.
= tr/r-
••• 11
3 · 202
Substitute the value of 11 in (2), - + - -
4 .e 3ii6
=-23
20
.
Multiply by 1420z, 1066 + 808z = 1633z.
Transp<>ll8 and combine, 8l!ii.:t =1066.
Divide by 16, 66z=71.
:. z=H·
Therefore, z = H, and 11 = r\1r·
8. Solve ~+~=e}
z
b
11
a
(1)
-+ - =d (2)
z 11
a2 ab
Multiply (1) by a, - + - =ac. (3)
z 11
b2 ab
Multiply (2) by b, -+ -- =bd. (4)
z 11
Subt.ract (4) from (8), at - bl = ac - bd.

X
at - bl
. •. X= ac-bd 00
ab fil
Multiply (1) by b, -+-=be. (6)
X y
ab at
Multiply (2) by a, -+-=ad.
X y
(6)
a2 - fil
Subtract (6) from (6), - - =ad-be.
y·
at - b2
.·. y=ad-be 0
at - b2 a2 - bl
Tberefore, x = ac-bd
- - , and y = ad-be
- -·
9. Solve (1)
~+~=C}
bx ay
b a
'-+-=d (2)
ax by
Multiply (1) by i, a2
- +-=-·
fjl;¡;
1 ac
y b
(3)
b2 1 bd
Multiply (2) by ~, - +-=-· (4)
a atx y a
a• - b' ac bd
Subtract (4) from (8), a'b2:t = b - a.
Multiply by a21P.1:, a• - b' = ab(a2c - lPd)x.
a• -b'
•·• X= •
ab (a2c - lA:f)
1 b2 be
Multiply (1) by~.
a -+-=-·
x a'ly a
(6)
a 1 a2 ad
Multiply (2) by ¡;, -+-=-· (6)
X b'ly b
a• - b' ad be
Subtract (6) from (6), 42 b"y = b - a·
Multiply by atb'ly, a• - b' = ab(a d - 2 b2c)y .
... y -- a•-b' .
ab (a2d - ble)
a•-b' a -b
4 4
Tberefore, x = , and y = - - - - - .
ab (a2r. - b2d) ab (a2cl - bZc)
l
10. Solff
z!+ 11!= a
1 1
!}
1
(1)
(2)
i-,=b
2 1 1 b+a
Add (1) and (2), ;=;i+b=ab·
Multlply by ab:t, 2((b =(b + a)z.
2ab
.·.z=--·
b+a
2 1 1 b-a
Subtract (2) from (1), v=;i-b=ab·
Multlply by abi,, 2ab=(b-a)11.
2ab
··· 11=b-a 0
2ab 2ab
Therefore, z = - - , and 11 = - - ·
b+a b-a
11. 8o)ye
.!_ + 4¡.,
3z _!_
.!._+2..=b
= ª} (1)
(2)
4:1: 3¡.,
1 I a
Multlply (1) by l, -+-=-· (3)
9x 12¡., 3
1 1 b
Multiply (2) by !, -+-:::;:-. (4)
16:i: 12 ¡., 4
7 a b 4a -8b
144 z 3 - ¡ _1_2_ . =
Multiply by 144:i:, 7 =12(4a-3b)z.
7
.·. z= .
12(4a -3b)
1 I a
Multlply (1) by l, -+-=-· (6)
12:i: 1611 4
1 1 b
Multiply (2) by !, -+-=-· (6)
12:i: 911 3
7 b a 4b- 8a
14411:::;:s-¡= 12
Mult.iply by 14411, =
7 12(4b - 8a)11.
7
•·. 11 =
12(0- 3a)
.
Therefore, z = ~~a7- 3 ij
-7- -
, and ¡., = -~~b-3aj
18. Solve
~-I
z 'V =6t}
(1)
7 9
---=Si (2)
z 11
Multlply (1) by 7, ~-~=46. (S)
z 11
Multiply (2) by 9, 68_~=86. (4)
z 11
Subtract (4) from (3), 82 = 10.
11
•·• 'V= V--
81 63 406
Multiply (1) by 9, ;:-;= -;¡-· (6)
49 63 246
Multiply (2) by 7, ""z"""7r"=-¡-· (6)
32 1930
Subtract (6) from (6), ;;= 63 •
32 X 68 1008
.· . z = - - = - ·
1930 966
Therefore, z = J/l/, and 11 = -\~.
18. Solve ~+~=a

bz ª11
+b}~ (1)
b a
-+-=a11+1,2 (2)
z 11
a a aª a'
Multiply (2) by ¡;i' - + - =-+a
. bz ~ 1,2
. (3)
Subtract (S) from (1), ~-~=b-~- (4)

ay ~ b'
· bl - aª bll - a•
Simpllfy (4),
~=~-
bl-a 8
Divide by -,¡-, .!... =l.
a11
1
.·. 11=ª·
b
Substitute the value of 11 in (2), z+ ª' = ª' + b'. .
Tranapoee and combine, ~ = b'.
z
Divide by b,
1
.·. z=,;·
1 l
Tberefore, z = -,
b
and 11 =
a
H. Bolve 20 18 _ 2 H' } (1)

3z+Ó11-
28 10 2
(2)
5:i: -311 225 =
5 óO 1 19
Multiply (1) by is' -+-=-· (3)
27:i: y 27
42 1 1
Multiply (2) by .!!_,
10 25:i: - y= 375' (4)
2384 2384
Add (3) and (4),
675:i: = 3375"
1 1
Divide by 2384,
676:i: = 3375"
l 1
Multiply by 675, - =-·
;r, 5
.·. z=ó.
20 is 38
Substitute the value of z in (1), -
lii
+-=-·
óy ló
18 18
Transpose and combine, -=-·
óy 15
Multiply by 1 !, 1
ii=s·
1
••• 11 = 3.
U. Solve a+
- -+b -a-
-= b a2 +u-
,..}
(1)
z 11
a-b
- - + a+b_
- - - a2 - b2 (2)
z 11
2a 2a
Add (1) and (2), - +-=2a2. (3)
z 11
Subtract (2) from (1), 2b _ 2b = 21>2. (4)
X 11
1 1
Divide (3) by 2 a, -+-=a. (6)
z y
Divide (4) by 2 b, !_
z y
~= b. (6)
2
Add (6) and (6), i= a+ b.
2
.·.z=a+b'
Subtnwt (6) from (6), ~=a-b.
11
2
.·.Jf=a-b'
2 2
Therefore, :a:= - - , and 1/
a+b
=--b·
a-
16. Solve (l)
(2)
Multiply (1) by a - b,
a'-bl _a'-2ab+bl=ac-ad-be+bd. (3)
X • y
Multiply (2) by a + b,
a _ _ a'+2ab+bl =ac+ad+be+bd.
_-b'J
2
W
X y
Subtnwt (4) from (3), 4 ab
y
=- 2 ad - 2 be.
2ab
.·.y=-ad+be·
Multiply (1) by a + b,
a•+2ab+bl at-1>2 · .
- - - - - - - =ac-ad+be-bd. (5)
:a: 'Y
Multiply (2) by a - b,
a' - 2 ab + bl - a• - bl = ac + ad - be - bd. (6)
z y
Subtract (6) from (6), 4 ab = 2 be - 2 ad.
r: .
.·.:a: = ~ ·
be - ad
2ab 2ab
Therefore, :a:= - - , and y= - - - .
be-ad be+ad
x =(a+ b - e) (a - b + e).
Substitute the val ue of 71 in (6),
a-b+c
.·. x=a+b-c.
Therefore, z =a + b - e, and 71 = a - b + c.
81. Solve (1)
(2)
Multiply (1) by (Y - a) (a+ b),
(a + b) :z: - a2 - ab = (a - b) 71 - a•+ ab. (3)
Multiply (2) by 71 (aª+ b8), (a8 + b8) :z: = (a8 - b8) 71. (4)
Transpose and combine (3),
(a+b)z-(a-b)y=2ab. (5)
Transpose (4), (a8 + b8):z: - (a8 - b3) y= O. (6)
Multiply (5) by a2 - ab + b2,
(aª+ b8)z - (aª - 2 a2b + 2 ab2 - b1) y= 2 ab (a2 - ab + b2). (7)
Subtract(6) from (7), (2 a'b - 2 ab2) y = 2 ab (a2 - ab + b2).
Divide by 2 ab, =
(a - b) y a2 - ab + b2.
. y- a - ab + b2
2
.. a- b
Multiply (5) by at + ab b2, +
=
(aª+ 2a2b + 2ab2 + b8)z - (aª - b8)y 2ab(a2 + ab + b2). (8)
(2a2b + 2ab2)z 2ab(a2 + ab + l,2).
Divide by 2 ab, (a+ b):z: = a2 + ab + b2.
a2 + ab + b2
.•. X= - - - - - ' - -
a+b
·
Therefore, z =a 2 +ab+bl
a+ b
,
and y
a'~ab+b2
=- - --
a-b
t+:z:_y-1 (a-b) 2 -2b2 ·}

88. Solve 2 - 2 + a2 - b2 (1)
(3 a + b) ab ab ( b) ( 2)
by-az= a2 -b2 +a+b-a+
Multiply (1) by 2(a2 - b2),
a2-b2+ (a2-b2):z: = (a'-b2)71-a2+b2+2 a'-4 ab-2 b2. . (3)
Multiply (2) by a2 - b2,
b(a'-~)71-a(a'-b2)z= 3 a2b+ab2+a2b-ab2-a8 + ab2-a2b+b8. (4)
Simplify (8), (a2 - lfl)x - (a2 - b2)11 == - 4.ab. (ó)

Simplify (4), - a(a2 -b2)x+b(a2-b2)11 == -aª+8a2b+alfl+b8. (6)
Multiply (ó) by a, a(aLlfl)z-a(aLlfl) y== -4 a2b. · (7)
Add (6) and (7), (b - a) (a' - 112) 11 == - aª - a2b + ab2 + bª.
Divide by b - a, (a2 - b2) y == a2 + 2 ab + bi.
Divide by a + b, (a - b) 11 == a + b•
. _a+b
··Y-a-b·
Subetitute the value of 11 in (ó),
(a2 - 112)z - (a2 - b2) (a+ b) =-
4 ab.
a-b
Simplify, (a2 - b2)z - (a2 + 2ab + 112)==- 4 ab.
Transpose and combine, (a2 - b'l)z == (a - b)2.
... z == (a -. b)2 == a - b.
a2 - bS a+ b
a-b a+b
Therefore, z = --, a.nd 11 == - - .
a+b a-b
Ezerciae 75. Page l.80
l. Solve ~+~==71 (1)

8x 611
_!_ - ___!_ =3 (2)
6z 1011 J
Multiply (2) by 4, l4 - _!_ == 12. (3)
8z ó11
Add (1) and (8), l9 == 19.
8z
.·. 8z == l.
.•• X==!•
Substltute the value of z in (1), ó + -2 =7.
Ó11
Transpose and combine, ~ ==2.
ó 11
.·. ó11==l.
••• 11 == !•
Therefore, z = !, and y = !·
Burctee 76. Page ,,183-i,

l. Solve 4:t' .....
+ s,, + h
3z+6y+3z=22
- = 16} (1)
(2)
2z + 4y + 6z 26 = (3)
Multiply (1) by 3, 12z + 9y + 6z = 48. (4)
Multiply (2) by 2, 6z + lOy + 6z = «. (ó)
Subtract (6) from (4), 6z -11 4. = (6)
Multiply (1) by 6, 20:t + 16y + lOz = 80. (7)
Multiply (3) by 2, 4z + 811 + lOz = 60. (8)
Subtract (8) from (7), l6z+7y=S0. (9>
Multiply (6) by 7, 42z-7y=28. (10)
Add (9) and (10), 68z = 68.
.•, Z=l,
Substitute the value of z in (6), 6-11=4.
Transpose and combine, · '11=2.
Substitute the values of z and y in (1),
4 + 6 + 2z = 16.
Transpose and combine, 2z =6.
.·. z:::::8.
=
Therefore, _z = 1, y = 2, and a: 3.
' Solve i+ y+ Z=
2z + 6y + 6z 89 =
6} (Í)
(2)
3z+4y+6a:=28 (3)
Multiply (1) by 2, 2z + 2y + 2a: = 10. (4)
Subtract (4) from (2), 3y + 4a: 29.= (ó)
Multiply (1) by 3, 8z+3y+3a:=16. (6)
Subtract (6) from (3), 11 + 2a: = 13. (7)
Multiply (7) by 2, 2y + 4z=26. (8)
Subtract (8) from (6), 11=8.
Substitute the value of y in (7), 3 + 2a: 13.=
Transpose and combine, 2a: = 10.
.·. z=6.
Substituta the values of y and z in (1), z + 3 + 6 6. =
Transpose .and combine, z = - 3.
Therefore, z = - 3, 11 = 8, and z = 6.
8. Solve 7z-lly+ 6z= 6} (1)
6z - 7 y+ lh = 21 (2)
11:t- 6y+ 7a:=43 (3)
-
TEACHERS' E.i:HTION 347
Multiply (1) by 6, 86:i: - 6671 + 26% = 26. (4)
Multiply (2) by 7, 8óz - 4971 + 77 z = 147. (6)
Subtract (4) from (6), 671 + 62% = 122. (6)
Divide (6) by 2, =
8i, + 26, 61. (7.)
Multiply (2) by 11, 66z - 77 Jf + 121 z = 231. (8)
Multiply (3) by 6, óóz - 2671 + 8óz = 216. (9)
Subtract (8) from (9), 6271- 86z =-16. (10)
Divide (10) by 2, 2671- 43, =- 8. (11)
7871 + 676,: 1686. (12)
Multlply (11) by 3, 7871-129% =- 24. (13)
Subtract (13) from (12), 806z = 1610.
. ·. z=2.
Subetitute the value of z in (7), =
871 + 62 61.
Transpose and combine, Si,= 9.
.·. 11= 3.
Subetltute the values of 71 and z lu (1),
=
7z - 33 + 10 .6.
Traospose and combine, =
7 z 28.
.•. Z=4.
Therefore, z = 4, 11 = 3, and z = 2.
4. Solve 6z-671+9z=27} (1)

6z+871-8z= 7 (2)
7:i:-371 + 6,: = 32 (8).
Multlply (2) by 3, 16:i: + 24i, -9z = 21. (4)
Add (1) and (4), 21 z + 1971 = 48. (6)
10:i: + 1671- 6z 14. (6)
Add (3) and (6), 17:i: + 1871 = 46. (7)
Multiply (6) by 17, 367 z + 823 71 = 816. (8)
Só7z + 273 71 006. (9)
Subtráct (9) from (8), 6071 =-160.
.·.11=-8.
Subetitute the value of 71 in (7), 17:i:- 39=46.
Transpose and combine, 17:i:=86.
.·. Z=6.
Subetltute the values of z and II in (2),
26-24-3%=7.
Tralllpose and combine, =
- 3 z 6.
.·. z=-2.
Therefore, z = 6, 11 =- 3, and z =- 2.
6 . Solve 12:i:- 671+8z= 2} (1)

62:+I011-6z= 18 (2)
92:-1611+4z= - 80 (3)
Multiply (1) by 2, 242: -1071 + 16z = 4. (4)
Add (2) and (4), 30:i: + 11 z = 17. (&)
Multiply (1) by 3, 86:i: - 1671 + 2h = 6. (6)
Subtract (3) from (6), 27:i: + 20 z = 86. (7)
Multiply (6) by 9, 270:i: + 99z = 163. (8)
Multiply (7) by 10, 270 z + 200 z = 860. (O)
Subtract (8) from (9), 101 z = 707 .
.·• z =7.
Substituta the value of z in (6), 30:i:+77 = 17.
Transpose and combine, 30:i: = - 60.
.·. :i:=-2.
Substituta the values of z and z in (1),
- 24 - 671 + 66 = 2.
Transpose and combine, - 611=- 30 .
=
••• 11 6.
Therefore, z = - 2, 71 = 6, and z = 7.
8. Solve 8z - 611 - 2 z =- 87} (1)

2z+3y+ Z= 68 (2)
8z+671+2z= 116 (8)
4 z + 611 + 2 z 126. (4)
Add (1) and (4), =
7 z + 11 89. (6)
Add (1) and (3), 6z + 11 = 78. (6)
z 11.
Substituta the value of z in (6), 66 + 11 78.=
11 12.
Substituta the values of z and 71 in (2),
22+86+z=63.
z 6.
Therefore, z = 11, 71 = 12, and z = 6.
7. Solve lOz - 11 + 3z = 103} (1)

3z+8y-2z=-6 (2)
4z+6y+4z= 94 (8)
30z - 311 + 9z 309. (4)
Add (2) and (4), 8Sz+7z=303. (6)
Multiply (1) by 6, 60z - 6y + 16z = 616. (6)
TEACHERS' EDITION 3.49
Add (3) and (6), Mz + 19z = 609. (7)
Multiply (6) by 19, 627z + 133z = 6767. (8)
Multiply (7) by 7, 378 z + 133 z = 4263. (9)
Subtract (9) from (8), · 249 z = 1494 .
.·. Z=6.
Substitute the value of z in (6), 198 + .7 z = 303.
••• z = 16.
Substitute the values of z and z in (1),
60 - 11 + 46 = 103.
= =
Therefore, z 6, 11 2, and z 16. =
8. Solve =
7 z + 811 - 4 z 161 (1)
óz - 1211 + 6 z = óó ~ (2)
4z - 411 - 6z = 5iJ (3)
Multiply (3) by 2, 8z-811-ldz=l02. (4)
Add (l) and (4), 16z -14z = 117. (5)
Multiply (3) by 3, 12z -12y -16z = 163.. (6)
Subtract (2) from (6), 7z - 21z = 98. (7)
Divide (7) by 7, z-3z=14. (8)
Multiply (8) by 16, 16z ,- 46z = 210. (9)
Subtr&et (9) from (6), 31z =- 93.
.·. z=-3.
z + 9 14.
Transpose and combine, z = 6.
36 + 8 y + 12 = 16.
Transpose and combine, 8y =- ~2 .
.·. Y=-4.
=
Therefore, z 6, y = - 4, and z =- 3.
9. Solve 3z+2y+3z=
6z+4y+6z=171
99} (1)
(2)
7z+8y+6z=247 (3)
Multiply (1) by 2, 6 X + 4 y + 6 Z = 198. (4)
Subtract (2) from (4), X+ Z = 27. (5)
Multiply (2) by 2, lOz + 8y + lOz = 342. (6)
Su.btract (3) from (6), 3z+4z=95. (7)
Multiply (6) by 4, 4z+4z=108. (8)
Subtract (7) from (8), z =13.

Substituta the value of z in (6), 13 + z = 27.
Transpoee and combine, z =14.
Substituta the values of z and z in (1),
39 + 211 + 42 = 99.
Transpose and combine, 21,1 =18.
••• 11 = 9.
Therefore, z =13, 71 = 9, and z = 14.
10. Solve 6 z - 4 71 + 3 z = 61} (1)
7z+671-6z=64 (2)
9z-811-9z=47 (3)
Multiply (1) by 2, lOz - 8 y+ 6 z 102. = (4)
Add (2) and (4), 17 z - 2 71 166.= (6)
Multiply (1) by 3, 16z -12y + 9z 163. = (6)
Add (3) and (6), 24z - 2071 = 200. (7)
Divide (7) by 4, 6z - 5y 60. = (8)
Multiply (5) by 6, 85z -1011 830. = (9)
Multiply (8) by 2, 12z - lOy = 100. (10)
Subtract (10) from (9), 73z =730.
.·. z= 10.
Substituta the value of z in (8), 60 - 6 y = 60.
Transpose and combine, - 6y =-10.
••• 11 2. =
Substituta the values of z &nd 11 in (1),
60 - 8 + 3 z 61. =
Transpose and combine, 3z= 9.
.•. z == 3.
= =
Therefore, z 10, 71 2, and z 3. =
11. Solve z+12v+ 2z=
611-4z- 4z=-43
86} (1)
(2)
z + 'V + 10 z == 108 (3)
Subtract (3) from (1), lly-8z==-17. (4)
Multiply (3) by 4, 4z + 4y + 40z = 412. (6)
Add (2) and (6), 911 + 86z = 369. (6)
Divide (6) by 9, 11 + 4z = 41. (7)
Multiply (7) by 2, 211+8z=82. (8)
Add (~) and (8), 1811 66.=
... 11 =-6.
Substituta the value of r, in (7), 5 + 4 z 41. =
.·. z=9.
Substituta the valuea of r, and a: in (1),
z + 60 + 18 = 86.
Therefore, z = 8, 71 = 5, and a: = 9.
11. So1Te 6:i: + 271- 7z = 15} (1)
7z-7r,-lh=- 4 (2)
8z+9r,+ 8z= 86 (3)
Multiply (1) by 7, 42 z + 14 y - 49 z = 105. (4)
Multiply (2) by 2, 14:i:-1471- 22a: =- 8. (5)
Adtl (4) and (5), 66:i: - 71 z = 97. (6)
Multiply (1) by O, 64:i: + 1871- 63z = 186. (7)
Multiply (3) by 2, 6z + 1871 + 16z = 70. (8)
•Subµ'act (8) from (7), 48z - 79z = 65. (9)
Multiply (6) by 6, 886z - 426a: = ó82. (10)
Multiply (9) by 7, 336z - 553z = 455. (11)
i;ubtract (11) from (10), 127 z = 127.
.·. a: =l.
Subatitute the value of a: in (6), 66 z - 71 = 97.
Tranapoee and combine, 66:i: = 168.
.·. z=3.
Substituta the values of z and a: in (1),
18 + 2r, - 7 = 15.
TransJ>0116 and combine, 2 71 = 4.
'.·. 11 = 2.
Therefore, z = 3, 11 = 2, and a: = l.
11. Solve 15z-1871+ 8a:= 15} (1)
25z+l571+l6a:~ .91 (2)
20 z - 21 71 - 12 a: = -27 (3)
Multiply (1) by 2, 30z - 8611 + 16a: 30. = (4)
S:ubtract (2) from (4), 5 z - 51 y = - 61. (5)
Mldtiply (1) by 3, 45 z - 64 11 + 24 a: = 45. (6)
Meltiply (3) by 2, 40:i: -4271-242: =- 64. (7)
Add (6) and (7), 85:i:-9671 =-9. (8)
Multiply (5) by 17, 85z - 86771 =-1037. (9)
SÚl!itract (9) from (8), 771 y 1028. =
••• 11 =11.
Substltute tbe value of y in (6), 6:i: - 68 = - 61.

6z 7.
= 1¡.
.·. z
Substitute the values of z and y in (1),
21 - 24 + 8z = 16.
Transpose and combine, 8 z :;: 18.
.·. z = 21.
Therefore, z = 1§, y= ll, and z = 2¡.
H. Solve ai + by - cz = 2ab} (1)

by+ cz - az = 2be (2)
cz+az-by=2ac (3)
Add (1) and (2), 2by = 2ab + 2be.
.·. y=a+c.
Add (2) and (3), 2cz = 2ac + 2be.·
.·. z=a+b.
Add (1) and (3), 2 az = 2 ab + 2 ac.
.·. z=b+c.
Tberefore, z = b + e, y = a + e, and z = a + b.
16. Solve z +ay+ a2z +as=º} (1)

z+by+b2z+b3=0 (2)
z+cy+c2z+c8=0 (3)
Subtract(2)from(l), (a-b)y+(at-b2)z =-(aª- bl). (4)
Divide (4) by a - b, y+ (a+ b)z = - a' - ab - bl. (ó)
Subtract (3) from (2), (b- cjy + (lfl - c2)z =-
(bª - el). (6)
Divide (6) by-b - e, y+ (b + c)z =- bl - be - et. (7)
Subtract (7) froru (6), ' (a - e) z = be + c2 - a 2 - ab.
be + et ·- a2 - ab ·
.•. z = a-e
=-
(a+ b + e).
Substituta the value of z in (6),
y-~+~~+b+tj=---ab-~
Transpose, 11 = (a + b) (a + b + e) - a2 - ab - bl.
Expand and combine, =
y ab + ac + be.
Substituta tbe values of y and z in (1),
z + a(ab + ac + be) - a 2 (a + b +e)+ aª= O.
Expand, z + a'b + ate + abe - a• - a2b - a2c + aª O. =
Combine, z + abe = O.
Transpose, z = - abe.
Tberefore, z = - abe, y= ab + ac + be, z = - (a + b + e).
TEACHERS' EDITION .353
16. Solve z + 11 + z =: a + b + e } . · (1)

!xi:+ cy +.az = a2 + b2 + e' (2)
cz + ay + bz = a2 + b2 + e' (3)
Multiply (1) by b, bz + by+ bz = ab + b2 + be. . (4)
Subtract (2) from (4) , (b- e) y+ (b.:... a)z = ab - a2 + be - .c2. (5)
Multiply (1) by e, cz + cy + cz = ae +be+ c2. (6)
Subtract (6) from (3), (a - e) y + (b - e) z = a2 + b2 - ac - be. (7)
Multiply (6) by a - e,
(a - c)(b- e)y + (b- a)(a - e)z =°(a - c)(ab- a 2 +be.:.... et). (8)
Multiply (7) by b - e,
(a - e) (b - e) 71 + (b - c)2z = (b - e) (at + b2, -; .ac· :- .be). (9)
((b - e)2 + (a - b) (a - .e)] a;
=(b- e) (a2+ b2- ac - be)-(a - e) (ab - a2 + be -·e').
Simplify, •
(b2 + e' + at - ab - ae - be)z
= b8 - e8 + a8 - abe - 2b'e - 2a2c + 2ac2 + 2be2.
b8 - eª+ aª - abe - 2 b2c - 2 ate + 2 act + 2 be2 .
~z= =a+b-~
b2+c2+a2-ab-ac-be
Substitute tbe value of a; in (6),
~-tjy+~-aj~+b-tj=ab-~+be-~
=
Transpose, (b - e) 11 (a - b) (a + b - e) + ab - a2 + be - _c2.
Expand and combine, (b - e) y = ab - ac .- b2 + 2 be - e'.
Factor, = =
(b- c)y a(b - e) - (b - c)2 (b - e)(a - b + e) .
. ·. y=a-ti+c.
Substitute the values of 71 and z in (1),
z+a:-b+c+a+b-e=a+b+~
Transpose and combine, · z :,;, b + e - a.
= =
Therefore, z b + e - a, 11 a + e - b, and z a + b - e. =
1'7. Solve (a+ b)z + (a - b)z 2 be} = (1)
(b + c)y + (b - c)z 2 ac = . ,(2)
(e+ a)z + (e -a)y 2ab = (3)
Multiply (1) by (b - e),
=
(a+ b)(b - c)z + (a - b)(b- e)z 2be(b- e). (4)
Multiply (2) by (á + b),
(a+ b)(b- e)z +(a+ b)(b + e)y = 2ac(a + b). . (6)
=
(a+ b)(b + e)y - (a - b)(b - e)z 2 ac(a + b) - 2be(b - e): (6)
Multiply (6) by e - a,
~+~~+tj~-ajy-~-~~-tj~-ajz
= 2 ac (a + b) (e - a) - 2 be (b - e) (e - a). (7)
Multiply (3) by (a + b) (b + e),
~+~~+tj~-ajy+~+ij~+tj~+ajz
= 2ab(a + b) (b + e). (8)
Subtraet (7) from (8),
[(a+ b) (b + e) (e + a) + (a - b) (b - e) (e - a)] z
= 2[ab(a + b)(b+ e)- ac(a + b)(c - a)+ be(b - c)(c -a)].
Expand,
~+ab8+*+2abc+~+~+bc8-~+ab8+*-~
- ~+ be')z
= 2 (afbt + ab8 + a'bc + ~ + a•c + a'bc - ate' - abe' + bfct
- bel - ~ + abe').
Combine,
2 (ab2 + a1c + abe + be') z
= 2 (afbt + ab' + 2 a'bc + aªc - atct + ~s - bel).
a'b' + ab8 + 2 a'bc + aªc - a2c2 + ~ t - beª
~ z= =a+b-~
ab2 + a2c + abe + be'
Sublltitute the value of z in (3),
=
(e + a) (a + b - e) + (e - a) y 2 ab.
Tra.nspoae, (e - a) y= 2 ab - (e+ a)(a + b-c).
(e - a)y ab - at - be+ et.
ab-a2 -be+c1
~Y= =a-b+~
e-a
Sublltitute the value of z in (1 ),
(a+ b)z + (a - b) (a+ b - e)= 2 be.
TraDBpOBe, =
(a+ b)z 2be - (a - b)(a + b - e).
(a+ b)z be - at + ac + b2.
be - at + ac + b2
~z= =b+c-~
a+b
Therefore, z = b + e - a, y= a+ e - b, and z =a+ b - c.
11. Solve z+y+z=a+b+c} (1)

az+by+cz=ab+be+ac (2)
(b - c)z + (e - a)y = (b - a)z (3)
Multlply (1) by a, az +ª'ti+ a~= a'+ ab + ac. (4)
=
Subtraet (2) from (4), (a - b) y+ (a - e) z a2 - be. (6)
Multiply (1) by b - e,
=
(b - c)z + (b - c)11 + (b- c)z ab + bl - ac - c1• (6)
Transpoae (3),
(b - c)z + (e - a)y + (a - b)z = O. (7)
=
(a+b-2c)y-(a +c-2l>)z ab+ bl-ac-c•. (8)
Multiply (6) by a+ I> - 2c,
(a-l>)(a + l>-2c)y + (a-c)(a + l>-2c)z
= (a• - be) (a + I> - 2 e). (9)
Multiply (8) by a - I>,
(a - l>)(a + I> - 2 e) 11 - (a - I>) (a + e - 2 I>) z
= (a - b) (ab + b' - ac - e'). (10)
Subtraet (10) from (9),
[(a-c)(a + b- 2c)+ (a-b)(a + c-2b)]z
= (a1 - be) (a + b - 2 e) - (a - l>)(ab + bl - ac - c2).
Simplify, 2(at - al> - ac - be+ bl + c')z
= ~ - 2 abe - ble - ate + be' + ac' + bl•
. =
••• z a• -2abc :-- ble - ate+ be'+ ac• + bl =a+ b .
2(a2 - ab - ac - be + bl + e') 2
Subetitute t.he value of z in (5),
( I>) (a - e) (a + b) _ 1 be
a- Y+ 2 -a - .
=
Multlply by 2, 2 (a - b)'V + (a - e) (a+ b) 2 at - 2 be.
Transpoae, =
2 (a - b) y 2 at - 2 be - (a - c)(a + b).
2 (a - b) 11 a' - be - ab + ac.
Factor, 2(a - b)y =(a+ c)(a - b).
a+c
•·. 11 =-2-·
Subatlmte the valuea of 11 and z in (1),
z + a+c+a.,¡.b
-2- --2-=a
+I> +c.
Multiply by 2, 2 z + a + e + a + b = 2 a + 2 b + 2 c.
Transpoae and combine, =
2 z b + c.
b+c
.·. z=-2-·
l>+c a+c a+b
Therefore, z =--, 11 = --, and z = - - ·
2 2 2
19. Solve (1)
(2)
(3)
Subtra.ct (1) from (2), (4)

X y Z 1
Multiply (1) by~. ab+b2+bc=b· (ó)
Multiply (8) by !a , ~ + !. + ..!. = ! .. (6)

ab a2 ac a
Subtract (6) from (ó), (a2 -b2)y + (a-b)z = b. ª- (7)
a2b2 abe ab
Multiply (4) by ~ .
· b-c
y - z = O. (8)
Multiply (7) by ~ , (a+ b)y +!,;,,l. (9)

a-b ab . e
Tra.nspose (8), Y ·= z.J . (10)
Substltute tbe va.lúe of y in (9),
(a + b) z + ! =l.
ab e
Multiply by abe, (ac + be) z + abz = abe_.
Factor, (ab + ac + bc)z = abe.
abe
.·. z= ab+ac+be ..
Substitute the va.loe of z in (10), y = abe •
ab+ac+be
Substitute the values of y a.?d z in (1), •
x ac . ab .
a
-+ ab+ac+bc + ab+ac+bc =.1
Multiply by a (ab + ac + be),
(ab + ac + be)x + a2c + a2b =a2b + a2c + abc.-
Transpose and combine, (ab + ac + be)x = abe.
abe
.·.x=----
ab + ac + be
abe abe · abe
Therefore, x = ab+ac+ be , y =ab be, and z =ab +ac+ be. •
+ac+
IO. Solve (1)
,.
(8)
Add (1) and (2),
2b
Add (1) and (3), 71 = 111 + p.
2b
.·. 71=,n+p·
Add (2) and (3), z = n + p.
2c
2c
.·.z=--·
n+p
Therefore, :i: - 2a- , 71 = --,
= m+n 2b
m+p
and z
2c
n+p
=--·
-11. Solve 21 z + 1671 + 16z = -13} .(1)
14.z + 2671- lllz 16A = (2)

17:i: -1071- rnz = 4?1 (3)
Multiply (1) by 6, 106:ii + 7671 + 80z =:-66. (4)
Multiply (2) by 3, 42:i: + 7671- 39z = 4~¡. (6)
Subtract (6) from (4), 63 z + 119 z = - 110¡. (6)
Divide (6) by 7, =
9z + 17 z -16!. (7)
Multiply (1) by 2, 42z + 3071 + 82z =- 26. (8)
Multlply (3) by 8, =
61 z - 3011 - 67 z 18:. (9)
Add (8) and (9), =
98:i:·- 26z -12} . . (10)
Multiply (7) by 31, . 279:i: + 627 Z e
=- 488¡. (11)
Multiply (10) by 8, 279z - 76z = - 36¡. (12)
Subtraet (12) from (11), 602 z = - 461}.
Multlply by 2, 1204 z = - 908.
Divide by 301, 4z=-3.
.·. z=-t·
Sub&tltute the value of z in (7),

(9)
9:1: - 12! = -16t.
__,.,l"'ranspoae and combine, 9z =- 3.
~ - .·.z=-l·
Subetitute the valuea of z and z in (1),
- 7 + 1611 - 12 =- 18.
Transpoee and combine, 1611 =6 .
.·. ti=¡.
Therefore, z =- !, ti = !, and z=- f.
H. Solve (1)
m;n:n;p:m:p::: } (2)
m-n n-p p-m
_z___tl _ _ _z_=2m-2p (3)
m-n n-p m+p
Subtract (3) from (2), ....!E._=2p.
p2-m'
Divide by 2 p, ___z_=l.
p2-ms
.·. z=pl-m'.
Subetitute the value of z in (1),
_z_ +-Y- +p-m=2p. (f)
m+n n-p
Subetltute the value of z in (2),
_z__ - ~- +P+
m-n n-p
m=2m. (6)
Transpoeeandcombine(4), _z_ +-
11 - =m + p. (6)
m+n n-p
Transpose and combine (6), _z_ - _J!_ = m - p. (7)
m-n n-p
2mz
Add (6) and (7), ms-n2=2m.
Divide by 2 m, __z_=l.
m'-n2
.·. z =m'-n'.
TEACHERS' EI)ITION

m - n + _Y_ + p - m = 2p.
n-p
Transpose and combine, _'V_ = n + p.
n-p
Multiply by n - p, y = n2 - p2.
Therefore, z = m2 - n', y = n2 - p2, and z =p2 - m'.
11. Solve n+p+p+m=n-m (1)

z y }
z z
n+p+m+n=m-p (2)
_'V_ +_z_=p-n (S)

p+m m+n
Subtract (2) from (1), _ Y_ _ _ z_ =n-2m+p. (4)
p+m m+n
2y
Add (S) and (4), - - = 2 p - 2 m. (6)
p+m
Subtract (4) from (3), ~=2m-2n. (6)
m+n
Multiply (6) by p + m, Y=P' -m2.
2
Multiply (6) by m ; n,
z
--+p-m=n-m.
n+p
z
Transpoae and combine, n + p = n - p•
. ·. Z= n•-pt.
Therefore, z = n• - p', 11 = p 2 - m2, and z = m• - n'.
H. Solve (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
3.60 ELEME~TARY ALGEBRA
4 8 6
Subatltute the value of z in (2), -+ - +-=4. (6)
11 11 z
~ubetltute the value of z In (3), 12 +~ -~ =4. (6)

11 11 Z
12 6
~ Combine (6), -+-=A. (7)
11 z
Combine (6), 24 _ 10 4. = (8)
11 z
I>lvlde (8) by 2, 12 _ ~ 2. = (9)
11 z
Add (7) and (9), 24 =6.
11
••• 11 = 4.
Subtract (9) from (7), 10 =2.
z
.·. Z=6.
Subatltute the value of 71 in (4), z=3.
Thcrefore, z = 3, 11 = 4, and z =6.
16. Solve z+ 211+3z+4u= 2} (1)

2z+ 3y+4z+6u= 3 (2)
6z+ 7y-8z+9u= 3 (3)
64z+1611+4z+ u=26 (4)
Multlply (1) by 4, 4z+811+ 12z+ 16u = 8. (5)
Multlply (2) by 3, 6z+911 + 12z+ 16u= 9. (6)
Subtract (6) from (6), 2z+11-u=l. (7)
Multlply (2) by 2, 4z+6y+8z+ lOu = 6. (8)
Add (3) and (8), lOz + 1371 + 19u = 9. (9)
Multiply (4) by 2, 128z + 32y + 8z + 2u = 60. (10)
Add (3) and (10), +
134z 39y + 11 u= 63. (11)
Multiply (7) by 19, 38z + 1971 -19u 19. = (12)
Add (9) and (12), 48z + 3271 28. = (18)
Divide (13) by 4, 12z+811=7. (14)
Multiply (7) by 11, 22 z + 11 y - 11 u= 11. (16)
Add (11) and (16), 166z + 6071 64. = (16)
Divide (16) by 2, 78:t + 2671 = 32. (17)
Multiply (14) by 26, 300z + 20071 176. = (18)
Multiply (17) by 8, 624 z + 200 y 266. = (19)
. -·- -· - -·
. _ .......a::- _ ____ .._ .se . -
TEACHERS' EDITIOY 361
Subtract (18) from (19), 824z 81 . =
.·. z= t·
Substitute the value of z in (14), 8+811=7.
•·: 11 l• =
Substltute tbe values of z and 71 in (7),
l+l-u=l.
Transpose and combine, u=O.
Substitute the values of z, 11, and u in (1),
t + 1 + 8z + O 2. =
Transpose and combine, 8z= f .
••. z =-t·
Therefore, z = !, 11 = h z= -t, and u= O.
16. Solve 2z - 971 + 8z - lOu 121} = (1)

z+711- z- u=ó88 (2)
8z+211+6z+ 2u=2ó6 (8)
4z-6y - 2z- 9u·=616 (4)
Multiply (2) by 2, 2z + 14y -2z - 2u ·= 1166. (ó)
Subtract (1) from (6), 2871- 6z +Su= 1046. (6)
Multiply (2) by 3, Sz+21y-Sz-8u=l749. (7)
Subtract (8) from (7), 1971- Sz - 6u = 1494. (8)
.Multiply (2) by 4, 4z + 2871- 4z -4u = 2882. (9)
Subtract (4) from (9), 8471- 2z + 6u = 1816. (10)
Multiply (6) by 6, lló71 - 2óz + 40u = ó22ó. (11)
.Multiply (8) by 8, 16271- 64z - 40u = 11962. (12)
Add (11) and (12), 26771- 89z = 17177. (13)
Divide (18) by 89, 371- z 198. = (14)
Add (8) and (10), 6871- lOz = 8810. (16)
.Multiply (14) by 10, 8071- lOz = 1930. (16)
Subtract (16) from (16), 2871 1380. =
••• 11 60. =
Substltute the value of 71 In (14), 180 - z = 198.
Transpose and combine, z =-18.
Substitute the values of 11 and z in (10),
2040 + 26 + 6u = 1816.
Transpose and combine, 6u =-260.
.•. U=-60.
Subatitute the valuea of y, z, and u in (2),

· :t + 420 + 13 + 60 = 683.
Transpoae and combine, z = 100.
- Therefore, z = 100, y = 60, z = - 13, and u = - 60.
1'1. Solve 3:i:+ 4y+5z+6u= 67} (1)

2:i:- 6y+9z-8u=-127 (2)
4 z - 3 y + 3z + 4 u = 73 (8)
6z-10y-6z+3u= 76 (4)
Multiply (3) by 2, 8:t - Oy + 6z + 8 u= 146. (6)
Add (2) and (6), 10:t- lly + 16z = 19. (6)
Multiply (4) by 2, 12:t -20y-12z + 6u = 160. (7)
Subtract (1) from (7), 9z-2411-17z=83. (8)
Multiply (3) by 3, 12:t - 9y + 9z + 12u = 219. (9)
Multiply (4) by 4, 24:i: -4011-24% + 12u = 300. (10)
Subtract (9) from (10), 12z -Sly- 33z = 81. (11)
Multiply (6) by 9, 00:t - 99y + 136% = 171. (12)
Multiply (8) by 10, 00:i: - 240y - 170z = 830. (13)
Subtract (13) from (12), Hly + 306z =-659. (14)
36:t - OOy - 68z 332. (16)
Multiply (11) by 3, 36:t - 93y - 99% = 243. (16)
Subtract (16) from (16), 3y - 31 z = - 89. (17)
MulMply (17) by 47, 14111 - 1457 z = - 4183. (18)
l 762z 3524.
. ·. z=2.
Substitute the value of z in (17), 811- 62 =- 89.
Transpose and combine, 311=-27.
••. 11 =- 9.
Substituta the values of y and z in (6),
10 z + 99 + 30 = 19.
Transpose and combine, 10:i: = - 110.
.·. z =-11.
Substituta the values of z, 11, and z in (4),
- 66 + 00 -12 +Su= 76.
3 u 63.
.·. u= 21.
Therefore, z =- 11, 11 =- 9, z = 2, and u = 21.
11. Solve :+ ! +22:=68· (1)

3 6 7
6z + ! + !8 = 76. (2)
4 6
z Sz u
2+8 + 6 = 79 (3)
~+!+.!.=92 (4)
6 2 26
Multiply (8) by 6,
1 z 8z u 79
10 + 40 + 26 6° = (6)
z y 17 z 881
Subtract (4) from (6), 10 - 6 - 40 = - -¡-· (6)
z y z 29
Multiply (1) by~' 18 + 30 + 21 = 3. (7)
Mult.iply (2) by ~,
z y z 76
4 + 30 + 16 = 6° (8)
Subtract (7) from (8), 7z+~=~· (IJ)

86 106 16
7z 2z 83
Multiply (9) by 8, (10)
12+ 3ó =-¡-·
18:i: 39z 91
Add (1) and (6), so"" - 280 =- 6. (11)
91z 78z 8237

Multiply (10) by 39, --¡-+35=-5-· (12)
104z 78z 1466
Multiply (11) by 16, 16-86=--6-· (13)
. 1781z 1781
Add (12) and (18), ~=-5-·
Divide by 1781,
z 1
60 =6·
Multiply by 60, = 12.
z
2z
83
Subatitute the value of z in (10), 7 + 36 = 6 ·
Multiply by 86, 246 + 2z = 681.
Transpose and combine, 2% = 386.
•·• z = 168.
Subatitute the values of z and z in (1),
4 + ~5 + 48 = 68.
Tranapoae and combine, !=6.

ó
••• 11 = 30.
Subatitute the values of z and z in (8),
u
6 +68 + ¡=79.
u
Tranapoee and combine, ¡=10.
. ·. u=óO.
Therefore, z = 12, 11 = 30, z = 168, and u = óO.

l. If A gives B $17, B will have three times as much money as A.
lf B gives A $17, A will have fó more than four times as much money
as B. How much has each ?
Let z = the number of dollars A has,
and 11 = the number of dollars B has.
Then, if A gives B $17,
z - 17 = the number of dollars A wiUhave,
and 11 + 17 = the number of dollars B will have.
:. 11 + 17 = 8(z - 17). (1)
If B gives A $17,
z + 17 = the number of dolla.rs A will have,
and y - 17 = the number of dollars B will have.
.·. z + 17 = 4 (y - 17) + ó. (2)
Expand (1), Y+17=8z-ól. (3)
Expand (2), z + 17 = 4y - 68 + ó. (4)
Transpose and combine (3), 8z -y= 68. (ó)
1'ranspose and combine (4), X -4y=-S0. (6)
Multiply (6) by 8, 8z-12y=-240. (7)
Subtract (7) from (ó), 11 y= 808.
: . Y=28.
Substitute the valµe of 11 in (6), z -112 =- 80.
Transpose and combine, Z=32.
Therefore, A has $32, and B has $28.
l. lf the smaller of two numbers is divided by the larger, the quo-
tient is 0.32 ami tbe remainder 0.012; but if the larger number is
divided by the smaller, the quotient is 3.11 and tbe remainder 0.0042.
Find the numbers.
Let x = tbe smaller number,
and · 11 = the larger number.
0.012 = 0. 32,
• •• X -
(1)
11 •
and 11 - 0 ·0042
X
=3. Ú. (2)
Multiply (1) by 11, X - 0.012 =
0.82 fl. (3)
Multiply (2) by x, 11 - 0.0042 = 3.11 z. (4)
Transpose (3), :z; - 0.32 y 0.012. = (5)
Tránspose (4), - 3.11 x + y= 0.0042. (6)
Multlply (6) by 0.32, - 0.00ó2x + 0.32 y = 0.001344. (7)
Add (6) and (7), =
0.0048:t 0.013344•
.·. x =2.7S.
Substituta tbe value of x in (5),
2.78 - 0.32y 0.012. =
Transpose and combine, - 0.8211 =-
2. 768.
•·. y= 8.65.
Tberefore; tbe required numbers are 2. 78 and 8.66.
8. If B gave A ,21, they would have equal sume of money; but if

A gave B '43, A would then have half as much money as B. How
m~ch has eacb ? ·
Let x = the number of dollars A has,
and 11 = the number of dollars B has.
.•. y - 27 = X + 27, (1)
and y+ 43 = 2(:t - 43). (2)
E:xpand (2), =
11 + 43 2:z; - 86. (3)
Transpose and combine (1), X -11 =- 64. (4)
Transpose and combine (3), 2x - y= 129. (ó)
Subtract (4) from (5), X=183.
Substituta tbe value of x in (4), 183 - 11 = - 64.
Transpose and combine, -11 =- 237 •
.·. y= 2.17.
Therefore, A has ,1ss, and B has 1237.
f. If the largar of two numbers Is divided by tbe Bmaller, the

quotient is 4 and tbe remainder 9; but -if twenty times tbe smaller
number is divided by twice tbe larger, the quotient ia 2 and the
rema.inder ló2. Find tbe numbers.
Let =
z tbe largar number,
and =
11 tbe smaller number.
... z-9_
---4, (1)
11
and =
2071 - ló2 2. (2)
2z
Multiply (1) by 71, z - 9 = 4 71. (3)
Multiply (2) by 2z, =
20 y - ló2 h. (4)
Divide (4) by 4, =
ó71 - 38 z. (ó)
'franBpose (3), z - 4 71 = 9. (6)
Transpose (ó), - z + ó y = 38. (7)
AM (6) and (7), y= 47.
Substitute the value of y in (3), z - O = 188.
Trauspose and combine, =z 197.
6. If the smaller of two numbers is divided by the larger, tite
quotient is 0.37 and the remainder 0.01413; but if the largar numlier
is divided by tbe smaller, the quotient is 2.69 and tbe remainder
0.00077. Find the numbers.
Let ·z = the smaller number,
and 11 = the largar number.
y
=
z - 0.01413 0.37, (1)
and
z
=
11 - 0.00077 2.69. (2)
Multiply (1) by 11, z - 0.01413 = 0.37 71. (3)
Multiply (2) by z, =
11 - 0.00077 2.69z. (4)
Transpose (3), z - 0.37 y = 0.01413. (6)
Transpose (4), - 2.69z +y= 0.00077. (6)
Multiply (6) by 0.37, - 0.9953:t + 0.37 y= 0.0002849. (7)
Add (ó) and (7), 0.0047 z = 0.0144149.
=
: . z 3.067.
=
Substitute thevalueofz in(ó), 3.067-0.37y 0.01413.
Transpose and combine, - 0.37 71=- 3.06287.
.·. y= 8.2ól.
Therefore, tbe required numbers are 8.2ól and 3.067.
8. If A gives B $17, A wil1 have twice as much money as B;
but if A gives B tsS, B will have one dollar lesa than A. How
much has eacb ?
Let z = the number of dollara A haa,
and 11= the number of dollars B has.
.·. z -17= 2(71 + 17), (1)
and z-83=11+83+1. (2)
Expand (1), z-17=211+34. (3)
Transpoee and combine (3), z - 271 = 61. (4)
Transpose and combine (2), z -11 = 67. (6)
Subtract (4) from (6), 11 16. =
Substituta the value of 71 in (6), z -16 =67.
Transpoae and combine, z=83.
Therefore, A has $83, and B has $16.
'f. The value of a certain fractlon becomes f when 7 is added to tbe

numerator, and becomes ¡ when 2 is subtracted from the denominator.
Find the fraction.
Let z = the numerator of the fraction,
and 11 = the denominator of the fraction.
Then ! = the fraction.
11
z+7 3
.·. -1/-=¡• (1)
z 1
and (2)
71-2 =2 ·
Multiply (1) by 471, 4z + 28 = 871. (3)
Multlply (2) by 2 (71 - 2), 2z = 71-2. (4)
Transpoae (3), 4z - 3y = - 28. (6)
Transpose (4), 2z-11=-2. (6)
Multiply (6) by 2, 4z-271 =-4. (7)
Subtract (6) from (7), 11 = 24.
Substituta the value of 11 in (4), 2z=24-2.
Combine, 2z = 22.
.·. z=ll.
z 11
i=i4·
Therefore, the required fraction is H·
l. A certain fraction becomes equal to t wben 2 is added to the

nnmerator and 1 la aubtracted from the denominator, and equal to l
wben 9 la added to the denominator. Find the fraction.
Let =
z the numerator of the fraction,
and y =the denominator of the fraction.
Tben ~ = the fraction .
y
z+2 8
.·.--=-,
y-1 9
(1)
z 1
and (2)
11+0=2·
Multiply (1) by 9(y -1), 9z+18=8y-8. (3)
Multiply (2) by 2 (Y + 9), 2z =y+ 9. (4)
Transpose and combine (3), Oz - 8 y= - 20. (ó)
Transpose (4), 2z -y= 9. (6)
Multiply (O) by 8, 16z - 8y 72. = (i)
flubtract (ó) from (7), 7z = 98•
.·. z = 14.
Substítute the value of z in (O), 28 - y= 9.
Transpose and combine, - y =-19.
.·. y= 19.
z 14
Tberefore, the required fraction is t t.

9. A certain fraction becomes equal to t when 4 is added to the
denominator, and equal to l when ó is added to the numerator. Find
the fractíon.
Let =
z the nu.merator of the fraction,
and y =
the denominator of the fraction.
Then ! = the fraction.
11
z 1
.·. --=-, (1)
y+ 4 4
and
'z + 6 1 (2)
-y-= f
Multiply (1) by 4 (y + 4), 4z =y+ 4. (3)
Multiply (2) by 2 y, 2z+10=y. (4)
Transpose (3), 4x - y= 4. (ó)
Transpose (4), 2z -y =-10. (6)
Subtract (6) from (5), 2z = 14.
,', Z=7.
Substitute the value of z in (4), 14 + 10 = y.
Transpose and combine, Y=24.
z 7
y
=24 '
Therefore, the required fraction is l ...
10. A certain fraction becomea equal to ~ when 6 is l!-(lded to the

numerator, and equal to } when 8 is subtracted from the denominator.
Jt'ind the fraction. ·
Let z = the numeratór of the fraction,
and y = the denominator of the fraction.
Then ~ = the fraction.
y ·
z+6 3
.·.--=-,
y 7
(1)
z 1
and
y - 8 = a· (2)
Multiply (1) by 7y, 7z+42=3y. (S)

Multiply (2) by 3 (y ,... 8), 3z = y - 8. (4)
Transpose (3), 7z-3y =-42. (ó)
Transpose (4) 3z-y=-8. (6)
Multiply (6) by 3, 9z-3y=-24. (7)
,', Z=9.
Substitute the value of z in (4), 27 y- 8. =
Transpose and combine, ·-y =-36.
.·. y=36.
z 9
y= 35'
Therefore, the required fraction is Is·
11. A certain fraction becomes equal to ! when 1 is subtracted from

the numerator, and equal to ¡ when 1 is subtrac~d from the denomi-
nator. Find the fraction.
Let z = the numerator of the fraction,
y
z-1 4
.·.--=-, (1)
11 ó
z 7
and (2)
11-1 = ¡¡·
Multiply (1) by 611, 6:i:-6=411. (3)
Multiply (2) by 8(11 -1), 8:i:=711-7. (4)
Transpoae (8), 6z-4t1=6. (6)
Transpose (4), 8z-7v=-7. (6)
Multiply (6) by 7, 86:i: - 2811 = 86. (7)
Multiply (6) by 4, 82:i: - 2811 = - 28. (8)
Subtract (8) from (7), Sz= 68.
.·. z=21.
Substitute the value of z in (6), 105 -411 6. =
Tranapoae and combine, -411=-100.
.·.11=26.
z 21
v=26·
Therefore, the required fraction is f!.
11. There are two fractions with numerators 3 and 11 respectively

whoae sum is lj. If the denominators are interchanged, the sum is 3.
Find the fractions.
Let z = tbe denominator of the first fraction,
and 11 = the denominator of the second fraction.
Then ~ and 11 =the fractions.
z 11
8 11
.·. -+-= lj, (1)
z 11
and !+11=3. (2)
11 z
Multiply (1) by 11, 83 + 121 65. = (8)
z 11 8
83 9
Multiply (2) by 3, -+-=9. (4)
z 11
112 28
Subtract (4) from (3), --¡=s· (6)
4 1
Divide (6) by 28,
,-a·
••. 11 =12.
Subatitute the value of y in (2), !4 + 11z = 3.

11
Transpose and combine, -; = 411 ,
,·, Z=4.
Therefore, the required fractions are t and H,
11. A certain fraction becomes equal to l when 4 Is subtracted
from each term, and equal to l when 4 is added to the numerator and
3 subtracted from the denominator. Find the fraction.
Let z = the numerator of the fractlon,
'11
z-4 1
,',--=-, (1)
. y-4 8
aud
z +4 1
y-3=2· (2)
Multiply (1) by 3(y - 4), 3:i:-12 =y-4. (3)
Multiply (2) by 2 (71 - 3), 2:i: + 8 =71-8. (4)
Transpose and combine (3), 3z-y=8. (5)
Transpoee and combine (4), 2:i:-y =-11. (6)
Subtract (6) from (6), z= 19.
Substitute the value of z in (6), 38-y =-11.
Transpoee and combine, -y=-49.
,', 'l/=49.
z 19
y= 49'
Therefore, ihe requlred fractlon Is !J.
H. The sum of the three digits of a certain number Is 16; the sum
of the first and second digits is equal to the third digit ; and if 694 is
added to the number, the order of the digits is reversed. Find the
number.
Let z = the digit in the hundreds' place,
y = the digit in the tens' place,
and z = the digit in the units' place.
Then 100:i: + 1071 + z = t.he number.
372
.
ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
.•• z+11+z=l6, (1)

z + 11 = z, (2)
and =
lOOz + 1011 + z + 694 lOOz + 1011 + z. (3)
Tranapose and combine (3), 99z - 99z =- 694. (4)
Divide (4) by 99, z - z =- 6. (6)
Substitute in (1) the value of z + 11 from (2),
z + z 16.=
Combine, =
2 z 16•
.·. Z=8.
Substitute the value of z in (6), z - 8 =- 6.
Tranapose and combine, =
:i: 2.
2 + 11 + 8 16.=
11 6.
JOOz + 1011 + z 268. =
16. Tbe sum of the two digits of a number is 8, and if 36 is added

to the number, the order of tbe digits is reveraed. Find tbe number.
Let z = the digit in the tens' place,
and y = tbe digit in the units' place.
Then lOz + 11 = the number.
.·. ;+Y= 8, (1)
and 10z+y+36=10y+z. (2)
Transpose and combine (2), 9:i: - 911 =-
36. (3)
Divide (3) by 9, :i: - y =-
4. (4)
Add (1) and (4), 2:i: 4. =
.·. :i:=2.
Subtract (4) from (1), 2y =12 .
••• 11=6.
10:i: + 1/= 26.
18. The sum of the two digits of a number is 14, and if 36 1, sub-
tracted from the number, the order of the digits is reversed. Find tbe
number.
Let =
z the digit in the teos' place,
and y = tbe digit in the units' place.
Then 10:i: +y= the number.
,', z +y= 14, (1)

and 10:i: + y - 86 = lOy + :i:. (2)
Transpoee and combine (2), 9:i: - 9y = 86. (3)
Divide (3) by 9, z - y = 4. (4)
Add (1) and (4), =
2:i: 18.
. ·. :i:=9.
Subtract (4) from (1), 2y=10.
.·. y= 6.
10z+y=9ó.
1T. The sum of the three digita of a number is 18, and the sum of
the firat and third digits is equal to the second digit. If the hundreds'
and unita' digita are interchanged, the number is diminished by 09.
Find the number.
Let :i: = ·the digit in the hundreds' place,
y= the digit in the tens' place,
=
Then 100:i: + 1011 + z the number.
.·. z + y + z = 18, (1)
:i: + z = y, (2)
100z+10y+:i:=100:i:+10y+z-09. (3)
Transpoee and combine (3), - 90z + 09z = - 99. (4)
Divide (4) by - 99, :i: - z = l. (ó)
Subetitute in (1) the value of z + z from (2),
y+ y= 18.
Combine, =
2y 18.
,', y=9.
Substitute the value of y in (2), :i: + z = 9. (6)
Add (6) and (6), =2 z 10.
,', Z=Ó.
.·. z= 4.
100:i: + lOy + z = 694.
18. If a certain number. is divided by the sum of ita two digita, the
quotient is 4 and tbe remainder 6 ; ü the digits are lnterchanged and
the resulting number divided by the sum of the digita, the quotient is
6 and the remainder 7. Find the number.
374 ELEMENTARY A.LGEBRA
Let z = the digit in the tena' place,
and 11 =the digit in the unita' place.
Then lOz + 11 = the number.
lOz + 11- 6 _ 4
(1)
z+11 - '
1011 + z - 7 = 6. (2)
z+11
Multiply (1) by z + 11, lOz + 11- 6 = 4z + 411. (3)
Multiply (2) by z + 11, 1011 + z - 7 = 6z + 611. (4)
TraD8p088 and combine (8), Oz - 811 6. = (ó)
Divide (ó) by 8, 2 z - y = 2. (6)
Tranapoee and combine (4), - óz + 411 = 7. (7)
Mult.iply (6) by 4, 8 z - 411 = 8. (8)
Add (7) and (8), 3 z =15.
.·. z=ó.
Substituta the value of z in (6),10- y= 2.
Tranapoae and combine, 'V== 8.
lOz + 11 = ó8.
Therefore, the required number iB ó8.
19. A certain number, expreaaed by three digita, iB equal to thirty-

eight times the aum of the digita. If 198 iB subtracted from the num-
ber, the order of the digita iB reveraed.. The sum of the firat and third
digita is 2 greater than the middle digit. Find the number.
Let =
z the digit in the hundreda' place,
=
11 the digit in the tens' place,
and =
z the digit in the unita' place.
Then 100:i: + 1011 + z = the number.
.·. 100:i: + lOy + z = 38(:i: +y+ z), (1)
100:i: + lOy + z -198 = lOOz + 1011 + z, (2)
and z+z=y+2. (3)
Expand (1), 100:t + lOy + z = 38z + 8811 + 88z. (4)
Tranapose and combine (4),
62:t - 28y - 37z = O. (6)
Transpose and combine (2), 99:t - 99z 198. = (6)
Divide (6) by 99, z - z 2.= (7)
Transpoae (3), z - 11 + z = 2. (8)
Multiply (8) by 28, 28 z - 2811 + 28 z = ó6. (9) •
Subtract (9) from (ó), 34 z - 6ó z =- 66. (10)
Multiply (7) by 34, 34:t - 84 z = 68. (11)
Subtract (11) from (10), -Slz =-12' .
.·. z=4.
Substitute the value of z in (7), z - 4 = 2.
. 6-11+4=2.
Transpose and combine, y = 8.
lOOz + 1071 + z =684.
10. A boat's crew rows 14 miles down a river and back in 6 hours
40 minutes. The crew finds th&t it takes two and a third Limes as long
to row a mile aga.inst the current as to row a mile with the current.
Find the time the crew was rowing down and rowing up respectively.
Let =
z the number of miles per hour the crew can row in
still water,
and =
11 the number of miles per hour the current flows.
Then ...!!._ = the number of hours the crew was rowing down,
a:+11
and -14- = the number of hours the crew was rowing up.
a: -11
14 14
.·.-+
z 11 +--=6f,
z-11
(1)
2! _ 1
and (2)
z+11-z-t1 '
_ _7_ _ _ 1_:::0.
Simplify (2), (S)
8 (z + 71) z - ti
Multiply (S) by 14, ~-...!!..=o. (4)
+ 11) z - 11
8 (z
140 20
(5)
Add (1) and (4),
S(z +ti)= s·
Divide (5) by J/, _7_:::l.
a:+11
=
.·. z + 71 7. (6)
=
Multiply (2) by S(z + 11) (z-t1), 7z - 771 3z + 3t1. (7)
Transpose and combine (7), 4 z - 10 y = O. (8)
Divide (8) by 2, 2z - 671 O. = (9)
Multi_ply (6) by 5, =
5 z + 5 y 35. (10)
A.dd (9) and (1~). =
7 z 85.
. ·. Z= 5.
Substituta the value of z in (6), 6+y=7.

Transpose and combine, y= 2.
_!!_= 2.
z +Y
_!!_ = 4¡.
z-y
Therefore, it takes tbe crew 2 hours to row down and 4J hours or
4 hours 40 minutes to row up.
11. A boatman. rows down a river, which flows at the rata of:1!
miles an bour, for a certain dÍl!tance in 2 hout"S 16 minutes; it takes
him 4 hours 30 minutes to return. Find the dÍl!tance he rowed down
the stream and hÍl! rata of rowing in still water.
Let z =the number of miles per hour the boatman can
row in still water,
and y =the number of miles he rowed down the stream.
2 hours 16 minutes = 2! hours; 4 bours 30 minutes = 41 hours.
Then _Y_ = the number of hours he was rowing down,
z + 1~ .
and _Y_= the number of hours he was rowing up.
z-ll
.·• _ _!__ = 2l, (1)
z+q
and _Y_ = 4!. (2)
z - ll
2y 9
Simplify (1), 2z + 3 = ;¡· (3)
Simplify (2), __!!__ - ~- (4)

2z - 3 - 2
Multiply (3) by 4 (2 X + 3), By= IBz + 27. (f>)
Multiply (4) by 2(2z - 3), 4y=l8z-27. (6)
Subtract (6) from (6), 4y 64. =
.·. y= 13J.
Substitute the value of y in (6), 64=18x-27.
Transpose and combine, -18x=-81.
.·.X= 4¡.
Therefore, the boatman rowed 13} miles down the stream, and hÍll
rata of rowing in still water is 4} miles per hour.
í
'

llB. A man rows 12 miles down a river and back again in 6 hours
ló minutes. He finds he can 1·ow 4 miles with the current in the same
time he can row 3 miles against it. Find the time of bis rowing down
and of bis rowing up tbe river, and the rate of tbe current.
Let x = the number of miles per hour tbe man can row
in still water,
and y= the number of miles per hour the current flows.
12 .
Then - - = .the number of hours be was rowing down,
x+y
and __!!_ = the number of hours he wa.s rowing up.
x-y
12 12
.·. X+ y+ X - y= 6 1, (1)
4 3
and x+y=x-y· (2)
Multiply (2) by (x + y) (x - y), 4 x - 4 y = 3x + 8 y. (3)
Transpose and combine (3), x =7 y. (4)
Substitn~ the value of x in (1 ), ..!! + .!.~ = ~. (6)
By Oy 4
3 2 26
Siniplify the terms of (6), -+-=-·
2y y 4
(6)
Multiply (6) by 4 y, =
6 + 8 26y.
Transpuse and combine, =
26y 14.
.·. Y=H ·'
Substituta the value of y in 4, X=H=3H,
~= 76=2H.
x+y 28
__!_!_ = 26 = SJ.
x-y 7 .
Therefore, the man was 2H hours rowing down, and 3f hours row-
ing up, and the current flows H miles per hour.
ll3. A crew flnds that it can ·row down a ri\<er at the rate of O miles
an hour, and that it takes half as long again to row a mile up the river
as to row a mile down. Find the rate of rowing in still water and the
rate of the current. ·
Let x = the number of miles per hour the crew can row
in still water, ·
and y = the number of miles per hour the current flows.
.·. z + s, =9, (1)

and
11 1 (2)
z+s,=z-r
=
Multlpl7 (ll) b7 2 (z + s,) (z - s,), 8 z - 811 2z + 2 s,. (8)
Trallapoee and combine (3), =
z 6s,. (4)
Subetitute the value of z in (1), 6 s, + s, = 9.
Combine, 611 = 9.
=
••. lf 11.
Subetitute the value of 11 in (4), Z=7i•
Tberefore, the crew can row 7 l miles per hour in atill water, and
the rate of the current Is 1 l miles per hour.
H . A cistem has three pipes, A, B, and C. A and B together will

fill the cistem in 12 hours, A and C together In 10 bours, and B and C
together In 16 hours. How long will it take each pipe alone to fill the
cistern?
Let =
z the number of hours required for .A, alone,
=
11 the number of hours required for B alone,
and z = tbe number of hours required for C alone.
Tben -1 , -,
1 1
- = tbepartsfilledinonehourb7A,B,Creapectively,
z 11 z
and
z! + !11 = the part fllled in one bour by A and B together. .
But n = tbe part fllled in one hour by A and B together.
1 1 1
.·. -+-=-· (1)
z 11 12
1 1 1
Likewise, ;+:;=10' (2)
1 1 1
and -+-=-· (3)
s, .z 16
1 1 1
Subtract (2) from (1), v-;=-oo· (4)
2 1
Add (3) and (4), ;=20·
••• 11 = 40.
ll 1
Subtract (4) from (8), ;= 12·
.· . .z=24.
1 1 1
Substitute the value of, in (2), -
z
+-
24
= -·
10
1 7
z= 120·
Multiply by 120:z:, 120 =7z.
.·. z = 11+.
+
Therefore, A will fill the ciatern in 17 ho111'11, B in 40 houra, and C
in 24 ho111'11.
16. A and B together'can do a piece of work in 13! days, A and C

t.ogether in 16 days, B and C together in 20 days. How long will it
t.ake each alone to do the work ?
Let z = the number of days lt will take A alone,
f1 = the number of days it will take B alone,
and , = the number of days it will t.ake C alone.
Then ! , ! , ! = the parts done In one ·day by A, B, C respecti vely,
z f/ '
and !z + 1/! = the part done in one day by A and B together.
But 1f = the part done in one day by A and B together.
1 1 3
.·. -+-=-· (1)
z f/ 40
1 1 1
Llkewise, -+-=-,
z , 16 (2)
1 1 1
and -+-=-
f/ , 20
· (3)
1 1 1
z-v=oo· (4)
2 11
Add (1) and (2),
z=120·
Multiply by 120:z:, 240 = llz.
.·. z = 21/r-
2 7
v= 120·
Multiply by 120 71, = 111.
240
= 34f.
.·• f/
11 1 1
Substitute the value of z in (2), 240 + i = 16.
380 ELEMENTARY ALG-EBRA
HultJply by 240 z, llz + 240 =16z.
Tranapoee and combine, óz = 240.
. ·. z = 48.
'fherefore, it will take A aloue 21 i"r daya to do the work, B alone
:uf daya, and C alone 48 days.
18. A and B togetber can mow a field in 12 daya, A and C together

in 16 daya, B and C together in 20 daya How long will it take each
alone to mow tbe field ?
Let z = the number of days it will t.ake A alone,
11= tbe number of daya it will t.ake B alone,
and z = the number of days it will take C alone.
Then !z , !11 , !z = the parte mowed in one day by A, B, C respectively,
and 1- +
z
!11 = tbe part mowed in one day by A and B together.
But -l'l = tbe part mowed in one day by A and B together.
1 1 1
.·.-+-=-·
z 1/ 12
(1)
Likewiae, -z1 +-1z =-,

1
16
(2)
and !+!=_!__ (3)

11 z 20
1 1 1
z-v=oo· (4)
2 1
Add (1) and (4),
z=w·
.·. Z=20.
2 1
v= 1ó·
••• 11 = 30..
1 1 1
Subatitute tbe value of z in (2), 2o+;=w·
Multiply by 60 z, 3z + 60 = 4z.
Tranapo11e and combine, z = 60.
Therefore, it will take A alone 20 d.ays to mow the field, B alone

30 days, and C alone 60 days.
TEACHERS' JWITION 381
IT. A cistem has three pipes A, B, and C. A and B together will
fill it in 3ó minutes, A and C together in 42 mi~tea, B and C together
in 70 minutes. How long. will it take each alone to fill the cistem? ·
Let :z: = the number of minutes it wiH take A alone,
f1 = the number of minutes it will take B alone,
and % = the number of minutes it will take C alone.
1 1 1
Tben - , - , - = the parts filled In one minute by A, B, C respectlvely,
z y %
1 1 · .
and - + f/- = the part filled in one minute by A. and B together.
:z:
But n = the part filled in one minute by A and B together.
1 1 1
.·. z-+-=-·
y 3ó
(1)
1 1 1
Likewise, (2)
z+;=42'
1 1 1
and -+-=-·
f/ ,: 70
(3)
1 1 1
z-y= 106° (4)
2 4
Add (1) and (4), z= IOó.
Multiply by IOó:z:, 210= 4:z:.
= ó2!.
••• :z:
2 2
y= 106°
Multiply by IOó11, 210 = 211.
.·.y= IOó.
1 1 1
Substitute tbe value of 11 in (3),
10ó +; = w·
Multiply by 210 z, 2z + 210 = 3z.
Tberefore, it will take A alone ó2! minutes to fill the cistern, B
a.lone lOó minutes, and C alone 210 minutes.
18. A and B togetber can do a piece of wo,k in 24 days, A and C

tog8"1er in 32 days, B and C togetber in 30 days. How long will it
take each alone to do the work ?
Let z = the number of daya it will take A alone,

y =the number of daya it will take B alone,
and z = the number of daya it will take C alone.
1 1 1
Then -, -, - = the parta done in one day by A, B, C reapectively,
z y z
and !z + !y =the pa:n done in-one day by A and B together.
But n =the part done in one day by A and B together.
1 1 1
.·. - +-·= -· (1)
z y 24
1 1 1
Likewlae, ;+;=32• (2)
1 1 1
and -+-=-·
y z 30
(3)
1 1 1
Subtract (3) from (2), z-y=-4so· (4)
2 19
Add (1) and (4), z= 480.
Multlply by 480 z, 960 = 19:i:.
.·. z = óOU.
2 7
Subtract (4) from (1), y= 100·
Multiply by 160y, 320 = 1y.
.·. y= 4ó*.
7 1 1
Substitute the value of y in (3), 320+;=30·
Multiply by 960 z, 21 z + 960 = 32 z.
Transpoae and combine, - llz =- 960.
.·. z = 87-f,;;
Tberefore, it will take A alone óOH days to do the work, B alone
0
4ói days, and C alone 87 ·l'r days.
19. A sum of money at simple intereat amounted to '2996.40 In 3

years, and to $3234 in ó years._ Find the sum and the rate of interest.
Let =
z the number of doUars in the principal,
and y =
the rate of interest.
The intereat for one year is _J!._ of tbe principal, or ...!... of z, ·or 'ZY ;
100 100 100
.
the inte1'8Bt f or 3 years .1e 3zy i f or ó years ózy ·
100 100
• 8:i:y
.·. z + 100 = 2996.40, (1)
6:i:y
an,;1 z+-=8234. (2)
100
Multiply (1) by 100, 100:i: + 8:i:y = 299640. (8)
Multiply (2) by 100, 100 z + 6 zy 823400. = (4)
Multiply (4) by 8 and divide by 61
60:i: + 8:i:y = 194040. (6)
Subtract (6) from (8), 40:i: = 106600•
.·. z = 2640.
264000 + 1820011 = 828400.
Tnmspose and combine, 1820011 = 69400.
· ••• 11 = 4¡.
Therefore, the sum is $2640, and the rate is 41 per cent.
80. A sum of money at simple interest amounted to '8910 in 2 years,

and to f9240 in 8 years. Find the sum and the rate of interest.
Let z = the number of dollars in the principal,
and 11 =
the rate of interest.
Then the interest for 2 years is 2 zy, and for 8 years is 8 Z1/.
100 100
2:i:y
.·. z + 100 = 8910, (1)
.. and ' 8:i:y

z + 100
~
= 9240. (2)
Subtract (1) from (2), -=880

100 • (8)
Multiply (8) by 2, 2:i:y =660. (4)

100
Subetitute in (1) the value of 2 Z1/,
100
z + 660 = 8910.
Trall8poae and combine, =
z 8260.
$ubetitute the value of z in (8), 82.6011 = 880.
.·. Y=4 .
Therefore, the sum is '8260, and the rate is 4 per cent.
384 ELEMRNTARY ALGEBRA
31. A sum of money at simple interest amounted to ,12,@(17.50 in

6 monthB, and to $12,710 in 8 ruonths. }'ind the sum and the rate of
intere.at.
Let z == the number of dollan in the principal,
and y = the rate of interesi.
Then the interest for 1 year is zy ; for 1 month is ~ ; for 6
100 1200
. 6zy zy . 8zy zy
months JB - - == - ; and for 8 montha 18 - - = -·
1200 200 1200 160
zy
.·. z + 200 == 12607.60, (1)
and z + zy
150
=
12710. (2)
zy
Subtract (1) from (2), 600 == 102.óO. (3)
zy
Multiply (3) by 3, 200 == 307.60. (4)
Substitute in (1) the value of zy,

200
z + 307.M = 12607.60.
Transpose and combine, x == 12300.
Substitute the value of x in (3), 20.f,Oy = 102.50.
.·.'V= ó.
Therefore, the sum is $12,300, and the rate is ó per cent.
32. A sum of money at simple interest amounted to 96326.80 in 2

years 7 montha 18 days, and to $óóó2.20 in 3 years ó months 12 days.
Find the sum &nd the rate of interest.
Let =
x the number of dollars in the principal,
and y = the rate of interest.
2 years 7 months 18 days = 2 ~! years ;
3 years ó months 12 days == 3l¡¡ years.
Then the lnterest for 1 year is xy ; for 21~ years is 79 :i:~; for 32'6
. (l! ' xy 100 3000
years 1s 2000 .
7!lx¡¡
.·. z + 3000 = ó!l26.80, (1)
and z + O!lxy
- == t.>t)'-'
r.r.e2 •20• (2)
2000
Subtr&et (1) from (2), 49 z11 = 226.40. (8)

6000
Multiply (8) by W, 79 zy = 726.80. (4)

3000
. 79xy
Subst1tute in (1) the value of 8000 ,
z + 726.80 = 6826.80•
.·. z = 4600.
Substitute the value of z in (8), 1127 y
30
= 226.40.
••• 1I = 80 X 226.40 = 6.
1127
Therefore, the sum is $4600, and the rate iB 6 per cent.
83. A man has invested the sum of $10,000, for & p&rt of which he
receives 4 per cent interest, and for the remainder 4! per cent. The
income from the 4 per cent investment is fil more th&n that from tbe
4} per cent. How much has he in each investment?
Let =
z the number of dollars invested at 4 per cent,
and y= the number of dollars invested at 4! per cent.
Then 4z
100
= the number of dollars interest on the first,
and 4 ! Y= the number of dollars interest on the second.
100 ·
.·. z + 11 10000, = (1)
4z _ 4!71 9
and 100 - 100 + . (2)
Multiply (2) by 200, Sz = 911 + 1800. !3)

Transpose (8), = 1800.
Sz - 971 (4)
Multiply (1) by 9, = 90000.
9z + 9y (6)
Add (4) and (6), = 91800.
17z
.·. z = 6400.
Substitute the value of z in (1), 6400 + y= 10000.
Therefore, the man has 86400 invested at 4 per cent, and $4600 at
41 per cent.
8t. In running a quarter mile race A gives B a start of 32 yarda and
be&ts him by 1 second. In a second tria! A gives B a start of 6 sec-
onds and is beaten by 8! yards. Find the numbér of yards each runs
a second.
Let =
z the number of yarda A nma a ll!COnd,
and =
11 the number of yarda B runa a aecond.
Since a quarter mile is 440 yarda,
440
z
= the number of aeconds it takea A t.o run the quarter mile.
Since B haa a atart of 82 yarda, he 1'llD8 408 yards the flnt trial; and
aince he waa 1 second longer than A,
440
z
+ 1 = the number of seconds B waa running.
But 408 = the number of aeconds B waa mnning.

11
440 408
.·. - + l = - · (1)
z 11
In the aecond trial A runa (440 - 8!) yarda= 431! yarda.
. "º _ .
4311 +6
··11-z (2)
Simplify (2), 440 = 2166 + 6. (8)

11 6z
2166 = 440 _ 6. (4)
Tranapose (8),
6z 11
. 6 z _ 2166 .
.• - 440
- - 6
11
2166
.·. z= . (6)
2200 -30
11
Tranapose (1), 440 = 408 -1.

z 11
440
.·. z = ~· (6)
--1
11
440 2166
Equate the values of z, ---=
408 _ 1 2200 _ 30
11 11
44011 _ 107811
Simplify, 408 - 11 - 1100 -1611 ·
20 49
Divide by 2211, 408 _ 11 = 1100 _ 16 11
Multiply by (408 - 11) (1100 - 1611),
22000 - 300 11 = 19992 - 49 y.
Transpose and combine, - 261 y =-

2008.
•·• 'V= 8 •.
440
Substituta the value of y in (6), z=---·
408 -1
8
8!,
.·. Z=
Tberefore, A runs 8! yarda a second, and B 8 yards a second.
86. Two athletes, A and B, run a mile race, and A wins by 6 sec-
onds. In a handicap race A gives B a start of 40 yarda and is beaten
by half a second. Find the number of yards each runs in a second and
the time required by each to run a mile.
Let =
:i: the number of yards A runs a second,
and y = the number of yards B runs a second.
Since a mile is 1760 yards,
1760
z
= the number of seconds it takes A to runa mile,
and 1760 = the number of seconds it takes B to runa mile.
'V
.·. 1760 _ 1760 = 6. (1)
'V :i:
In the handicap race B runs only 1720 yards.
1760 1720 1
.·.z~T=2· (2)
40 13
Add (1) and (2), 11=2·
Multiply by 2 y, 80 13y . =
.·. Y=6f3-.
Substitnte thevalueof yin(l), 286- 176
:i:
6. º=
Trall8poee and combine, _ 1760 = _ 280.
z
.·. 280:i: = 1760.
.·. z =6,.
Tben 1760 = 280,
:i:
and 1760 = 286.
y
Therefore, A runs 6f yarda a second, and B runs 6-i\ yarda a sec-
ond ; A requiree t.o run a mile 280 seconds, or 4 minutes 40 eeconde,
and B requires 286 seconda, or 4 minutes 46 seconda.
16. In running a mile race A beata B by 8! seconds. In a handicap

race A gives B a start of óO yards and beata him by ó yards. Find
the number of yardll each ruos in a second and the time required by
each to run a mile.
Let =
z the number of yards A runs a second,
and y =the oumber of yards B runs a second.
Since a mile is 1760 yards,
1760
~ =t be num
. .ber of secon ds 1t
. tak es A to run a mile,
and 1760 = the nnmber of seconds it takes B to runa mile.

y
.·. 1760 _ 1760 = Sj. (1)
y z
In the handicap race B runs only 1706 yards.
.·. 170ó _ 1760 = o. (2)
y z
óó 44
Snbtract (2) from (1 ), y=-¡;·
ó 4
Divide by 11,
y=6·
Multlply by óy, 2ó =4y.
.·. y=6t.
Subetltute the valne of y in (2),
1364 _ 1760 =o.
ó z
1364 1760
Transpose, -ó-=-;-·
31 40
Divide by 44, r;=x·
. Mnltiply by ó z, 31 z = 200.
.·. Z=6H.
Then 1760 = 272!,
z
and 1760
y
= 281J.
Therefore, A runs 6H yarda a second, and B runs 6f yards a second ;
A requires to run a mile 272! seconde, or 4 minutes 32! seconds, and
B requires 281! seconds, or 4 minutes 41! seconds.
TEACHERS' EDITIO~ 389
ST. A train, after traveling 2 hours from A towards B, meets with
an accident which detains lt 40 minutes._ After the accident the train
proceeds at three fourths its t1Sual rate, and arrives 2 hours late. If
the accident had happened 60 miles further 011, the train would have
been only an h9ur aud a half late. Find the usual rate of tbe train
per hour and the distance from A to B.
Let 4x = the number of miles the train travels per bour,
and y= the number of miles from A to B.
Then 3:t = the number of miles the train travels per hour after
the accident,
y - 8 x = the num ber of miles the train travels after the accident,
y - 8x
---
4x
= the number of hours t1Sually· required,
y- 8x
and ---
3:t
= tbe number of hoúrs actually required.
Since the train was detained 40 minutes, or ! hour, and arrived 2
hours late, tbe running time was It hours more than t1Sual;
that is, l} = the number of hours of running time lost.
y-8x y-8x
But - - - - - - -
3:t 4:t
= the nwnber of houra of running time lost.
.·. y-Sx_y-Sx=l!. (l)
8x 4x
If the accident had bappened 60 miles furtber on, Íhe remainder of
the mn would have been (Y - 8 x - 60) miles, and the loss in running
time would have been i of an hour.
y-Sx-00 y-Sx-60 6
=¡¡· (2)
3:r 4:t
60 60 1
Subtract (2) from ( 1), 8x-4x=2·
20 16 1
Simplify terms, ;--;-=2·
ó 1
Combine, ;-2·
.•. X=10.
Snbstitute the value of x in (1),
y-80 y-80 4
3()-40=3·
390 EL~MENTARY ALGEBRA
Multiply by 120, 4 71 - 820 - 3 71 + 240 160. =

Transpoee and combine, 7/ = 240.
Then 4:i: 40. =
Therefore, the usnal rate of the train is 40 miles an hour, and the
distance from A to B is 240 miles.
88. A train, alter traveling 1 hour 20 minutes from A towarda B,

meets wlth an accident which detaina it 30 minutes. After the acci-
dent the train proceeda at two thirds its usual rate, and arrivea 2 hours
20 minutes late. If the accident had happened 6ó miles further on,
the train would have been only an hour and a half late. Find the
usual rate of the train per hour and the distance from A to B.
Let 3:i: = the number of miles the train travela per hour,
and 11 = the number of miles from A to B.
Then 2 :i: = the number of miles the train travels per hour. after
the accident,
71 -4 :i: = the number of miles the train travels after the accident,
11- 4:i:
---
3:i:
= the number of hours uaually required,
11- 4:i:
and ---
2:i:
= the number of hours actually required.
Since the train was detalned 30 minutes, or l hour, and arrived 2
hours 20 minutes, or 2} bours late, the running time was li hours
more than usual ;
that is, =
li the number of houra of running time lost.
11-4:i:
11-4:i:
But --- - ---
2:i: 3:i:
= the number of houra of running time lost.
71-4:i: 11-4:i:
.·.-----=lt. (1)
2:i: 3:i:
If the accident had happened óó miles further on, the remainder of
the run would.have been (11 - 4 :i: - óó) miles, and the 1088 in running
time would have been 1 hour.
••• 11 - 4 :i: - óó _ 11 - 4 :i: - 6ó = l. (2)
2:i: 3:i:
óó óó ó
Subtract (2) from (1), - - - - -·
2:i: 3:i:-6
11 11 1
Divide by ó, - - - - -·
2:i: 3:i:-6
Multiply by 6:i:, 33- 22 = z.
Trauspolle and combine, z = 11.
SubBtitute the value of i in (1),
11-44 y-44 ll
22-33=6·
Multiply by 66, 811-182 - 211 + 88 121. =
Transpose and combine, 11 166. =
Then 8:i: = 33.
Therefore, the usual rate of the train is 33 miles an hour, and the
diatance from A to B is 16ó miles.
89. The sum of the three angles of any trlangle ia 180". If one angle
of a trlangle exceeds half the sum of the other two angles by lóº, and
their difference by 80", 11.nd the angles.
Let z = the number of degreea in the 11.rst angle,
= the number of degrees in the second angle,
11
and = the number of degrees in the thinl angle.
z
.·. z + 11 + z = 180, (1)
z- 11 + z = ló, (2)
2
and z - (11 - z) = 80. (8)
Multiply (2) by 2, 2z - Y - z = 80. (4)
Expand (8), z-11 + z = 80. (ó)
Add (1) and (4), 8z =210.
.·. z:70.
.Add (1) and (ó), 2z + 2z = 210. (6)
Divide (6) by 2, z + z lOó. = (7)
Substitute the value of z in (7), 70 + z = lOó.
Transpoee and combine, z Só. =
70 + 11 + 8ó 180. =
Tranapoee and combine, '11 7ó.=
Therefore, the three angles of the triangle are 70", 7óº, and 8óº.
to. .An angle of a triangle ia f"J the sum of the other two angles
and ia l thelr difference. Find the angles. ·
Let z = the number of degrees in the 11.rst angle,
11 = the number of degrees in the second angle,
and z = the number of degrees in the third angle.
J<:J,Kl\lENT ARY ALGEBRA
.·. z + 11 + z = 180, (1)

z = 6(11 + z), (2)
18
:r; = 6(11 - z). (3)
6
Multl¡,ly (2) by 13, 13:r; = 6y + 6z. (4)
Multl¡,ly 111) by o, 6z=óy-óz. (ó)
Add (4) and (ó), 11}:r; = 10 y.
19z
.·. 'V=ro· (6)
Hubtract (li) from (4), 7x = lOz.
7z
.·. z = 10. (7)
Huh•Utute tho valuee of y and z in ( 1),

Hlz
z + ---
10
+ 7z
-10 = 180.
Multl¡ily by 10, lOx + lOz + 7z = 1800.
Combino, 30z = 1800•
óO.
. •. X=
Subatltute the value of z in (ll), Y=95.
Subatltute the value of z In (7), =
z 35.
Thercfore, the three anglea of the triangle are 60º, 96º, and 36°.
U. A number of young men purchase a camp. If there had been

two more men in the company, each would have paid $12 leas; and if
there had been three men lees, each would have paid $24 more. ' How
many men were thore and how much did each pay ?
Let z = the number of men in the company,
and y = tho number of dollars each paid.
Then zy = the number of dollars in the cost of the camp.
.·. (z + 2)(y -12) = xy, (1)
and (z - 8)(y + 24) = zy. (2)
Expand (1), xy -12z + 2y - 24 = zy. (3)
Expand (2), xy + 24 z - 3 y - 72 = zy. (4)
Transpose and combine (3), -12 z + 2 y= 24. (5)
Transpose and combine (4), 24 z - 8 y = i2. (6)
Multiply (6) by 2, - 24z + 4y = 48. (7)
Add (6) and (7), 'Y 120. =
Substitute the value of 11 in (6), 24.z - 360 72. =

Transpoee and combine, 24 z = 432 .
.·. z = 18.
Therefore, there were 18 men in ·the company and each paid $120.
41. A sum of money at simple interest amounted in a years to m

dollars, and in b years to n dollars. Find the sum and the rate of
interest.
Let z = the number of dollars in the principal,
and 11 = the rate of interest.
The interest for one year is zy ; for a years, ~.!; for b years, ba:y.
100 100 100
azy
.·. z + 100 = m, (1)
bzy
and z+-=n. (2)
100_
(a - b)zy
Subtract (2) from (1), 100 = m -n.
zy m-n
Divide by a - b, 100 = -a - ¡¡·
Substitute the value of zy in (1),
100
z + a (m - n) = m.
a-b
a(m - n)
Transp011e, z =m -
a-b
-·- -
an - bm
Simplify, z=---.
a-b
Substituta the value of.z in (1),
an·- bm ay(an - bm)
-a-b
--+ lOO(a-b)
=m.
ay(an - bm) _ a(m - n)
Transpoee and combine, -IOO(a - b) - - a - b- ·
Multiply by 100 (a - b), ay(an - bm) = JOOa(m - n).
JOO(m - n)
.•. 11= - - - - - ·
an-bm
. an - bm . JOO(m - n)
Therefore, the sum 1s -- -- dollars, and the rate 1s - -~ -- -
per cent. a- b an - bm
ta. A sum of money at simple interest amonnted in ca moat.ba to m

dollars, and in b mont.ba to n dollan. Find the sum and the rate of
interest.
Let :i: = the number of dollars in the principal,
and =
y the rate of interest.
The intarest for one year i4 :i:v ; for one month, ZV ; for ca mont.ba,
100 1200
1' : ; for b montbs, 1' : ·
.·. :i:+~=m, (1)
and z+bzy=n. (2)

1200
Subtract (2) from (1), (a - b):i:y =m - n.
1200
Divide by a - b, zv =m-n.
1200 a- b
Substituta t~e value of 1 ;::o in (1),
:i: + a(m - n) = m.
a-b
a(m-n)
Transpose, :i: = m - •
a-b
an-bm
~implify, Z=---•
a-b
Subetitute the value of :i: in (1),
an - bm ay(an - bm)
---+
CI - b 1200(a - b)
=m.
Transpose and combine, ay(an - bm) - a(m - n)
1200(a - b) - a- b
Multiply by 1200(a - b), ay(an - bm) = 1200a(m - n).
1200(m - n)
an-bm ·
.·. 1/=
. an- bm · . 1200(m-n)
Therefore, the sum 18 - - - dollars, and the rate 18 - ~ - -
per cent.
a - b an-bm
tt. A boat's crew can row ló miles an hour downstream. The crew
can row a certain distance in still water in ló minutes and requires
20 minutes to row the same distance up tbe stream. Find tbe rate of
rowing in still water and tbe rate oí tbe stream.
Let. z = t.he number of miles per hour t.he crew can row
in st.ill water,
and 11 = the number of miles per hour the current ftows.
16 minutes = l hour, and 20 minutes = l hour.
.·. z+11=l6, (1)
and
z z-11
(2)
,=-3-·
Multiply (2) by 12, 3z = 4z- 411. (3)
TraD8p088 and combine (8), =
z 471. (4_)
Substitute t.he value of z in (1 ), =
471 + 11 16.
Combine, 671= 16.
~-11=8.
Substitut.e t.he value of 11 in (4), z = 12.
Tberefore, the rate of the crew in still water Is 12 miles an hour,
and t.he rate of t.he stream is 3 miles an hour.
46. If t.he length of a rectangle was 7 feet greater and t.he breadth
2 feet less, t.he area would be 169 aguare feet greater. If the length
was 6 feet. lesa and the breadth 4 feet greater, the area would be 33
square feet. lesa. Find the dimensiona.
Let z = the number of feet in the length of the rectsngle,
and 71 = the number of feet in the breadth of the rectangle.
Then X'// = the number of aguare feet in the area of t.he rectangle .
.·. (z + 7) (7/ - 2) = Z'// + 169, (1)
~ ~-~~+~=X'//-~ ~
Expand (1 ), X'// - 2 z + 7 71 - 14 = Z'// + 169. (8)
Expand (2), X'//+ 4 Z - 6 71 - 20 = Z'// - 88. (4)
Transpose and combine (8), - 2z + 7 71 = 178. (6)
Transpose and combine (4), 4z - 611 = -13. (6)
Multiply (6) by 2, - 4 :r: + 14 71 = 346. (7)
Add (6) and (7), =911 883.
=
••• 11 37.
Substltutethevalueof71ín(6), -2z+269 = 178.
Transpose and combine, - 2 z = - 86.
=
.·. z 43.
Therefore, t.he length of t.he rectangle Is 43 feet, and t.he breadth
37 feet.
48. In runnlng a mile race A gíves B a start of 44 yarda and Is beaten
by one second. In a second trial A gíves B a start of 7 seconds and
beata bim by 4\ yarda. Jo'índ the number of yarda each runa per second.
396 F.U:l\ll.:NTARY ALGEBRA
Let z = the number of yarda A runa in one second,

and y= tbe number of yarda Bruna in one aecond.
The number of yards in a mile is 1760.
. 1700
_i __ 1760
__y_ - _
44 _
-1 '
(1)
and !760 - 4& _ 1760 7. = (2)

y z
Add (1) and (2), 44 - 4& = 8.
y
Simplify, 362 = 8.
9y
Multiply by 9 Y, 7271 = 362.
••• 11 = 41.
Subetitute tbe value of y in (1),
1760 _ 1716 = l.
z 4&
Simplify, 1760
z - 361 = l.
Transpose and combine, X = 362.
.!..700 .
. ·• Z= 6.
Therefore, A runs ó yards per second, and B 4& yarda per second.
47. A courtyard, whose area is 1300 square feet, is paved with 50
stones of one size and 196 stones of another size. Ten stones of tbe
flrst size and seven of the second size cover togetber 100 square feet.
Find tbe area of eacb kind.
Let z = the number of square feet in the area of the flrst size
of stone,
and y= the number of square feet In tbe area of the second
size of stone.
60x + 19671 = 1300, (1)
and lOz + 771 = 100. (2)
Divide (1) by 6, lOz + 3971 = 260. (3)
Subtract (2) from (3), 82y = 160.
=
••• 11 6.
=
Subetitute tbe value of y in (2), 10 z + 36 100.
lOz 66.
. ·. Z= 6}.
Tberefore, tbe area of tbe flrst size is 61 square feet, and of the
eecond size is 6 square feet.
'i'.tACHERS' EDITION 897
48. The snm of the three digits of a number is 16, and the sum of
the flrst digit and the third ·digit is equal to the second. If the units'
digit and the tens' digit are interchanged, the resulting number is less
than the original number by 27. Find the number.
Let x = the digit in the hundreds' place,
y = the digit in the tens' place,
Then lOOz + lOy + z = the number.
.•.X+ y+ Z =16, (1)
X+ Z = y, (2)
and 100z+l0z+y=l00z+l0y+z-27. (3)
Transpose (2), X - y + Z 0.. =(4)
Transpose and combine (3), -9y+9z=-27. (5)
Divide (6) by - 9, y - z 3. =(O)
Subtract (4) from (1), 2y 16 . =
.·. y=S.
Substitute the value of y in (6), 8- z 3. =
Transpose and combine, z= 6.
Substitute the values of y and z in (1),
X+ 8 + 6 16. =
Transpose and combine, x 3. =
IOOx + lOy + z = 386.
Therefore, the number required is 386.
49. The report of an explosion traveled 1039 feet per second against
the wind and 1061 feet per second with the wind. Find the velocity
o( the sound in still air and the velocity of the wind.
Let x = the number of feet per second the sound traveled,
and y =; the number of feet per second the wind traveled.
••• X -y= 1039, (1)
and z +y= 1061. (2)
Add (1) and (2), 2x = 2100.
. •.X= 1060.
Subtract (1) from (2), 2¡¡ =22.
.·. y= ll.
Therefore, the velocity of sound in st.ill air was 1050 feet per second,
and the velocity of the wind was 11 feet per second, or 7! miles per
hour.
898 ÉLEMEN'TARY AtGEBRA
60. The mm of the agea of A, B, and C is 171 yeare. Fifteen years

ago A 'a age waa equal to the aum of the agea of B and C; and 34 years
ago A'a age waa four times the difference between the ages of B and C.
Find the age of each.
Let =
z the number of years in A'a age,
=
11 the number of years in B'a age,
and =
z the number of years in C'a age .
.·. z + 11 + z = 171, (1)
=
z - 16 71 - 16 + z - 15, (2)
and =
z - 34 4((71-34)-(z-34)). (3)
Tranapoae and combine (2), z - 11 - z =- 15. (4)
Expand (3), z - 34 = 4 71 - h. (6)
Tranapose (5), z - 4 V + 4z = 34. (6)
Add (1) and (4), = 2z 156•
.·. z=78.
=-
Substitute the value of z in (4), 78 - y - z 15. (7)
Substitutethevalueofzin(6), 78-471+4z 34.= (8)
Tranapose and combine (7), y + z = 93. (9)
Transpose and combine (8), - 4 y + 4 z =- 44. (10)
Divide (10) by - 4, y - z = 11. (ll)
Add (9) and (11), 2 y= 104.
.·. Y= 62.
Subtract (11) from (9), = 2 z 82.
=
.·. z 41.
Therefore, A's age is 78 years; B's age, 62 years; and C'a age, 41
years.
61. A, B, and C togetber subscribed $100. lf A had subscrlbed a
tenth lesa and B a tenth more, C must have subscribed $2 more to
make up the sum; but ü A bad subscribed an eightb more, and B an
eigbtb lesa, C must have subscribed $17.60. What waa .the subscriP-
tion of each ?
Let z = tbe number of dollars in A's subscription,
y= the number of dollars in B's subscrlption,
and =
z the number of dollars in C's subscription.
=
.•. X+ y+ Z 100, (1)
9z 11 y
- + -
10 10
=
+ z + 2 100, (2)
and (3)
Multiply (2) by 10, 9z + 11 y+ 10z + 20 = 1000. (4)
Multiply (3) by 8, Ox + 711 + 140 = 800. (ó)
Transposeandcombine(4), 0:11+1111 +lOz = 980. (6)
Transpose and combine (ó), Oz + 111 = 660. (7)
lOz + 1011 + 10 z 1000. (8)
z -11 20. (9)
Multiply (9) by (7), =
7z - i¡¡ 140. (10)
Add (7) and (10), 16z= 800.
.·. Z=óO.
Substitute the value of z in (9), óO - 11 = 20.
.·. y=30.
Substitute the values of z and y in (1 ), óO + 30 + z = 100.
Transpoee and combine, =
z 20:
Therefore, A subecribed $ó0; B, $30; and C, $20.
H. A and B together can do a piece of work in 16 days, A and C
together in 18 days, and B and C together in 20 days. Iu how many
days can each alone do the work ?
Let =
z the number of days required for A alone,
y= the number of days required for B alone,
and =
z the number of days required for C alone.
Then !, !, ! = the parte done in one day by A, B, C respectively,
z 11 z
1 1
and - + - = the part done In one day by A and B together.
z 11
But n = the part done in one day by A and B together.
1 1 1
.·. z-+-=-·
11 16
(1)
1 1 1
Likewise,
z+; = 18' (2)
1 1 1
and -+-=-·
y z 20
(3)
1 1 1
Subtract (8) from (2), ;- y= 1so· (4)
2 49
.Add (1) and (4),
;= 120·
Multiply by 720 z, 1440 = 49:i:.
.·. Z=29!f.
2 41
y= 120 ·
400 ELF.MJo:NTARY AJ,GEBRA
Multlply by 720 y, 1440 = 41 J .

.·. y= 36/1·
Suh11tltute thu va.lue of z in (2), ~ + ! = .!.. .
1440 z 18
Multl¡ily 1,y 1440z, 40z + 1440 = 80z.
Tra11s1io1u a.mi combine, - 31 z =- 1440•
.·. z = 46H.
Tlwrdoru, A mm do Lhe work alone in 20H days, B in 36/1 days,
ami C lu 40 .\ l day11.
118. A bm~t trav,·IH 101 miles an hour down a river. It ta.kea the
boat thrrn, t.lmuK 8.11 loug Lo go a certain distance up the river as to gu
tho KILllll' cll~tancc down tlm river. :Find the rate at which Lhe rivtr
fl11w11 111111 thu rate of the boat in still water.
L11t. thu uumbur of miles per hour the boat travela in still water,
B1111 JI : the number of mileR per hour the river flows.
.·. :t +y= 10!, (1)
3 1
aucl
x-+,i- :e -y· (~)
Mull.1¡,ly (1) hy 2, 2x + 2y = 21. (3)
M11ltl¡,ly (2) hy (:t + y) (z - y), 3 z - 3 y z + y .= (4)
'l'l"allKIJOKll mul COIII bine (4 ), 2x = 4y .
.·.x=2y. (5)
HuliKtitutc tho value of x in (3), 4y + 2y = 21.
Co111hl11n, Gy 21. =
.·.y= 3 ~.
H11hHtltut.c the value of y in (6), X =7.
Thm·eofore, the river flows at the rate of 31 miles an hour, and the
boat travuls in stlll water at the rate of 7 miles a n J10ur.
114. A 1nm of money at simple interest amounted in 7 months to
$2118.30 and In 10 months to $2139. Finrl the sum and the rate of
intercRt.
Let =
x the number of dollars in the plincipal,
and =
y the rate of interest.
The interest for 1 year is -~1!.. ; and for 1 month Z1I •
100 1200
7 xy ·
.·. z + 1200 = 2118.30, (1)
I\Jld X + lO xy = 2130. (2)

1200
Subtract (1) from (2), Szy = 20.70. (3)

1200
zy
Divide (3) by 3, (4)
1200 = 6· 00·
Substitute tbe value of zy In (2), z + 69 = 2139.
1200
Substitute the value of z in (4), 2070y = 6.00.
1200
Multiply by 1200, 2070 y = 8280.
:. y= 4.
Therefore, the aum is $2070, and the rate is 4 per cent.
66. A boy bought ó70 oranges, some at 16 for 2ó cents, and the
remainder at 18 for 2ó cents. He sold them all at the rate of ló for
25 cents, and made a profü of 7ó cents. How many onmges at eacb
price did he buy ?
Let z = the number of onmges the boy bought at 16 for 2ó
cents,
y = the nmnber of oranges he bought at 18 for 25
centa.
Then -2óz
16
= the number of cents the tlrst lot cost,
-2óy = the number of cents the second lot cost,
18
and 570 x H = 9ó0 = the number of cents the boy received.
:. z +y= 670, (1)
and 25z 2óy = 960 - 7ó. (2)

16 + 18
Divide (2) by 26, (3)
Multiply (3) by 144, 9:1: + 8 y = 6040. (4)

Multiply (1) by 8, 8z + 8y = 4660. (ó)
Subtract (ó) from (4), z = 480.
Transpose and combine, y = OO.
Therefore, the boy bought 480 oranges at 16 for 2ó cents, and 00
oranges at 18 for 2ó cents.
68. A penon has a certain capital invest.ed at a certain rate per

cent. Another person has $4000 more capital invested at one per
cent better than the first, and receives '300 more income. A third
person has '6000 more capital invested at two per cent better than
the first, and receives '660 more income. Find the capital of each
and the rate at which it la invested.
Let x = the number of dollars in the capital of the first
person,
and 71 = the rate of interest on this capital.
Then x =
+ 4000 the number of dollars in the capital of the second
person,
=
11 + 1 the rate of interest on this capital,
=
x + 6000 the number of dollars in the capital of the third
person,
and 71 + 2 = tbe rate of interest on this capital.
.·. (x + 4000) ( 11 + 1)
100 100
=
Z7/ + 300, (1)
and (x + 6000) ( 11 + 2)
100
=
xy + 660.
100
(2)
=
Multiply (1) by 100, (x + 4000)(71 + 1) Z7/ + 80000. (8)
Multiply (2) by 100, (x + 6000) (Y+ 2) = X1/ + 66000. (4)
Expand (3), x71 + x + 4000y + 4000 = xy + 30000. (ó)
Expand (4), x71 + 2x + 600071 + 12000 = xy + 66000. (6)
Transpose and combine (ó), x + 400071 26000. = (7)
Transpose and combine (6), 2 x + 6000 y 44000. = (8)
Divide (8) by 2, z + 800071 = 22000. (9)
Subtract (9) from (7), 100071 4000. =
••• 11 = 4.
Substituta the va.lue of y in (7), x + 16000 = 26000.
Tra.nspose a.nd combine, x = 10000.
Then x + 4000 =14000,
X + 6000 = 16000,
11+ 1 =ó,
and y+ 2 = 6.
Therefore, the flrst person bas $10,000 invested a.t 4 per cent ; the
second, $14,000 a.t 6 per cent; and the third, $16,000 at 6 per cent.
67. A dea.ler sold a certain quantlty of eggs. If be bad eold 126

dozen more a.t 1 cent a. dozen lees, or 120 dozen less a.t 1 cent a dozen
more, he would have received the same amount of money for his eggs.
Find the number of dozen he aold and the price per dozen.
Let z = the number of dozen egga the dealer aold,
and 11 = the number of cente he received for each dozen.
.·. (z + 125)(71 -1) = zy, (l)
and (z - 120)(71 + 1) = zy. (2)
Expand (1 ), Z7/ - z + 125 71 - 125 = zy. (8)
Expand (2), Z7/ + z - 12071- 120 = z71. (4)
Transpoee and combine (8), - z + 12571 = 125. (5)
Tranepose and combine (4), z -12071 = 120. (6)
Add (5) and (6), =
671 245.
=
:. 11 49.
Substitute the value of 71 in (6), z - 5880 = 120.
Transpose and combine, = 6000.
z
Therefore, the dealer aold 6000 dozen eggs at 49 cente per dozen.
68. C sets out from the town A and walks toward B at the rate of
3 miles an hour. A quarter of an hour later D sets out from the town
B and walks toward A at the rate of 8J miles an hour. If D walks 2
miles beyond the half-way point between B and A before he meete t,
find the distance between A and B.
Let =
z the number of miles from A to B,
and =
11 the number of honre C walks before meeting D.
Then =
11 - l the number of hours D walks.
: . 871+(71-t)8J=z, (1)
and =
371 + 2 (71 - t)3t - 2. (2)
1571 15
Expand (1), 871+---=z. (8)
4 . 16
15 71 15
Expand (2), =- - - -
371 + 2
4 16
2. (4)
4871 + 6071 -16 16:i:. (6)
Multlply (4) by 16, 48 71 + 82 = 6011 - 16 - 82. (6)
Transpose and combine (6), 108y -16:i: = 16. (7)
Transpoee and combine (6), . -1271 =- 79.
=
:. 11 6-?,:•
Subatitute the value of 71 in (7), 711-16:i: = 15.
Transpose and combine, -16:i: = - 600.
=
.·. z 48l.
Therefore, the distance from A to B is 48} miles.
404 ELRMENTARY ALGEBRA
69. A and B together can do a piece of work in 12 days. After

workiug togetber 9 days, however, they call on C to aid them, and
the three tlnish the wurk in l! days. C finds that be can do as much
work in ó days as A does in O days. In how many days can each
alone do the work ?
Let x = the number of days required for A alone,
and
= the number of days required for H alone,
11
= the number of days rnquired for C alone.
z
Then 1 1
-, -, 1= the pans done in one day by A, B, C respectively.
z 11
1 1 1
.·.-+-=-, (1)
X 11 12
9 O 2 2 2
-+-+-+-+-=1 (2)
x11xyz'
and 5 6
Z X (3)
Combine (2), 11+!.!+~=l.
X 1J Z
(4)
Multiply (1) by 11, 1111 11

-+-=-· (6)
X 1J 12
Subtract (6) from (4), 2 1
z 12
.·. z = 24.
Substitute the value of z in (3), 5 6
Multiply by 24 x,
24 =x·
ÓX = 144.
.·.X= 28!.
Substitute the values of x and z in ( 1),
ó 1 1
-+-=-·
144 y 12
Multiply by 144 y, 6y + 144 = 12y.
Transpose and combine, -7y =-144.
•·• 11 = 20;.
Therefore, A can do the work in 28! days, B in 20f days, and C in
24 days.
60. An income of $670 a year is obtained from two investments,

one in 4! per cent stock and the other in 5 per cent stock. If the 4!
per cent stock sl!ould be sold at 110, and the 5 per cent stock at 126,
tbe sum realized from tbe sales would be f16,600. How much of each
stock is tbere ?
Let =
z the number of dollars invested at 4l per cent,
and f/ = the number of dollars invested at 6 per cent.
9:i: 671
=
•·. 200 + 100 670, (1)
and 110:i: 126~ = 16600. (2)

100 + 100
Multiply (1) by 200, 9 z + 10 71 = 134000. (3)
Simplify the terma of (2), 11:i: + 671 = 16600. (4)
10 4
Multiply (4) by 20, = 332000.
22 ;r, + 26 71 (6)
Multiply (3) by 5, 46 z + óO y = 670000. (6)
Multiply (6) by 2, 44 ;r, + 60 y = 664000. (7)
Subtract (7) from (6), z = 6000.
Substitute the value of z in (3), 64000 + 10 y = 134000.
1011 80000.
.•. 11 = 8000.
Therefore, there Is '6000 of the 4! per cent stock, and '8000 of
the 6 per cent.
61. A box contains a mixture of 12 bushels of oats and 18 of coro,

and another box contains a mixture of 12 bushels of oats and 4 of
corn. How many bushels must be taken from each box in order to
have a mixture of 14 bushels, half oats aud half corn?
Let =
z the number of bushels to be taken from the flrst box,
and =
71 the number of bushels to be taken from the secoud.
12:i:
=
Then 30 the number of bushels of oats from the first box,
18:i:
30 = the number of busbels of corn from the flrst box,
-121671 = the number of busbels of oats from the second box,
and 411
16
=the number of bushels of com from the second box.
• 12:i: 12y=7 (1)
.. 30 + 16 '
18:i: 411_7 (2)
and 30+10- .
Simplify (1), 2z+811= 7. (8)

ó 4
8x 11
Simplify (2), -+-
ó 4
=7. (4)
Multlply (8) by 20, =
8x + 1511 140. (6)
Multlply (4) by 20, · 12:t + Ólf = 140. (6)
36z + 1sv 420. (7)
Subtract (5) from (7), 28:t = 280.
.·. :i:=10.
Subatitute the value of z in (6), 120 + 511 = 140.
ó 11 20.
=
.·. 11 4.
Therefore, 10 bushels must be taken from the first hox, and 4 bnshels
from the second box.
Elzerclae 78. Page 198

l. At tbe present time A Is a years old and B is b yeara old. In
bow many years will A be e times 88 old 88 B ?
Discuas the result (1) when b Is greater than a; (2) when e is less
tha.n unity; (3) when a= b; (4) when e= l.
Let =
:i: tbe required number of years.
Then a + x = the number of years in A 's age z years henee,
a.nd b + x = the number of years in B's age z years bence.
But z years hence A will be e times 88 old 88 B .
=
.·. a + z e (b + z).
Expand, a+z=be+c:i:.
Transpose, cz-z=a-be.
a-be
.·.z=--·
c-1
Therefore, A will be e times as old as B In ªc-1
- be years.
(1) lf bis greater than a, the value of z Is negative. In tbls case B
is older than A by (b - a) years, and A will neve,- be e times as old 88
B, provided e is greater than unity.
(2) lf e Is less tban unity, the denomlnator of the value of z le nega-
tive, and therefore b is greater than a. Tbe problem now means, in
how many years will A be the fraction e as old as B.
(3) If a= b, A is just the age of B and always will be juet as old 88 B.
Hence, tbe value of e must be unity, and the problem is indetermina.te.
(4) lf c=l, itfollows tbata must beequal tobe,and thata=b,as in(3).
9. A boatman, moving with the tide, rows n miles in t hours. In

returning he rows against a tide m times as strong as the flrst and
makes the distance in t' bours. Find the velocity of the second tide
in miles per hour.
=
Discuss the result (1) when m 1; (2) when t' t; (3) wben t' is =
less than t; (4) when m is negativa; (ó) when n is negativa.
Let z =the number of miles per hour the first tide flows.
Then mz = the number of miles per hour the second tide flows,
~ = the number of miles per hour he makes witb the
t first tide,
~ - z = the number of miles per ho\lr he actually rows,
t
~ = the number of miles per hour he makes against the
t' second tide,
and ~ + mz = the number of miles per hour he actually rows.
t' n n
.·. r+mz=t-z.
Multiply by tt', nt + mtt'z = nt' - tt'z.
Transpose, mtt'z + tt'z = nt' - nt.
Factor, tt'(m + l)z = n(t' - t).
.·. z = n(t' - t) •
tt'(m+l)
mn{t' - t)
mz= .
tt'(m+l)
Therefore, the velocity of the second tide is mn(t' - t) miles per
bour. tt'(m + 1)
=
(1) lf m 1, the boatman in returning is rowing against a tide just
as strong as the first, and the velocity of the second tide reduces to
n(t' - t)
~ miles per hour.
(2) If t' = t, the value of mz reduces to O

t2(m + 1)
, a form which
shows the impossibility of tbe problem. It is evident tbat a boatman
cannot row a certain distance agaiust a tide however weak in the same
time that it takes him to row the same distance with a tide, whether
strong or weak. The only interpretation of this case is that he is
rowing wltb a tide just as strong as the flrst.
(8) lf t' is less than t, the value of mz is negativa, wbich shows that
the boatman Is rowing with the second tide and not againat it.
(4) lf m is negative aud greater than 1, the boatman is evidently

rowing with the second tide and not again.st it.
(6) lf n is negative, the value of mJ: is negative, which shows that
the conditions are reversed, and that the boatman is rowing againat
the first tide and with the second.
8. A merchant owns two kinds of sugar tbat cost him, one a cents
a pound and tbe other b cents a pound. He wishes to make a mix-
ture of e pounds that shall cost him d cents a pound. How many
pounds of eacb kind shall he take ?
= =
Discuss the result (1) wben a b; (2) when a d or b = d;
= =
(3) when a b d; (4) when a is greater than b and less than d;
(ó) when a is greater than b and bis greater than d.
Let z = the number of pounds at a cents,

and 'V= the number of pounds at b cents.
Tben z+y=c, (1)
and az +by= d(z + y). (2)
Substitute the value of z + y from (1) in (2),
az +by= cd. (3)
Multiply (1) by a, az +ay= ac. (4)
Subtract (3) from (4), (a - b)y = (a-d)c.
(a - d)c
.·. y=-a-b ·
Multiply (1) by b, bz +by= be. (ó)
Subtract (ó) from (3), (a- b)z =(d - b)c .
.·. z = (d - b)c.
a-b
Therefore, be sball take (d - b)c pounds ata cents, and (a - d)5
pounds at b cents.
a- b a- b
We will suppose that, if the two prices a and b are different, a is

greater tban b. Then it is evident tbat the price of any mixture must
be lees than a but greater than b cents per pound ; that is, a is greater
than d, but d is greater than b.
(1) lf a = b, the price of any mixture will evidently be the same as
= =
that of either kind. In this case the resulta become x &, a.nd 'V ¡ ;
tbat is, z and y are indeterminate. For the merchant may take as
many pounds of each kind as he chooses, so long as he takes e pounds
in all.
=
(2) lf d a, anda and b are different, tben all tbe e pounds must
be taken from tbe kind tbat costa a centa a pound; for any ad mix-
ture of the second kind would change tbe price. In this case the
=
resulta become z e, and y O. =
lf d = b, tbe resulta become z = O, and y = c.
(3) If a= b = d, the same reasoning applies as in (1).
(4) a cannot be greater than b and less than d, for then the price of
the mixture would be higher than that of eitber of ite componente.,
The resulte show tbat y is negative; that is, the statement of the
problem is in error.
(6) a and b cannot both be greater than d, for then the price of
the mixture would be leBB than that of either of ita componenta. In
this case z is negative; that is, the statement of the problem is in
error.
4. A party of a young roen hired a camp, agreeing to share the

expense equally; but, as b of the party were unable to go, each one_
wbo went paid e dollars more than he expected to pay. What was
the rent of the camp?
DiscUBB the result (1) when b =O; (2) when b =a; (3) when b is
greater than a; (4) when e is negative.
Let z = the number of dollars ea.ch expected t-0 pay.
Then ax = the number of dollars in tbe whole rent,
a - b = the number who went to tbe camp,
z + e = the number of dollars each paid;
and (a - b)(z +e)= the number of dollars in the wbole rent.
.·. ax = (a - b)(z + e).
Expand, ax=ax+ac-bz-bc.
Transpose and combine, bz = ac - be.
(a - b)c
.·. Z=--b-•
ax= (a - b)ac.
b
.. . ·f .
T uere (a - b)ac
ore, the rent of the camp was b . dollars.
' 2
(1) . If b = O, the rent becomes ª0e, a form whicb shows the impos-
=
sibility of the problem under this condition. It is evident that if b O,
all the members of the party went to the camp, a.nd therefore ea.ch
member paid O dollara more than he expected. Hence, if b = O,

e muat equal O. 0
=
(2) If b a, the rent becomea a,
a form which shows the impos-
sibility of the problem under this condit.ion. It is evident. that if
b = a, ali the members of the party remained away from the camp,
and tberefore no member paid a.ny rent. Hence, no rent would be
paid.
(3) lf b Is greater than a, the rent becomes a negativa number of
· dollars. It is evident that no more than ali the party could be pre-
vent.ed from going to the camp.
(4) If e is negative, each member paid e dollars leu tban he expected,
and tbe total rent is a negative number of dollara. Tbls shows tbat b
must be negativa ; in other words, tbat ali the party went to the camp
and b others besidea tbe original party of a membera.
Ebcerctae 79. Page 203
1. In the figure on page 203 determine the coBrdlnates of B ; of M;

of N; of R ; of S ; of H; of L ; of A ; of F; of D; of C.
B ia the polnt (- 3, 4); L is the point (O, - 3) ;
M is the point (6, 4) ; A is the point (3, 2) ;
Nis the point ( - 3, - 2); F' is the point (6, - 2);
R is tbe polnt (6, O); D is the point (- 4, - 4);
S is the polnt (O, 3) ; C is the point ( - 4, O).
H is the point ( - 6, O) ;
l. What is the abaciBB& of a point on the axis of 11? What is the

ordinate of a point on tbe axis of z?
The absciBB& of a point on the axis of 11 is O. The ordinate of a
point on the axis of z Is O.
8. Where muat a polnt Jie lf its ordinate is zero? if lts abaclaaa is

zero ? jf both abeci&Ba and ordinate are zero ?
If the ordinate of a polnt Is zero, the point muat lle on the axia of z.
If the absci&Ba of a point is zero, tbe point muat lle on the axis of 11·
If both the absciBB& and the ordinate of a polnt are zero, the point
muat líe at the intersection of the axes of coBrdinates, that is, at the
origln.
!
'l'EACHEkS' EDITION 411

4. Plot the following points: (2, ó), (- 3, 6), ( - 2, - 4), (3, - ó),
(7, O), (-ó, O), (O, O), (O, - 3), (- 4, - ó), (7, 2).
(i) To plot the poiut (2, ó),
count 2 units to the right
from O, and then ó units up-
wa.rds. The point .A is the
. ,~
point requlred.
(ii) To plot the point
(- 3, 6), colint 3 unit.s to the
left from O, and then 6 units
'
upwards. The point B is the
polnt required.
(iii) To plot the point
( - 2, - 4), count 2 unit.s to
the left from O, and then 4
unlts downwards. The point
e is the point required.
(iv) To plot the point (8, - ó), count 8 units to the right from O,
and then ó unit.s downwards. The point D is the point required.
(v) To plot the point (7, O), count 7 units to the right from O, aud
then O unlts In a vertical direction. The point E is the point required.
(vi) To plot the point (- ó, O), count ó units to the left from O, and
then O units in a vertical direction. The point F is the point required.
(vil) To plot the point (O, O), count O units from O in both a hori-
zontal and a vertical direction. The point O is the point required.
(viii) To plot the point (O, - 3), count O units from O in a horizon-
tal direction, and then 8 units downwards. The point G is the point
requlred.
(ix) To plot the point ( - 4, - ó), count 4 units to the left from O,
and then ó units downwards. The point H is the point required.
(x) To plot the point (7, 2), count 7 units to the right from O, and
then 2 units upwards. The point I is the point required.
11. In what quadrant does a point lle if ita coordinates are both posi-
tive? if both are negative? if tha ordinate is positive and the abscissa
nagative ? i1 the absci111111, is positive and tha ordinate negative ?
If tha cot!rdinates of a point are both positiva, tha point lias in
Quadrant I.
If tha coéirdinates of a point are both negativa, tha point líes in
Quadrantlll
lf t.be ordinate of a point Is posit.ive and the absclssa negative, the

point lies in Quadrant II.
lf the absciasa of a point ia positive and the ordinate negative, the
point liea in Quadrant IV.
1
8. Plot t.be points (- 2, - 8), (-1, - 6),
,.
~
(O, - 4), (1, - 2), (2, O), (3, 2), (4, 4). Do
these points lie iu a 11traight line ? la the
-
'-
equation 2z - y= 4 _aatistied if the absci&-
'-·, 11.
sas are substituted in turn for z, and the ,..
,_
corresponding ordinates for y? ~-
Plot the pointl! (- 2, - 8), ( - 1, - 6),
(O, - 4), (1, - 2), (2; O), (3, 2), (4, 4),
,_ f
which are the points C, D, E, F, G, H, I
respectively. 1,- I
These pointa evidently lie in the etraight
B y
lineAB.
=
Substitute in turn in the equation 2 z - y 4 the abscieaae of t.be
given points for z and the corresponding ordinates for y.
Then =
- 4 + 8 4, 4 - O 7 4,
-2+6=~ 6-2=~
0+4=~ 8-4=~
=
2 + 2 4,
Therefore, the equation 2z - y= 4 is aatisfted in each case.

l. Plot the graph of 3z - 211 = 6.
Tranepose, =
2 y 3 z - 6.
3x-6 ,
Divide by 2, y = - 2- .
If z= O, 11=-3; ,,
J
J
z=+I, 1/=-l!; '-·, o i, ,.,

z =+ 2, y= O; 1) ,-
z=+3, 11=+1};
V
z = + 4, 11 = + 3; 1)
z = - 1, y= - 4};
i,
z = - 2, y = - 6. H, ~·
The above seven points are plotted in
the figure, and ali lie on the straight line AB, which is the graph
required.
S. Plot the graph of 6 :t + 2 y 10. = l...l
Transpose, =
271 10 - 6:t.
Divide by 2,
10 - 6:t
11=-2-·
' \
If :t =O, =
11 + 6 ;
=
:t + 1, =
11 + 2!;
'
=
:t + 2, 11 = O; \
=
:t + 3, 11 = - 2! ; ;.
o '-·
'4•
:t = + 4, 11 = - 6 ;
:t=-1,
:t = - 2,
11=+ 7l;
11 = + 10.
' \
The above seven point.s are plotted in R

the figure, and ali líe on the straight line
AB, which is the graph required. ~ 1 1 1 l
1
3. Plot the graph of 4:t -11 + 4 = O. I '

Transpose, y = 4 :t + 4.
If :t = · O,
:t = + 1,
11=+
11 =+ 8 ·
4·• I '
:t = + 2, '
11 = + 12;
:t = -1, 11= O; I
:t =- 2, 4·,
:t =-3,
11=-
11 =- 8. - In '-·
,A
The above six points are plotted in the '

I
figure, and ali lie on the straight line AB,
which is the graph required. I
I
i . Plot the graph of - :t + 3 y = 6. r
Transpose, :t = 311-6 .
If 11 = º·
:t = - 6 ;
11 = + 1, :t = - 3 ; ....
.... ,1
11=+2, :t= O; ....

....
- -
=
11 + 3, :t + 3 ;= , o
11 = + 4, :t = + 6 ; ,A
R.,...
---
11=-l, :t=-9.
The above six point.s
are plotted in the
figure, and ali lie on
the strafght line AB, which is the graph required .
E
6. Plot the graph of Sz + 2v 12. =

Transpoae, 2v= 12-sz. l.d
12-3:i:
Divide by 2, v=-i-· ' \.
If z= o, v=+6; '
z=+l, Y=+4!;
z=+ 2, v=+S;
\. '
:i:=+3,
=
z + 4,
Y=+l!;
,,
-..
y= O;
z = + 6, y= - 1!; :...-
:i: = + 6, y = - 8;
:i:=+7, v=-4!; \. '
:i:=-1,
:i: = - 2,
v=+7!;
y = + 9.
..
lJ
The above ten points are plotted in the figure, and all líe on the
straight llne AB, which Is the graph required.
8. Plot the graph of :i: - 6 v = 6.
Transpose,
:i:=6y+6.
If y = o, :i: = + 6 ;
Y=+l, :i:=+10;
y = - 1, :i: = O; B,..A-H++-1-+-+-H"+-+_-1,...~.,¡...+-'f-::;¡..--HH:M
y = - 2, :i: = - 6 ;
Y=-8, :i:=-10.
The above five points
-- 1
are plotted in the fig-

ure, and ali líe on the straight line AB, whlch Is the graph required.
T. Plot the graph of 7:i: + 2 y - 14 O = .
1
by finding the points In which the graph .
cuts the axes.
We have 7 :i: + 2 y -14 = O. 1
If :i:=0, v=+7;
and lf 'V= O, z=+2. ..
,
\
The point C, (2, O), and the potnt D,

-- \
(O, 7), are plotted in the figure. '
The straigbt line AB, drawn through
r
the polnts C aud D, is the graph requlred.
8. Plot the graph of óz - 311-15 = O
by finding the points in which the graph
cuts the axes. 1/
We have 6z - St, -16 =O. ,..
If z=O, 1,1=-6;
~
'
' -
and if =
J.' O, =
z + 3. 1/
The point C, (8, O), and the point D, / ,
(O, - ó), are plotted in the figure. J
The straight line AB, drawn through
B y
t.he points C and D, is the graph required.
9. Plot the graph of

3:z:-41,1-24=0
by finding the points in which
the graph cuts the axes. ,Á.
We have Sz -411-24 = O. "" t.,
·-
If Z= O, 11=-6;
,, "
V
and if ti= O, z=+S.
The point C, (8, O), and the .,
ni..,
point D, (O, - 6), are plotted in i""

the figure.
.,
The etraight line AB, drawn
through the points C and D, is the graph required.

r
4 z + 311 + 12 =O ..... .- Á
by finding the points in which the '\.

graph cuts the axes.
We have 4 z + 3 J.' + 12 = O. ...
,.... I '\. o ·-·
'\
I'\
If Z= 0, t,=-4;
' l 'I
=
and if 11 O, z=-3.
'\
The point C, (- 3, O), and the 11.
poim D, (O, - 4), are plotted in the
I' ~
figure.
Tlie straight Une AB, drawn
througb the points C and D, is the graph required.
416 J.:LEl\lENTARY ALGEBRA

:i:-871+8=0
-A
by finding the points in which
the graph cuts the axes. -·
J1 o
We have :i: - 8 71 + 8 = O.
lf :i: = O, 11=+1;
and if y= O, :l:=-8.
The point C, ( - 8, O), and the point D, (O, 1), are plotted in the figure.
The straight line AB, drawn through the points C and D, is the
graph required.
T
6:i:+471+30=0 L
by finding the points in which the

graph cuts the axes.
"
We have ó:i: + 4y + 30 =O. · ' ,.,
If :i: = o, Y=-7i; "' "

~
and if 71 = O, x=-6.
The point C, (- 6, O), and the
' 1 "\
point D, (O, - 7t), are plotted in "" "' [L

the figure.
The straight line A B, drawn "\o
through the points C and D, is
the graph required.
13. Plot the grapb of tbe equation
1
.
:i:+y=O
by finding any two points.
~I"' ' e:
We have x +y= O. ~-.
-f-
I°'
,- ;,...
1'- 0 .,
If X=- 3, 11=+8; X
x=+3, y=-3. '' r-..1)
Th~ point C, ( - 3, 3), and the point D, ,-
"'
(3, - 3), are plotted in the figure .
The straight line AB, drawn through
r "
the points C and D, is the graph required.
H. Plot the graph of the equation ,A

/
z-11=0 CV
1/
by flnding any two points. /
,_ .,
We have z -y= O.
If z=+8, 11=+8;
- 1/
/
/
1n /
Z=-8, 11 =- 8. 1.1
/
The point C, (8, 8), and the point D, K
( - 8, - 8), are plotted in the figure.
The stralght line .AB, drawn through the polnts C and D, is the
graph required.
16. Plot the graph of the

=
equation z - 5 y O by find-
ing any two points.
We have z - óy = O.
..
,
If z = + ó,
z = - 6,
y =+ 1 ;
y =- l.
'"
B- ¡
---
The point C, (ó, 1), and the
point D, ( - 6, -1 ), are plotted r
in the figure.
The straight line .AB, drawn through the points C and D, Is the
graph required.
18. Plot the graph of the

equation 2 z = 6 y by findlng .
any two pointa.
We have 2z = 671. e ...
.....
If z =+ 6, 11=+2; -
,
., .....
o - ,..
,..
z=-8, 11=-l. ~
'J
The point C, (6, 2), and the

point D, (- 8, - 1), are plotted
in the figure.
The straight line AB, drawn through the pointa C and D, is the
graph required,
418 ELDIF:XT.\RY ALGEBR ..\
1T. PI°' tbe graph of tbe eqaa- 1

. ' 1
cion ó z + 4 , = O by finding 11117
l
..!
,, rs. •
1 1 1 1 1 , 1
1 ' •
two pointa. 1
1 l'\.I
We han 5z + 4r O. = ;,...
• 1 ' •
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
If z=+4, r=-ó;
,,
1 1 I
"'
,, ' 1 • 1
- J ·~ lw
1
z=-4, r=+ó. - ,-
I
The point e, (4, - ó), and the ' 1 1
!
point D, (- 4, ó), are plotted in
tbe figure. "';, .e 11 '
The liraight line AB, drawn

~
1
1
1 1
1
i ' •B,
througb tbe pointa C and D, ia 1 1 l 1
tbe grapb required.
18. Plot tbe grapb of tbe 1.:1.l '

equation 7 z - óy = O by find- 1
1 _, 11' 1
ing any two pointa.
We bave 7z - 51 O. = 1 Í '
1
' 1 1
If z=+ó, 1=+7; H:1 1 1
1
~
~ 1
1
Z=-ó, t,'=-7. 1 1
1
'
The point C, (ó, 7), and tbe ( O'/ ·~
point D, ( - ó, - 7), are plo\ted
-· '
•' 1 1
1
J
_,
in the figure. 1 1 /
1 1/
The straight line AB, drawn
1 J
tbrough tbe points C and D, is 1
tbe grapb required. l. /
1 J
1 _,1
19. In what respect do the 1 !D I
equations of Examples 1-12
difler from tbe equations of Examples 13-18?
Each of the equations of Examples 1-12 contains a constant term.
while each of the equations of Examples 13-18 does not contain a
constant term.
Tbe graphs of tbe eqilations of Examples 1-12 do not pasa through
the origin, wbile tbe grapbs of tbe equations of Examples 13-18 pass
through tbe origin.
20. Does tbe grapb of tbe equation az ± by = O pus through tbe

origin ? Why ?
The graph of the equation az ± b¡¡ = O pa8ll6II through the origin.
The graph passes through the origin because tbe equation contains
no constant term so that if z = O, then y = O. Hence, the origin la
one point of the graph.
:n. The equation of XX' is y= O. Find the equation of YY'.
The equation of YY' is z O. =
H . Wbat is the position of a graph if ita equation does not contain
z ? if its equation .does not contain y ?
If an equation does ·not contain z, ita graph is a straight line par-
allel to XX'.
If an equation does not contain 'V, ita graph la a straight line parallel
to YY'.
98. Plot the graph of 8z = 6.
We have 8z = 6.
Divide by 8, Z=2. o ,~
Hence, tbe graph of the equation 8 z 6 = ~
is a straight line parallel to YY' and at a

distance of 2 units to the right of it.
.A B is the graph required. .. )
H. Plot the graph of 2 'V = ó.

We have 2y = 6.
Divide by 2, y = 2¡.
x' ,.X.
Hence, tbe graph of the equation 2 y 6 =
is a straight line parallel to XX' &l)d at a
distance of 2! unita above it.
.AB is the graph required.
.4
H. Plot the graph of z = - ¡.

The grapb of tbe equation z =-
¡ is a
. o
straight line parallel to YY' and at a dis- '-·
tance of I unita to the left of it.
4:!0 ELE~IENTARY ALG.EBRA
18. l'lot the graph of y =- !·

'fhe graph of the equation y == - t is a
•traight line parallel to XX' and ata dis- o '-·
1.&uce of t of a unit below it.
For convenience and accuracy in plot-
tlng the graph, chOOBe as the unit ó spacea ,_
:4
of the coürdina.te pa.per.
'
97. Plot the graph of 6 x = 30.

The graph of the equa.tion óx == 30
,_
=
or x 6 is a stra.ight line parallel to
YY' and at a. dista.nce of 6 units to
...,_,, o
the right of it.
AB is the gl'aph required.
'
98. Plot the graph of 6 y =- 42. ,_

The graph of the equa.tion 6 y = - 42
or y = - 7 is a straight line parallel to
XX' and at a dista.nce of 7 units
below it.
AB is the graph required. - Bl-+-1-......,-+++-+-+-"l:dt-t
-·1
Exercise 81. Page 207

1. Find by graphs exact valnes of z and y in the eqnations
2z-óy= º} (1)
(2)
4z+2y=24·
and verify by solving the eq.uations.
Transpose (1), 2z = óy.

.·. x=!Y·
If 'V =+ 2, X =+ Ó;
'V =- 2, X =- Ó. v
AB is the graph of equa- 1\
tion (1).
Transpose (2), 1\
,,.. t... 'A
2y = 24 -4:t. ~
, .,.
.·. y= 12 - 2z.
~
' ~
.....
lf z=+2, y=+8;
B.,,. .,
x=+6, 'V= o.
,.
CD is the graph of equa-
tion (2).
The point K, the point of intersection of .AB and CD, is the
point (5, 2).
Therefore, z = ó and y = 2.
V ert,tcation. 2z-óy= º} (1)
(2)
4z+2y=24
Divide (2) by 2, 2z +y= 12. (3)
Subtract (1) from (3), 6y 12. =
.·. y=2.
Subetitute the value of y in (3), 2 z + 2 = 12.
Transpose and combine, 2x =10 .
•·. X= Ó.
Therefore, z = ó, and y = 2.
422 ELEMENTARY Al,GEBRA
l. Find by graphs exact values of z and 71 in the equations

7:i:-271=14} (1)
ó:1: + 71 = 10 (2) ¡
1
and verify by solving the equations.
1
=
Transpol8 (1 ), 2 71 h - 14 .
. _7:i:-14
.. 71--2-· 1 '
I
If Z= O, 11=-1; ,.. ' ,_
.
11 = + 1.
~
z=+4, 1
AB is the graph of equation (1). 1
Transpol8 (2), = 10 - 6z.

11 1
I
·If z = + 1, 11 = + ó; 1
z = + 3, 11 = - ó.
1/
1
L ~ ·
CD is the graph of equation (2). J
Tbe pointK, the point of intersection of AB and CD, is the point (2, O).
=
Tberefore, z 2, and 71 = O. ·
V eriflcation. 1z - 2 y = H 1 (1)
6z+y=lOj (2)
Multiply (2) by 2, 10z+2y=20. (S)
Add (1) and (S), li z = 34 .
.·. z = 2.
Substitute tbe value of z in (2), 10 +y= 10.
11 O.
=
Therefore, z 2, and 71 ¿ O.
8. Find by graphs en.et values of z and 11 in the equations
óz+411= so}
z -11 =- 3
(1)
(2)
A
and verify by solving tbe equations.

" 1\.
1/ -
=
Transpose (1), 471 SO - óz. 'I /
30-6:i: '
Divide by 4, y = --
4- . 1/
/'\:
If Z=-2, 1/=+10; l/
1/ 'I "
=
z + 2, 11 + ó. = '" l/ -
.,
~
AB is the graph of equation (1). 1/

1.,;
Transpose (2), 71 = z + S.
If Z=-3, 1/= O;
z=+S, 11=+6. y
CD is the graph of equation (2).

Tbe pointK, the point of intersection of .AB and CD, is the point (2, ó).
=
Tberefore, z 2, and y ó. =
V e,i/ication. 6z+4y=
z-y=-8
30} (1)
(2)
Multiply (2) by 4, 4z - 4y =-12. (8)
Add (1) and (3), 9:i:= 18 .
.·. Z=2.
Subetitute tbe value of z in (2), 2 - y = - 8.
y 6.
=
i. Find by grapbs exact values of z and y in the equationa
llz-2y= 21} (1)
2z + 4y =- 18 (2) A
I
and verify by solving the equations.
Transpose (1), 2 y= 11 z - 21.
11 X - 21
Divide by 2, y = 2
I
I
If z=+8, y=+6; -
z =+ 1, y =-ó. -
() ....
[)
1
~
.AB is tbe graph of equation (1). .... I

Transpose (2), 2z = - 4y -18.
.... ,,
Divide by 2, z=-2y-9.
.....
If Y=-2, Z=-6; '
1
Y=-7, z=+6.
CD is tbe graph of equation (2).
The point K, the point of intersection of .AB and CD, is tbe point
(1, ~ 6).
Therefore, z =1, and y= - 6.
Veriflcation. 11 z - 2 y= 21} (1)
2z+4y=-18 (2)
Divide (2) by 2, z +2Y=- 9. (3)
Add (1) and (8), 12z = 12.
.·. z = 1.
Subetitute the value of z in (3), 1 + 2 y = - 9.
Transpose and combine, 2y =- 10.
.·. y=-6.
=
Therefore, z 1, and y =- 6.
E.LDIE.XTARY A..1..GEBRA.
a. )'ind by ~ - ezan t-al:xs c.f z ud • in &he equationa

.;,r- ~. 20'1 = (1)
~Z-lJ=-iSJ (2)
~. = ::!11:• - .;.z.
~l - .;z
l )j\ id... b~· l\ •=---· 8
u .r = - •. '= \l;
z=-4, ,=-~ -- º • 1 1 1 1
.-tB is ~ ~ Ñ e.¡ia- .... ......... 1 1 1 1

y
~
1!\\ll \ 11.
......... 1
~--,t,. r- - ...... ,.J'
_/
1
E ......_ 1
s,=t.r-t~ J-J· _/ .........
l>i\"iJe bJ· 3... ~.l / "'-
tr - t:::
I~.., 1 t t ,., .........
..... , ..
J = --: - · < l
' 1
I
1
I 1
U .r =- 7. y= - 3 : - 1 1 1 1 1 ¡
.r =- t. , =- ti. - 1
1
1
1 l 1
1 1 • 1
1 1
1 l 1 1 1 1 1 ,,
CD i:S tl..'t" pa¡:b vf ~:a.-
li.·:i 1:::'1.
T~ p.:.:., K. a.e p,.-~: o! in~~:fon of .JB and CD, is &he point
( - 4. i)J.
Tb..-refore, z =- 4. at:.d y = 5.
rmfo:atiüa. .
.:,z T
' J --
:.
~'
-· ~ (1)
t.r-vJ=-::!3, (2)
}húip:y ti, by 2. l•)z - 1•.: y= 4\l. (3)
llultipiy (:::', by 5. }l)z - 1¡,y =- 1?5. (4)
Subtnc1 H1 from ,:;,. 31 y=¡;..:',.
.•. y=;;_
Sobsútute the r.i: ·..:e vf y :r. t:?). t .r - IS = - ~
Transpo6e an<.l con. l•in,... t .r = - 8.
.·. .r =--t.
Tberefore, z =- 4. anJ y = 5.
8. Find by graphs exact values of z a.nd y in the equations
3:i:+411=30} (1)
óz-6y=12 (2)
and verify by solving
the equations.
Transpose (1), u
4y=30-3z.
'
' ... ,
., .,
.....
Divide by 4, I'
30-3:i:
, ... ,,
Y=-·-4-· .........
1/'
V ...
lfz=- 2, 11=+9; l(J ..... ,_
~ ,, I' ....
z=+ 10, Y= O. ¡., .,
AB is the graph of .,, ¡.,
equation (1). V
Transpose (2), ,., ,,
óz=12+6y. .., t.,'
Divide by ó,
Z= 12 + 611.
5
If y=- 7, z=- 6;
y=+ 8, z = + 12.
CD is the graph of equation (2) .
The point K, the point of intersection of AB a.nd CD, is the point
(6, 8).
V eriftcatúm.. 3z+4y=30} (1)

óz-6y=12 (2)
Multiply (1) by 8, 9:i: + 12y = OO. (3)
Multiply (2) by 2, 10:i: -12y = 24. (4)
Add (3) a.nd (4), 19:i: = 114 .
••. Z= 6.
Substituta the value of z in (1), 18 + 4y = 30.

Transpose and combine, 4 y = 12 .
.•. 'V= 3.
=
7. Find by grapha approximate valuea of z and 11 in

4z-611=10} (1)
2z+811= 9 (2)
Transpoee (1 ), 4 z = 10 + 611.
z = lO + 611 •
r
Divide by 4,
4 e:
=
If l/ + 6, z + 10 ;= 1' ¡;;;a
ll =- 2, z= o. "'
... .._
V
AB is the graph of equa,. .,

tion (1). ~V
Transpoee (2), 2z = 9 - 811. ,.
~ ,_
., ....
r;;
Divide by 2, Z=9-8y. "'
2 L/
1/ ....
If l/ = + 6,Z=-8;
l", 17
y=- 3, z=+9.
The point K, the point of intersection of AB and CD, Is approxi-
mately the point (8!, t).
Therefore, z =8h and y= ¡, approximately.
8. Find by graphs approximate values of z and ti in
8z+ Y=20} (1)
2z - 6y = 10 (2)
Transpose (1), ti= 20 - 8z.
If z =+ 2, y =+ 4 ; r 1 •
z =+ 8, y =- 4.
AB is the graph of equa-
tion (1). c.,
=
Transpose (2), 2 z 10 + ó y.
:\"
.....
Divideby2, Z=lO~óy. l.,
~ '
If ll = o, z =+ ó ; ¡,...
Y=-2, z= O.
CD is the graph of equa- B
' tion (2).
Tbe point K, the point of intersection of AB and CD, is approxi-
mately the point (2h - 1).
Therefore, z = 2!, and y =.-1, approximately.
-TEACHERS' EDITION 427
9. Find by graphs approximate values of z and y in
7z-2y=14} (1)
6z+3v=15 (2)
Transpose (1), 2 y= 7 :z: -14.
,4
7z-14 ~
Divide by 2, y= - - 2- .
\
If :z:= O, y=-7;
:z: =+ 2, y= O. o ,_
\'" ~
AB is the graph of equation (1). I

Transpose (2), 3y = 15 - 5z. \
15- 5:z: \
Divide by 3, y=--s-· f
' '
lf :z:=+3, y= O; ~
:z:=+6, y=-6.
I
. .
The point K, the point of inter-
section of AB and CD, is approximately the point (21, 11).
Therefore, :z: = 2!, and y= ll, approximately.
10. Find by graphs approximate values of z and y in
9:z: - 4y = 18} (1)
2z+5y=20 (2)
Transpose (1),
4y::=9:z:-18. ,- .... ... A
I
D .. d b • 9:z: -18
IVI e y .., y = - - -•
~
4 ~
~
lf :z: = + 2, y= O;
:Z:=-2, y=-9. .. ,
.....
;-,.
-
AB is the graph of equa-
tion (1). I
Transpose (2),
5y=20-2:z:. J
D IVI
..db6 20 2 .
e Y ,y= - -- - :z: J
6
lf:z:=+ 6, v=+2; J
D
z=+lO, Y= O.
The point K, the point of intersection of AB and CD, is approxi-
mately the point (3h 2t).
Therefore, :z: = 3l-, and y= 2!, approximately.
428 ELEllE~TARY .ALGEBRA
11. Tbe grapha of the equaliona 3z + 6• = 6. 2z - y= 12, and

z + 3 !/=- 1 meet in a point.. Are the equaüom simuhaneous ?
Gini reason.
We have 2z+3r=
2z- r= 12
4}
(1)
(2)
z+311=-l (3)
Transpoee ( 1),
3v=-1-2z.
1 1 r
- f---+-+ ·,
'I rl
'
Divide by 3,
y=
4-2z
3 --~ :
~,
,. 1
-+-¡
.,
--.....
'""
u
.',,-,
1 1 '
,,
lf z = + ó, y = - 2;
~
. 1
,.._'
.... '" ,,
~ J -
z=-4, v=+-l. '! J ....
1 r- p
A B is tbe graph of 1 ''
1
equation (1). -~
-
Transpose (2),
y= 2x -12. 1
1
1
1
~tt 1 1
/l
If z = + 8, y = + 4 ;
z =+2, y=-8.
Transpose (3), z=-3y-1.
If Y=+ 2, x=-7;
y= º· z=-1.
EF is the graph of equation (3).
AB, CD, and EF intersect at the point K, (ó, - 2).
The equations are simultaneous because the unknown numbel'!', z
and y, stand for the same numbers in all three equations.
12. Do the graphs of the equations 4z - y= 2, 3z +y= 10, and

z - 6 y = ó meet in a point? Are the equations simultaneous? Are
the equations inconsistent?
We have 4z-y= 2} (1)
3x+y=10 (2)
X - 6y = 6 (3)
Transpose (1), y = 4x - 2. .- ¡
I
If z=-1, y= - 6;
· z=+2, y=+ 6. \
j
A B is the graph of equation (1 ). '/
Transpose (2), y =10 - 3 z.
\
If z=+ó, y=-ó; V:
- "
..1
z=+l, Y=+7. ~-~
CD is the graph of equation (2). \

I
Transpose (3), z ; ó + 6 y.
If y = o, z = + ó; 1
\
1
y =- 2, z = - 7.
EF is the graph of equation (3).
The three graphs·evidently do not intersect in a common point.
Hence, the equations are not simultaneous and are inconsistent.
18. Are the equations 2 z - 3 y = ó and 2 z - 3y = 8 simultaneous?

What is shown by ·their graphs?
We have 2z - 3y = ó} (1)
2z-3y=8 (2)
Transpose (1), 2z = ó + 3y.
z=ó+3Y,
Divide by 2,
2
,
_,, ;e
z =+'7;
,, _,, ,
If y=+ 3;
y=- 3, z =-2. ... o
.,. ,;
_,, .,-
, ..
AB is the graph of equation (1).
_,, ...
Tranepose (2), 2z = 8 + 3y. ,; ,;'
_,,
z=s+sv. ,~ .
Divide by 2,
2
If y=+ 2, :i:=+7;
y=- 2, z=+l.
CD is ~he graph of equation (2).
The gi'aphe AB and CD evidently do not meet. Therefore, the
equatione are not eimultaneous.
The graphs are parallel linee.
EzerolN 82. Page 209

1. Solve in poeitive lnt.egel"B z + 11 = 9.
Transpoee, 11=9-z.
lf z= 1, 11 = 8; z=ó, 11=4;
Z=2, Y=7; :r:=6, =
11 8;
:r:=8, 11=6; :r:=7, 11= 2;
:r:=4, 11 = ó; :r:=8, 11 = l.
2. Solve in p08itive integel"B z + Oy = 27.

Transpoee, z = 27 -911.
If . y=l, z=18;
= 2, z .9.
11 =
8. Solve in poeitive integers 3z +7y =46. (1)
Traiispose, 3:i:=46-711.
. l'-11
Divide by 8, Z=ló-2y+--· (2)
3
Since the left member of (2) is integral, the right member is integral
and the fraction is an integer.
1- y .
Let - 3- = m, an mt.eger.
Then l-11=8m.
=
••• 11 1- 3m.
Subetitute the value of 11 in (1),
3 z + 7 - 21 m = 46.
Transpose and combine, 3 z :e 30 + 21 m .
.·. z =13 +7m.
For m = O, z = 13, and y =1 ;
for m =- 1, z = 6, and 11 = 4.
4. Sol ve in positive. integera 4z + ó11 = 33. (IY
Transpose, 4z=33-ó11.
l -11
Divide by 4, Z= 8-11 +--• . (2)
4
and the fraction is an int.eger.
1-11
Let - 4- =
m, an int.eger.
Then l-11=4m.
.·.11=1-4m.
'tEACHERS' ÉDITIO.Ñ 43i
Subatitute the value of 11 in (1),
4z + ó - 2Óm 83. =
TraDlpoee and combine, =
• z 28 + 20 m•
.•. Z=7+óm.
For m = =
O, z 7, and 11 1 ; =
for m = - 1, z = 2, and 11 = ó.
6. Solve in positive integers 8z + 771 = 112. (1)

Transpoee, 711 = 112-8z.
Divide by 7, 11 =16-z-: . (2)
7
Since the left member of (2) is lnt.egral, tbe right member is integral
and the fraction Is an integer.
z .
Let 7 = m, an mteger.
.·. Z=7m.
Subatitutethevalueofzin(l), ó6m + 711 112. =
Transpoee, =
7 y 112 - ó6 m•
••• 11 = 16 - 8m.
For =
m = 1, z 7, and 11 8. =
8. Solve in poaitive integers 7z + 1071 =100. (1)
Transpose, 7z = 100 -1071.
Divide by 7, z= H -11 + 2-811 .
7
Multiply by ó, ÓZ=70-óy+ 10-1671.
7
óz=70-ó:v+l-211+ ª; 11 •
Combine, óz =71 - 7 :V +8 -
7
1/. (2) •
Since the left member of (2) Is integral, the right member Is integral
and the fraction Is an integer.
Let 8-v
- - = m, an lnteger.
7
Tben 8-11=7m.
.·. y=8-7m.
Subatitute the value of 11 ln (1),
7 z + 80 - 70 m = 100.
Transpoee and combine, 7 z = 70 + 70 m•
.·.z=lO+lOm.
For m = O, z = 10, and 11 = 8.
482 ELEllEXT.ABY ALGEBRA
T. Solve in poaitiYe in&egen 3z + 871 =2ó. (1)

Trallapotle, =
3z 2ó- 871.
Divide by 3, z =8 - 371 + I + '11. (2)
3
~ince the left member of (2) is integral, the right member ia integral
1 + 11
Let - 3- =•
m, an mteger.
Tben 1 + 71 = 3m.
••• 11 = 3m -1.
Suhstitute the nlne of 11 in (1 ),
3z + 24 m - 8 2ó. =
Tr:mspose and combine, 3z=33-24m.
. ·. z =11- 8m.
For m = l, z = 3, and y = 2.
8. Solve in po6itive integers lúz+ 9y = 87.
Divide by 3, 5z + 3y = 29. (1)
Transpose, 3y = 29- óz.
2 - 2z
Divide by 3, 11=9-z+--·
3
.·. t,=9-z+2(1~z} (2)
Since the left member of (2) is inu-gral, the right member is integral
and tbe fraction is an integer.
1- z . ·
Let
3
-- =m, an mteger.
Then 1:-z=3m.
.·.z=l-Sm.
ó-lóm+311=29.
Transpose and combine, 811 24 + ló m. =
.·.y= 8 + óm.
For m = O. z = l, ami y= 8;
for m=-1, z=4, and y=S.
9. Solve in positive integers ó:z:+911=34. (1)
Transpose, ó:z:=34-911.
Divide by ó, X=6-11+4-411.
ó
, •. X ::: 6 - 11 +4 e ~ 1I )- ~2)
Let -1 -11 .
5 = m, an mteger.
Then I-11=5m.
••• 11 =
1- 5m.
5X +9 - 45 m = 34.
Transpose and combine, ÓX = 26 + 4óm.
.·. z=5+9m.
For 1n = O, x = ó,
and 11 = l.
10. Solve in positiva integers 8:z: + 13y = 413. (1)

Transpose, 8:z: = 413 -13y.
5-líy
Divide by 8, x=líl-y+--·
8
1 - y) '
.·. :Z:=51-y+ó ( -8- . (2)
1-y .
Let - 8 - = m, an mteger.
Then 1-y= 8m .
.·. y= 1- 8m.
Substitute tbe value of y in (1),
8:z: + 13-104m = 413.
Transpose and combine, 8x = 400 + 104m .
.·.X= óO + f3m;
For m = O, x = 50, and y = 1 ;
for m =-1, .x = 37, ·and y= 9;
for m = - 2, x = 24, and y = 17;
for m = - 3, x = 11, and y = 25.
11. Solve in least poeitive integers

=
4z - 971 68. (1)
Traospoee, 4z=63+971.
1 +11
Divide by 4, z= 18 +211 + - - · (2)
4
1 + 11 •
Let - 4 - = m, an mteger.
Then l+t1=4m•
••• 11 =4m -1.
Substituta the value of 71 in (1),
4z-S6m+9=63.
Transpoee and combine, 4z =« +86m.
.·. Z=11+9m.
For m= =
1, z 20, aod 71 = 8.
11. Solve in leut poeitive integers
16z - 4771 = l. (1)
Traospoee, lóz = 1+4771.
Divide by ló, z = 871 + 1 ~ 6271 .
Multiply by 8, 8z = 2471 + 8 + 1671 •

ló
8z=2411+11+ 8 ~ 11 -
Combine, 8z=2ó11+ 8+71, (2)

ló
Since the left member of (2) Is integral, the right member is integral
8 + 11
Let =
---¡¡- m, ao integer.
Theo 8+t1=lóm.
••• 11 = lóm-8.
Subetitute the value of 11 in (1 ),
lóz - 70óm + 876 = l.
Tranapoae and combine, lóz = 70óm - 876.
.·. z=47m-26.
For m = 1, z = 22, and 71 = 7.
18. Solve in least positiva integers

1311- 10:i: = 19. (1)
Transpoee, 10:i: = 1311 -19.
Divide by 10, :i:=11-1+311-0_
10
•·. z=11-1+3CV; 3 )- (2)
· Slnce the left member of (2) la Integral, the rlght member is integral
and the fraction la an integer.
11-8 .
Let -¡¡, = m, an mteger.
Then 11-3=10m.
=
.·• 11 lOm.t 8.
Subetltute the value of 11 in (1),
130m + 39-10:i: = 19.
Transpoee and combine, 10:i: = 130m + 20 •
.·. z =13m+ 2.
For m = O, z = 2, and 11 = 8.
H . Solve in least positive lntegers

7:i: - 311 = 17. (1)
Transpolle, 311=7:i:-17.
z-2
Divide by 3, 11=2:i:-6+--· (2)
3
and the fraction la an lnteger.
z-2 .
Let. - 8 - = m, an mteger.
Then z-2=8m.
.·. z=8m+2.
21m + H-311 =17.
Tranapoae and combine, 311 21 m - 3. =
.·. Y=7m-1.
For =
m 1, z = 6, and 11 = 6.
11. Solve in leaat poaiüve integel"B ·

llz-911 = 31. (1)
Tranapoee, 9y = 11 z - 31.
2z-4
Divide by 9, 11 = z -3 + - 9- .
••• 11 =z - 3 + 2 ( z-2)
-9- · (2)
Si.nce the left member of (2) ia integral, the right member ia integral
and the fracüon ia an integer.
z-2
Let -9- = m, an integer.
Then z-2=9m.
.·. Z=9m+2.
•
99m + 22 - 911 = 31.
TranllpOlle and combine, 9y 99m.- 9. =
.·. 11=llm-l.
For m = 1, z = 11, and 11 =10.
18. Solve in least positiva integel"B
13:i: - 611 = 113. (1)
Transpoee, =
671 13z - 113.
3:i:-3
Divide by 6, 71=2:i:-_22+-6- ·
z-1) ·
.·. 11=2:i:-22+3 ( -6- (2)
Since the left member of (2) ia integral, tbe right member ia integral
and tbe fraction ia an integer.
z-1
Let - 6- =
m, an integer.
Then z-1=5m.
.·. z=6m+l.
Substitute the value of z in (1),
66m + 13 - 5y = 113.
Tranap0118 and combine, =
6 71 65 m - 100.
.·. 71=13m-20.
For m = =
2, z 11, and 11 = 6.
TEA'CHERS' EDITION 437
17. Solve in leaat poeitive integers

14z - 9y = 229. (1)
Tr!l,Illlpose, 971 = 14z - 229.
óz-4
Divide by 9, 7/=Z-2ó+--•
9
1o·x - 8
Multiply by 2, 2y=2z-ó0+ - - · -·
9
z-8
271 = 2z - .óO + z + -9- ·
z-8
Combine, 2y=8z-ó0+--· (2)
9
z-8 .
Let - 9- =
m, an mteger.
Then z- 8 = 9m.
.·. z = 9m + 8.
Suhstitute the value of z in (1),
126m + 112 - 971 = 229.
Transpose and combine, 9y = I26m.- 117.
.·. y=l4m-13.
For m=l, z=I7, and y=l.
18. Solve in least poaitive integers

I8z - 2871 = 42. (1)
~napose, 13z = 23y + 42.
Divide by 13, Z=Y+S+ 1071+3.
13
Multiply by 4, 4z = 471 + 12 + 40711; 12
4z = 4y+l2 + 3y + 71 + 12 .
· 13
Combine, 4z =1y + 12 + 7/ + l2 · (2)
13
and the fraction is an integer. ·
438 ELEM.ENTARY ALGEBIU
JA r+12=a,anildega'.
,.._ 13
r+12=13a.
.·. r=13•-U.
....,.... die yaJae of 11 in (1),
18z - 299m + t76 =U.
T,..._ aad combllle, 13z =299• - ta&.
.·. z =23• -18.
Fo, m = 1, z = 6, and r = L
lf. Vincl two numben whleb, malüplied nwpecü•ely bJ 8and bJ 2l0,

• • for ihe IIIDI of tbeir prodoet.t 368.
Let z=tbe ftrllt number,
an4 =tbe NCODd nomber.
11
TbeD 8z + 2071 = 368. (1)
Tnupoae, 8z = 368 - 201.
2-2,
01.1c1e by a, z = 122 - 611 + - 8- ·
.·• z=122-671+2(1; 11 )· (2)

81nce tbe Jeft member of (2) is integral, the rlgbt member is integral
and tbe fraetlon 18 an lnteger.
l -71
Let - 8- =
m, an integar.
Then 1-11=8m.
••• 11=1-3m.
Subltltute tbe Tatue of r, ln (1),
8z + 20-60m = 368.
Tranapoee and combine, 3z = 60m + 348.
•·• z = 20m + 116.
Por m = O, z = 116, and 11 = 1 ;
for m =- 1, z = 00, and 11 = 4;
for m =- 2 z = 76, and 11 = 1 ;
1
for m =- 3, z = 66, and 11 =10;
for m =- 4, z ::: 36, and 11 =13 ;
for m =- 6, z = 16, and 11 =16.
Tberefore, tbe numbers required are 116 and 1 ; 00 and 4 ; 76 and
7; 66 and 10; 36 and 13; or 16 aod 16.
.
10. Divide 76 into two .Parta 1uch that one part Bball be & positive
multiple of 8 and the other a p<>llitive multiple of 9.
Let 8z =the flrst part,
and =
9 'V the second part.
Then 8z + 9v 76. = (1)
Tranlpolle, =
8z 76 - 9v.
4-v
Divide by 8, z =9-v+--· (2)
8
and the fraotion ia an integer.
4 - 'V •
Let - 8- = m, an mteger.
Then 4-v=8m.
.·. v=4-8m.
Subatitute the value of 'V iu (1 ),
8 z + 36 - 72 m 76. =
T ~ and combine, =
8z 40 + 72 m.
:.z=6+9m.
For =
m = O, z 6, and 'V 4. =
.·. 8:i:=40,
and 9v = 36.
Therefore, the required parta are 40 and 36.
81. How maya man paya debt of '69, giving only billlof t6 and '2?
Let =
z the number of five-dollar billa,
and =
'V the number of two-dollar billa.
Then 6:i: + 2y 69. = ('l)
Transpoee, =
2 y 69 - 6 z.
1-z
Divide by 2, 'V= 29 - 2:i: +-2 -. (2)
Since the left member of (2) is integral, the right member ia integral
and the fr&ction· ia an integer.
1-z .
Let -2
- = m, an mteger.
Then 1-z= 2m.
:. z=l-2m.
Substitute the value of :i: in (1),
6 - 10 m + 2 'V 69.=
Tr&napoee and combine, 2 y == 64 + 10 m.
:. y=27+6m.
440 ELE~IENT ARY ALGEBRA
For m =O, z =
1, and 'V = 27 ;
for m =-
1, :i: =
3, and 'V= 22;
for m =-
2, z =
6, and 11 11 ; =
for m = - 3, :i: = 7, and 11 = 12;
for • m =-
4, :i: = 9, and 11 = 1 ;
for m=-6, z=ll, and 11= 2.
Therefore, the man must use of five-dollar bilis and two-dollar billa
respectively 1 and 27; 3 and 22; 6 and 17; 7 and 12; 9 and 7; or
11 ánd 2.
29. A man paid t126 for calves at e7 each, and pigs at e3 each.
How many calves and how many pigs did he buy?
Let z = the number of calves,
and y = the number of pigs.
Then 7z + 3y = 126. (1)
Transpoee, 3y = 126 - 7 z.
Divide by 8, y= 42 - 2z - ~. (2)
3
Since the left ruember of (2) is integral, the right member is integral
Let ¡= m, ~n ínteger.
Then z= 3m.
Subatitute the value of z in (2), y =
42 - 6 m - m .
.·.y= 42 -7m.
For =
m 1, z =
3, and y = 36 ;
for m =2, z =
6, and 11 28 ; =
for m = 3, z =
9, and y 21 ; =
for m = 4, z = 12, and 11 = 14;
for m = 5, z = 15, and y= 7.
Theréfore, the man bÓught 3 calves and 35 pigs; 6 calves and 28
pígs; 9 calves and 21 pigs; 12 calves and 14 pigs; or 16 calves and
7 piga.
=
13. Sol ve 11 z - 21 y 7, so that z and y may both be positiva
integers, and z a positive multiple of y .
Wehave 11z-21y=7. (1)
Let z = my, where m is a positiva integer.
llmy - 21 y= 7.
'
TEA.OHERS' EDITION
. - 7
• • 11 - 11 m - 21 ·
. 7m
.·. z = - - - -
11 m - 21
For . m = 2, z = 14, aod .11 = 7.
Therefore, z = 14, aod 11 = 1.
H. A woman paid 8106 for silk at $2.óO a yard and velvet at $3.óO
a yard. How many yards of each did she buy ?
Let z = the number of yards of silk,
and 11 = tbe number of yards of velvet.
Theo 6z + 711 = l06.
2 2
Multiply_by 2, 6z + 711 = 212. (1)
Transpose, 6z = 212 - 711.
Divide by 6, z = 42 - 11 + 2 - 211 . 1:
6
.·. z=42-y+2(1;~)- (2)

Since the ·Jeft member of (2) is integral, the right rnember is integral
and the fraction is ao integer.
. l -11
Let
6
=
- - m, an lnteger.
Tben . t-11=óm .
.·. Y= 1- óm.
Substitute the value of y in O),
óz+7-3óm=212. .,
Transpoee and combine, óz = 3óm + 20ó.
.·. z = i m + 41., ..
For m = =
O, z 41, and y = 1;
for m = - 1, z = 34, and 11 = 6;
for m = - 2, z = 27, and .Y = 11 ;
for m =-3, z = 20, and 'y= 16;
for · m = - 4, z = 13, and y = 21 ;
for m =-ó, z =
6, aod ·y = 26.
Therefore, the woman bought 41 yards of silk aod l yard of
velvet; 34 yards of silk and 6 yards of velvet; 27 yards of. silk and
11 yards of velvet; 20 yards of silk and 16 yards .of veJv~t; · 13 yards
of allk and 21 yarda of velvet ; or 6 yards of silk and 26 ya.rdi;, of velvet.
442 ELEMENTARY ALGEBt\A
11. A man paid t72 for lambe at 16.80 each, and geeae at tl.40
each. How many lamba and how many geeae did he buy ?
Let z = the number of lambe,
and ti = the number of geeae.
16.80 = 16t = tY.; tUO = tlf = t¡.
Then 29 :i: + 711 = 72.
6 6
Multlply by 61 29:i: + 711 = 860. · (1)
Tran.spoee, 711 = 860-2911:.
8-z
Divide by 7, 11=61-4:i:+--· (2)
7
Sioce the left member of (2) is integral, the rlght member is integral
and the fractlon is an integer.
S-z .
Let - 1- = m, an mteger.
Then 3-z=7m.
.·. Z=3-7m.
87 - 203 m + 7 'V = 860.
Tranapoae and combine, 7 'V = 203 m + 278.
••• 'V= 29m + 39.
For m = O, :z: = 3, and ti 39; =
for m = - 1, :z: = 10, and ti = 10.
Therefore, the man bougbt 3 lambe and 39 geeae ; or 10 lambe and
10 geeae. '
18. The diameter of a five-franc piece is 8. 7 centimeters, and that

of a one-franc piece 2.3 centimeters. How many coins of each kiod
must a man use to obtain a length of 1 meter ?
Let :z: = the number of five-franc piecea,
and ti = the number of one-fraoc piecee.
Then 3. 7 z = the number of centimeters in the length of
tbe five-franc pieces,
and 2.3 ti = the number of centimeters In the lengtb of
the one-franc pieces.
=
One meter 100 centlmeters.
Tben 8. 7 :z: + 2.8 y = 100.
Multiply by JO, 37z + 28y 1000. = (1)
TranspnsP. =
28y 1000- 87:z:.
----·
11-Hz
Divide by 23, 11= 43 -z+ 23
66-70z
Multiply by 6, 611=215-5z+ 23 •
9-z
611 = 216-6:z: + 2-8z + 23 ,
Combine, 611 = 217-Sz + 9-z

28 . (2)
Since the left member of (2) la integral, the right member la integral
a.nd the fractlon la an integer. ·
9-z
Let 28 = m, an integer.
Then 9 -z = 23m.
,•, Z=9-23m.
Substitute tbe value of :z: in (1),
· 333 - 861 m + 2311 = 1000.
23 ti 861 m + 667 .
=
••• 11 81 m + 29.
For m = O, :z: = 9, and 11 = 29.
Therefore, to obtain a length of 1 meter a man muat use 9 ftve-frano
pleoea and 29 one-frano pieoea.
17. An exouraion ooet for each adult f7 .16, and for each ohild
f3.10. The total expense was t97.26. How many adulta and how
many chlldren went on the excuraion ?
Let =
z the number of adulta,
and =
11 the number of children.
Then 7.16:z: + 3.1011 = 97.25.
Multiply by 20, 143z + 6211 1945. = (1)
Transpoae, 6211 =1945 -143z.
28 -19:z:
Divide by 62, 11 = 81- 2z + .
62
Multiply by 13, 1811 = 408 - 26z + 299- 247z.
62
181(= 408 - 26z+6-4z- ll-:z:.
.. 62
; Combine, 1811 = 408- S0z - 116; :z:, (2)
Since tbe left member of (2) la integral, the right member is inte;ai
and tbe fraction is an integer.
ELEl\lENTARY ALGEBRA
11-z
Let ~ = m, an lntepr.
Then 11-z=62m.
.·. z = 11- 62m.
Substitute the value of z in (2), 13)' = 408 - 330 +1860m -na.
Combine, 1311 = 78 + 1869m.
.·.11=6+H3m.
For m = O, z = 11, and 11 = 6.
Therefore, there went on the excursion 11 adulta and 6 childrcn.
18. A bo:x cont&ins between 300 and 400 peara. H the pears are
divided among aome children, 13 pe&l'I being given to eacb child, 9
¡,ears are left. If ló pears are given to eacb child, 4 pean are lefL
llow many peara are there in the bo:x?
Let z = the number,of peara.
z-9 .
Then 13 = an mteger,
z-4
and --ló- = an·hrteger.
z-9
Let 13·="',
z :_ 4
and --=a.
15
Tben z = I3m + 9,
and Z=lón+4.
=
.·. 13 m + 9 Hi n + 4.
Transpose and combine, 13m=lón-ó.
2n - ó
Divide by 13, m=n+-1-3-·
14n - Só
Multiply by 7, 7m=7n+ ··
13
n-9
7 m·= 7 n + n - 2 + ----¡¡-·
n-9
. Transpose and cómbine, 7 m - 8 n
.
+ 2 = 13 · (1)
Since t.he left member of (1) is integral, the"right m~mber i~ _íntegra!.

n-9 .
Let -¡¡- =p, an JDteger.
Then n- 9 = 13p.
.·. n = 13p+9.
Substitute the value of nin (1),
· 7 m - 104 p - 72 + 2 p. =
Tran8poee and combine, 7 m =: 106 p + 70.
.·. m = 16p + 10.
For p = O, m = 10, and n = 9;
for p = 1, m = 26, and n = 22 ;
for p = 2, m = 40, and n = 36;
.·. z=l3m+9, or 16n+4

= 139, 334, 629, · . ·
Slnce the number of peara is between 300 and 400, the required
number is 334.
19. A farmer sells 12 calves, 16 lambe, and 9 pigs, and receives

fl87. At ~he same price he sells 14 calves, 10 lambe, and 16 pigR,
_and recelves $197. What is the price of each?
~t z = the number of dollars received for each calf,
11= the number of dollars received for each lamb,
and z = the number of dollars received for each pig.
Then 12z + 1671 + 9z = 187, (1)
and· l4z+I0y+l6z=l97. (2)
Mwaply (1) by 6, 60z + SO y+ 46% = 936. (3)
Multiply (2) by S, 42:i + 30y + 46% = 691. (4)
Subtract (oi) from (3), 18z + 60y = 344.
Divide by 2, 9z + 26y = 172. (í,)
Transpoae, 9z = 172 - 2óy.
Divide by 9, z = 19 - 2y +1-
9
7 y. (6)
Multiply by 4, oi z = 76 - 8 y + 4 - 28 Y .
9
4z = 76 - 8y - 3y +4-
9
y.
... 4z = 76 - 11 y + 4 ; y. . (7)
SiJice the left member of (7) is integral, the right member is integral
446 ELRMENT ARY ALGEBRA
4 -r,
Let - 9- =m, an integer.
Then 4-71=9m.
=
••• 11 4 -9m.
Subltitute t.be value of r, in (6), z= 19-8 + 18m-3+7m.
.·. z=8+26m.
For = =
m O, z 8, and 71 4. =
Subetitute the valuea of z and 11 in (1),
=
96 + 64 + 9z 187.
Trall.lpOl8 and combine, =
9z 27.
,•, Z=8.
Therefore, t.be farmer receivea $8 for each calf, t4 for each lamb,
and '3 for each plg.
80. Divide 161 into three parta such that the first part is divisible
by 3, the second by 6, the third by 7, and twice t.be first part, three
times t.be second, and four times the thlrd is 483.
Let =
3 z the first part,
6 71 = the second part,
and =
7 z the third part.
Then =
3 z + 611 + 7 z 161, (1)
and =
6z + 1611 + 28z 483. (2)
9:t + 1671 + 2lz 463. (3)
Subtract (2) from (3), 3z-7z =-30.
Transpose, 3z=7z-30.
Divide by 3, Z= 2z-10+!, (4)
3
Since the left member of (4) is Integral the right member is integral
z .
Let =
3 m, an mteger.
Then z=3m.
Substituta the value of z in (4), z=6m-10+m.
.·. z = 7m -10.
Substitute t.be values of z and z in (1),
21 m - 30 + 6 71 + 21 m = 161.
Transpose and co~bine, 6 y = 181 - 42 m.
Then =
3z 21m -30,
and =
7z 21m.
For m = 3, 3z = 38, 6y = 66, and 7 z = 63.
Therefore, the requlred parts are 33, 66, and 63.

1. Flnd one llmit of z, given
7z-12 >3z + 4.
Tra118J>018 and combine, 4z > 16.
.·. z>4.
Therefore, the lower limit of the values of z ia 4.
9 . Flnd one limit of z, given

2h-4<Hz+l7.
Transpoee and combine, 7 z < 21.
.·. z<3.
Therefore, the up¡ier limit of the values of z ia 3.
a. Flnd one limit of z, given

3z + 13 > 4z + 6.
Transpose and combine, 7 > z.
.·. z <7.
Therefore, the upper limit of the values of z is 7.
t. Flnd one limit of z, given

3:i:+7 Sz+6
-->--·
h+ó 4z+3
Multiply by (h + 6) (h + 8),
12:i:I + 87z + 21 > 12z• + 86:i: + 26.
Transpole and combine, 2 z > 4.
.·. z>2.
Therefore, the lower limit of the values of z is 2.
6 . Find one limit of z, given

1 a z+ a
-+--<--·
a z+a az
Multiply by az(z + a), zt+az+a2z < z2 + 2az + a•.
Tra118J>018 and combine, a2z- az < a•.
Divide by a, az-z<a.
a
.·.z<--·
a-1
Therefore, the upper limit of the values of z is -ª-.
a-1
8. Fínd the limits of z, given

9:t+ó 8:t-7 9:i:+14
--+--<---, (1)
14 6:t + 2 14
2:t+l 8 2:t-1
and - ----->--·
2:i:-1 4z2-l 2z+l
(2)
ó6:t - 49
Multiply (1) by 14, 9:t + ó + < O:t + 14.
3:t+ 1
ó6z- 49 < 9 _
Transpoee and combine,
3:t + 1
Multiply by 3:t + 1, ó6 z - 49 < 27:t + 9.
Transpose and combine, 29:t < ó8 .
.·. :t<2.
Multiply(2)by4z2 -1, 4z2+4z+ 1-8 > 4z2 ~4:t + l.
Tl·anspose and combine, 8 z > 8.
.·. z >l.
Therefore, the upper limlt of the values of z is 2 and the lower
limit is l.
7. Find the integral value of z, given
i(4:t -1)- t > l(z - 4)+ !(3:t + ó), (1)
and !(2:t + l)+ l (3:t + 1) < óy11 + H6z - 2). (2)
Multiply (1) by 12, 16z - 4 - O> 2z - 8 + Oz + 16.
Transpose and combine, óz > 20.
.·. :t>4.
Multiply (2) by 84, 56:t + 28 + 63z + 21 < 427 + 60:t - 24.
Transpose and combine, óOz < 864 .
.·. z<6.
Hence the value of z líes between 4 and 6.
Therefore, the only p088ible integral value of z is 6.
8. Three times a certain integral number increased by 6 is not
greater than 23; and five times the number diminished by 2 is not
less than 28. Find the number.
Let =
z the number.
Then 3:i:+61>23, (1)
and ÓZ - 2 4: 28. (2)
Transpose and combine (1), 3:t 1- 18.
.·. z 1- 6.
Transpose and combine (2), 6:t 4: 30.
.·. z 4: 6.
Hence, z is not greater than II and not Jei4.~ than 6. Therefore, :z: = 6.

l. Show that if the letters areunequal and positive
at + b2.+ et> ab. + ac + be.
Now by§ 241, a2 + b2 > 2 ab, (1)
a2 + c2 > 2ac, (2)
and b2 + c2 > 2be. (3)
+
Add (1 ), (2), and (3), 2 a2+ 2 b2 + 2 e' > 2 ab 2 ac + 2 be.
Divide by 2, a2 + b2 + c2 > ab + ac + be.
B. Show that if the letters are uneqnal and posltive
(ab + c'1) (ac +lid)> 4 abcd.
(ab + cd) (ac +lid)> or < 4 abcd,
according as a2bc + ab2d +ac2d + bcd2 > or < 4 abcd.
Now at + d'J > 2 ad. (§ 241)
.·. be(a2 + d2) > 2ad(be).
.•. a2be + bed'J > 2 abcd. (1)
Again, b2 + et > 2 be. (§ 241)
••• ad (b2 + c2) > 2 be (ad) .
. ·. ab2d + ac2d > 2 abcd. (2)
Add (1) and (2),
a2bc + ab2d + ac2d + bcd'J > 4 a'bcd.
.·. (ab + cd)(ac + lid) > 4 abcd.
8. Show that if the letters are unequa.l and positive
ab + ac +be< (a + b - c)2 +(a+ C- b)2 + (b +C - a)2.
Now ab + ac + be>or <(a+ b- c)2 + (a+c-b)2 + (b+ c- .a)2,
according as ·
ab + ac + be > or < a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 ab - 2 ac - 2 be
+ at + b2 + c2 - 2 ab + 2 ac - 2 be
+ a2 + b2 + c2 - 2 ab - 2 ac + 2 be,
according as
ab + ac + be > or < 3 a2 + 3 b2 + 3 et - 2 ab - 2 ac - 2 be,
according as
3 ab + 3 ac + 3 be> or < 3 a2 + 3 b2 + 3 c2,
according as
ab + ac + be > or < a2 + b2 + et.
But ab + ac + be< a2 + b2 + et. (Example 1)
•·• ab + ac + be< (a + b - c)2 + (a + e - b)2. + (b + e - a)2.
4. Show tbat lf tbe letters are unequal and poeitift

(a+ b +e)•> 3(a + b)(a + e)(b + e).
Now (a + b + e)• > or < 3 (a + b) (a + e) (b + e),

according u a• + bl + el + 3 atb + 8 ate + 8 abS + 8 acl + 3 b'c
+Sbe1+6abe
> or < 3al6 + 8abt + 6abe
+ 8b'c + 8atc+3act+Sbe1,
accordlngu a• + bl + el > or < O.
But al + ,,. + el > o.
••• (11 + b + e)• > 3 (a + b)(a + e)(b + e).
6. Show that lf the letten are unequal and po11itive

a'b + ate + ab9 + b'c + acl + be• > 6 abe.
Now a•+ e•> 2ae. (§ 241)

.·. (al+ e2)b > 2 abe•
•·• atb +bel> 2abe. (1)
.Again, a•+b1>2ab. (§ 241)
.•. (al+ bl)c > 2abe.
•·. a•c + ble > 2 abe. (2)
Alao, bl +el> 2be. (§ 241)
.·. (bl+c2)a>2abe.
•·• ab9 + ae' > 2 abe. (8)
Add (1), (2), and (8),
a'b + ate + ab9 + b'c + acl + bel > 6 abe.
8. Show that lf the letten are unequal and poeitive

(al + bl) (a' + b') > (aª + bl)•.
Now (a'+ bl) (a'+ b•) > or < (a• + bl)',
accordlngu 118 + a•bl + alb' + b' > or < 118 + 2albl + b',
accordlng aa a•bl + alb' > or < 2a•bl,
accordingu al + bl > or < 2 ab.
But a•+ bl > 2ab. (§241)
.·. (at + bl) (af + b') > (a1 + t,1)1•
TEACHERS' EDITION 451 .
T. Show thatif zt =a'+ bl, and '1/J = ot + <P,
zy < ac + bd, or ad + be.
Now ·zy4:: ac + M,
ü z"'¡/J < a'c2 + 2 abcd + bid'.
But zl =al+ b2,
and 112 =e'+ <P.
••• Z'/14:: ac + M,
if (a'+ bl) (e' + <P) < a'c' + 2 abcd + IPd•,
if · alc1 + ble' + ald' + IPd' < a'c' + 2 abcd + bid',
if 1,1c1 + at<P < 2 abcd.
But 1,1c1 + at<P <·2 abcd. (§ 241)
: ..zy < ac + bd.
Again, Z'/1 <ad+ be,
if atct + 1,1c1 + ald' + b"<P < ald' + 2 abcd + b2cl,
if· ale' + b"dl < 2 abcd.
B11t a2c2 + b"dl <·2 abcd. (§ 241)
:. zy<(ad+be.
8. Which is the greater, (a1 + b2) (e'+ d2) or (ac + bd)'?

Now (a' + b2) (cll + di)> or < (ac + bd)',
according as ale' + ald' + b2c2 + bid' > or < ale' + 2 abcd + bid',
according 88 at<P + 1,1c2 > or < 2 abca.
But . aldl + b2c2 > 2 abcd. (§ 241)
:. (a1 + bl) (c2 + d2) > (ac + bd)'.
9. Which is the greater, a' - b' or 4 a•(a - b) when a> b?

Now a' -b' > or <4a1 (a-b),
according 88 (a - b) (aª + a'b + ab2 + b') > or < 4 a• (a - b),
according 88 a• + a'b + ab2 + b8 > or < 4 a•,
according as a'b + ab2 + b' > or < 8 a•.
Since b < a,
then atb < a•,
abl < a'b < a•,
and b' < abl < a•.
.·. a'b + abl + b8 <8a1 • _
:. a' - b' < 4aª(a -b), when a >b.
a+ b 2ab
10. Whlch la the greater, - - or - - ?
2 a+ b
a+b 2ab
!fow -->or<--,
2 a+b
accordlngu at + 2ab + bl > or < 4ab,
aceording u a2 + bl > or < 2 ab.
But as+ bl > 2ab. (§ 241)
a+b 2ab
.·. - - >--·
2 a+b
a+4b a+6b
11. Whlch la the greater, - - or - - ?
a+6b a+1b
a+4b a+6b
Now -->or<--,
a+6b a+1b
A.Ccordtngu (a+ 4b)(a + 7b) > or <(a+ 6b)(a + 6b),
according u at + 11 ab + 28bl > or <a'+ i1 ab + 30119,
accordlngaa O> or < 2bl.
But O< 2bl.
a+6b a+4b
.·. - - > - - ·
a+1b a+6b
12. Show that the aum of any poaitive fractlon and ita reciproca) is
greater than 2.
Let ~y .= any poaitive fraction.
Then '!!.
z
= ita reciproca),
aud ~ + '!!. = their aum.
y z
Now ~+
y z
'!!. >2,
if zt + y2 > 2zy.
But zt+yt>2zy. (§ 241)
••• ~y +'!!.z >2.

Therefore, the aum of any poaitive fractioo. ~ej._ita reciproca! ia
greater than 2.
TEACHERS' EDITION 453.

Perform tbe indicated operation :
1. (:i8)6 =zl6. 6, (- 6allf>I)ª = -126a'bll.
2. (z2v')ª = zlll1118. 8. ( - 3z2ya)6 = - 243z111116.

4 ab2 1024 a6blO
a. ( 2 aªb2)ª = 8a9b6 .
3 z81I' 27 zDylll T. (2a2b311z•)' = s2a1obl6115zt1.
, . ( - 3z2y3)• = 81 z&ylll. 8. ( - 4 c'dz2)' = 266 clll d•zB.
(,.... 6 ab6)ª - 66 a6bl6 - ó2b16 26 1)16
9 • ( 1Oa2z118)ª = 2ª x 68a6z811' =2aaz911e =- 8 az31ID •
10. (a - 3)6 = (a)6 - 6(a)4 (3) + 10(a)ª(3)' - 10(a)'(3)ª
. + 6(a)(3)4 - (3)'
+
= a' -16a• ooa• - 270a' + 406a - 243.
11. (a'+ 2ab)• =(a')•+ 4(a')ª(2ab) + 6(a2)'(2ab)2 + 4(a')(2ab)ª
+ (2ab)•
= a' + 8 a7b + 24 a'b2 + 32 a6bª + 16 a4bf.
11. (2z + 811)ª = (2z)' + 6(2z)•(311) + 10(2z)8(3y)• + 10(2z)'(311)ª
+ 6 (2 z) (811)4 + (811) 6
= 32z6+240z'y+ 720z81/2+ 1080z21/ª+810zyf +243116.
13. (3a - 2 b)• = (3a)'-4(3 a)ª(2 b)+6(3a) 2 (2 b)'-4(3 a)(2b)ª+(2b)•
= 81 a• - 216 a•b + 216 a2b2 - 00 ab6 + 16 bf.
14. (a+ b)' =a'+ 7a'b + 21 a61J2 + 36a4b• + 86a&bf + 21 a"lf>
+ 7ab6 + b7 •
16. (zy - ab) 6 = (z11)6 - ó(zy) 4 (ab)+ lO(zy)ª(ab)' - lO(z11)'(ab)ª
+ 6 (zy) (ab)• - (ab)6
= z6y6 - 6:i:4yfab + 10z8yªa'b2 -10z2y2a3b8
+ 6 zya4bf - a6b6.
18. (3 nt - 2)ª = (3n')ª - 3 (3 n2)2(2)+ 3 (3 n2)(2)2 -(2)ª
=
27 ne - 64 n• + 36 n2 - 8.
17. . (ali - 3)8 = (ab)' - 6(ab)6(3) + 16(ab)'(3)2 - 20(ab)ª(8)ª
+ 16 (ab)2(3)' - 6 (ab) (3)6 + (3)ª
= a'b6 - 18 a6b6 + 136 a4b4 - 640 a3b8 + 1216 a"lfl
- 1458 ab + 729,
ELEllENTARY ALGEBR.\
11. (1- b)i = (l)i - 6(1)'(b)+ lO(l)'(b)I - IO(l)l(h)'

+ 6(1)(h)' -(b)i
=1- lOz + 40zl - 80zl + 80zl -Dzl.
11. (3a + 61,)' = (3Cl)'+4(3Cl)'(66)+6(3Cl)'(66)1+4(3a)(66)'+(61>) 1
= 814' + 640 ~ + 1300 4'Jf,I + 1600 aJ,I + 626 ,,._

IO. (z + 2r)' = (z)' + 8(z)7(2r)+ 28(z)'(2r)' + 66(z)i(2r)'
+ 70 (z)'(2 r)' + 66 (z)'(211)i + 28(z)'(i r)'
+ 8(z)(2 v)' + (2 v)•
= z1 + 1Gz1, + 112z1ys + 448z'v' + 1120z1r1
+ 1792:i:Y + 1792:a:Y + lO'Uz,1 + 266,'.
11. (1-z+zl)'=[(l-z)+zl)'
· = (1 - z)• + 3(1- z)'(zl)+ 3(1 - z)(zl)' +(zl)'
=1-3z+3zt-zl+3zl-6zl+3zl+3zl-3zl+~
= 1-3z + 6zl-7zl + 6zl- 3zl +zl.
11· <2ªz - 2:)'= <2ªz)'- 6 <2ªz)' Caz)+ 10 <2ªz)' <2azr
-10(2ªJ' {2;)' + 6(2ªz){2;)'-{23z)'

243 136 16 20z 40zl 32zl'
- 32zl - 8zl + z - 3 + 27 - 243 .
... < 1- 2 :r = (1)'- 6(1)'<2:) + 16(1)'c:r- 20(1)•<2;')'
+ 16(1)'<2:Y- 6(1)c:r +<2;')'

20zl 160zl 80zl 6'z10 Mzll
=l-fzl+-¡- --¡¡+ 27-81+ 729.
H.(!- ª;)'=(!)'-1G)'(8;)+21G)'(ª;)'
-36(;)' <ª:)'+ 36(2;)'(3;')'
-21GY<ª;Y + 1(D<ª:7-<ª;Y
_ 128 _ 672 + 1612 -18902:' + 28362:' _ 6103zl
z' zl z 2 8
6103 zll 2187 zH
+~-128·
81. (1 - 2z + 3zl + 4zl)ª

=
[(l ·- 2 Z) + (Sz2 + 4 zl)]I
=
(1- 2:1:)ª + 3(1 - 2z)'(8zl + 4zl)
+ 8(1- 2z)(8zl + 4z8)'+ (3:z:1 + 4zl)I
=
(1- 6:z: + 12:z:2 - Szª) + 8(1 - 4z + 4:z:2)(3:il + 4zl)
+ 8 (1 - 2°:i:)(9 z6 + 24 z6 + 16 zll) + (3:z:1)8 + 3 (3 zl):1 (4 z8)
+ 8 (3 z') (4 :i:8)2 + (4 zl)ª
=
1- 6:z: + 12:z:2 - Szl + 9z2 - 24 zl -12 z6 + 48:z:6 + 27 zt
+ 18:i:6 - OOzll - 96:z:7 + 27 z6 + 108:z:7 + 144zll + 64zl
=
1- 6z + 21 z2 - 82:i:• + 16:z:' + 66:z:6 - 69z6 + 12z7
+ 144:z:8 + 64z8.
98. (1 - 8z + z2)'
=
[(l - 3:z:) + z2J'
=
(1- 8z)' + 4(1 - 3z)ª(z') + 6(1- 3z)2(zl)'
+ 4 (1 - 3 z)(z2)B + (z')'
=
[(l)' :._ 4(1)'(8:i:) + 6(1)'(3:i:)'- 4(1)(3:z:)ª + (3:z:)']
+ 4 [(t)• - 3 (1)2(8:i:) + 3 (1)(3:z:)1 - (Sz)ªJzl
+ 6(1 - 6.z + 9z')z' + 4(1 - 8z)z6 + z6
=
1-12:z: + 64:i:9 -108:i:I + 81:i:'
+ 4z2(1- 9z + 27:i:9- 27:i:I) + 6:z:' - 86:z:6 + 64z6
+ 4z6 -12z7 + zl
= 1-12:z: + 64:i:2 -108:i:I + 81:i:' + 4z' - 86:z:I + 108:z:'
- 108 z6 + 6 z' - 86 z6 + 64 :i8 + 4 z8 - 12 :z:7 + :z:8
=
1-122: + 68:i:' -144:i:I + 196:z:' -144:i:6 + 68z6 -12z7 + z•.
17. ( 8a.,,,.,. - ª7)' . .

=(SaSb-)' - 4(3atb-)ªe7)+ 6(8albm)2(ª7>2
-4(3a.,,,.,.>(ª;')' +(ª7)'
=Sla81J4111 -36a111+61,'111+1 + 6at111+•b1•+•
4a3111+21r+e a'"'b8
- 9 +81·
H. (a' - a•b + a'bl - abl + b4)'
= [(a' - a 8b) + (a2b2 - abl + b')]'
=
(a' - alb)' + 2(a' - aªb)(alb2- ab8 + b') + (a'b2- ab8 + b')1
= as - 2 a7b + a'b' + 2 a6b" - 4 a&l,8 + 4 a'b' - 2 a•ll> + a'b'
+ a 1'f/J + b8 -2aª1/> + 2a''f!J-2ab7
=
a• - 2 a7b + 3 a6bl - 4 a•b8 + 6 a'b4 - 4 a•ll> + 8 al#f,
-2ab7 + l,8,
Jo:LEllEXT ARY A.LGEBR..\
Nlr111,1try: Ezerciae 86. Page 220
1. v',111w•
1 !l "'''· 18. {/z3•yG• = :i:•yt•.
l. ,·:n ,,n,,u a tt~l, 3• 17. ~a•'"(il• = ± a"'lfl•.
,.
l. ~ lll .r•1111
tf:J!l ttl11/11A
J :.! z2yB,
:.! a~1,•1.
18. {/ - 27 aªP,:3q
~
=- 3 aPC'I,
e. V :47 r,tl.r,11 :Ja:i:2. 19. 32zó

- 248 alo
2:i:
= - 8 a2 •
v'o:.11, 11•,,.
•• 1 :.!ú rt21/J.
10. ~ = -·2:i:118_
"· v'll:.!1, tt"II' ¡ r, a~b2. 1a 3a11
••
t. C1
C1114 ;r,1• :.! .r,H,
~16a8
--= 2a11
:J:.l 11lhf¡IIO ·.. !,l aBl,f, 11
• 81 bl2cl6 ±- -.
3 b8cf
10. ~f,l!lul1¡,11i lla•IJI. {/216 ae:i:a 6a2x 3
11. {/7:40 ti 1~bl• "" 1: 8 a2bB. 12. = -- =-.
{/32a11>z1~ 2a8z2 az
11. ?-":--!l III x•i¡¡i =.. Oz¡,,2.
• 125 aªb"cD al/Jeª
11. ~17!.!H l'°: l!l c2, 18. -
216:i:9¡,,6zª
- =ó- -2 .
6:i:8y z
lf. ~111 (ll~yB :- } 8 afy2,
• 729 :i:3y111 3 xy11
u. v..~ ÚJ81 z9¡,,i:Í =- 11 xªyf. 14. - = ± -2 -
64 a12b12 .
,
a21/J
l. Find the square root of ;i:• - 6xª + 13z2 - 12:t + 4.
z4 - 6xª + 13z2 - 12:t + 4 !z2 - 3:t + 2
z4
2x' - 3x] - 6xª + 13:tll
1-
6xª + 9z2
2z2-6z+2 4z2-12x+4
4x2-12x+4
a. Find the square root of 1 - 2 aª + a• - 2 a + 3 a2,
Arrange in desce&,.Mig..~ers of a. ,,,.-; I
a4 - 2 aª + 3 a2 - 2 a + 11 at - a+ 1
a4
2 at - a - 2 aª + 3 a2
-2a3 + a2
2a2-2a+1 2a2-2a+l
2a2-2a + 1
8. Find the square root of 0:1:4 -12x8y + 34z2y2 - 20xyª + 25714.
9:1:4 -12:tªy + 34z2y2 - 20:ty8 + 25714!3:i:2 - 2xy + 5712
0:1:4
6z2 - 2zy] - 12x8y + 34z2yll
l-12x8y + 4z2y2
ox2 - 4 xy + 5 y2 30z2y2 - 20xys + 25714
· 30z2y2 - 20xyª + 251/4
t. Find the square root of 40 a4 - 42 aªb + 37 a:lb2 - 12 ab8 + 4 b4.
49 a• - 42 a'b + 37 a2b2 - 12 ab8 + 4 b• !7 a2 - 3 ab + 2 b2
49a4
14 at - Sab - 42 aªb + 37 a2bll
- 42a8b + 9a2b2
14a2 - 6ab + 2b2 28a2bll -12ab8 + 4b4
28 a2b2 - 12 ab8 + 4 b'
6. Find the square root of x4 + 10x8y + 33x2y2 + 40xyª + 10714.
x4 + 10x8y + 33xtyt + 40xyª + 16 y4 ¡z2 + óxy + 4 y2
·x•
2z2 + óxyu0x8y + 33x2y2
+ 25:1:27/2 _ _ _ __
10xª11
+
2x2 + 10:i:y 4yi[sx2¡¡2 + 40 xyª + 16 y 4
~ 21/2 + 40_:tJt8 _
-t...! (l 714
e. J'lnd the aquare root of 4:r + 37zlrS- 30z,I - lliO~ + 9,6.

Arrange ln deacending powera of z.
4z' - 20zl¡, + 37zlrS- 30zv' + 9,'j2zl- 6q + 3J"
4z'
zv -
4 zl - 6 20 zl¡, + 87 zl¡,t
- 20 zl¡, + 26 z'¡,t
4zl - lOzv + 3v1 12z'¡,I - aozva + 9,'
12z~ - 30z1/8 + Di,'
T. J'lnd the aquare root of 16114 - 40alz + alzl + 30azl + 9z'.
16a• - 40alz + alzl + SOaz• + Dz'j4as- ótu: - !"l r'
16a•
sas - 6az - 40alz + atzt
- 40 alz + 26 atz•
811•- lOtu: - 3z2 - 24aSz2 + SOaz• + 9z'
~ 24atzt + SOazl + Dz'
l. Flnd the Bqll&1'8 root of 16 a• + ó6 alz + atzt - 84 azl + 36 z'.

16114 + ó6alz + atzt - 84az' + 36z'!4al + 7az - 6z'
16114
8 a•+ 7 az 166 alz + a2z1
ó6 a•z + 49 atzt
8a• + 14az - 6z• - 48atz• - 84azl + 36z'
- 48 alz• - 84 azl + 36 z'
8. Flnd the aquare root of 9 e' - 48 cid + 34 cldl + 80 cdl + 26 d'.
De' - 48c8d + 34cldl + 80cd• + 2ód'!3c' - Sed - ódi
De'
6ct - Sed - 48cld + 84cldl
- 48 cid + 64 cidl
6 e• -; 16 cd - 6 cl1 - 80 cid'+ 80 cd' + 26 a•
- 30cldi + 80cd8 + 26d'
10. Flnd the aquare root of taz• + 1az1 + 4z0 - tb• + 4 - 4z -12z6.
Arrange In deacending powers of z.
4zO - t2z6 + 1szt -14z• + 13:i:1 - 4z + 4¡2z• - azt + z - 2
4z0 '
h ' - szil-12z6 + 1Sz'
l-12z6+ Dz'
4zl - 6z2 + z 4z' -14zª + 18z•
4z'- 6zª+ z•
4zl-6z•+2z-2 - 8z8 +12z'-4z+4
8 zª + 12 z• - 4 z + 4
11. Find the square root of 4.:f -14ziyf + 26y6 - 7z'y1 + 12z6y + 40zy6- 44zaya.
Arrange in deacendlng powers of z.
4z8 + 12z6y- 7~· - 44z'118-14ziy' + 40zy6 + 26y6!2zª + 8zti, - 4zy• - 6118
4.:f
4zª + Szti,j 12 z6y - 7 z4y1
12z6y + 9z'yl
4zª + 6zty - 4zy•¡- 16:i:'y• - 44z'Y' - lhiyf ~
- 16:i:'yl - 24z&y• + 16ziy'
4.:f + 6zty - 8zy• - 61181- 20:t'y• - 80ziy' + 40zy6 + 26y6 o>
- 20 zaya - 80 ziy' + 40 zy6 + 26 y6
¡=
t:r::I
11. Find the square root of 4 a' - 20 a6b - 8 a4bl + 82 a'bl + 19 a•b• - 42 ab6 + 9 b6. ~
4a' - 20a6b - 8a4bl + 82a8l)I + 19a•b' - 42 ab6 + 9b6 !2 a• - 6 a•b - 7 abl + 8b• o
z
4a8
4a• - 6ii2bl- 20a'b- 8a4bl
- 20 a'b + 26 a4bl
4 a• - 10 a1b - 7 abl 1- 28 a•bl + 82 a•b' + 19 a'b'
- 28 a•bl + 70 aBl)I + 49 a'b'
4 a' -10a2b - 14 abl + 3b8ll2a8b8 - 80a'b' - 42 ab6 + 9b6
12 aBl)I - 80 a'b' - 42 ab6 + 9 lJ6 ~
O>
ce
4t.i0 •:LEMENT ARY ALGEBRA
Ezerolae 88. Page 2H

at a'Jbl b8 afct c8 b'cf
l. Jllnd t.he aquare root of 4 - 3 + Ü + 4 + 16 - 6 .
¡-ª~+~+ª7--bl: +~I~-~+¡
at
4
i,á a'Jbl b8
a• .
:1
-
8
+-9
a'Jbl b8
- a +o
a'- 3 -+-et4 a- 4c*---+-
- 2 b8 ble* c8
2
6 16
a2cf ble* c8
4-6-+16
:i:s 4xz 4z2 6q:i: 9qt 12qz

l. Flnd t111, 1111uare root of - - - - + - +- + - - --·
yt ay a2 by b' ab
~1 _ ~x~ + 4zS + ~q!'. _ 12qz + 9q'I~ _ 2z + 8q

ys ay a2 by ab b' _JI a b
:¡:2
1!2
2:i: 2z
----
11 a
- -4:i:z
-ay
+4z'
-
as
4 :i:z 4 z2
---ay +·-
at
a. Find the square root of
9 aGbf 12 a6lJ6 332 a•b' 16 a8b7 16 a"bB

2ózetfª - 3óz7y9 - 73ó:,:8yl0 + 63z9i,ll + 81zl0i,12
3 aªbi _ 2 a"bB _ 4 ab4
1
. ó z8i,47 zty6 9 z6y6
9 aBbf 12 a6lJ6 332 atb" 16 a•b1 16 a'b8
- --------+ - -+---
2óz6¡¡8 3óz7yt 73óz8ylO 63z"l,ll 81 z1oy12
9a8bf
2ó ;r;6y8
6 alf>S 2 a2bª 12 a6lJ6 332 atb"
- - - 7-zty6
ó xByt
- -3óz7
- -y9- ·73óxs
- -11-10
12 a6lJ6 4a•b'
- 3óz7yt
-+ 49x&y•o
6 aªbi 4 a2!JII 4 abf 8 a•b6 16 a1Jb7 16 a"bB
óxByt - 7 zty6 - 9 z6yO - t6z8ylO + 63z"l,11 + 81 z1oy12
8 a 4b6 16 aªb7 16 a2b8
-16 z11y10
- + 63- xtyn
-+ - ·
81 zloy12
. 2z1i,12 111s 4x&y•s 4y24 4 11 ao

4. Fmd the equare rootof x8y8- - - + - + - - - -
3aª oae a9 3al2 + -al8 .
2x'v'- 2y9 + 2y~ 4x&y•s _ 4y24 + 4y80

3aª at aº 3a12 als
4zay1s 4y24 4yao
---¡¡¡- - ~ + a18
91/2 20:z: 1611

+ -49h .a ·
9
6. Find the square root of - - + 26~ - - - -
16 x 2 7 11 2z 11-
Arrange in descending power11 of 11.
a• aªb 6 a'lb'J abª b'

6 Find the square root of -
. 4
+-3
- -36- - -+6
-·
16
a' a8b
4 +3 -
6 a'b2
36 -
abª
6
I
b' a2
+ 16. 2 +
ab
3 - 4
b1
a'
4
2ab b2
a2+---
3 4
. 9a9bi 16ab 208 86zy 49:112~

7 . Find the aquare root of - - - - - + - - -- + -- - .
49z2yt 28zy 192 86 ab 81 a2b~
+
9a9bi _ 16ab 203 _ 36zy + 49z~ 8ab _ ~
49 z~ 2Szy 19"2 86 ab 81 a'lfl 7 zy 8
+ 7zy
Uab
9a9bi
49.i:21/2
6ab 6 16ab 203
7 zy 8
- 28zy
- - +192
-
16ab 26
---+
28zy
-64
6ab 6 7 zy 2 3ó:ey 49z2yt
- --+- - ---+--
7zy 4 9ab 3 86ab 81a9bi
2 3ózy 49z2yl
3 - 36ab + 8la2b2
. 9 atf>I 4 ztyt hy 6 ab
8. Fmd the aquare root of - - + - -
z2yt 9a'bl
- · '-.e__
16ab
+ -101
26
- -óxy .
Arrange in descending powera of a.
9a'bl _ 6ab + 101 _ 4zy + 4z2t/218ab _ ! + 2zy

z2yt 6zy 26 I ó ab 9 a9bi . .i:y 6 3 lli!
9 a'lfl
z2y:i
6ab _ ! _ 6ab + 101
zy 6 6zy 26
_6Gb+_!_
6zJ( 26
•tt
9. Find the square root of ~ + 118 + mº _ 611• _ m• + 4 n8 12 n• atm• 4 atn• 2 m'n'
2ó 2ó 36 2ó ó 49 + 3á + --¡¡- - 36 - 21 ·
~ 611• 118 mª atm• me 12n• 4a4n• 2mªn' 4n8 13 a4 m• 2n'
2ó - 2ó + 2ó - ó + ló + a6 + 3ó - 3ó - 21 + 49 "ó - 6 - 6 + 7 to:!
9 ~
26 i;::
~-?,_6a4 +~ ~
ó ó 2ó
6a•
2ó
a8 ~
~
-26+ 2ó ~
6 _ 2 a4 _ mª
ó ó 6
1- mª + a'mª + me
ó ló 36 s
mª a•m• me
-:---¡-+16+36
6 _ 2a4 _ m• + 2n•¡12n• _ 4atn• _ 2m8n• + 4n•
ó ó 3 7 Só 3ó 21 49
1
12 n• 4 a4n• 2 m'n• 4 n•
36 - 36 - ---¡¡- + 4ií
4 a• 2 a• 2ó at 11 a 18 17 :i; 7 :i;t 2 :i:• :t'
10. Flnd thesquarerootof - - - - + - - - - + - - - + - - - + - ·
9:t' 3:i:• 36:i;t 9:t 9 18a 9a.t Sa• 4a'
4 a• 2 a• 2ó at 11 a 13 17 :i: 7 2:2 2 2:•· :t' 2 as a 1 2 :i: :ti

---+---+---+---+----+---+-
9:t' 3:i:ª 36:i;t 9:t 9 18a 9a' Sa• 4 a• 3:i:2 2:t 3 3a 2a2
4 a•
9:t'
4at ~ 2aª 26a2 ¡..;¡
3:i;t -2z¡- Sx• + 36:i;t t;,j
2a• a.2 ~
--+
Sx•
-4:i;t =
t;,j
4a2 -~+!J4 .a2 _lla.+13
3 :¡;2 :t 3 9 :¡;2 9 :t 9
~
t;,j
4 a.2
- a
- +-91
- 3:t ...¡..;¡t::
4a2 _ ~ + ~ _
9:t2
2:tl-
8a + ~ _ 17:t + 72:2
...
S:i;t x 8 3a 9:t 3 18a 9a2 ~
8a
-
9:t
+ 3- - 4x
2 4:t'
- +9at
9a
-
4a' a 2 4:t 2:212 x xt 2:i:ª :t'
3:i;2-z+3-3a +2a2 3 - 2a +8a2-3a8+ 4a•
2 :i; :i;t 2 :¡;8 :tf
-3 - 2a
- +Sat - - Sa•
- +4a• - ~
~
Ot
§
f 1189 at1J2 8662 25 zY 4 a4b' 172 ab 40 z11 12 a'6'
11 · Find the square root O 2205 ztyt + 6287 + 121 a•bl + 25 ~ + 281 zv + 99 ab + 85 zY ·
4a'b' 12a•bl 1189.a'bt 172ab 8662 40:i:y 25:i:'r' 2albl 8ab 4 hy
25~ + 85:i:'y• + 2205:i:ty• + 281zy + 6287 + 99ab + 121 albl h • +7 + 9 + 11 ab ~
~
.......T. . . 11......
4a'b'
25~ liC
g¡~
6z"yl + 7 zy 35 :i:Byl + 2205 ztyt
12 a8bl 9 a'bt =i:i
36zly8+ ~ ~
4a2b2 + 6ab + ! 16a'bt + 172ab + 3662 ~
5 ztyt 7 zy n 45 ztyt 281:i:y 6287 ~
1fl at/)2 8 ab 16 t,,
~ + ~+ si ~
4 atf>S 6 ab 8 5zy 4 ab 80 40 zy 25 zlyl
5zllyl + 7zv + 9 + 11 ab llzy + 77 + OOab + 121 a'bl
4 ab 80 40 zy 25:ttyt
ITz;i + 7'i + OOab + 121iiii)i
11. Find to tbree terms the egua.re root of a2 + b.
:: + b la+~ -8~:a + ...

2a+~ b
2a
b+~
4at
blfl t,:I
2a+--- - -
a Saª 4a2
lfl b3 l,t
-~-iw+Ma&
bª l,t
Ba• 64a6
13. Find to three terma the eguare root of z• - tl/2,
:-¡y2 lzL~-~- ...

1
y2 --y2
2x2 _ _
8z2 4
_!y2+~
4 64x•
2z2 - .Jt:.._ - __Y.!_ yf
4z2 128:i:6 64:i:f
yf y6 y8
- ¡¡¡;¡ + ~ + ~
y6 ys
---- ---
ó12 xs 1638-l z12
14. Find to three terms the eguare root of b2 - c2.
~- et lb-;: -tb8 -...

2b - c2 - et
2b
cf
-ct+-
4/fl
2b-~-~ - ~
b 8bª 4b2
cf c6 c8
- 4b2 + w + 64b6
c6 c3
81,t 64116
U. Find to three terma the square root of z1 - 2 a.
lz-:- 2~ª- ···
aª a'
z' 4:i:6
18. Find to three terms the square root of :& + 4 b.
z'+4b lz+2b_2b'+···
z' . z z1
2z+,:
b + 4lr
z'
2z+4b_21>2 4112
z z3 z'
4112 Sbl 4b'
-~-zt+ze
8/J8 4b'
-z'
--z6
1'1. Find to three terms the square root of z 1 + 6.
z1 + 6 lz + _!_ - ~ + · · ·
~
6
. 2z 8-
2z+- 6
2z
6 26
+4x'
6 2ó 2ó
2z+---8
z 8:i: 4z'
26 126 62ó
- 4z2 - 8z4 + ¡¡¡;e
125 62ó
--- - --
8.i:' 64:i:6
TEACHERS' ED1TION 469
18. Find to three terms the square root of 4z2 + 2.
4:i:2 + 2 12:i: + _!._ _ - 1-+ .. .
4 :i:2 . 2z 16zl
1
h+- 2
2:i:
. 1
2+-
4:i:2
· 1 1 1
4z+---- - -
z 16:i:ª 4z2
1 1 1
-4xi-16z4+~
1 1
-----
16z4 256zl
19. Find to three terms the square root of 16a4 - 8a1•
16a4-3a2 9- - · · ·
14a2-~--
ltl a• . 8 512 a2
8a2 -~ -3a2
8
9
-8a2+-
64
8a2-~ _ _9_ -~
4 6I2a2 64
9 27 81
- 64 + 2048a2 + 262144 a•
27 81
---- ---
2048 a2 262144 a•
20. Find to three terms the square root of 26:i:2 - lOz.
25z2 - lOz 16 z _ 1 __1__ . . .
26z2 . lOz
lOz-1 -10:i:
- lOz + 1
10:i:-2--1- -1
lOz
1 1
-1+-+--
6:i: 100:i:2
1 1
6z 100.:i:2
470 ELEi\fEXT ARY ALGEBRA
l. Find the equare root of 676. 8. Find the equare root of

6 76(24 ló0.0626.
1 ó0.06 26(12.26
4 1
44)176 22)60
1 76 44
S. Find the equare root of 242)6 06
18,769. 4 84
1 87 69(137 2446)122 26
1 12226
23)87
1. Find the square root of
69
4076.8226.
267) 18 69 40 76.82 26(63.Só
18 69 36
3. Find the square root of 123)4 76
4U4,209. 3 69
49 42 09(703 1268) 1 07 82
49 1 0144
1403)42 09 12766)6 38 26
42 09 6 38 26
4. Find the equare root of 8. Find the square root of
7óó,161. 432.2241.
76 61 61 (869 4 32.22 41 (20. 79
64 4
166)115l 407)32 22
9 96 28 41}--......_
1729) 1 óó 61 4149)3 73 41 .....
16661 3 73 41
6. Find the square root of 9. F ind the square root of
18,090.26. 709,469.29.
1 80 90.26(134.ó 70 94 69.29(842.3
1 64
23)80 164)6 94
69 6 ó6
264)11 90 1682)38 69
10 ó6 33 64
268ó)l 34 26 16843) 6 Oñ 29
6 06 29
~
10. Find the .square root of 14. Find the square root of
3ó.Mó444. 95, 766, 796.
36.64 ó4 44 (6.962 96
96 76 67 (9786
26 81
100)10 ó4 187) 14 76
9 81
18 09
1186)78 ó4 1948) 1 67 67
7116
16684
11922)2 88 44
19666) 11 78 96
2 88 44
117896
2,611,466.
2 61 14 66(1616
1 16. Find the square root of
26) 1 61 69,384.8281.
166
821)6 14 6 98 84.82 81 (263.41
8 21 4
8226) 1 93 66. 46)2 93
19366 2 76
628) 17 84 .ces
279,100.89.
27 91 00.89 (628.8
16 69
6264)2 16 82
....
~·· ·~·--·-
~
26 2 10 66
102) 2 91 6~)5 26 81
2 04 6 26 81
1048)87 00
r:\....~
~~689
- 816 89 16. Find the square root of
18. Find the square root of 1690.015625.
361.112644. 16 90.01 66 26 (39.876
8 61.112644(18.738 9
1 69)6 90
28)2 61 6 21
2 24 788)69 01
867)27 11 63 04
26 69
7967)6 97 66
8748)1 42 26
6 67 69
112 29
79746)89 87 26
37468)29 97 44
29 97 44 39 87 26
1T. Flnd the aquare root of IO. Find to four decimal p)aces
the aquare root of 3.
,
l 71J,301.4836.
17 93 01.43 86(423.44 3.00 (l. 7320 • • •
16 1
82) 1 93 27)2 00
164 189
843)2901 343)11 00
26 29 10 29
8464)3 7248 3462)7100
8 88 66 69 24
34640)17600
84684):: :~ :
the aquare root of 11. Find to four decimal places

. the equare root of 6.
24 90.06 21 (667 .89 6.00 (2.2360 · • ·
l6 4
~7 24 42) 1 00
6 86 84
1127 iss 90 443)16 00
· · - - -.........-... 78 80 13 29
11348) 10 10 06 4466)2 7100
~ ,1h1
2 67 96
118660) 44720)3 04 00
1 02 21 21
12. Fin~eéima.l places

19. Flnd to four decimal placea
the aquare root of 2.
the square root of 6. .
2.00 (1.4142 · .. 6.00 (2.4494, , •
1 4
24) 1 00 44)2 00
00 1 76
281)4 00 484)24 00
2 81 19 86
2824) 1 19 00 4889)4 64 00
112 00 4 40 01
28282) 6 04 00 48984) 23 99 00
66664 19 69 86
38 86 43964
13. Find to four decimal places 96. Find to four decimal placea
the square root of 7. the square root of 0.4.
7.00 (2.6467 · ·, 0.40 (0.6324 · · ,
86
4
123)4 00
46)3 00 3 69
2 76 1262) 31 00
624)24 00 26 24
20 96 12644)6 76 00
6286)3 04 00 6 06 76
2 64 26 70 24
62007)39 76 00 97. Find to four decimal places
. 87 03 49 the square root of 0.6.
2 7161 O. 60 (O. 7071 · · •
49
H. Find to four decimal places 1407)10000
the square root of 8. 98 49
14141) 1 61 00
8.00 (2.8284, , · 1 41 41
4 9 69
48)4 00
98. Find to four decimal places
3 84
the squaré root of 0.6.
662)16 00
1124 0.60 (O. 7746 .. · .
6648)4 76 00 49 - - - . ··
. /.....-fi 7) 11 00
4 61 84 ,.,, 10 29 ·
66664)24 16 00 .- / 1644)71 00
22-.6! 66 _. - , / 6176
163 44 16486) 9 24 00
~# : ·;~· 7 74 26
S6. Find to four decimal places 149 76
the square root of 0.3. 99. Find to four decimal places
0.30(0.6477 ·, · the square root of 0.8.
26 0.80(0.8944 · ·,
104)6 00 64
4 16 169)16 00
16 21
1087)84 00
1784)79 00
76 09 7136
10947) 7 91 00 17884) 7 64 00
7 66 29 716 86
24 71 48 64
80. Find to fourdecimal places 88. Find to four decimal places

the square root of 0.9. the square root of 0.875.
0.87 50(0.6128 · · ·
0.00(0.9486 · · • 86
81 121) 1 50
184)9 00 1 21
7 36 1222)29 00
1888) 1 64 00 24 44
1 51 04 12248)4 56 00
18966) 12 00 00 8 67 29
1187 00 88 71
1ó804
H. Find to four décima) placee
the square root of 0.869.
0.86 00(0.9822 · • ·
81
81. Find to four decimal places
188)5 00
the square root of 0.807.
6 49
o.so 70(0.5540 · · · 1862)41 00
25 87 24
105) 5 70 18642) 8 76 00
8 72 84
5 25
1104)45 00 816
44 16 86. Find to fourdecimal places
11080)84 00 tbe square root of i's·
/7 = /w5 = VÍOó
'116 '1w -v'w
= 10.2469- · · 0.6881 .. .
89. Find to four decimal places 16
the square root of 0.685. 1 05 (10.2469 · · ·
1
0.68 50 (O. 7008 · · · 202)05 00 ·
49 4 04
149)14 50 2044)00 00
18 41 81 76
1586) 109 00 20486) 14 24 00
9516 12 29 16
15928) 18 84 00 204929)1 94 84 00
12 74 24 18448 61
101176 10 40 89
____ ¡
86. Find to four decimal places 87. Find to four decimal places
the square root of /~· tbe square root of ¡.
f = 0.66666667.
{8 = frn = v'i62
\/w V102 v'l92 0.66 66 66 67 (0.8164 ...
12.3288, . , 64
= = 0.6488- ·, 161)2 66
19
1 61
1 ó2 (12.3288 · . · 1626) 10566
1 97 ó6
22)62 16324) 8 10 67
44 6 62 96
243) 8 00 1 57 71
7 29 88. Find to four decimal placea
2462)71 00 tbe squa.re root of ¡.
49 24
i = 0.626.
24648)21 76 00
0.62 60(0. 7006 · · .
19 71 84
49
246668)2 04 16 00
149)13 60
1 97 25 44
13 41
6 00 66
16806)9 00 00
7 90 25
109 76

l . Find tbe cube root of 27z3-189z2y + 441 zy2 - 343yª.
j3x - 7 y
27z3 - 189z2y + 441xy2 - 343yª
27:z:8 •
3 (8 z)2 = 27x2 - 189 x2y .+ 441 xy2 - 843 ya
(9x-7y)( - 7y)= -63xy + 49y2
27x2 - 63:z:y + 49y2 -189z2y + 44lxy2 - 343y8
1. Find tbe cube root of 300 ab2 - 240 a2b - 126 b8 + 64 as.
Arrange in descending powers of a. 14 a - 6 b
64 as - 240 a2b + 800 ab2 - 126 b8
64a8
3 (4 a)2 = 48 a2 - 240 a2b + 300 ab2 - 126 bª
(12 a - 6 b) (- 6 b) = - 60 ab + 26 b2
48 a2 - 60ab + 26b2 - 240 a2b + 300 ab2 - 125 bª
~
~
e,:.
l. Find the cube root of ae - 3 a6b + 6 a4b2 - 7 aªb8 + 6 a?.b' - 3 ab6 + bO.
ae - 3a6b + 6a'b2 - 7 a8b8 + 6a26' - 3ab6 + bOla2 - ab + bl

ae
3(a2)t = 3a' J - Sa•b + 6a4b2 - 7 a8b8
(3a' - ab)(- ab) = - 3a8b + a9bl t."1
3a' - 3a8b + a~b2 1- 3a6b + 3a'b2- aªbl ~
;
t,,j
3(a2 - ab)' = 3a' - 6aªb + 3a2b2 l3a'b2 - 6aªbl + 6a?.b' - 3ab6 + bO
(3a2 - 3ab + 112) (112)= + 3a2b2 - 3ab8 + b'
8a' - 6aªb + 6a2b2 - 3ab6 + b'l8a'b2- 6a8b8 + 6a'b' - 8ab6 + bO ~
>
~
t. Find the cube root of 8:i:' -12z6y + 30:i:'t,2 - 2óz87,ª + 30:i:~ -12:i:y' + 8y6. >
~
¡;"}
8 z'-12 z6tl+30z'y2-26z&y8+80:i:~-12:i:y6+811612 :i:•-zy+2 y• t."1
i:,,
8:i:'
s (2:i:')s= 12 zt ¡ -12 z611 +so ztys-25:tBya ~
(6:i:2-:i:11)(-:i:11)= - 6:i:87/+ :i:tyt
12:t'- 6:i:87,+ :i:9112 j-12ry+ 6,ryt- :i:ª11ª
8(2:i:2-zy)'= 12 zt-12 :i:87,+ 3:i:9112 124 z'l/2-24 :i:87/ª+80:t2v4-12 :i:y&+s 116
(6:i:S-S:i:11+2112)(21/2) = + 12 zty2-6 :i:y8+4 Y'
12 zt-12 :t871+ Ióz2y2-6zy•+4 ¡,' !24zt712-24 x871ª+80xty4-12 :i:y&+S ye
6. Find the cube root of at-6<Pb ,t 2la'bl-44aªbª + 63 a2b'- 64ab6 + 27 bfl.
aª-6a6b+2l a4b2-44aªb8+63atb'-64 ab6+27 b8 lat-2ab+8 b2

a&
S(at)2=3a4 l-6a&b+21a'b2-44aªb8
(8a'-2ab)(-2ab)= - 6aªb+ 4a2bl
8a4- 6aªb+ 4a2b'I l-6a6b+I2a'b2- 8aªb8 ~
t.,,,j
S(a2-2 ab)2=3a4-12aªb+ 12a2b2 ¡9a4b2-36aªb8+63a21ft-64ab6+27 b8
(3a2-6ab+3 b2)(3b2) = + 9a2~-18ab8+9b4 ~
3a4-12aªb+21 a2b2-I8ab8+9b' l9a4b2-S6a8b8+63a2b'-64ab6+ 27 b8
i
t.,,,j
6. Find the cube root of 8 cO - 60 c6 + 114 e' + 56 eª - 171 c2 - 185 e - 27.
s
ScO -60c6 + 114c4 + 55c8-17lc2 -135c - 27l2c2 - 5c - 8 :ao
8c6 z
3(2c2)2 = 12c' - 60c6 + 114c' + 55cª
=
(6 c2 - 5 e) (- 5 e) - 80 eª + 25 c2
12 e' - 30 c8 + 25 c2 - 60 c6 + 150 e' - 125 c8
=
3 (2 c2 - 5 c)2 12 e' - 60 eª + 75 c2 1 - 36 c4 + 180 c8 - 171 c2 - 135 e - 27
(6 e' - 15 e - 3) ( - 3) = - 18 c2 + 45 e + 9
12c', 60cª+ 67c' + 46c + 91- 36c4 + 180c8-17lc' -136c -27
~
-'I
-'I
...
•I
,X,
T. Find the cube root of 27118 + 108«6 + 198 a•+ 208 aª+ 132 aª+ 48 a+ 8.
a•
27 11º + 108 + mea• + 20H aª + 1Sh• + 48 a + 8 l!l.!!!.i ~.,1 t!
27aº
3(3a9)• = 27a• i108a• + 1D8a• + 208a•
(9a• + 4a) (4 a)= + 80aª + toa•
27 a• + 80-aª +To
a• 108 a• + H4 11• + 11-111"
8 (3 a• + 4 a)' = 27 a• + 72 aª + 48 a• 1íi4 a• + 144 a• + 182 "• ¡. 4H ,, -+ 1t
E
¡:;
(9a•+12a+2)(2)= +18a•+24a+4 ~
27a•+72aª+··ooa•+24-a+-4114a•+144a8 -i 1S2a• t 4H1H 11 ...
i,,.
8. Find tbe cube root of 64118-144 a•b+60 a•b2+46 aªbª-16 a•b•- ll<tb&- li8. =
~
64 aº -144 a•I, + 00 a•b• + 46 aftbª-111 a•b' -11 a/J6 - IJI t.!!•• - 11 ah· I,• l!'I
8(4"')'=48..
(12a•-Sab)(-3ab)= -86aªb+ 9a•bl
---¡-•.....+......+......
64aª
.
ti#
~
48 a•-86 a•b+ 9aij¡Í -14411ª!1+ 108a•b•-27 aBb8
3(4 a•-8 ab)ª =48 a•-72 aªb+27 a•bl ¡-4Ha•b•+72a"b"-16a•b'-Oab&- b'
(12 a•-9 ab-bª)(-1>2)= -12 a•b2+9abª+b'
48 a•-72 a8b+ 16a2bª+llabª+b' 1- 4Ba•b•+ 72a8b8 -16n•b4-011li& bt
- --
9. Find the cube root of 126z9-300zª+466zT-424z6+279z6-108z'+27x3.
126z9 -300zª+46óz7-424 z6+279z6-108 zf+27 zªj6zª-4 z2+3z

126z9
8(6zll)2=76z6 - -300zª+466z7-424z6
(16zª-4z')(-4z2)= - 60z6+16z'
76z6- 60:z:6+16:tf !-800zª+240zT- 64:z:t ,-:
3(6zª-4 z2)2 =76ze-12oz6+48zf !226z7 -860:z:t+2í9z6-108zf+27 x3 t>:
;...
(16 zª-12 z2+3 z)(3 z) = +45 :i:4-36 zª+9z2 o
76z6-120 z6+93 zi-86 zª+9z2!226 zT-360zt+279z6-108 zf +27 z• :e
t,:::
::o
C/2
ti,
10. Find the cube root of 27cH+189cl1+198clo_791cs-694c8+l701cT-729c8.
27 cH + 189 cll + 19Sclo -

27c12
j3c' + 7c8 - 9cll
791 cu - 694 es+ 1701c7 - 729 c8 -o
t:::
~
3(3c')2 = 27c8 ----i1soc11 + 1osc10 - 791cu

z
(9 e' + 7 c8) (7 eª) = + 63 cT + 49 c8
27 c8 + 63 cT + 49 c8 ~1_89_ c_n_,_+----,-44.,...,l_c.,..,
10_+_3~4_3_cv_ _ _ _ __ _ _
3(8c' + 7 c8)2 = 27 c8 + 126 cT + 147 c8 - 243cl0 - 1134c9 - 694 c8 + 1701 cT - 729c8
(9c' + 21 eª - Oc•)(- Oc•)= - 81 c8 -189c6 + Sic'
27 c8 + 126 c7 + 66 c8 -189c6 + 81 e' 1- 243 clo - 1134 c9 - 694 es+ 1701 cT - 729c8
ti>,.
-:i
':O
2: 2, 2, 2,
= ,,_
:,,,
.,..
:,,,
.,..
:111
~ 2, 2, :!,
=·•,..:-
.: 1 z
~·
-"
X:
,.
z
::!
i... ,.
.a,
... ..."
l~
.
~
...
,o ,e
I'°
1 i
..,..
2, 2, ~~
1
~~!
~· - ......,
,: ~ .,...,.
.... ':! ~
~u
.::
~
:-1 ..::
.,..
,... "'
+ +
~ ~
1 1! 1s
- +·...
::: ~ :!
::!: X: ~ r-::. =
...
X
,::
+ +
~
;
"" ...C!
.a,
~
1 ~
Q ; t- · ~~
...
~
,o
1
t! l!r--- .++ ..,,
'"
.:::,
"'. "
1 ........
~ :"I
~
,::
....... ~ ....
...t ~ti
+ ;+
~
·-
t:
,.
+
t,
e.~it-;:.o
+I+ ~ 1·+
-
CID
+
~ '5' ;i' ';i'
" "' ~" ,:
º¡='
1 1 1
,...
.o
't,
°'1
t,
o,
11 11
I:!
o, o,
I:!
11 11
1·
t,
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-e
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o
~~
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-
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1
io, ~~
~
-..,
o, 1
C,)
1
C>
~ ~
'5
'1:1 e. °'1
.9
r,., ~
....... e.
11. Find the cube root of 27a12 _ 13óa11 + 198a10 - 3óaº - 66aª lóaT ae
z9 z8 zT z8 7-7-;¡·
27alt 9
-z9- -13óa11
-zB- +198ato 3óa 66aª lóaT a8 3a' óa• at
- - -z8- -z6- - -
zi J:4
-- - - -zt- -
z• z• z
27al2
-;o:- ~
~
s(ªª')' =27a8
z• . z8
13óa11
- -z8- + z7
19Sato
3óa9
- - -z8- ::r::
t:r:l
( 9a• _ óa•x- óaª) · · , _ 4.6a7 + 2óa8 ~

z• zt z2 . z6 zt t:r:l
13óa11 22óati 12óa9
27aª . 4óa7 . 2óae
- - -z6+zt- 8 -+ -X,- -
- - .z- -z6- E
~
z6
s(ªª' _óaª)2 =27 aª_ OOa7 + 7óae '----, 27ato OOaD 66a8 lóa7
- -z7- + -z6- - -z6- - -z-t -
a8
x8
zª .z2 . z6 z6 z•
( 9a• _ lóaª _ at)(- at)- _ 9ae + lóa& + a•
zª zt z z z' .
. 27aª _OOa7 +{16a6 +ló_ª
z6 · z6
.•
zª
zl · · zª ,.
+~1-
z2
z.t .
27aio +. OOaD _ 66aª _ 16a7 - ~
'rJ. · z6 z& zt zª
¡¡:a.
....
00
~
00
t.:¡
11. Find the cube root of Sa• + 4a1 + 3a + 4 + 27z + 27z' + 27zl.
27zl Szl z Sa 16a' 64a'
sa• + 4a• + 8a + 4 + 27z + 27z• + 27zl,2a + 1 + Sz

~
27zl sz• z Sa 16a• 64a• Sz 4a t""
Sa• ~
~
27z• ~
~
s(2ª)2 = 4a' 4a' + 8a + 4
Sz szs Szt z ~
z
( 2a + 1 ) (1) = z
+
2a
+1 ~
:i
4a2 2a 1 4a' 2a 1
8-z-,+-;-+ -Sz-,+-;-+
s(2 +ª i)'= 4_a_2 + 4a + 8
L..:...C-'-~---------
~ + + 2_7_z + _27_z' + 2_7_zl
8
3z 3z2 z z Sa 16a' 64a•
( 2a + 3 + 3zx 3z) = + ~+ 9z + 9z2
z 4a 4a 2 4a 16a'
4a2 + 4a + 9 +
Szt z 2
9z + 9z'
4a 16a' z
Iª + 3 + 27z + 27z' + 27z•
Sa 16a' 64a•
¡
l
14. Find the cube root of 8 zD - 86z8y + 6z77f + 141 z8y3 - 84 z6y4 -186z'y6 + 104z8y6 + 60z2y7 - 48zye + 8 yD.
j 2x>-3xty-4 xu•+2y 3
..,
:,:j
;..
8.:t"-36 zlt/+ 6 x•y•+141 x"y•-84x"y•-186 x'y•+104.r"y"+OOxty•-48xy•+8 y• e
8.:t" ::e
3(2 x8)' = 12 x" -36x"y+ 8.x'y'+141 xey• t:r!
(8x8-3xty)(-3x't,)= -18x"y+ 9x'y' ~
<12
12x"-18x"y+ 9x'y' :...3&x<y+l>lx'11~-- 27 x"y•
3(2x8-3x2 y)'=12x"-36x"y+27 xty• -48.r•y•+168x"y•-84x"y'-186xty•+t04.r"y" i:.,;
(6x•-9x•y-4xy•)(-4xyl)= -24xty•+S6x>y•+16x•y• ~
...,;
(6x8-9xty-12xy•+211•J (211•) =
12x"-36x8y+ 3x'y•+36x>y•+16xty• -48x'y'+144x"y'-12x"y'-144xty•- 64.r"y"
3(2x8-3x'y-4 xyl)' =12 x"-36x"y-21 xty•+72x>y•+48xtyt
+12x8yL18xl¡¡L24xy•+4y•
24x<y•-72x>yt- 42xty•+ 168 .r"y"+OO xty'-48xy•+sy• sz
12 x"-36 x"y-21 xty•+84 x>y•+ao xi¡¡"- 24 xy•+411" 24 x<y•-72 - 42 xty•+ 168 x"yR+OO x•y'-48 xy•+s y•
"""
00
~
1-:u:~IE~TAHY ALGEBRA
BnrclN 9L Pap 232

l. Flnd lhe oube rool of 10S,8t8.
108 8231,!!
64
3'40'=='8001 .....
3(40 X 7) 8'0
o¡t = 49
6689 89823
2621'4~
..... =·-¡·.,..
3(1\0 x 4) .:
41:..:
'i20
16
216
1168ti '6 1'4
l . Find Ul& l'Ub& root. of l\j'4},tll6.

8 741.816(20.6
8
:l x ::Nlt'II = l~lO 'i'1 816
S ( ~)() :-. (l) = 3000
(lll = S6
1~ 'iU 816
t. Find Ul& cub& roo, of 410.17i-107.

'10.l'ii '67(U3
.. ,.-= ..,...
3(70 x -1)= MO 1
3'3
.,.,.
L
41 = 16')
loo56 l ' ~ ti4
856 1 ¡- "948 '67
3(7'6 X 3)::
=
3 x 7-101 16"2800
6660
3':: 9
1649469 4 948 40'7
6: Find the cube root of 6,148,602.368.
6 148 602.368 jl83.2
.!__
8 X 102 =800 • 6148
3(10 X 8) =
240
82= a:}
304
4 882
816 602
8 X 1802 = 97200
8(180 X 8) = 1620
S2 = 9882:} 1--2_96_48_7__
1629 20 116 368
8 X 18302 = 100467()0
8(1830 X 2) = 10980
2'= 4
10067684 20 116 368
8. Find the cube root of 684, 726.648684.
684 726.648 684 !86.94

612
8 X 802 = 19200 122 726
8(80 X 6) = 1200
61=~} 20426 102 126
1226 20 600 648
8 X 8602 = 2167600
8 (860 X 9) = 22960
91 = 2100681
81}
19 714 779
1 -----
28081 886 869 684
=
8 X 86002 221364800
8 (8600 X 4) =
103080
41= 16
221467896 886 869 684
486 EU;MJ,;NTARY ALGEBRA
7. Flnd t.o four decimal placea tbe cube root of 100.
100.000f4.6416 · · •
64
8 X 40' = 4800 36000
8(40 X 6) = 720
6'=66:} 33 836
7ó6 2 664 000
=
3 X 4602 684800
8(400 X 4) =
óó20
42=~}
640836 2 661 344
óó36 102 6ó6 000
=
3 X 46402 64688800
=
8(4640 X 1)
12=
13920
64602721
l} 64 602 721
13921 r---38-0-ó3-27_90_
8 X 46412 = 6~616643 32 308 3216
ó 744 9676
8. Flnd to four decimal places the cube root of 206.
206.000!6.9069 · · ·
12ó
3 X ó02 = 7600 81000
8(ó0 x 9) = 1360
92
= so!!}
1431
80 379
621000000
3 X 69002 = 104430000
8 (6900 X 6) = 88600
ó2 = 26}
104618626 622 692 626
88ó26 98 407 8760
8 X 69062 = 104607076 94 146 367ó
4 261 0076
9. Find to four decimal placea the oube root of 6.3.
6.300 j 1.8469, · ,
1
3 X 102 = 800 6800
3(10 X 8) = 240
8'=
3 X 18()2 = 97200
:} 4 832
468 000
3(180 X 4) = 2160
4'=
16}
99376 397 604
2176 70 406 000
3 X 18401 = 10166800
8(1840 X 6) = 38120
61= 36}
10189966 61 139 736
38166 9 366 2640
3 X 18461 = 10223148 O 200 8382
166 4808
10. Find to four decimal places the oube root of 0.376.
0.376 000
343
'º· 7211 , · ·
3 X 702 = 14700 32 000

= 420
3(70 X 2)
2'= 4}
16124 30 248
424 1 762 000
3 X 7202 = 1666200
8(720 X 1) = 2160
l!I= 1667361
1} t--~1_6~67.,......,..36~1-
2161 194 6390
8 X 721!1 = 1669628 166 0623
88 6867
11. Find to four decimal places the cube root of 0.5.
0.50000010. 7937 .• ¡,
343
3 X 7()1 = 14700 167 000
3(70 X 9) = 1800
92 = ___!!}
16671 160 039
1971 6 961 000
3 X 79()1 = 1872300
3(700 X 3) = 7110
SS= 187941:} ,___6_638_2_67_

7119 1 322 7430
=
3 X 7931 1886647 1 320 6829
2 1601
U . Find to four decimal places the cube root of O. 98.
o.980 ooo¡o.9932- ..
729
3 X = 24300
9()1 261 000
3(00 X 9) = 2430
92 = 26811
81}
241 299
2611 9 701 000
3 X 99()1 = 2940300
3 (900 X 3) =
891~
32 = 2949219
· 9} 8 847 667
8919 863 3430
3 X 9932 = 2968147 691 6294
261 7136
18. Find to four decimal places the cube root of ¡.

i =0.6666666667.
0.666 666 666!0,8736, ·,
612
3 X 802 = 19200 164 666
3(80 X 7) = 1680
72=~}
20929 146 603
1729 8163 666
3 X 8709 = 2270700
=
3(870 X 3)
3i=
7830
2278639
9} 6 836 617
7839 13280497
3 X 873i = 2286887 1143 1936
184 8662
H . Find to four decimal places the cube root of !-
! = 0.8.
0.800 ooo¡o.02ss . ..
729
3 X 909 = 24300 71000
3(00 X 2) = 640
22= 24:::} 49688

21312000
3 X 9209= 2639200
3 (920 X 8)= 22080
82= 64}
2661344 20 400 762
22144 821 2480
3 X 9282 = 2683662 776 0666
46 1824
490 ELE:MJ<~NT ARY ALGEBRA
16. Fiod to four decimal placea the cube root of J.

J = 0.428671428671.
0.428 671428!0.7639 ...
348
8 X 70t = 14700 86 671
8(70 X 6) = 1060
f>i=
16776
26} 78 876
1076 6 696 428
3 X 7ó0t = 1687600
3(760 X 3) =
6760
3ll= 1694269
9} ó 082 777
6759 1 16136616
3 X 7632 = 1701027 16309243
82 7272
1O. Find to four decimal places the cube root of /-,..

¡, = o.3126.
0.312 600!0.6786 ...
216
3 X 602 = 10800 96 600
= 1260
3(60 X 7)
72 =
12109
_.!!!} 84 763
1809 11737000
3 X 6702 = 1346700
3 (670 X 8) =
16080
82= 64}
1362844 10 902 762
16144 834 2480
3 X 6782 = 1379062 827. 4312
6 8168

l. Find the fourth root of
266 c18 - 768 acl8z6 + 864 a'clDzlD - 482 aªc7zlá + 81 a4c4z~.
The fourth root is the square root of the square root.
j 16 c8 - 24
a&z6 + 9 a2ctz10
266 c18 - 768 acl8z6 + 864 a:lcHzlo - 482 a8c7zl6 + 81 a•c4z~1
266cl8
82 eª - 24 ac6:rf>1- ,
768 acl8z6 +
- 768 acl8z6 +
864 a1c1oz10
ó76 aiclOzlo
82 c8 - 48 a&z6 + 9 a2ctz10 288 a2c1oz10 - 432 aBc7zl6 + 81 a•c4z20
288(Í2clOzlO - 432a3c7zl6 + 81 atcfz~
16 c8 - 24 ac6:rf> + 9 a2c2z10 !4 et - 3 ac:rf>
16c8
8 et - 3 ac:rf> - 24 ac6:rf> + 9 a'c2zlo
- 24 ac6:rf> + 9 a2c2;c10
Therefore, the required fourth root is 4 et - 3 ac:rf>.
2. Find the fourth root of
l + 16x + 108z2 + 400xª + 886z4 + 1200z6 + 972:rf> + 482z7 + 81 zS.
The fourth root is the square root of the square root.
11+ 8x + 22x2+ 24xª + 9x•
l + l6x + 108z2 + 400xª + 886x• + 1200z6 + 972z6 + 432x• + 81 xs
1
2+8z 16x+I08z2
16x + 64z2
2 + 16x + 22x2 44z2 + 400z3 + 886z4
44 z2 + 352 ~a + 484,:-:-zt--,---,-,..,..,..----
2 + 16x + 44z2 + 24z8 48x3 + 402z4 + 1200z6 + 972 ze
48z8 + ll84z4 + 1066z6 + ó76_x_e_ _ _ __
+
2 +16z + 44z2 + 48xª 9x•II8;.+144z6 + sooze + 432z7 + 81:i:8.
~ + 144:rf>+ll00z6+432z7+81xfi
1 + Sx + 22x2 + 24x• + 9z4!1 + 4x + 8x2
1
2 + 4x Bx + 22x2
8x + 16x2
2 + 8x + 8x2 6z2 + 24:i:8 + 9z4
6z2 + 24z• + 9z4
Therefore, the required fourth root is 1 + 4 z + 8 :z:t.
~
~
N>
a. Find the sixth root of 729 z& - 2916 :i:óy + 4860 :vyt - 4320 :z:ly8 + 2160 zlyf - 676 :ey6 + 64 y'.
The aixth root is the cube root of the square root.
729:t' - 2916:i:óy + 4860:i:fy' - 4320zlyª + 2160z2¡¡' - 676:ey' + 64y6j27z• - 64:z:S¡, + 869• - 8t1•
729z8 t.,j
t"'
64:z:8 - 64:&y!- 2916:i:óy + 4860:vy•
- 2916 z&y + 2916 :v11_2 ~
l
64:i:ª ._ 108 :z:S¡, + 36 :z:y2 1944 :i:fy2 - 4320 :z:3118 + 2160 :z:2¡¡'
t_,,j
z..,
1944:vy• - 3888zly8 + 1296:z:2y4
I-
ó4 z• - 108 :z:2y + 72 zy• - 811ª 432 :z:8118 + 864 z2¡¡' - 676 :ey6 + 64 y6 >
~
- 432 :z:8yª + 864 :,;2y4 - 676 :z:716 + 64 -<
s>
t_,,j
27zª - ó4zl¡, + 86zy• - 8y8j3:z: - 2t1 t;i:,
27:z:I ~
3(8:z:)' = 27z2 1- ó4zl¡, + 86:z:11• - 8718
>
(9:z:- 2y)(- 2y) = -18:z:y + 4y2
27z2 - 18 :Z:1/ + 4112 I - 64:z:'1, + 86 zy1 - 8 yl
Therefore, the rsquired aixth root la Sz - 2y.
,. Find tbe ai%th root of 64 :t8 _ ó76 :i:671 432 zt712 _ 864 :i:311ª 972 :i:21,• _ 2916 :tf/6 + 7291/8 ..
ló62ó 2187ó + . 612ó 867ó + 1200ó 8403ó 117649
. Tbe ai%tb root ia ibe cube root of tbe aguare root.
18 :i:ª - 86 :i:21, ó4 :i:71' - 27 718
12ó 17ó + 24ó 343
64 z8 ó76 z'1/ 482 :i:'1/' 864 :i:8118 97-2 :1:271'
ló62ó - 2187ó + 612ó - 8ó7ó + 1200ó -
64:i:8
2916 :1:1/6 7291/8
8403ó + 117649
'~-~
~
~
I
ló62ó
16 :i:ª 86 :i:21/ ó76 z6v 432 z'7I'
12ó - 17ó - 2187ó + 612ó
8 z8 86 :i:21/ ó4 :1:11'
12ó - 176 + 24ó -
8:i:ª
27 718
843
=
ó
· t,,,j
676 :i:671 1200 z'71' 12ó ~

9?J _
- 21876 + 3062ó
16 zl 72 :i:21, ó4 zy21864 z'712 864 z8y8 972 :1:271'
12ó - 17ó + 24ó 3062ó - 8ó7ó + 1200ó
12 zt
2ó
_ 18 :1:11
8ó +
86 :i:21/ + ó4 :1:71' _
49j 17ó 24ó
86 :i:21, ó4 :1:71'
2711ª
843
2711 8
s1-3
864 z'71' 3888 z8718 2916 :1:271'
30625 - 4287ó + 60026
-176 +U6-348
~
lllz8 72:i:21, 108:1:71' 27 YªI 432:1:81/8 1944:i:21/' 2916:t( 7291/8
12ó - 17ó + 24ó - 843 - 4287ó + 6002ó - 8403ó + 117649
432 zaya 1944 :i:21/' 2916 :i:y6 7291/8
- ~ + 6002ó - 84036 + ll7649
Therefore, tbe requlred eixth root is 2 :t - 3 11. ~
ó í i:o
~
6. Find t.he eigbt.h root of 6561 zl' + l'i.496zH + 20,-112zU -,.13.608zU + 56i'Oz8 + ló12z8+ 2ó2zt + 2-lzl +l.
•:E
The eight.h root is t.he square rooi of t.he square root of the aquare root.
6661 zª+I7496z»+20412zn+t3608z10+6670z8+ lól2z8+262zt+24zl+ 1181 z'+ 108z'+ó4zt+ 12zl+l
666lz1&
162z8+108z6l17496zH+204I2zD l':I
17496zM+l1664zD
162 z8+216z6+ó4 zt 18748zu+ 13608zl0+6670z8
8748 zu+ 11664 :i:J0+2916z8
iz
l':I
162 z8+2I6z6+ 108 zt+ 12:i:s¡ 1944 :i:1º+2764 z&+ 1612 z6+2ó2zt
19«:i:10+2ó92z8+ 1296:i:&+}44 z4 ~
162z8+216z6+108z4+24:i:2+ 1 j162z8+ 216:i:'+108z4+2hl+l ~
162:i:8+ 216:i:'+108z4+24:i:'+1
81 :¡:8 + 108:i;I + ó4z4 + }2zl +} !9z4 + 6:i;I +}

81:i:8
18:i:' + 6ztj108:i:& + ó4:i:•
108:i:' + 36:i:4
1sz4 + 12z2 + 1 ¡1s:i:• + 12:i:~ + 1
9zt+6z1+1¡sz1+1
9zt i
18z4 + 12:tl + 1
'¡'herefore, tbe required eightb root is 3:i:' + l.
8. Find the ninth root of a'II - 9 aMy2+ 36 allJI' - 84 allly' + 126 a~ -126 a12y10 + 84 a11¡¡12 - 36 atyH + 9 a&yie - 11u.
The ninth root is the cube root of the cube root.
1 a"-3a•y•+3a"!r-ll'
a,H -9al'y'+36a"1f'-Mally•+126a"'Y'-1ll6a''fllO+Ma"¡¡"-36a"y"+9a8y••-1111
art
3(at)'= 3all -9 aM¡¡•+36 a"1f'-Mall¡¡'
(3a•-3a'¡/')(-3a"!I')- - 9ally1 + 9a"JI"
3a11- 9ally•+ 9a"1f' -9a"lf•+27 anll'-27 ali¡¡' ""
t.,,:j
o>
3(a'-3a"ll'l'- 3a11-18a'611'+27 a 1'fl'
(3al-9a811•+3a"!l')(3ally')= + 9a1'fl'-27a'IJ"+ 9a"y•
9a1111'-67 a'ªu"+126a"'Y'-126a''lf'º+Ma"¡¡"
l9a11Jl"-154a"1,.+l08a"ll6- 81 a 1'fl1º+27 a'!I"

=
t.,,:j
3a11-18a1"11'+36a1'fl'-27 ~ + 9ally'
3(a•-3a"ll'+3a"Y')I- 3a'"-18a181/1 +46a12g'-MaoY"+27a•II' - 3a••u•+ 18a"'Y'- 46a111110+67a"¡¡"-S6a"IJ"+9a8y'•-11'ª
gJ
(3a•-9a"ll'+9a311'-y")(-g<)- - 3a'Y"+ 9a"y1 -9a"1110+11 11 t.,,:j
3a1'-18a"'Y'+46 a"lf'-61 ~+36a"!l'-9 a'l/'º+11 11 - 3a'"II'+ 18a"'Y'- 46a"11 1º+67 a'll 11 -36a"y"+9a'11'"-II"
E
...,
...
o
z
a'-3a"y1+3a'1f'-11 1 Ia•-11•
al
3(a•)•= 3<1" -3a"ll'+3a'lf'-II"
(Sal-11 1)(-11 1) • -3a'v 1+1{'
3<1"-3a'l/'+11• -3a81/ 1 +3a"!l'-II'
Therefore, the required ninth root is aª - y2. ~

~
°'
496 RLEMENTARY ALGEBRA
Ezercue 93. Page 237

Expl'888 with positiva exponents : Write without denominators:
3x2y8
=
9. - - 3a'llh,"'y8.
a-fb-s
10. óa~c8 = óa'b7c6.
l. x-ly-lz-2 = _1__ a-11r2c-•
zlylz2 ll. a-Ib-2c-8 = ac-l,
a-2b-2c-2
1
8. alb-lc-1 =~ - Express witb fractional exponen 18:
bici
_• / l 1 1
11. "\'as=~=;.·
18. y(x - a~) 2 = (x - a')I.
6. 4-1a-11c-2 = _1__ ª~ --
H."'-1/( - b2)ª -- (ª'---b2)i .
~ a2 + b2 ai + lfl
4a8c2
Expl'888 witb radical signa:
6. 2axy-6 = -2ax
y~
· 16. a-lx-•=-1- =-1-,
aix• xª~
7. ~-=-f/r6c-6 = !:.. el -Vci
16. b-lciah = - - = ---- - ·
a- 2b-7c-6 a2c bid,\ {lb2~
aa-11r2c-a 3aZz2y6 bl {/¡;:i
8. = --- - · 17. a- 2blc-a = - =- .
óz-2a-By-6 ób2c8 a'cl a'c8
Perform tbe indicated operations:

2ó)-i 1 1 6
11 · ( 36 = ,mi= ¡ =f
19 ·
( s )-1 s-1 271 a
27 - 27-I - si .- 2
IO. (S•)-I
K
=(~)-1
8
=27-I =~ =22 = !.
s- ~ 27f 32 9
21. s1-1 = __!_ = ! .
sil 9
H. rn2 = =32.
(2•)t = 26
13. (- 0.064)1 = [(- 0.4)ª]1 = (- 0.4)2 = 0.16.
H. (71&)1 =(243)1 = (~)I = ~ = ~-

u 32 26 28 8
16 ·
( 32 )-l 1 1 1 3
- 243 = (- ~)' - 32l - 2- 2
248 243l 8
18. (- 32)1 = [(- 2)6]1 = (- 2)ª = - 8.
17. a1t = (8•)i = 3a = 27.
-t (81 )-t 1 1 161 (2f)I 2ª 8
11· <ón> = i6 = (ª1)t = a1t = a1t = (3•)1 = sa
= 21·
16 1al
( 16 )' 161 (2t)f 2ª 8
19· s1 - 81 1 - <3 ·>' - 3ª - 21
( 9 )-i 1 1 161 (42)1 4a 64

80· 16 -(~)i - ~- 91 - (St)i - 33 - 27
16 161
1 1
81. (0.16)-l = - = - = 2.5.
0.16i 0.4
81. (_!_)-1 = ¡-1 = 641 = (4ª)' = 42 = 16.

64 64-1 11 . 1
aa. 27)-1 (
<-3n-•= ( - s =
ª)¡ =-a·2
-21
H . 641 X 27t = (4 8)1 X (38)1 = 42 X 3• = 16 X 81 = 1200.
86. 32l X 81 f = (26)l X (3f)f = 2 X 38 = 2 X 27 = 54.
86. (!)1 X (!)-i =.!_X _l_ =!X gl =!X 2 = l.

4 8 41 g-1 2 2
87. (~)¡ X 64-l =~X_.!__= ~ X!=! .

27 271 64l 3 2 3
88. 321 X 811 = (26)f X (3f)I = 2f X 36 = 16 X 248 = 3888.
89. (a-lb-lc-1)-l albici. =
40. (z-iy-lz-1¡1 z--."ay-lz-n = 1_ . =_
zi\,lzn
41. (afblc-l)-1 ~a .
= a-ib-lci = ab.
.
498 ELEMENTARY AtGEBRA

l. Multiply 8 zl - 4z¡.,l + 2 zly - 711 by 2 zl - 3 yl.
8zl - 4z¡.,l + 2z•11-11•
2zl - 31,1i
- ------
16zl - 8zivi + 4zy - 2:111111
- 24zfyl + 12z1,1- 6zlyf + 31/9
1az2 - 32zfyl + 16z¡., - 8zlyf + 31,11
l. Multiply z - 6 alzl + 12 alzl - 8 a by zl - 4 alzl + 4 al.

z -6alzl + 12alzl - 8a
zl - 4 alxl + 4 al
zl - aalz! + 12alz - 8azl
- 4 alz! + 24 alx - 48 azl + 32 alzl
+ 4 afz - 24 azl + 48 afzl - 32 al
zl - 10 alz1 + 40 alz - 80 ~f+ 80 afzl - 32 al
8. Multiply 7 a - 2 + 8 a-1 - 4 a-2 by ó a + 8 - 7 a-1.
7a-2 + 8a-1-4a-2
óa+3-7a-1
3óa2 -10a + 40 - 2oa-1
+ 21 a - 6 + 24 a-1 - 12 a-2
- 49 + 14 a-1 - ú6a-2 + 28a-•
3óa' + 11 a - ló + l8a-1 - tl8a-2 + 28a-•
4. Multiply zl-4yi+6z-ly-4z-1yi+z-ly1 by zl11-t+2+z-lyl.

zl _ 4 111 + 6z-ly _ 4z-111 1 + z-1119
zly-l + 2 + z-i11i
zy-1 _ 4zi + 6yi _ 4z-111 + z-1111
+ 2zi - Syi + 12z-ly - 8z-lyl + 2z-lyt
+ 11• - 4z-ly + llx-iyf - 4x-ly2 + z-lyl
z1,1-l-2zl- 11•+ 4z-iy- z-lyl-2z-iy1+z-2yt
6. Multiply 2z - 4z-l - 4z-2 - z-• by 2z - 4:z:--1- 4z-2 -z-•.
2z - 4:z:--1 - 4z-2 - z-a

2z - 4z--l - 4x-2 - x-•
4zl - 8 8:z:--1 -
2:z:--2
8 + 16x-' + 16z-• + 4:z:-'
8z-1 + 16z-• + 16z-• + 4:z:--6
- 2:z:--2 + 4z-• + 4:z:--6 + z-e
4zl -16 - l6z-1 + 12z-2 + 32z-s + 24z-• + 8z-& + z-e
8. Multiply zl - 6aiz + 12azi - 8al by z - 4alzl- 4a.
zl - 6alz + 12 azl - 8al

z - 4alzl - 4a
zl- 6atzt + 12azl - 8alz
- 4 atzt + 24 azl - 48 alz + 32 atzl
- 4 axi + 24 aiz - 48 a2zi + 32 al
zl - 10 alzt + 32 azl - 32 aiz - 16 atzl + 32 al
a' - 3 al + 6 at - 7 a + 6 al - 3 al + 11 al - al + 1
a2 -- al + at a• - 2 a + 3 al - 2 al + 1
- 2 al + 5 at - 7 a
- 2 al + 2 a~ - 2a
+ 3 at - 6 a + 6 al
+ 3 at - 3 a + 3 al
- 2 a + 3 af - 3 al
- 2 a + 2 al - 2 al
+
+ al -
a•- al+ 1
al+ 1
l. Divide /¡as - ¡albl + Uab + ¡albf by tal+ p1t.
h at - ¡ albl + H ab + l albl 11 al + ! bi
lii as + l albi t al - i abl + l aib
albt + Hab
albi - Jab
+ f ab + ia•bl
+ fab + ¡aibl
9. Divide zl - Szll + zl - 4 + 12zl - 4zl by zl - 4.
Arrange 1n descending powers of :c.
zl - sz2 + zl - 4zf + 12zl - 4!z'- 4

zl - 4zf zl - szl + 1
- 3 z2 + zl + 12 zl - 4
-4
-4
10. Divide 6 z -13 alzf +18 aizi -13 alzl - ó a by 2 zl - 3 alzl - al.
6z -13alzl + 13aizi -13afzl - óa!2zi - Salzl - al

6z - 9alzl - 3aizl szi - 2alzl + óai
- 4 alzl + 16 aizi - 13 afzl
- 4 alzl + 6 aizt + 2 afzl
+ 10alzl -15alzl - 6a
+ lOaizi- 16afzl - 6a
11. Divide 62:rly-• + 43z-7y-6- 6óz-6y-• - 66z-'y-t - 6z-t -2lz-ªv-ª + 28z-yl
by 4z-ly-1- 2z-1 - Sz-ys.
Arrange both dlvldend and divisor in deacendlng powers of z.
!- 2z-1 + 4z-ty-1 - Sz-'y-2 ~

3z-1-8z-97,-I +7z-By-2-óz-•r• +7z-6y-' ~
te
- 6z-2 + 28z-ªy-1 - óóz-yt -t 62z-6y-a - óóz-'y-' + 48z-7y-6 - 21 z-ye t.-,
- 6z-2 + 12z-8y-1 - 9z-'y-' ~
+ 16z-yl - 46z-4y-t + 62z-6y-a
+ 16z-8y-1 -
-
82z-'y-2 +
14z-•y-2 +
- 14 z-yt +
+
+
24z-6y-8
38z-6y-a -
28 z-ly-8 -
10z-6y-ª -
10z-6y-ª -
óóz-ay-,
21 z-&y-•
84z-6y-' +
20z-ªy-' +
43z-7y-6
lóz- 7y-6
!
z
- 14z-ªy-' + 28z-7y-6 - 21 z-sy-a
- 14z-&y-• + 28z-7y-6 - 21 z-ªy-ª
0-,
....e
11. Find tbe square root of afb-1 + 4ab-l- 2a~ -12albl + 9b.
at1r-1 + 4 ab-l - 2al -12albl + 9b!afb-l + 2al - Sbl
at1r-1
2afb-l + 2al 4ab-• - 2al
4ab-l + 4al
2alb-l + 4al - Sbl - 6al -12albi + 9b
- 6áf - 12albl + 9b

60mnt - 4mtn1 - 48mln1 + 16mtn' + 2ómfn.
Arrange in descending powers of m.
!4mn - 6mlnl - ómfnl

16 mtn2 - 48 mini - 4 mtnl + 60 mnt + 2ó mln
4m1nl
- 48 m!,it + 36 mtnl
8mn -12mlnt - ómlnl - 40mlnl + 60mnt + 2óm1n
- 40mln1 + 60mn1 + 2óm1n

gz-! + 24:i:-iy-l + 46:i:-ly-l + 40:i:-ly-1 + 2óy-t.
1sz-l + 42:-111-1 + óy-1
gz-l + 24z-1y-l + 46z-ly-f + 40z-iy-1 + 2óy-t
9:z:-1
6z-l + 4z-ly-l 242:-iy-l + 46z-ly-f
24 z-1y-i + 16:i:-fy-f
6z-l + 8:i:-111-t + óy-1 soz-111-1 + 4oz-ly-1 + 2óy-t
soz-111-1 + 4oz-ly-1 + 2óy-t
__ ____..,
•
' EDITlON
TEACHERS' 503
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Reduce to simplest form:
l. {/36z2y2 ={/(6zy)2 = (6zy)I = (6:i:y)I =v'iizy.
l. {/49 a2b' ={/(7 ab)2 =(7 ab)I = (7 ab)I = .../fai,,
a. {/27 alb'I ={I (3 ab)ª = (3 ab)I = (3 ab)I =YSab.
4. {/64 a'bª ={/26(ab)ª = 2l(ab)i = 2(ab)I = 2 viíi,.
6. {/16ztyt = ~ = (2zy)I = (2zy)I =v'2zy.
8. Y72 a'b4 = Y36 a2b4 x 2 a = 6 ab2 Y2a.
T. {/72 a8b4 ={/sa8b3 x 9b =2abfü.
l. 4 {/27 a2b8 =4 {/27 b8 x a2 = 4 x 3 b {liii = 12 b {liii.
9. {/112z6y6 ={/ltlztl/4 X 7zy2 = 2zy {/7zy2.
10. 2 {/s1 aªb2 = 2 {/81 a• x a2b2 ~ 2 x 3a ~ = 6a Yab.
11. óa v'4aiil =óa Y4a2 x b = óa x 2a Vb = 10a2 Yb.
12. 2 {/ó6 z8g2 = 2 { / ~ ~ = 2 X 2 Z {/7y2 = 4 Z {/7y2.
18. {/ó67 c4d ={Is¡ c4 X 7 d = 3 C v'fd.
14. 2 Y40óy4zª = 2 Y81 y4z2 x óz = 2 x Oy2z Yóz = 18y2z &.
16. óY80a•b8 = 6 Y16a'b2 x ób = 6 x 4a2b Yób = 20a2bYób.
18. 6 ~ = 6 {/fo -cfds x II cd =6 x 2 cd2 {/9cii =10 cd2 -v'ocd.
1'1. {/2048a6b7 = {/2na6b6 x 2112 = 4ab{/w.
18. {/¡QÜa6.i;8 ={/2sat X 22ax8 = 4 a {14 az8•
19. 2{/721J0a6 =2{/27 X 27 a8 X 10a2 = 2 X 3 X 3a{/10a2:18a{/10 a2.
10. 3{/1001,&y• = 3{/32!,6y6 X óbg2 = 3 X 2 b y ~ = 6by{/óby2.
21. 6 {/500 a•b6 =ó {/126 a bª x 4 ab2 = ó x ó ab {/4 ab2 = 26 ab ~ -
8
11. 2 ab {/108 /lb2 = 2 ab {/27 X 4 ab2 = 2 ab X 3 {(i'abi: 6 ab {! 4 ab2.

=
11. 3 ab {/192 z6y7 3 ab {/64z3116 x 3z2y = 8abx 4zy2{/3z2y
= 12 abzy2 {/3 z2y.
14. 2 {/ -1029a• = 2 {/~_-34-3-aª_x_3_a =2 x (-7a){/sa = -14a {/3(¡,
H. sa2{/ _ 648a7 =3a2{/ _ 216a6 x 3a = 3a2 x (- 6a2){/s(i
=-1SatWa.
98. 2
4 x4y
=2 '13a2b4 x 2 z2y1
4 x4y x 2 :i:2112
2
a 6 a:lbfx1y2
s z6¡,, 1
1/ bª
---=2-../--x6a2b:i:2112
" 8 :i:0uª
= 2 x _b_{/tJa2bz:ly2 = J!....{16a~bz2y2.
2:i:2y z2y
97. 2a --=2a
:1 • ó a8z2 x 12 b2 ~60 a3b~2
=2a - - -
18b• X }2l)2 216/)6
a8 a -•~ a2 _a¡;;;;-;-;;-;;
= 2a - - x 601>2z2 = 2a x -v60b~2 = -vtl0b2z2.
6b6 6b2 3b2
H. 3 e • ~ = S e • Oz2y6 x 2d2 = Se • 18d~2y6

"~ 8c4d2 X 2<ft 16c4df
= Se _•[___!!!_x 1s~2y=8ex L{l1sd'.lz2y=.!!.{118d"Jz2y.
\116c4d• 2ed 2d
H. Sm • ~ = Sm _•/12óm2 x 9n = Sm • 12ó x 9m2n

'18ln6 \1 8inóx9n 729n'
= 3m 1 126 x Om2n = 3m x ~{/9m2n = óm{/9m2n.
720n& 9n2 3n2
80. 2 ª 2 _ /49c8d4 = 2 ª 2 /49__?d~-2 b'= 2 ª 2 _ /49 x 2 bc8d•

\1 óO a•b '1 óO a•b x 2 b \1 100 a4 b2
= 2 a2 - J40 e2d4 x 2 be = 2 a2 x 7 cd2 v'2bc = 7 rd2 v'2bc.
\11ooa•~ 10a2b ób
bl • a2bS x 2ó x" • 2ó a2b3z2
31. 8ab - = Sab =3ab - -
. óz4 X 2óz2 12óz'
= 3 ab 1
_!!___ x 2óa~" = 3 ab x ~ {/2ó a~2 = 3 ab2 {/2óa2z:I.
12ó:r' óz2 · . óz2
39. 2a • 18:r"l/4 = 24 • 18zó114~ -ª~ = 2 a • 18aBzóy4

312óa7 . 312óa7 x aª 312óall
:r;6 z ·~ 2z_.i--
= 2a - - - x 18ally4 = 2a x -vl8a8114 = - 3 v 18a 1l4.
312óato óa2 óa .
"
_•/ 3a7z4 • 3a7z4 x 2e2d • tla7e2dz4
SS. 2 \1- 612 c8d9 = 2 - 512 eSd9 x 2 c2d = 2 - 1024 c1ºd1º
= 2-•/_ 46 x 6a2c2dz4 = 2 x ( - -ª-)-e;6a2c2dz4

\1 1024 clºd1º 4 e2d"J
=- -ª-{16
2e2d2
a2c2dx4.
H. •/(z + y)•zl = ~(z + y)lz~ x (z\Y)= (z + y)z {/z + Y

~ 612 612 8 .
= =
16. 8 a {/3646 a1b"c6 3 a {/86 x 6 a7b"c6 3 a{/86 atlf¡tl x 6 .ac6
=3ax3ab~=9a2b~
_,
~(a - b)6(c - d)• •l(a - b)6(c - d)•(z - y)

3T. =~/
(z - y) 2 " (z - y) 8
(a - b) 8 (c - d) 8
~= (z - y)ª
x (a. - b)2(c - d) (z - y)
=_(a - b) (e - d) {/ (a - b)2(c - d) (z - 71).

z-y •
31 _ • ~ , ~ = • (a-z)6(b+y) = • (a-z)6(b+y)x3ª(a+b)
\1243 (a+ b)1 86(a + b)7 x a• (a+ b)
36'(a + b)7
= • 27(a-z)6(b+y)(a+b) =~ (a-z)• x 27(a-z)(b+ )(a+b)
38(a+b) 8 38(a+b)8 Y
= - ~ {/21(a -z)(b + y)(a + b).
9(a + b)2
Ezerciae 96. Page 2t3

Reduce to an entire surd :
l. 3aªv3a=V(3aª)2 x 3a=V9<i6 x 8a=V21a7.
9. - f {l¡-;i2 =- {/(l)B X \a2 =-{!¡¡X Ja2 = -{lfai.
l. ! b {/ lw b2c = {/(! b) 8 x !w b2c = {//., b8 x /wb2c = {/! b6c.
4. - 3 a {líjii = - {/(3 a)ª x bd = - {/27 a• x bd = - {/27 allbd.
6. - 6 a ~ =-{/(6a)• x a 2c8 =-{/626a4 x a 2c8 =-{/626a8c8.
6. 4z1y2~ = {/(4z8y2)4 x 4zly2 = {/266z12ys x 4z8y2
={/1024z16y10.'
't. - : {/8xly6=-{/(W x 8z'Y6=-{//,; x 8z'Y6=-~.
l. 8b ~ = {/(Sb)' x 4 a2b ={/512 b8 x 4a2b = {/204Sa2b4.
9. -2a{/Ha•b2=-{/(2a)6 x fta•b2=_{/32a6 x fta4b2
=_
{/54 a9b2.
Ezerciae 97. Page 2ff
1. Reduce V3 and Vó to surda of the se.me orde!,".

V3 = 3i = 31 ={/ss = W7.
{'ó = 5l = 51 =~ =~-
s. Reduce V7 a.nd Vo to surds of the sa.me order.
{'7 = 7~= 7i', = ~ = ~16807.
=
{lo= 61 6A ::Voi =Wia.
S. Reduce {/ai a.nd W to surds of the se.me order.

{lii2 = al = ah = Vas.
{/¡;i = bf = bit = w.
4. Reduce {!¡ and {Is to surds of the sa.me order.
{!¡ ={'22 = 2f = 2!. = ~28 = %66.
{/a =v'2a = 21 = 2!. =o/29 =1?'6i2.
ó. Reduce 2 {/o, 3 Y'ó, and 4 {Is to surds of the sa.me order.

2 {lo= 2 X 6l = 2 X 6-.'r = 2 ~ = 2 ~
3 .Ji¡= ,3 X 5l = 3 X 5i\ = 3 W = 3 ~16626.
4 {fa = 4 X 31 = 4 X 3/w = 4 %a = 4 %°7.
8. Reduce 2 v'2, ó Vó, and 6 {lii to surds of the sa.me order.

2 V2 = 2 X 2i = 2 X 2h = 2 V2e = 2 o/64.
Ó {'ó = 5 X 5i = Ó X Ó/,, = 5 ~64 = Ó o/625.

6{/(i = 6 x 61 = 6 x 6¡, = 6 ~;¡ji= 6 ~ .
'1. Reduce {r.f, 2 {'i, and Vi20 to aurda of the aame order.
{r.i = 71 = 7A ~ =~168<l7. =
2{/6=2 X ói=2 X óA=2Vót =2V626.
ie,'iio :.120A = 120/o = Vt2oi= ~14400.
8. Reduce 2 {liii, a{!~, and b {liii to 8Ul'da of the aame order.

2 {liii ::; 2 al = 2 all = 2 Vaii.
aW = cwl = abH = aVbw.
b {liii = bai = ball = b %ii.
9. Arrange v'ts and Wo in order of magnitude.
v'ts = 1sl = 1st ={lisa = ~ -
~ = 791 = 791 = {/¡9t = {looii.
Tberefore, the required order is Wo, v'ts.
10. Arr&;11ge 2 {la and 3 ~ in order of magnitude.
2 {la = 2 X 31 = 2 X 3h = 2 ~ = 2 o/8) = !V212 X 81
= IV4000 x 81 =1V331776.
3~= 3 2! = 3 2t\ = 3 %8 = 3 Vg =
X X !V31~ X 8
=1Vó3)44) X 8 =1V42ó1628.
Tberefore, the required order is 8 ~. 2 {/a.
11. Arrange 'V'33 and {/}85 in order of magnitude.

'V'33 = ss• = 331 = lf:i3a = {136937.
Vi8ó = 1861 = 18ól = {/iw = {/34226.
Therefore, the required order is v'sa, ViSó.
18. Arrange 3 v'¡, 2 ~. and 8 {i in order of magnitude.
S v ' j = ~ = ~ =vi{, =(-1/)1 =(~~)¡ ={/(l!)ª
=~ ={/461"/5-·
={/8 X f ={fJj. =(-1/)1 = (J/)1: {/(J/)1
2 {'j = {/21 X f
=~=V2Bi-
3 {,¡ ={/3a X j
= {/27 X j = {lij,,;, 61 = 61 = {/(ji ={loo.
Tberefore, t.he required order la 3 Vf, 3 {/j, 2 {/J.
/
18. Arrange Wl, fü, and Y8 in order of magnitude.
fü = 10l = 101 ={/1()2 = Vioo.
Y8 =V28 = 2i == 21 =~ ={/'m.
Tberefore, t.he required order is YS, fü, Vsi
14. Arrauge 2 V2, 2 {Is, and 2 {li in order of magnitude.

2V2==2 X 2i=2 X 2i\=2~=2~.
=
2 {Is = 2 x 31 2 x 3i\ = 2 IVst = 2 WI.
2 {/& = 2 X 6i = 2 X 6/, = 2 W = 21t/i26.
Tberefore, the required order is 2 {/&, 2 {Is, 2 V2.

Simplify:
1. s:v'a + 6V:Í-7 vii + 4 Ya -6V:Í- 3v'ii
= <s - 1 + 4 - 3) v'« + (6 - 6) V:Í
= 2 v'a-V:Í. .
l. Va + 3 Y2a - 2 Y3a + V4a - Y8a + Y12a

=Va+ SY2a- 2Y8a + 2Ya-2 Y2a + 2Y8a
= (1 + 2) Ya + (3 - 2) Y2a + ( - 2 + 2) Y3a
=3Va+Y2a. .
a. 7 v'ia + 4 YDa + 3 Y45a - 6 Y30a - 2 v'soa

= 14 vii + 12 Ya+ 9 v'6ii - so v'« - s v'6ii
=(14 + 12 - 30)v'a + (9 - S)v'6a
=-4:v'a+v'6ii
=Vóa-4Va,,
4. 8 Y8 + 4 V82 - 6 V60 - 7 V72 + 6 V98 + V18

= 8 V4x2 + 4 v'16 x 2 - ó V2ó x 2 - 7 V86 x 2
+ 6~49 X 2 +v'9x2
= 6V2 + 16V2 - 2óV2-42 V2 + 42V2 + SV2
= (6 + 16 - 26- 42 + 42 + 3)V2
=0.
6. 7 "1.2 - 6 Y27 + 8 Y48 - 6 Y75 + 2 v'io8 + Y27

=
7 V4x8 - 6 V9xS + 8 'V'16x3 - 6 '126 X 3
+ 2 '136 X 3 + V9x3
=
14 va - 16 va + 32 va - 30 va + 12 va + 3 va
= (14 -16 + 32 - 30 + 12 + 3)va
= 16va.
8. 6Viii+3{/-M-6~+7~+2{/m
=
Ó {/9 X 2 + 8 {/ - 27 X 2 - 6 {/ _ 64 X 2 + 7 {'~_-1-26_x_2
+ 2{/2)6 X 2
= 6 X 2{'2 + 8(- 3){'2-6(-4){'2+7(-6){'2 + 2 X 6 V2
= 10{'2 _ 9{1¡ + 24{'2 _ 35{'2 + 12{'2
= (10- 9 + 24 -36 + 12){'2
= 2 {'2.
7. 7?'24+6Wl+4{/-102+2{C'm-~
= 7 {/g X 3 + 6 {/27 X 3 + 4 {/ - 64 X 8 + 2 {',-:_-l-26_X_3
_{/343xs
=
7 X 2{/s + 6 X 3{/g + 4(- 4){/a + 2(- 6){/a-7{/a
= H {/a + 16 {/a - 16 {/a - 10 {/a - 7 {/a
= (14 + 16 - 16 - 16 - 7) {/a
=-4{/a.
l . -v'(a "*
+ b)~ + -v'(a - b)~ - + -v'(l - a)tz -Vz
=(a+ b)Vz + (a - b)Vz - a 'Vz + (1- a)Vz -Vz
=(a+ b + a -b - a+ 1- a - l)Vz
=º·
9. 3 Y7 + 2 'Vó4 - 6 'V63 + 3 Yl60 + 4 'V262
+ 7 Y24
=
3 Y7 + 2 V9x6 - 6 "9x7 + 3 '126 X 6 + 4 '136 X 7
+7V4x6
=8Y7+2x3Y6-6x3Y7+3x6Y6+4x6Y7
+7x2Y6
= 3 Y7 + 6 Y6 - 16 Y7 + 16 Y6 + 24 Y7 + H Y6
= (3 - 16 + 24) Y7 + (6 + 16 + H) Y6
= 12 Y7 + 36Y6.
1 o. V27ó + vl300 - 'V44 + Y62 - 2 v'oi) - 2 Y208

= v'26 11 + v'lOO X 13 - v'4xll + Y4x13 - 2 v'oxii
X
- 2 v'I6 X 13
= 6 VÍl + 10 Vl3 - 2 VÍl + 2 Vl3 - 2 X 3 VÍl - 2 X 4 Vl3
= 6VÍI + 10Vl3-2VÍI + 2V13-6VÍI-8Vl3
= (6- 2 - 6)VÍI + (10 + 2 - 8)Vl3
= 4 Vl3 - 3 VÍI.
11. si V24 - 6t "V64 + 13} v'99 + 2u Y216 - 21 'V44

= ¡ V4><6 - 7'l v'ox6 + \°- V9xll + ii v'36.x 6
- 21 v'4xll
= t X 2 Y6 - '/- X 3 Y6 + J/ X 3 VÍl + U X 6 Y6
-21 X 2VÍI
= 7 Y6 - 17! Y6 + 40 VÍl + 16! Y6 - 42 VÍl
=(7 - 17t + 16l)Y6 + (40 - 42) VÍl
=6 Y6 - 2 v'ii.
19. ~-Vó-3~+~+{,'ij-~
= ~ ,p, X 4 - Vó - 3 ~64 X 4 + ~126 X 6 + ~/., X 4
- ~- 126
-X,o •
27 X 8
=!{'¡ -Vó- 3 X 4{/¡ + 6Vó + ~{/¡- - 6-{'¡
3 3 3 X 2
= l {'¡ -Vó - 12 {'¡ + 6 Vó + J {'¡ - f {'¡
= (- 1 + 6) Vó + (! - 12 + f - t) {'¡
=4 Vó - 11! {'¡_
18. v'9 +v'2o-v,i;-v'¡ + 4 +v'tt +~

=Y9+v'ix6-~-v'~x6+4+v'tt+v'fx6
=8+2Yó-t-!V6+ l+ i+ JV6
= 3 - ! + t + 1 + (2 - ! + !) V6
=4n+2nv'6.
H. VJ4 + 3 V8 - V20 - l Y246 - ó v.[, - Y2q

= ~ + 3 v'4x2 - V4x6 - l v'49 X Ó - Ó v'1\- X 2 - ...!ij
= v'¡ X Ó + 3 X 2 V2 - 2 Yó- p'6- l V2 -v'~ X 2
= f Yó+6V2-2Yó- ¡v'6-iv'2-¡V2
= (6 - t - n v'2 + o - 2 - n v'6
=tV2-jYó.
u. 1~ + o.sv'J- n.voo + 1{'¡-u{lfüo + svi
= 3~2x7
- -- +4 - -~ 1 ~ 3@.7x2
X 6 - - V 16 X 6 + - --
2 40 X 7 Ó 9 ló 2 4 X 2
- H {/121; x 14 + 8 v'fx6
= i X l {!¡¡ + ! X j Y6 - 1\ Y6 + 1 X l fü - H X ó {"14
+8x!v'6
= lr {!¡¡ + r"r. v'ii - n v'ii + t {!¡¡ - H {114 + 4 v'ii
= <-t-s - t5 + 4) vo + (/:¡ + t - rn fü
= '1\- V6 - {!¡¡_
Find tbe product of :
l. Y3 X v'i2 =v'36 =G.

9. Vó X V20 = V100 = 10.
8. V20 X v'3o = 'V600 = v'JOO X 6 = 10 Y6.
4. V5 X~={'25Q~=ó-V2.
6. ~ X {/4(¡ ={/sas:: 2a.
8. ÓY3 X 3 Vó = ló°Vl6.
1. V3 X {"a¡i ={lws ={/27 4 =3 {'4. X
• : {l¡j XVl8 = {fii X3 V2 ={/¡j2 X3 {'28 ={'8(i X 3 {/g = 3 ~ .

9. {1g X 2 V3 = 2 V27" = 2 X3 = 6.
10. 2 "1 X 3-VÍ = 6 VÍ = 6 Xi Vó = 2 v'6.

11. 3{/w + Ó{/¡ = ló{'6¡ =ló X 4 =60.
19. i {Is X t {ti = l X f {Is X 2 = i {1w = j X 2 = f.
TEACUERS' ED1TION 513
18. {/-}08 X {f¡o={/-27 X 4 X {lg X Ó=-3{/¡ X 2{'6=-6{/w.
14. {f _ 343 X {f _ 1668 = {f _ (7)3 X {f _ (2)6 X 72 ={f(-2)6 X ( - 7)6

= (- 2) (- 7) =14.
16, Y6 X VJ2 X Yl8 = Y6 X Y4x3 X v'9x2 = Y6 X 2 Y8 X 3Y2
= 6 'V86 = 6 X 6 = 36.
18. ={/¡ X f {es X ! {fo= f X ! X ! {/4 X (- 3) X 0

= i {I - 27 X 4 = ! X ( - 8){14 = - f {!¡,
17. fü X Ó{/¡ X 8{i = ]5-?132 = }ó{/8 X 4 = ló X 2{/¡ = 30{/¡,
=
18. Ó~ X 3 {132 X 2 {loo ÓWx°3 X 3 -V2i X 2 {/22 X 32
= ó x 3 x 2{/2t?x 3ª=30{/29x 3a x 2=80 x 8 x 8~=720{/:¿,
10. óV2 X !Y72 X f'\''48 = 6V2 X f Y36 X 2 X i ~

= Ó Y2 XJ/- V2 X ; V3 = ÓX -1/ )( g X 2 X V3 = 64 V3.
U (3~ + 4{/si -Ó{fm + }{1102) X ~
=(3{18 X 3 + 4{/27 X 3- Ó{/}2ó X 3 + l{/64 X 3)~
=(8 X 2 {fa+ 4 X 8 {fa - Ó X Ó {fa+ ~ X 4 {/a)~
=(6 {la+ 12 {la - 26 {la+ 2 {/a)~
=(- ó{/a)~
=- Ó{lii,
91. (2 Y6 - VJ2 - 3 V24 + t V48) X 8 Y2

=6Vl2 - 3V24 -9V48 + tv'oo
=6Y4 x 3-3-v'4x6-9v'i6x"a+ , ~
=6x2V3-3x2Y6-9x4v'3+fx4Y6
= 12 V3 - 6 Y6 :.... 36 V3 + 3 v'6
;; - 24 'V8 - 3 'Víl,
Find tbe product of : 6. (8 + 3 Y6) (2 - V5).

1. (-v'1+Yl8)(-v'1-Yl8). 8+3Y6
2- v'5
(-v'7 + v'is)( ~ 16+6Y6
=-v'(7 + v'is) (7 - Yl8) -8Yó-16
= v'49 - is= vsi 1-2"6
2. (-v'3+2Y6)(-v'3+2"'6). 6. (2 a + 3 Vz)(3 a - 2 Yz).
( V3 + 2 "'6)-(-v'a + 2 "'6) 2a + 3-VZ
= Y(3 + 2 "'6¡ o+ i v'fi¡ 3a - 2 Yz

6a2 + 9a'Vz
= -V(3 + 2 V5) 2 -4a'Vz-6z
=3 + 2Y6. 6a2 + 5a Yz - 6z
a. <v's + Y7)(Y7 -Y2).

7. (6 Y7-2 Y6)(3 V7 +10 Yó).
v's+Y7=2Y2+Y7
6Y7- 2Y6
Y7+2v'2 3Y7+10v'5
'V7 - v'2 106 - 6Y35
7+2Yl4 + 60 Y36-100
Yl4-4
6+44Y35
3+ Yl4
4. (7 + 3 Y7) (2 Y7 - 7). 8. (4 Ya -Y3x)(Ya + 2 Y3x).
-
7+
7+
3Y7
2Y7
4 "'v'aª -+ 2
...;:r;
"'3z
- 49 - 21 y'7 4a- Y3ax
+ 14Y7 + 42 +8v':lax-6z
- 7- 7v'7 h+7v°:fai-6z
e. (2 v'so- a V6 + 6 va) (YS + va -Vó).

V8 +Y3-Vó = 2V2 +Y3-Vó.
6YS- 3Vó +2v'so
2V2+ Y8 - V6
10 v'6 - 6 VIO + s V16 •
+ 16 - a v'i6 + 6 VIO
- 6 'V16 + 16 - 10 Y6
80
1o. (8 + v'6 + v'i6> (2 + v'ii - VIO).
8+ v'ii+· v'i6
2+ v'6- VIO
6+2Y6+2'V16
+ 3v'6 + 6 ·+ 3VIO
-8VI0-2Yl6-5Y6
12
11 . (2 V7 - 8 V28 - ó Y63) (2 V7 - 8 V28 - ó Y63).
2V7 - 8 V28 - 6 Y63 =2 V7 - 16 V7 - ló V7
=-29V7.
(- 20 V7) (- 29 V7) = 841 X 7 = 6887.
12. (2 v'2 - a vs + 4 Vó) (8 V6 + v'2 - YS).
2"2-svs+ 4Vó
V2- v'3+ 8Vó
4-3Y6+ 4VIO
-2Y6+ 9 - 4VÍ6
+ 6VIO- 9'V16+60
78 - s v'6 + 10 VIO - 18 v'i6
11. (8Y8 - 4V8 + 6V6)(6 V2 + Y3 + Vó).
3 Y8 - 4 vs:+ 5 V6 = 3 Y3 - 8 V2 + ó Vó.
-8"2+ 8Y3+ 6Vó
6"2+ va+ V6
- so + 16 v'6 + 26 VIO
- sv'ii+ o +s'V16
- s VIO + a v'i6 + 2s
14. ({'ii - 2 {'2 + 4 {/f)(ó {/f + 3 {'ii - 2 -V2).

-2-V2+ 4{/f+ {'ii
-2-V2+ ó{/f + 3{'ii
4{/f _ 16- 2-fü
- 29 + 40{'2 + 10{/s
- 6fü+24{/s+ 3{/a6
4{1¡ _ 36 - sfü + 40{1¡ + 34{/s + 3{/oo
u. <2 v'ii + ó va -7Y2)(Y6 - 2 va+ 4 Y2).

2v'ii+ óva- 7Y2
Y6- 2va+ 4Y2
12 + 1ó Y2 -14 va
-12Y2- 80 +14V6
+ 16 va + 20 v'ii - ó6
3 Y2 + 2 va+ 34 v'ii - 74
18. ({/ii - 7 {In+ 6 {/rns) (3 {!¡ + 8 {Is - 4 .e,¡).

{/ii - 7 {In + 6 {/rn5 = {/ii - 14 {/ii + 80 {/ii =17 {/ii.
=
3{1¡ + s{/3 _ 4.e,¡ 3{'2 + sW-t{'s
=3{1i+.yW.
s~ + ,¡{Is
17 {lii
ól {lis+ 340
17. (ó Vl12 + Yl76 - Y4376) (3 Y300 + Yl76 - 2 Yó.W).

ó Vl12 + Yl76 - ..¡437 6 = 20 Y7 + 4 V11 - 2ó Y7 =4 V11 - ó V7.
3 vaoo + Yl76 - 2 v'639= 18 v'tt + ó V7 -14 v'tt =4 v'tt + ó vf.
(4 V11 - ó V7)(4 V11 + óY7) = 176 -17ó = l.
18. cv'i+ Yy)(z2 +zv+y2)(V:t-Yy)=(z-y)(z9 +zy+yl)=zl-y3.

19. (a + b + {/a2ii +~)(-Va - {lii).
a + {t'aijj + {/ab2 +b
{lª _ {I¡;
a{/a + a{lii + ~ + b{/a
- a {lii - {laiiii - b {la - b {lii
aVa -- -· · ·- ,.... b{lii
Ezerciae 101. Page 2-17
1. Divide -?'66 by {i. 7. Divide v'126a7 b y ~ .

{l6'i a
-=V8=2.
{Ir
ª
{/126 7 = v'626a6= 6a{/(i.
{lfa2 .
l. Divide {lioso by ~.
{lioso=~= 6.
~
a. Divide ~ by {la.
~=Wl=8.
{la
9. Divide 6 by' Y72.
t. Divide Yj by v'¡.
6 _ 6 _ 1 _1Y2
Yj=~=v'i=J. V12-6'°'2-v2-2 .
Y!
l. Divide Ya6 by v'iia. 10. Divide Va8 by Vi.is.
..¡;;¡, a2 "Va -vas= o/ar. =Wi
-=--=a.
v'iii ava {tas Vai6
8. Divide {loo as by {liiai, 11. Divide az6 by Va2z.

~ 2a2~ = az6 = ~ = v v'z.
=- - - 2a~. a;i:6
.~ a~ "Va2z a v'x v'z
U. Divide v's aªb2 by V2 atlJ!I. .
~ =~ _ ·f2"= 1 •/2 _ I v'2a8.

V2a2b8 {'4a•IJ6 "ab4 b"a ab
18. Divide 16 v'Í06 - 36 vio + 80 Y3 by 3 Vl6.
16 v'Í06 - 36 vio + 30 Y3 = 6 V7 _ 12 v°j + 10 V!

3"'*'16 5
;::&Y7-4V6+2V6,
H. Divide lí6 V30 - 84 VIO + 100 -v'H by 4 v's5.
lí6 vao - 84 VIO+ 100 .¡¡¡=u Y1 - 21 "f + 2ó "'Í

4Y36
= 2 v'42 - s -v'i4 + ó VIO.
16. Divide 10 -v'H - ó v'6a + 4 Y28 by 2 Y7.
10 -v'i4 - ó "'J,3 + 4 Y28 = ó V2 _ ! V9 + 2 V4

2 7 . _,::
=óv2-J/-+4
= óv2-3!.
18. Divide 18 V22 roo - 3 "V44 by 3 Vil.
+9
18 v'22 + o roo - a v'« = 6 v'2 + 3 f6 _ y¡
3Yll
=6'V2+3Y6-2.
11. Divide 9 ~ - 6 -Va6 + 4 -lf'12 by 3 Va.
9 {lii - 6 -Va6 + 4 -lf'T2 = 9 {lii - 6 {/a6 + 8 {/jj = 17 {'jj - 6 {loo.

17{fjj-6Vaii = 17 Va-2~ii
3{/a 3
11. Divide 16 ~2ó - 8 {/n + 4 ~225 by 4 {/s.
16 ~ - 8 ~ + 4 ~ = 4 {Is - 2 fü + ~.
• 4~ó
lbcerciae 102. Page 249
1. Divide v2 by Y3 - "2.
v2 - v2 ( Y3 + v2) = Y6 + 2 =Y6 + 2:
Y3-v2- (Y3-v2)(Y3+v'2> 1
2. Divide 12 by 4 - Y7.
12 _ 12(4 + Y7) = 48 + 12 Y7 = ~ + ~ Y7.
4 -../7- <4 -v'7)(4 + v'7) o a a
8. Divide 7 - Yó by 8 + Yó.
7 - Yó = (7 - Yó) (3 - Yó) = 26 - 10 Yó = 13 _ ~ Yó.
3+Yó .(3+v'ó)(3-Yó) 4 2 2
t. Divide Y3 + V2 by Y3 - V2.
vs +v'2 (VS + v'2)(VS +v'2> = ó + 2v'6 = 6 + 2 v'6
vs -v'2 (VS -v'2)(Y3 + v'2¡ · 1
6. Divide 9- óVS by 7-3Y3.
9- ó vs (9 - ó VS> (7 + 3 v's> 1s - s vs o - 4 vs
1- 3 vs = (7 - 3 VS) (7 + 3 vs) = 22 = -1-1-·
8. Divide a + b Yz by e + d Yz.
a+ b Yz (a+ b Yz) (e - d Yz) ac - Me+ (be - ad) Vz
c+dYz= (c+dYz)(c- dYz) = 0
c3 -d2x ·
Vz - v'ii by Yz + v,i.
'I . Divide
Yz -v'ii _ (Yz -v'ii) (Yz -v'ii) _ :z: + y - 2 Vzy
Yz+Vy- (Yz+v'ii)(Yz-v'ii) - :z:-y
8. Divide 8 + V6 by Y3 + V2.
3+V6 = (3+V6)(V3-V2) = Y3=Y3.
Y3 + V2 (Y3 + V2) (Y3 - V2) 1
9. Divide 6 Y3 - 3 Yó by Yó - VS.
ó vs - 3 v'ó = (ó vs - 3 v'ó> <v'6 + vs) = 2 v'i6 = v'i6.
v'ó - vs (Yó -V3) (Yó + v'a) 2
10. Divide 7 Yó + ó Y7 by Y7 + V6.

7 V6 + ó Y7 = (7 Yó + 6 Y7) (Y7 - Yó) = 2 V3ó = VSó.
Y7 + Yó (Y7 +Yó)(Y7-Yó) 2
11 . Divide 2 Y3 + V6 by Y3 + V6.
2 va+ v'ii (2 vs + v'o)(va - v'ii> = -3 v'2 = v'2.
Y3+V6 (Y3+V6)(v'3-V6\ -3
520 ELEl\U:NT ARY ALGEBRA
11. Divide 3 + 2 Yz by ó + 3 Yz.

s+2v'z (3+2v'x)(ó-3Vz) ló-6z+v'z
ó+3Yz= (ó+3Yz)(ó-3Vz) = 2ó-9z ·
13. Divide 2 Y6 by Y2 + v3 + v'ó.

2 Y6 _ 2 Y6 ( Y2 + Y3 - Yó)
Y2 +v's + Yó- (Y2 +v's + Y5)(Y2 + v3- Yb)
= 2 Y6(v'2 + v's-v'ó) = Y2 + v3 -Yó.
2Y6
14. Divide 2 vÍ5 by Y3 + Vó + 2 Y2.

2 Yl5 _ 2 V15(Y3 + Vó - 2 Y2)
v'3 +v'5 + 2 v'2- (v'3 + v'6 + 2Y2)(Y3 +Yó- 2 Y2)
2 Yl5(Y3 + v'6 - 2 Y2)
= 2 v'i6
=Y3 + Yó - 2 Y2.
16. Divide aVz - bvy by cYz - dYy.
a Yz - b vy (a Vx - b Yy) (e Vx + d v'y)
e Yz - d -J;; = (e Yz - d Yy) (e Vx + d v'y)
_ acz - bdy + (ad - bc)Yzy
- c2z - d'Jy
18. Divide 2ó YH - 4 Y2 by 8 Y2 + 2 Y7.

25 v'H - 4 v'2 _ (25 Y14 - 4 v'2) (8 v'2 - 2 V7)
8 Y2 + 2 Y7 - (8 Y2 + 2 Y7) (8 Y2 - 2 Y7)
400 ..¡;¡ - 350 v'2 + 8 v'H - 64
= 100
.:: 4 ..¡;¡ - ¡ v'2 + "($ v'H - H·
1'7. Divide 1 + 3 v'2 - 2 Y3 by V6 +-v'a + v'2.
1 + 8 v12 - 2 va _<1 + a v12 - 2 -v':i) <Y6 + va _v'2>
V6 + Y3 + ~ - (Y6 + Y3 + v'2) (YO+ Y3 -v'2)
6Y6+7Y3-iv'2-12
= 7+6v'2
_ (6 V6 + 7 Y3 - 7 v'2 - 12) (7 - 6 Y2)
- (7 + 6 Y2)(7 - 6 v'2)
28v'2-28Y3 .
= -23
=Y3 -v'2.
18. Divide 8-Y6 -v'2 by 8 + Y6 + Y2.
8 - Y6 - Y2 _ (8 - Y6 - v'2) (8 + Y6 - Y2)
8 + Y6 + Y2 - (3 + Y6 + Y2)(8 + Y6 - Y2)
6-6Y2 1-Y2
= 12 + 6 Y6 = 2 + Y6
_ (1 - v'2) (2 - Y6)
- (2 + V6)(2 -=-V6)
2-2Y2-V6+v'io
= -1
=2v'2+v'6-Yl0-2.
19. Divide 60 v'2 + 12 -v'a by 5 Y6 + 8 Y2 - 2 v's.

60Y2 +12Y3 • 12(óv'2 + Y3)(ó v'6+8 v'2 +2 Y3)
ó v'6 + 3 v'2 - 2 v's = (5 v'6+a v'2-2v'a)(5 v'o+8 v':!¡;-v's>
= 12(60 Y3 + 15 Y2 + 18 v'ii + 8~!
156 + OOY3
óO v'a + 15 v'2 + l!l Y6 + 86
= rn + 5 va
= (óO v's + 15 v':! + 13 vo + 86)i1~:-_?v's)
(18 + ó Y3)(18 - ó Y3)
470 Y3 + 94 V6 - 282
= 94
=óY3+Y6-3.
IO. Divide 7 -2 V8 + 3 Y2 by 3 + 8 V8 - 2 Y2.

1- 2 va + 3 v'2 _ <1 - 2 v's + a v'2> (3 + s va + 2 "2>
3 + 8 V8 - 2 V2 - (8 + 3 Y8 - 2 Y2) (3 + 3 V8 + 2 V2)
16 + 16 Y3 + 28 Y2 + 6 v6
=
28 + 18V8
_ (16 + ]ó Y8 + 28 Y2 + ó v6)(28 - 18 "'\/8)
- (28 + 18 YS) (28 - 18 va)
- 300 + 100 V8 + 874 Y2 - 274 v6
= -188
196 - 7ó V8 - 187 Y2 + 137 v6
= 94
11. Divide 2 + 3 v'iJ - 4 Y2 by 2 - YO+ 2 Y2.

2 + 3 v6 - 4 Y2 _ (2 + 3 v6 - 4 Y2) (2 + v6 + 2 Y2)
2 - v6 + 2 Y2 - (2 - v6 + 2 Y2)(2 + v'ii + 2 Y2)
6+8v6-4Y2+4V8
= 6+8Y2
3+4v6-2Y2+2V8
=
3 +4Y2
_ (3 + 4 Y6 - 2 Y2 + 2 V8)(3 - 4 Y2)
- (3 + 4 V2) (3 - 4 Y2)
26 + 4 v6 - 18 Y2 - 26 V8
= -23
18 Y2 + 26 v'3 - 4 v6 - 26
= 23
22. Divide 2 V8 - 3 v6 by 2 + Y2 + V8 + v6.
2vs-sv'6 2v's-sv'6
2 + v12 +v's +v'6 - <v12 + 1><v12 +va>
(2 V8 - 8 v6) (Y2 - 1) ( Y2 - v'ii)
= ---,'e----=-~-=- ·---'=---=~ ~
(Y2 + 1) (Y2 -1) (v12 + va) (Y2-Y3)
- ló Y2 + 10 V8 - 8 v6 + 24
= -1
= 16 Y2 - 10 V8 + 8 v6 - 24.
· --"
Ezerctae 103. Page 250

Perform the operations indicated :
1. ("Vii)6 = (ai)6 = at =-Vai = a {/ii.
s. (~T = (zlyl)T = z1ly'r = {/zHy21 = zy2 {'z1y5.
8. ({/2 af)I = (21 af)2 = 21 af = ~ = a2 ~ -
t. (~)• = (aizl)• = aSza.
6. ( - {/zy2)8 = (- :¡;iyf)• = _ zyl.
8. (-{,'¡)•=(-21)8 = (-2)' = 16.
7. (- -Vi27)• = (-1271)• = (-127)1 = -127.
8. ( - {/g)• = ( - 31)• =(- 3)1 = {/ ( - 3)8 = {13s = 32 {,'si = 9 {/g_
9. ( Va)• = (ai)• = ai = Ya.
10. M = (b1>1 = b' =-Vb.

11. ~ = (al)i =an =%.
12. ~ = [(a6)i]i = al= Va.
13. {'Wa = [(2 a)l]i = (2 a),,i. = 2/o ah = Wa.
a. ~ = [(3 a2)i]i = (3 as)l = 3i af ={/siji_
16. ~ = [(alO)i]i = (a's")i = al ={laii.
18. ~ = [(a1¡l]i = (al)i = a&= o/a&.
17. {'{' (m + n)ao = [{(m + n)BO}i]i = [(m + n)IO]i = (m + n)2.
18. -V {/(1 - :¡;2)20 = [{(1 - :¡;2)20)i]i = [(l - :i;2)•]i = (1 - :i:2)2.
19. {/{'512a1s = [(612al8)i]i = [(29als)i]i = (2ªaª)i = 2ia = av'2.
90. {/6 ~ = [6(a86)l]i's = (6ala)i's = 6ha =a%.
lll. ~{/a88l,H = [(aª8b22)1p't = (allb"l)t\ =abf =a W.
99. ~ =[a(~)i]i = (abl)i = aib-& = ahbh = ~ -
93. ~ = (abi)i = aio'" = alobns =~-
H. a 4 a-• {/w& = a [ a-a (a-•)i]i = a (a-• x a-!)l = a (a-Y)i
= a x a-H = ala = o/a.
Elzerciae lOt. Page 252

l. Find the square root of 17 + 12 V2.
11 + 12 ""2 = 11 + 2 v'62 x 2 = 11 + 2 v'2• x as.
Two numbers whoee sum la 17 and product 2' x 81 are 9 and 8 •
.·. 11 + 12 ""2 = o + 2 v'9x8 + s = <v'9 + VS)' = (3 + 2V2f'.
Therefore, the square root of 17 + 12 V2 la 3 + 2 vi.
l. Find the square root of 62 - 30 v's.

62 - aova= 62 - 2 v'162 x a = 62 - 2 va• x 62.
Two numbers whose sum is 62 and product 31 x 61 are 26 and 27 .
.·. 62 - 80 V8 = 26;- 2 V26 x 27 + 27 = (V2ó -V27)' = (6 - 8 v'a)I.
Therefore, the square root of 62 - 30 v'3 la 6 - 8 v's.
3. Find the square root of 102 - 28 V2.

102 - 28 V2 =102 - 2 v'142 X 2 = 102 - 2 V2ª x 72.
Two numbers whose sum is 102 and product 2ª x 71 are4 and 98.
.·. 102 - 28 V2 = 4 - 2 V 4 X 98 + 98 = ( Y4 - V98)2 = (2 - 7 vi)t.
Therefore, the square root of 102 - 28 V2 is 2 - 7 vi.
4. Find the square root of 30 + 12 v'ii.

30 + 12 V6 = 80 + 2 V62x6 = 30 + 2 Y28 X 88.
Two numbers whose sum la 30 and pl'oduct 2ª x 88 are 12 and 18.
.·. 30 +12V6 =12 + 2Vl2 X ]8 +18 = (Vl2 + YlS)I =(2V8 + 3v'j)2.
Therefore, the square root of 30 + 12 Y6 la 2 v's + 8 V2.

220 - 30 V36 = 220 - 2 V162 x 36 = 220 - 2 VS2 x 68 x 7.
Two numbers whose sum is 220 and product 82 x 68 x 7 are 46
and 176.
.·. 220 - 30 V36 = 46 - 2 V46 x 176 + 176 = (v'46 -Vl76)1
= (3 V6 - 6v'7)2•
Therefore, the square root of 220 - 30 V86 la 8 V6 - ó v'7.
- 'l'EACliERS' EDITlON

525
23 - 4 Yl6 = 23 - 2 Y29 X ló = 23 - 2 Y22 X 3 X Ó.
Two num bers whose sum is 23 and product 2s x 3 x ó are 20 and 3 .

.·. 23 - 4 Yl6 = 20 - 2v'20 x 3 + 3 = (V20-va)2 = (2VS- Y3)2.
Therefore, the square root of 23 - 4 v'ifi is 2 V5 - va.
7. Find the square root of ó7 - 12 v'ifi.

ó7 - 12 YI6 = 67 - 2 Y62 X ló = ó7 - 2 Y22 X 38 X 6.
Two numbers whose sum Is ó7 and product 22 x 3ª x ó are 12
and46•
.·. 67 -12 YI6 = 12 - 2 Yl2 X 46 + 4ó = (Y12 -Y46)2
= <2 va - 8 vs)s.
Therefore, the square root of ó7 - 12 v'ifi is 2 va - 3 Y6.
8. Find the square root of 95 - 24 v'14.

9ó - 24 v'14 = 9ó - 2 v'122 x 14 = 9ó - 2 Y26 x 32 x 7.
Two numbers whose sum is 9ó and product 26 x 32 x 7 are 63 and 32.
.·. 96 - 24 v'14 = 63 - 2 Y63 x 32 + 32 = ( Y63 - Y32)2
= (3 Y7 - 4 V2)2.
Therefore, the sq uare root of 9ó - 24 v'14 = 3 Y7 - 4 Y2.
9. Find the square root of 314 - 28 v'so.

814 - 28 Y80 = 314 - 2 y'142 X 30 = 314 - 2 Y21 X 3 X 6 X 72.
Two numbers whose sum is 314 and product 2ª x 3 x ó x 7s are 20
and 294 .
=
. ·. 314 - 28 Y80 20 - 2 v'20 x 294 + 204 = (V20 + Y294)2
= (2 Y5 - 7 Y6)2.
Therefore, the square root of 314 - 28 v'ao is 2 Y6 - 7 v'6.
10. Find the square root of 62 - 24 va.
62 - 24 va= 62 - 2 Y122 X 3 = 62 - 2 Y24 X 38.
Two numbers whose sum is 62 and product 24 x 3s are ó4 and 8.
. ·. 62 - 24 va= ó4 - 2 v'ó4 x 8 + 8 =<v'M - vs>2 = <3 v'6 _ 2"'2)2.
Therefore, the square root of 62 - 24 va is 3 Y6 - 2 Y2.
526 tLEMENTARY ALGEBRA
11. Find the square root of 68 + 16 Yl6.

68 + 16 Yl6 = 68 + 2 v'82 X ló = 68 + 2 v''J.6 X 3 X Ó.
Two numbers whosé sum iB 68 and product 26 x 3 x ó are 20 aod 48.
.', 68 + 16 Yl6 =20 + 2 v'20 X 48 + 48 = (V20 + V48)2
=(2 Yó + 4 v':3)2.
Therefore, the square root of 68 + 16 v'ÍG is 2 Yó + 4 V8.
12. Find the square root of 139 + 24 v':ii.
130 + 24v'21 = 180 + 2 v'l22 X 21 = 189 + 2 v';¿4 X 33 X 7.
Two numbers whose sum is 139 and product 2• x 38 x 7 are 27
and 112 .
=
.·. 139 + 24 v'2l 27 + 2 v'27 X 112 + 112 = (v'27 + VU2)2
=(3 v'3 + 4 v'7f.
Therefore, the square root of 189 + 24 v'2l is 3 v'3 + 4 v'7.
13. Fiud the square root of 60 - 36 v'2.

66 - 36 v'2 = 66 - 2 v'1s2 x 2 =oo - 2 v'2• x 3•.
Two numbers whose sum is 66 and product 28 x S• are 12 and ó4.
.·. 06 - 36 v'2 =12 - 2 v'l2 X ó4 + ó4 =(v'!2 -'Vó4)2
= (2 v's - 3 v'6)2 .
Therefore, the square root of 66 - 36 v'2 is 2 v'3 - 3 v'6.
14. Find the square root of 69 - 28 Yó.
69 - 28 Yó = 69 - 2 v'¡42 X Ó = 69 - 2 v'22 X Ó X 72.
Two numberswhose sum is69and product22xóx 72 are 49 and 20.
. ·. 69 - 28 Yó = 49 - 2 v'49 X 20 + 20 =('V49 - V20)2 = (7- 2 Yó)2.
Therefore, the square root of 69 - 28 Yó is 7 - 2 Yó.
U. Find the square root of 207 + 40 vÍA.

207 + 40 vÍ4 = 207 + 2 v'202 X 14 = 207 + 2 v'26 X ó2 X 7.
Two numbers whose sum is 207 and product 26 x ó2 x 7 are 176
and 32 .
.·. 207 + 40vÍ4 = 175 + 2 v'l75 X 32 + 32 = (v'l75 +V32)2
= (ó V7 + 4 v'2) 2•
Therefore, the square root of 207 + 40 v'ú is ó v'7 + 4 v'2.
18. Find the equare -root of 180 + 80 V2.

180 + 80 V2 = 180 + 2 V 409 x 2 = 180 + 2 V27 x 61.
Twonumhers whose sum is 180 and product 21 x f>'J are 20 and 160.
180 + 80 V2 = 20 + 2 V20 x 100 + 160 = (V20 + Vl60)1
= (2 Y6 + 4 VJO)I.
Therefore, the square root of 180 + 80 V2 Is 2 Y6 + 4 vio.
1 T. Find the square root of 786 + 800 Y6.

736 + 800 ...;¡¡ =736 + 2 v1609 x 6 =135 + 2 v2• x sa x 6'.
Two numhers whose sum Is 736 and produet 2• x 3ª x 5' are 360
and 375.
=
786 + 800 Y6 360 + 2 VS60 x 375 + 375 (VSOO + V376)2 =
=
(6 vio+ 6 Yl6).
Therefore, the square root of 786 + 300 Y6 is 6 vio + 5 vi&.
18. Find the equare root of 162 + 108 V2.

162 + 108 V2 =162 + 2 Vó4I X 2 =162 + 2 V21 X 3'.
Two numhers whoee aum Is 162 and produet P x se are ó4 and 108.
.·. 162 + 108 V2 = ó4 + 2 Vó4 x 108 + 108 = (VM + VlOS)I
=(3 va + 6 VS>'·
Therefore, tbe aquare root of 162 + 108 V2 is 3 V6 + 6 VS.
1. Solve 9 + 4 Yz = 11.
Transpose and combine, 4-VZ = 2.
Divide by 2, 2-VZ=l.
Square, 4:z: = l.
.·. z=l·
l. Solve 6-3-VZ =4.
Transpoee and combine, 3-VZ= 2.
Square, 9:z:= 4.
.·. z= *·
l. Solve {lsoz -48 =- 3. .

Raise to the fifth power, 80z - 43 = - 248.
Tranapoae and combine, 80z = -200.
.·. z =- 2i.
4. Solve 3 v'l6;i: - 9 = 6 v'iz _ 9.

Divide by 3, =
v'rnz - 11 2 v'4z - 3.
Square, =
16z - !l 16z -12 v'4z + 9.
Tranapose and combine, 12v'iz 18. =
Divide by 6, 2v'iz = 8.
Square, 16z 9. =
.•. Z=h•
5. Solve v'22 - z - 2 =v'10 - z.

Square, 22 - z - 4 v'22 - ;i: + 4 = 10 - ;i:.
Transpoae and combine, 4 v'22 - z = 16.
Divide by 4, v'22 - z = 4.
Square, 22 - z 16. =
.·. z=6.
6. Solve v'12 + z = 6 - ..Ji.

Square, 12 + z = 36 - 12 Vz + z.
Transpose aod combine, 12 V:t = 24.
Divide by 12, Yz=2.
.·. z=4.
7. Solve 7Y3z-1=6Y3z+ó.
Transpose and combine, 2Y3z =6.
Divide by 2, Y3z=8.
. Square, 3z ::::i 9.
,•, Z= 3.
8. Solve aVz-b=cVz-d.
Traospoae and combine, (a - e) Yz = b - d.
Divide by a - e, Yz = ~-=.!!.
a-e
Square, z = (I> - d)2.
(a - e)'
9. Solve ~-Y2z=l.
Square, 3z-2v6z+2:z:=l.
Combine, (5 - 2 v'6)z = l.
1
... z = =·Ó + 2 v6.
6-2v6
10. Solve "'3z - Vz = 2.
Square, 3 z - 2 v'3 z + z = 4;
Combine, =
(4 - 2 v'3)z 4.
Divide by 2, (2 -v'3)z = 2.
2
:. z=--=4+2Y3.
2-v'3
11. Solve ..ra;, + "Vbz = c.
Factor, Vz("Va + "Vb) = c.
:. Vz = e
Va+ v'ij
Square, Z=-----
a+2v'ab+b
_c'(a+b-2Vab)
- a2 -2ab+b'l
19. Solve Vz + v12z = l.
Factor, Vz(l + -12) = 1.
.·. Vz=-1-=v'2-I.
1 +-12
Square, z = (V2 - l)' = 3 - 2 v'2.
18. Solve ó Vz+ °"'3z = 22.
Factor, Vz(5 + Y3) = 22.
:. Vz=~=5-v'3.
6+Y3
Square, z = (ó - v'3)' = 28 - 10 v'3.
14. Solve 2 Vz - "V2z = 2 + v'2.
Factor, Vz(2 -v'2) == 2 + v'2.
... Vz == 2 + v'2 = 3 + 2 V2.
2 - v'2
Square, ;e = (3 + 2 v'2)2 = 17 + 12 Y2,
530 I::U;MENTARY ALGEBRA
11. Solve =
b(l + Vz) a(l -Vz).
Slmplify, b+bVz=a-avz.
Tranapoae and combine, (a + b) Yz = a - b.
.·. Yz=a-b.
a+b
Square, z = (a - b)~ .
(a+ b)I
18. Solve 7 + v'z• -11 z + 4 = z.
T.raDBp088, v'zt - 11 z + 4 = z - 7.
Square, zl -11 z + 4 = zl - 14z + 49.
Tnuuipose and combine, 3 z = 46.
.·. z = 16.
17. Solve f(7 Vz + 6) - 6 = !(3 vz - 1).
Multiply by 6, 28 Vz + 20 - 30 = 27 Vz - 9.
Transpose and combine, Vz = l.
Square, z = l.
11. Solve !(16 - Yz) - !(10 - Yz) = Yz.
Multiplyby6, 48 - 3Yz- 20 + 2Yz = 6 Vz.
Transpose and combine, 7vz = 28•
.·.vi= 4.
Square, z = 16.
19. Solve v'z + 60 = 2v'z + 6 + Yz.
Square, =
z + 00 4z + 20 + 4 v'z•+ 6z + z.
Transpose and combine, 4 v'z• + 6 z = - 4 z + 40.
Divide by 4, v'z• + 6z =- z + 10.
Square, zl + 6z = z2 - 20:i: + 100.
.·.X= 4.
10. 8olve v'9z + 7 + v'4z + I =Y26z + 14.

Square, 9z +7 + 2Y36z•+ 37:i: +7 + 4z + 1= 26z+I4.
Transposea.ndcombine, 2Y36z2 +37z+7 12:i:+6. =
Divide by 2, YS6z• + 37z + 7 = 6z + 3.
Square, S6z• + 37z + 7 = 36z• + S6z + 9. ·
Transpoae and combine, z 2. =
91. Solve
Squa.re, 4 z + 9 - 2 v'4 z2 + ó x - O+ x - 1 = x + 6.
Tran.spoae and combine, 2 Y 4 z2 + li x - = 4 x + 2.
IJ
Divide by 2, v'4z2 + óz - 9 = 2x + l.
Square, 4 z2 + ó z - O = 4 z2 + 4 x + l.
Tran.spose and combine, X =10.
:a:a. Solve 2Yx + ó + 3 v'x-7 =Y25x -79.

Squa.re, 4x+20+12Yz2-2z-35+0x-63 = 25x -79.
Transpose a.nd combine, 12 v'x2 - 2x - 35 = 12x - 36.
Divide by 12, v'x2 - 2z - 3ó = x - 3.
Square, zS - 2 x - 3ó = x' - 6 x + 9.
Transpose and combine, 4 x = 44.
.·. z=ll.
:aa. Solve 3 v'z + 3 - 2 v'x - 12 = ó ~ -

Square, 9z+27-12Yz2-0z-36+4z-48 = 2óz - 225.
Transpose a.nd combine, 12 v'x2 - Oz - 36 = 204 -12x.
Divide by 12, v'x2 - Ox - 36 = 17 - x.
Squa.re, xs - 9z - 36 = 280 - 34x + z2.
Transpose and combine, 2óz 325. =
.:. x=13.
H. Solve v'x-9 +v'z +12=Yz-4 +v'z + 3.

Square,
z - 9 + 2 V~z-2_+_3_x___1_0_8 + z + 12 = z - 4 + 2 V z2 - z - 12 + z + 3.
Transpose and combine, 2 v'z2 + 3z -108 = 2 v'x2 - z -12 - 4.
Divide by 2, v'x2 + ax -108 =Yz2 -x -12 -2.
Square, z2 + 3z - 108 = z2 - x - 12 - 4 v'x2 - x - 12 + 4.
Transpose and combine, 4 v'x2 - x -12 = 100 - 4x.
Divide by 4, v'x2 - x - 12 = 2ó - x.
Squa.re, =
x' - x - 12 625 - 50 x + xs.
Tra.nspose and combine, 40:z; = 637 .
.·. Z=13.
532 J,;LEMENTARY ALGEBRA
16. Solve vz - i + vz - 2 - Yz - 10 = vz + ó.
'l'ranspoee, vz-7 +vz-2 =vz + ó +v'z -10.
Square,
z - 7 + 2 V~zs___9_z_+_l_4 + x -2 = z + ó + 2 'V'zt - óz - óO + z - JO.
Transpoee and combine, 2 v'z2 -9z+ 14-4 = 2 v'z2 - óz - óO.
Divide by 2, v'z2 - · 11.i: + 14 - 2 = vz2 - ó.i: - óO.
Square, z' -9z +14 - 4 v'z' - Ox + 14 + 4 = z2 - óz - óO.
Transpoee and combine, 68 - 4 z = 4 v'z2 - 9 z + 14.
Divide by 4, 17 - z = v'xs - 9z + 14.
Square, 289 - 34 z + z 2 = z 2 - 9z + 14.
Transpoae and combine, 2ó z = 275.
.·. X= 11.
28. Solve Yz + ló + vz - 24 - v'x - 13 = v'i.
Transpose, vx+l6 + v'z - 24 v'i + vz - 18.
=
Square, z+ló+2Vz2-9z-360+z-24=x+2v'~+z-13.
Transpose and combine, 2 ,;:e~ - l}z - 360 = 2 v'x2 - 13z - 4 .
Divide by 2, v'z2 - 9z - 360 = vz2 - l3z - 2.
Square, zt - Oz - 360 = z" - 13z - 4 vz2 - 13z + 4.
Transpose and combine, 4 v'z2 - l3z = 364 - 4z.
Divide by 4, vz2 - rnz = 91 - z.
Square, z2 - 13z = 8281- 182z + z2.
.·. z=49.
Reduce to the typical form a v'=-i :

l. vC°9 =YO x (-1) = 3vCt.
2. v' - 26 = V2ó x (-1) = ó.v'=-i.
3. v'-36 =V36 X (-1)= 6v'=t.
4. 2 V- 49 = 2 v'40 x (-1) =2 x 7vCt = 14 vCt.
6. 3 ~ = 3 V625a~ (-1) =3 x 2óa v=-i = 76a v=-i.
8. 2 V - 81 z2y2 = 2 Y8Ix~H = 2 x 9zy v'=-i = 18zy vCt.
7. v' _ z2 _ y2 = Y(z2 + y2) (- l) =v'z2 + y2 v'=-i.
8. ..;=-¡ =v'l X (-1) = l v'=-i.
9. az ...¡ - all:t4 = a:i: ..,¡a;izt (-1) = az x az2 Ya v=-i= a2:i• Ya Y-i.

10. a2 ...¡- 729a6 = a2...¡729a1(- l) = a2 x 27aªY-l = 27w-v=-i".
11 . ..,; - att,--d = ...¡aet,--s( -1) = a8lr• ...¡=-¡=~..;_l.

l,t
12 . ...¡ - a-'lr8e2 = ...¡a-•b-8e~(- 1) = a-2b-•c vCi = _c_ Y-1.

a21Jt
Find the sum· of :
13. 64 + Y-81
...¡ - 2ó + ...¡ - 86 + ...¡ - 49 + ...¡ -
=óvCi+6Y-I+7vCi+sv'=-i'+9vCi
= (ó + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9) vCi
= Só-v=-i".
H. 2 ...¡ - a'+ 8 v' - a6 - 4 ...¡ - 16 a8 + ó ...¡ - 2ó a•

= 2a2vC'i + SaªY-1- 4 x 4a•vCJ + ó x óatvC'i
= 2a2vCJ + 8a' v'=-i- 16a' vCi + 2óa2vC'i
_= (2at + 2óat + Saª- 16a4 )..,; _ 1
= (27 a2 + 3 a• - 16 a•) vCJ.
16. (3 + 7 Y-1) + (2 - 6 vC'J) - (3 + 4 vCi)

=3+7vC't+2-6vC'i-3-4vC'i
= 3 + 2 - 3 + (7 - 6 - 4) ..;:_-¡
=2-3Y-l.
18. (a+ bv'=-i') + (c-dvC'i)-(a - dvC'J)

=a+b...;::=-¡+c-dvCi-a+dvCi
= a + e - a + (b - d + d) vCi
=e+ bvC'i.
17. Find the product of 18. Find tbe product of
(3 + ó vCi) (7 + 4 Y-1). (ó - 2 vC°7) (6 - 2 vC7).
s+ óvC'i ó- 2vC7
7+ 4yC¡ . 6 - 2 vC7
21 + 36vC'i 30-12vC°7
+ 12vC'i-20 -10vC°7-28
1 + 47...; _ ¡ 2 - 22 vC7
19. Find the product of 11. Find the product of

(2 Y7 + 3 ~ ) ( 3 Y7 - JO-v=i). (4 + 7 vC"i")(2 + 3 v=-i).
2Y7 + 3~=2Y7 +6"-2.
4+ 7"-1
2Y7+ 6Y-2 2+ 3vC'J
3Y7 - JOY-2 8 + 14 "V-1
42 + 18 -v=-¡¡ + 12 "V-1- 21
- 20 -v=-¡¡ + 120 26"V-1- 13
162 - 2v=-¡¡
20. Find the product of H . Find the product of

(3 Y3 + 2 vC:i)(3 Y3 - 2 V-2). (a+ b "V-1) (a - e "V-1).
3Y3+2Y-2 a + b"V-1
8 Y3 - 2 v'-=-i a - c"V-1
27 +6~ a•+ ab"V-1
-6~+8 - ac"V-1 + be
35 a2 + (ab - ac) v' - 1 + be
23. Find the product of (a "V-1 - b) (e vCt - d).
a"V-1-b
c"V-1-d
- ac -bevC'i"
- advC"i" + bcl
bcl - ac - (ad + be) "V-1
24 . Find the product of (2 'V6 + 5 v' - 2) (2 'V6 - 3 ~ ) .

2'V6+ 5Y-2
2'V6- 3 ~
20 + 10"\'-}0
- 30 vCJ + 15 VIO
20 + 10 "Y-10 - 30 "V-i + 15 vio
Perform the divisions indicated :
26. 4 = _ i!_!.--:0)_--- = 4(1-v=a) = 1-v=s.

1 + v=a (1 + v' - 3) (1 - v'=s) 4
18. 21 = 21 (4 - 8 "'\,1-6) . = 21 (4 - 3 "'\,1-6)

4 + 3 v1 - 6 (4 + 3 "'\,1-6) (4 - 3 v1 - 6) 70
3 (4 - 8 v1=-ii)
= 10 .
IT 6 =
ó(Y2 +v'=s) _ ó(Y2 +-vC'a)
. v'2-v=s (Y2-v'=s)(Y2 +r-a) - ó
=V2+v'=s.
1 +v'=s (1 +v'=s)(l +v'=s) 2-V-3 - 2 'V- 3 -1
ll8. = = =---
1 - v=s (1 - ""-3) (1 + v'=s) 4 2
ll9. 1 + Y-1 = (1 + Y-1)(1 + Y-1) = 2 Y-l = v=-i.

1-Y-l (1-Y-l)(l+v=-i) 2
6-29~ (ó~29~)(7+3~) 470-188~

"· 7-8vC'6
=
(7- 3~)(7 + 3"\'-6)
=--
94
--
=ó-2~.
3 3(Y2-Y-l) 3(Y2-Y-l)
81.
Y2 + Y-1
=
(Y2 + v=-i)( Y2 - -v=-1) 3
=~--~
=°V2-Y-l.
v'g + ~ ("3 + ~ ) ("3 + ~ ) 1 + 2 "'1,1-6
81. = = .
" 3 - ~ ("3-'Y=-ii)(v3 + ~ ) ó
aa. vCa + vC"ii _ <vCa + vC"ii) (vCa + v1~>

vCa - vC"ii - ( vCa - v'=li)( v1 - a + vC"ii)
= -a-2~-b=a+2v'ab+b
-a+b a-b
a-bY-1 a V-1 + b2Y-l
= (a -bY-l)(aY-1-b) =
2
84. -----
ª -J":"°i + b (a Y-l + b)(a Y-1 - b) - a2 - b2
= Y-1 =-Y-1.
-1
H. z + i ~ = ( z + i ~ ) ( z + i ~ )
z - i v11 - z2 (z - i ~ ) (z + i 'Vl - z 1 )
= 2z1 -1 + 2zi ~ = 2z' - 1 + 2z v1zt -1.
1
v'a-b+~ ( V a - b + ~ ) ( ~ + ~ )
H. v'a - b -v'b - a = (.Ja - b - v'b - a)( v'a - b + v'b - a)
= 2(a - b)v'=-i = ....J'=-i.
2a- 2b
8T. Extract the square root of 6 + 12 v=-i".

6 + 12 ....J'=-i = 6 + 2 V62 X (- 1) = 6 + 2 V:,?2 X 31 X (- 1).
Two numbers wboae sum ia 6 and product 2' x 32 x (- 1) are 9
and - 4.
•·• Ó + 12 ....J'=-i = 9 + 2 V9 X (- 4) + (- 4) = (Y9 + ..¡=-¡)I
=(3 + 2 ....J'=-i)'.
Therefore, the aquare root of 6 + 12 v'=-i is 3 + 2 v=-i".
18. Extract the square root of - 21 + 20 v'::j".

-21 + 20....J'=-i =-21+ 2v'1os x(-l)=-21+ 2v'2t x 6' x(-1).
Two numbers whose sum ·¡, - 21 and product 2' x 51 x (- 1) are
4 and -26.
.·. - 21 + 20 ....J'=-i = 4 + 2 V 4 X ( - 26)+ (- 26) = ( Y4 + V - 26)2
= (2 + 6 v' - 1)'.
Tberefore, the square root of - 21 + 20 v'=-i is 2 + 6 v'=-i:°.
89. Extract tbe square root of 16 - 30 v=t.

16 -3ov=t = 16- 2v'1ii2 x (-1)= 16-2v'32 x 61 x (-1).
Two numbers whose sum is 16 and product 8' x 6' x (- 1) are
26 and -9.
.·. 16 - 30 v=t = 26 -
2 V2ó x ( - 9)+ (- 9) = ( V25 - v'=-ii)t
= (6 -
3 v=t)'.
Tberefore, the square root of 16 - 80 v=t is 6 - 3 v'=-i:".
to. Extract the square root of - 40 - 42 v=t.

- 40- 42 v'-1 =-40-2V21'2 x (-1)=- 40-2v'8' x 7' x(-1).
Two numbers whose sum is - 40 and product 32 x 71 x (-1) are
9 and - 49.
.·. - 40 - 42 vC""J = 9 - 2 V9 X (- 49)+ (- 49) = ( Y9 - V - 49)2
= (8 - 7 v'=-i:° )2•
Tberefore, the square root of - 40 - 42 v'=-i:" is 3 - 7 v'=-i:".
•

1. Solve =
z2- 86 O. 9. Solve a'x2-b=O.
Transpoee, =
z 2 36. Transpose, alz2 b =
Extract the root, z = ± 6. Extract the root,
az =±Vb.
l. Solve z'-144 =o. Vb
,·,Z=±-·
Tnmspose, :t2= 144. a
Extract the root, z = ± 12. 10. Solve z2 -ó =O.
Transpose, ;r,2 ó.=
8. Solve 4z2-14f =0. Extract tbe root, :e = ± Y6.
=
Divide by 4, z2 - 36 O.
11 . Solve 4z2 - ló O. =
Transpose, =
zt 36.
Transpose, 4 z2 = ló.
=
Extract the root, :t ± 6.
=
Extract the root, 2z ± vi&.
t. Solve z1 - a2= O. =± ! vi&.
. .. :t
Transpoee, zt = a2. 11. Solve z2 + ó = O.

=
Extract the root, z ± a. Transpose, z2 =- ó.
Extract the root, z = ± vC"6.
6. Solve z'-a=O.
18. Solve
Transpoee, =
z2 a.
Transpoee, 4 z2 =- ló.
Extract the root, z = ± Ya.
Extract the root,
2z=±Y-16,
8. Solve =
4z2 - at O.
.·. ~=±!~-
Transpoee, 4z2 = a2.
=
Extract the root, 2 z ± a. H. Solve ó zt + 3 z2 = 72.
.·.z=±!a, Combine, 8z2 = 72 .
Divide by 8, z2 = 9.
7. Solve 4z2 - a= O. Extract the root, z = ± 3.
Transpoee, 4z2 =a. 15. Solve 6z2+óz2=176.
=
Extract the root, 2 z ± Ya. Combine, 11 zt 176. =
··· z =±!Ya. Divide by 11, zt 16. =
8. Solve atzt- ~=O.
Extract the root, z ± 4. =
Transpoee, =
a2z2 b2. 18. Solve 7 z2 - 2 z2 = 126.
Extract the root, az = ± b. Combine, óz2 = 12ó.
b Divide by ó, zt = 2ó.
,', :t=±-·
a Extract tbe root, z = ± ó.
n. Solve 9z2 - 4z2 = 80.

Combine, 6.:i:2 = 80.
Extract the root, z= ± 4.
18. Solve 12 z2 - 6 z' = 343.

Combine, 7 z2 = 843.
Divide by 7, :i:"=49.
Extract tbe root, z = ± 7.
19. Solve 3 zt + 12 = 7 z2 - 88.

Tranapo88 and combine, - 4z~ = -100.
Divide by - 4, z2 = 26.
Extract the root, z= ± 6.
20. Solve 9z2 - ó3 = 6z2 + 94.

Transpose and combine, 3z2=147.
Extract the root, .·. Z=±7.
11. Solve 13z2 - 19 = 7 z2 + 6.

Transpoee and combine, 6z2 = 24.
Extract the root, z = ± 2.
22. Solve 17.:i:2-7:418.

Tranepose and combine, 17 z2 = 426.
Divide by 17, z 2 = 26.
28. Solve 4z2 + 7 = 6z2-S.

Transpose and combine, - 2z2 =-10.
Divide by - 2, z2 = ó.
Extract tbe root, z =±V6.
H. Solve 6z2 -12 = 3z' - 27.

Transpose and combine, 3z2 =-16.
Divide by 3, z 1 =-6.
Extract tbe root, Z=±~.
96. Solve (z + })(z - n = /g.

Expand, zt - l = lw·
Transpose and combine, zt = lo·
Extract the root, z=± i·
98. Solve (8 z - 7) (8 z + 7) = 32.

Expand, 9zt - 49 = 32.
Transpoee and combine, 9x2 = 81.
Divide by 9, zt =9.
Extract the root, z=±3.
27. Solve mzt = at - nzt.

Transpose, mzt + nzt = ª'·
Factor, (111 + n)z1 = a1 •
a'
Divide by m + n, z'=--·
m+n
Extract the root, z=±-ª-vm +n.
m+n
18. Solve az'-b=c:i:'+d.

Transpose, azt - czt = b + d.
Factor, (a - e) z1 = b + d.
Divide by a - e, zt=b+d .
a-e
Extract the root, z = ±a-e
~·
29. Solve (a+ x) (x - b) = (a - z) (z + b).

Expand, az + zt - ab - bz =
ax - zt + ab - bx.
Transpose and combine, 2z' = 2ab.
Divide by 2, zt = ab.
Extract the root, z = ± YaJJ.
llO. Solve (az + b) (e + dz) = (c:i: + d) (a+ bx).

Expand, acz + adz2 + be + bdz = acx + bczt + ad + bdz.
=
Transpose and combine, adzt - bc;i:t ad - be.
Divide by ad - be, zt l. =
Extract the root, z =±l.
81. Solve =
(a - z)(b - z) (1 - az)(l - bz).
Expand, ab - az - bz + zl = I - bz - az + abz2.
=
Transpoae and combine, zt - ab:z:2 1- ab.
Divide by 1 - ab, zt l. =
Extract the root, z =±l.
11. Solve az2 + a = bz2 - b.
Transpose, az2-bz1=-a-b.
Fact.or, (a - b)zl =-a - b.
Divide by a - b, zl=a+b.
b-a
Extract the root,
88. Solve
z=±
(z + 3)(z - 3) = 66 - 2 z2.
"~
/b+a.
Expand, z 2 -9=66-2zl.
Transpose and combine, 3z2 75. =
Divide by 3, z2 25. =
H. Solve (z + 2) (z + 3) = 2 zl + 5 z.
Expand, zt + 5z + 6 = 2z1 + 5z.
'I'ranspoae and combine, zl 6.=
Extract the root, =
z ± v'ii.
16. Solve zt - 5z + 9 = Sz' - 6z - 9.
Tranapose and combine, -2zl=-18.
Divide by - 2, z2 =9.
88. Solve (a+ z)(b - z) = (z - a)(b + z).
Expand, ab - az + bz - zt ;:: bz + zl - ab - az.
Transpose and combine, - 2 zl =- 2 ab.
Divide by - 2, z' ;:: ab.
Extract the root, z ;:: ± v'ab.
87. Solve
25 +z 18 +z
9+ z = 47-z·
Clear of fractiona, 1175 + 22z - zt;:: 117 + 22z + zl.
Tranapose and combine, =
- 2z2 -1058.
Divide by - 2, z~ ;:: 529.
Extract the root, z ;:: ± 23.
3ó+3z z-6ó
18. Solve
----¡--:¡:-;- =3 z - 63 •
=
Clear of fractions, 9z2 - ó4 z - 186ó z2 - 64z - óó.
8 z2 1800.
Di vide by 8, z2 = 226.
Extract the root, =
z ± ló.
z - 2 _ 3 (8 - z) .
39. Solve
3z + 14 - 28 -z
Clear of fractions, =
30 z - z2 '- ó6 336 + 30 z - 9 z2.
Transpose and combine, 8z2 392. =
Divide by 8, z2 49. =
z+óa+b z-a+b
40. Solve - -- --
z-3a+b a-z+3b
Clear of fractions, - :i:2 - 4 az + 2 bx + ó a2 + 16 ab + 3 b2
= :i:2 - 4 az + 2 bx + 3 a2 - 4 ab + b2.
Transpose and combine, - 2 z2 =- 2 a2 - 20 ab - 2 b2.
Divide by - 2, z2 = a2 + 10 ab + IJl.
Extract the root, z = ±...fa2 + 1oab+b2.
3a-2b+3z z-7a+8b.
41. Solve
a-2b+z 3z-óa+4b
Clear of fractions, 9 :i:2 - 6 ax + 6 bx - ló at + 22 ab - 8 b2
=xt -6 az + 6bx-7a~ + 22ab-16b2.
Transpose and combine, 8 :z:2 = 8 at - 8 b2.
Divide by 8, :z:2 = at _ b2.
Extract the root, X= ±...fa2 - b2.
41. Solve
z+a - b a(x + a+ ó b)
Clear of fractions,
z- a+ b = b (z + ó a+ b)
=
bz2 + 6 abx + ó a2b - 4 ab2 - bl az2 + 6 abx - a• - 4 a2b + ó a/fl.
Transpose and combine, az2 - b:i:2 = a 8 + 9a2b - 9alfl - b3 •
Divide by a - b, :z:2 = a2 + lOab + IJl.
Extract the root, z = ± .../a2 + 10 ab + b2.
U. Solve (z + a) (z - a) + (z + b)(x - b) - (z + c)(z - e) = O.

Expand, z2 - a2 + z2 - b2 - z2 + c2 = O.
z2 a2 + b2 - c2.
Extract tbe root, =
z ± Ya2 + b2 - cil.
+ (b + cz) (e - bz) + (e + az) (a - ex) = O.

H. Solve (a + bz) (b - az)
Expand,
ab- a2z + b2z- abz2+ be -b2z + c2z-bcz2+ ac-c2z+a2.i:- acx2 ="·
- abx2 - bcx2 - acz2 = - ab - be - ac.
Divide by - ab - be - ac, z2 l. =
Extract tbe root, X=±l.
z2-z+l x'+x 7 1
46. Solve ----+0= .
z+l z-1
Clear of fractions,
zs - 2 z2 + 2 x - 1 + Oz2 - O = xª + 2 z2 + 2 x + 1.
Transpose and combine, 2x2 = 8.
Divide by 2, z 2 = 4.
Extract tbe root, X=±2.
7 a - b + z _ a(a + 5b + z)
46. Solve
i b - a+ x - b(5a + b + z)
Clear of fractions, 35 a2b + 2 ab2 - b8 + 12 abz + bz2
= - a8 + 2 a2b + 35 ab2 + 12 rrbx + ax2.
Transpose and combine, bz2 - az2 = b8 + 33ab2 - 33a2b - a ~.
Divide by b - a, z2 = a2 + 34 ab + b2.
Extract the root, z = ±Ya2 + 34 ab + b2.
17a+b-x a2(a+17b+z)
a+ 17 b - x = b2(17 a + b + z)
47. Solve
Clear of fractions,
=
289 a2b2 + 34 ab3 + bt - b2z2 a4 + 34 asb + 2811 a'Jb2 - atz2.
Transpose and combine, a2z2 - b2z2 = at + 34 a3b - 34 ab1 - bt.
Divide by a2 - b2, z2 = a2 + 34 ab + b2.
Extract the root, z = ± Ya2+ 34 ab + bi.
t8. Solve (2z + 3)(3z + 4)(4z + ó)-(2 z - 8)(8z - 4)(4z- ó) = 184.

Expand, 24z8+ !l8zll+ 138z+ 60-24zª + 98zll-133z + 60 =184.
Transpose and combine, 196zl = 64.
Divide by 4, 49zll = 16.
Extract the root, 7 z =± 4 .
.·. z=± f.
t9. Solve (a + ó b + z) (ó a + b + z) = 8 (a+ b + z)I.
Expand,
óa1+26ab + ób2+ 6az+ 6bz +z1 = sa1+s1>2 +3z2+6ab+ 6az + 6bx.
Transpose and combine, - 2 zt = - 2 a2 - 20 ab - 2 b2.
Divide by - 2, zl = al + lO ab + b2.
Extract the root, =
z ± Y al + 10 ab + b2.
liO. Solvez2 -2bz+2az-b2 + z+2b =-1-,

z 8 -a1 z2 +.ax+ ali z-a
Olear of fractions,
zl - 2 bz + 2 az - b2 + zt - ax + 2 bx - 2 ab = zl + a.z + at.
Transpose and combine, zt = at + 2 ab + b2.
Extract the root, z =::1::: (a + b).
3a z+4a 7all+2az-zl
61. Solve --+ -- = ,
z-óa z+3a z2-2az-lóa2
Clear of fractions,
8 az + 9 at + zl - az - 20 al = 7 al + 2 a.z - zt,
Ti'anspose and combine, 2 z2 = 18 at.
Divide by 2, zll = 9 a2.
Extract the root, =
z ± 3 a.
H . Sélve (a+ z) (b- z) + (1 + az) (1-bz) = (a+ b) (1 + z2).

Expand,
ab - az + bz - zll + 1 - bz + az - abzl = a + b + ax' + bzll.
=
- a.zll - bz2 - abz2 - z2 a + b - ab - 1.
ab+l-a-b
Divide by - (a + b + ab + 1), zt = .
a+b+ab+l
.·. zt = (1 - a) (1 - b).
(1 + a) (1 + b)
Extract the root, · *~ __ ± ~(1 - a) (1 - b).
(1 + a) (1 + b)
Ezerclee 108. ·page 267

1. Solve zt+2z=63.
Complete the aquare, z2 + 2z + 1 = 64.
Extract the root, z+1=±8.
.·. x = 7, or - 9.
9. Solve :i:2 -
8z + ló = O.
Transpose, z2-8z=-ló.
Complete the square, z2 - 8z + 16 = l.
Extract the root, z-4=±1.
.·.z=ó,or3.
a. Solve z2-6z+ 4 = O.
Transp088, z2- 6z =-4.
Complete the square, z2 - Oz + 9 = ó.
Extract the root, z-3= ±v'6.
.·. Z=3±v'6.
4. Solve z' - IOz + 32 = O.
Transpose, z2-1oz =-32.
Complete the square, z2-IOz+2ó=-7.
Extract the root, z -ó=±v=,.
.·. z=ó±~,
6. Solve z2 + 2z-1 = O.
Transpose, z2+2z=l.
Complete the square, z2+2z+l=2.
Extract the root, z+l=±V2,
.·. z=-1 ±Y2.
8. Solve z2 + 6 z - 91 = O.
Transpose, z2 + 6z = 91.
Complete the square, zt+Oz+9=100.
Extract the root, z + 3 =± 10.
.·. z = 7, or - 13.
7. Solve z2 - 7 z - 30 = O.
Trausp088, z2 -7:r: = 30.
Complete the square, z2-7z+ jl = ip.
Extract the root, :r:-j=±?··
.·. z = 10, or - 3.
8. Solve zS - 12 Z + 86 = 0.
Transpoae, z2 - 12 z = - 86.
Complete the square, zS - 12 Z + 36 = l.
Extract the root, z-6=±1.
.·. z = 7, oró.
9. Solve z 2 +z- 56 =0.

Transpose, zS + Z = ó6.
Complete the square, zl+z+ t=.z.p..
Extract the root, z + t =±J./.
;. z = 7, or - 8.
10. Solve z2 + 2 z - 16 = O.
Transpoae, z' + 2z = 16.
Complete the square, zt + 2 z + 1 = 16.
Extract the root, z+ J =±4,
.·. z = 8, or - 6.
11. Solve zt - 4 z - 77 = .O.
Transpose, z2 - 4z = n:
Complete the square, z2 -4z+4=81.
Extract the root, z-2 =± D.
;. z=ll, or -7.
u. Solve z' - 14 z + 45 = O.
Transpose, z' -14:z: =-46.
Complete the equare, z'-14:z: + 49 = 4.
Extract the root, z -7=±2,
;, z = 9, or 5.
18. Solve z2 -3 z - ó4 = O.
Transpose, z'-8z = ó4.
Complete the square, z 2 - 3z + l = .z.p.
Extract the root, z-i=±V'·
.·. z = 9, or -6.
H. Solve ~+6z+D=0.
J;xtract the root, z+ 3 = O.
;. Z=-3.
16. Solve zt + 4z-60 = O.

Transpose, z2 + 4z = 60.
Complete the square, z'J +4z+ 4 =84.
Extract t.he root, z+2=±8.
=
.·. z 6, or - 10.
18. Solve 12z2 + Sz-16 = O.

Transpose, 12z2 + 8z = 16.
Divide by 12, z2+fx=t.
Complete the square, zt+ jz+ l= tf.
Extract t.he root, z+ !=± ¡ .
=
.·. z t, or - ¡.
l'7 . Solve 2 z2 + 6 z + 16 = O. ,
Transpose, 2z2 + 6z = -16.
Divide by 2, z2 + Sz = - J/.
Complete the square, z2 + 3z + f =- ,;..
Extract the root, z+t=±i~-
••• Z =- t ± i v' - 21.
18. Solve 8z1 +6z-22=0.

Transp06e, 8z2 + 6z = 22.
Divide by 3, z~ + Jz lj-. =
Complete the square, x'+ tz+U =W·
Extract the root, z+t=±J.¡.
.·.z=2,or-J.j.
19. Solve 6z - 7 + ___!!_ = z _ l.

9 2z-3
Clear of fractíons, 10z' - 29:t + 21 + 126 = 18:z:2 -4óz + 27.
Transpose and combine, 8z2 -16z = 120.
Divide by 8, z 2 - 2z = 16.
Complete the eguare, z2 - 2 z + 1 = 16.
Extract the root, z - 1 = ± 4. .
.·. z=ó,or-3.
6z+4 ló-2z 7(z-l).
90. Solve -ó- - ~ = - - ó -
6z + 4 7 z - 7 ló - 2z
Transpose, -ó-- - - ó - = ~ ·
11-z ló-2z
Combine, - ó - =-;-:: 3- ·
Clear of fractions, - 33 + H z - z2 = 75 - 10 z.
Transpose and combine, ;i:2 - .24 :i: = - 108.
Complete the square, z2 - 24 z + 144 = 36.
Extract the root, z - 12 = ± 6.
.·. z = 18, or 6.
óz-1 3:i:-1 2
91. Solve --+--=-+z-1.
9 ó ·z
Clear of fractions, 2óz2 - óz + 27 z2 - 9z = 00 + 4ó z2 - 45 z.
Transpose and combine, 7 :i:2 + 31 :i: = OO.
Divide by 7, z2 + ªlz = 1.,o_.
Complete the square, :i:2 + V-:t + tH = -VN.
Extract the root, :t + H = ± H·
.·. z= 2, or -V·
16-z 2(z-11) :i:-4

H . Solve - 4 - - x-6 =12·
Clear of fractions,
- 3 :t2 + 66 z - 288 - 24 z + 264 = z2 - 1Oz + 24.
Transpose and combine, ' - 4 z2 + ó2 :t = 48.
Divide by - 4, -,,2 -13:i: = -12.
Complete the square, z2 - 13 z + .1p = 1¡.i.
Extract the root, z - \' = ± J.,} •
.·. z = 12, or l.
11. Solve 2z2 - 7 z + 3 O. =

Transpoee, 2z2-- 7z=-3.
Divide by 2, :i:2-iz=-i·
Complete the square, z2 - ~z + t:: = ·H·
Extract the root, z - ¡ =± !•
.·. z=3,or 1.
l
H. Solve 2z2 - ÓZ - 3 = 0.
TransJ>0118, 2z1 -óz=3.
])ivide by 2, zt-tz=!·
Complete tbe square, zt-iz+ H= H,
Extract the root, z-t=± t·
.·. z = 3, or - l·
211. Solve 3z -17z+10=0.
2
Transpoee, 3 zl - 17 z = - 10.
Divide by 3, z2 -V-z = - -1¡.
Complete the square, z1 - 1,7-z + \V = Vl·
Extract the root, z-lj=±.lj-.
.·. z = 6, or f.
28. Solve 6z1-6z-.6=0.
Transpoee, 6zl - óz= 6.
Divide by 6, zt-tz=l.
Complete the square, z2 - ¡ z + lt. +H· =
Extract the root, Z-/:z-=±H,
.·. z = !, or -f.
27. Solve 4z2 -3z-2=0.
Transpose, 4z1 -3z = 2.
Divide by 41 zt - fz l· =
Complete the square, z' - fz + /¡ = H-
Extract the root, z - I = ± t v'ii.
.·. z = i ± l v'ii.
28. Solve 3zl + 4z + 6 = O.
Transpose, . 3z1 +4z=-6.
Divide by 3, zl + tz =- i·
Complete tbe square, zl+tz+t=-v.
Extract tbe root, z + ! = ± l vCii.
.·. z =-
! ± j vCii.
29. Solve z- 6 + ~:- 8 _ ~ -z).
z+3 z-3 z~-9
· Clear of fractions,
z2 - 8z + 16 + z2 - 5z - 24 = 3 - 3z.
Transpose and combine, 2 z 2 - 10 z = 12.
Divide by 2, z 2 - 6z 6. =
Complete the square, zl - ÓZ + -\~ = 4/-.

Extract the root, z- i =± ¡.
.·. z = 6, or -1.
80. Solve 8z-+ 4 + óz + 12 = 4z + 8 + 7_
2z-1 2z+l 4zl-1
Clear of fractions,
6z2 + 11 z + 4 + 1oz2 + 19z -12 = 4z + 8 + 28z2 - 7.
Transpose and combine, 12 z2 - 26 z = - 4.
Divide by 12, z2 - -Y. z ;,, - t •
Complete the square, z2 - Jif z + tH = tH·
Extract the root, z - l i = ± H·
.·. z = 2, or l,
Sz-8 8z-1 8z-11

81. Solve --+-----=8.
z+l z+2 z-1
Clear of fractions,
8z3 -9z+6+8zª-z'-8z+ 1-8zl+2 z2 +27z+ 22=8zª+6z2-8z-6.
Transpose and combine, óz2 -18z = 8ó.
Divide by ó, :¡:2 - :V z = 7.
Complete the square, z 2 - Jl'- z + H = y.¡.
Extract the root, z - t = ± \ll.
.·.z=ó,or-J.
E:z:erciae 109. Page 269

l. Solve 2óz2 - 80z - 27 = O.
Transpose, 2óz2 - 80z = 27.
Complete the square, 2óz' - 80z + 9 = 86.
Extract the root, 5z-8 =± 6.
óz = 9, or -8.
.·. z= !, or - ¡.
l. Solve 4 z2 - 4 z - ló = O.
Transpose, 4z2-4z= ló.
Complete the square, 4 z2 - 4z + 1 =
16.
Extract the root, 2z - 1 = ± 4.
2z = 5, or -8.
.·. z = ¡, or -1·
a. Solve 4z'+24z+36=0.
'l'ranspoee, 4z2 +24z=-36.
Complete the aquare, 4z'+24z+36= l.
Extract the root, 2z+6=±1.
2z=-6, or -7 .
.·. z=-&, or - ¡.
4. Solve 4zl- 24z + 36 = O.
Transpose, 4z' -24z =-36.
Complete the aquare, 4z' - 24z + 36 = l.
Extract the root, 2z-6=±1.
2z = 7, or 6 .
=
.·. z !, or f
6. Solve 9z' + I6z - 6 = O.
Transpoae, Oz2 + I6z = 6.
Complete the square, 9z2 + I6z + 7-f-= ~.
Extract the root, 3z + i =± ¡ ..
3z = 1, or - 6.
.·. z = !, or - 2.
8. Solve 16z2 - 32z + 16 = O.
Transpose, I6z2 - 32z =-16.
Complete the square, I6z2-32x+l6=1.
Extract the root, 4x-4=±1.
=
4x 6, or 3.
.·. z = t, or ¡.
7. Solve I6z2 + 8z - 36 = O.
Transpoae, 16z2 + 8z = 36.
Complete the square, 16 z2 + 8 z + 1 = 36.
Extract the root, 4z+l=±6.
=
4z 6, or -7 .
=
.·. z t, or -¡.
8. Solve 16z2-8z-36=0.
Tra.nspoae, 16z2 - 8z = 36.
Complete the aquare, I6z'-8z+l=36.
Extract the root, =
4z -1 ± 6.
=
4z 7, or -6.
=
.·. z ¡, or - ¡.
9. Solve 4z2+24z+27=0.
Transpoee, 4 z2 + 24 z = - 27.
Complete the square, 4 z2 + 24 z + 36 = o.
Extract the root, 2z + 6 =± 3.
2 z = - 3, or - 9.
.·. z=-hor-t.
10. Solve 3z' - 22z + 35 = O.

Tranllpoee, 8z2 - 22 z = - 35.
Multiply by 3, 9z2 - 66z = - lOó.
Complete the square, Oz2 - 66:t + 121 = 16.
Extract the root, 3z -11 = ± 4.
3z= 16, or 7.
.·. z=6, or ¡.
11. Solve 3 z2 - 7 X - 16 = 0.
Tra.nspose, 3z2 - 7z = 16.
Multiply by 3, 9 z2 - 21 z = . 48.
Complete the square, 9:i:2 - 21z + 1/ = ip .
Extract the root, 3z-¡ = ± i "V241.
3z =¡±!-hu.
.·. z = ¡ ± ¡\- "V241.
11. Solve 2 z2 - 8 = 3 z + 12.

Transpose and combine, 2z'-3z = 20.
Multiply by 2, 4z2 - 6z = 40.
Complete the square, 4z2-6z+ t =.ip.
Extract the root, 2z- i =± 1,¡;1.
2z = 8, or -6.
.·. z = 4, or - i,
18. Solve 2 z2 - z - 16 = o.
Transpose, 2z2 -Z= 16.
Multiply by 2, 4z2 - 2z= 30.
Complete the square, 4 z2 - 2 z + t = 1.p..
Extract the root, 2z - l = ± 1¡-.
2z = 6, or - 6.
.·. z = 3, or - !·
14. Solve 6z•-17z+7=0.

Trau8J>0118, 6:i?-17:i: =-7.
Multiply by 6, 36z1-102z =- 42.
Complete the aquare, 36:i? -102:i: + .ip. = .1p.
Extract the root, 6z - l,_1 = ± i¡.
6z = 14, or3•
.·. z = ¡, or ¡.
16. Solve 3zl+l4z+16=0.

Tranepose, 3zl+l4z=-16.
Multiply by 3, 9zl+42z=-46.
Complete the aquare, 9z' +42z + 49 =4.
Extract the root, 8z + 7 ± 2.=
8z =- 6, or - 9.
.·. z =-!, or - 8.
18. Solve 4z2 - 6z - O= O.

Trauspose, 4z2- 6z = 9.
Complete the square, 4z2 - 6z + H = 1t,,t.
Extract the root, 2z-t=±J./-.
2z = t, or - 2.
=
.·. z t, or - l.
17. Solve 6zl + 6z - 27 = O.

Transpose, 6z2+6z=27.
Multiply by 6, 26z2 + 30z = 136.
Complete the square, 26.zl + 30z +O= 144.
Extract the root, 6z + 8 =± 12.
6 z = O, or - 16.
.·. z = !, or -8.
18. Solve 8 zt - 22 z + 21 = o.
Transpoee, 8z2-22z=-21.
Multiply by 3, 9zl - 66:i: = - 68.
Complete the square, =
9zl - 66:i: + 121 68.
Extract the root, =
8 z - 11 ± Y58.
=
Sz 11 ± V68.
.·. Z='{±}Y68,
19. Solve (2 :r: - 5)2 - (:r: - 6)2 = 80.
Expand, 4:r:2-20:r: + 25-:r:2 + 12:r: - 36 = 80.
Transpose and combine, 3:r:2 - 8:r: = 91.
Multiply by 3, 9 z2 - 24 :r: = 273.
Complete the square, 9:r:2 - 24:r:'+ 16 = 289.
3 z = 21, or - 13.
.·. x = 7, or - -'f.
10. Solve (1- Sz)(z - 6) 5(:r: + 2). =
Expand, - 3:r:2 + 19:r: - 6 = 5:r: + 10.
Transpose and combine, 3 z2 - 14 :r: =-
16.
Multiply by 3, 9 z2 - 42 z = - 48.
Complete the square, 9 :r:2 - 42 :r: + 49 l. =
Extract the root, 3 z - 7 ± l. =
=
3:r: 8, or 6.
=
•.·. :r: !, or 2.
11. Solve 4z2+24z-35=10.
Transpose and combine, 4:r:2 + 24:r: = 45.
Complete the square, 4 z 2 + 24 z + 36 = 81.
Extract the root, 2 :r: + 6 ± 9.=
=
2 x 3, or - 15.
=
.·. :r: i, or - -',.&.
H. Solve (3:r: - 5)2-(2:r: + 1)2 + 32 = o.
Expand, 9:r:1- 30:r: + 25 - 4z2 - 4:r: -1 + 32 = O.
Transpose and combine, 6 z2 - 34 z =-
56.
Multiply by 5, 25 :r:9 - 170 z = - 280.
Complete the square, 25z2 - 170:r: + 289 9. =
Extract the root, 5 z - 17 = ± 3.
=
5z 20, or 14.
.·. x = 4, or Jl.
18. Solve (2 :r: - 3)2 - 5 (2 Z - 5)1 - 4 = 0,
Expand, 4:r:2-12:r: + 9- 20:r:2 +100:r:-125- 4 O. =
Transpose and combine, 16 :r:2 - 88 z = - 120.
Complete the square, 16 z2 - 88 :r: + 121 = l.
Extract the root, =
4 :r: :..... 11 ± l.
4:r: = 12, or 10.
••• .:r: = 3, or ~-
H. Solve (6:1: + 2)' - 6(8z - 4)2 + 881 o. =

Expand, 26:a:2 + 20z + 4 - 46zt + 120:z: - 80 + 881 O. =
Tranapoee and combine, - 20:z:2 + 140:z: =- 266.
Divide by - 6, 4z' - 28z 61.=
4:z:I - 28z + 49 100.
Extract the root, =
2 z - 7 ± 10.
=
2z 17, or - 3 •
.·. z=V, or -1·
16 8 220 11
16. Solve
3z-1-¡=Dz3 -1-3z+1·
Clear of fractions, 180:z: + 60 - 27 z:I + 3 = 880 - 132 z + 44.
Transpose and combine, - 27 ;i:2 + 312 z = 861.
Multiply by - 8, 81 zt - 936:z: = - 2688.
=
Complete the square, 81 zt - 930 z + 2704 121.
Extract the root, =
9z - 62 ± 11.
=
9z 63, or 41 •
=
.·. z 7, or ij.
l8.Solve2z-1+3z+l_ ll(z+l) =O.

z - 2 z - 3 (z - 2) (z - 3)
Clear of fractions, 2 zt - 7 z + 8 + 3 zt - 6 z - 2 - 11 z - 11 = O.
Transpose and combine, 6 z2 - 23 z = 10.
Multiply by 6, 26z' - 116z = 60.
Complete the square, 26z2 - 116 z + ip 1.p.. =
Extract the root, =
6 z - '-l ± 'li-·
=
6 z 26, or - 2.
=
.·. z 6, or -f.
1 7 4 16 - Sz
17 . Solve - - + - - = - - +z-8
z-3 z+S zt-9
--·
Clear of fractlons, =
z + 8 + 7 z - 21 4 + 48 + 7 z - 3 zt.
Transpoee and combine, 3z2 + z = 70.
Multiply by 8, 9z2 + Sz = 210.
Ozt + 3z + ! .ltl.
Extract the root, 3z + ! =± J/.
3 z = 14, or - 16•
=
.·. z J./, or - 6.
2z+l z-1 z+3 9z+20
98. Solve --+--= - -+---·
z + 3. z2 - 9 3 - z 2 (3 + z)
Clear of fractions,
4z' - 10:t - 6 + 2z - 2 =-2z2 - 12z - 18 + 9z2 - 7 z - 60.
Transpose and combine, 8z2 - 11 z 70.=
Multiply by 8, 9z2 - S3z =210.
=
Complete the square, 9z' - S3z + .1¡.1 '-f.1.
Extract the root, =
8 z - -',} ± V-
=
8 z 21, or - 10 .
.·. z=7, or -J.t.
z+7 z+l 4z-ó z-8

99. Solve
2z + 3 - 2z - 3 =4z2 - 9 - 2z - s·
Clear of fractions,
2 z' + 11 z - 21 - 2 z2 - ó z - 8 =4 z - ó - 2 z2 + 3 z + 9.
2 z2 - z 28.
Multiply by 2, 4z2 - 2z = ó6.
Complete the square, 4 z2 - 2 z + t =.2.p.
Extract the root, 2z - != ± -1,¡..
2z =8, or -7 .
.-. z =4, or - ¡.
Exerclse 110. Page 271
l . Solve 6z2 -19z - 20 =O.

Transpose, 6zt - 19z 20.=
=
Complete the square, 144z2 - () + 801 841.
Extract the root, =
12z - 19 ± 29.
12z =48, or -10.
=
.·. z 4, or - l-
l. Solve 6 z2 + 17 z + 12 =O.
Transpose, 6:e2 + 17 z =-
12.
Complete tbe square, 144z2+()+289=1.
Extract the root 12z+I7=±1.
12 z =- 16, or - 18.
.·. z =-
!, or - ¡.
6M J..:LtM>~NTARY ALGEBRA
a. Kolve 6zl- llz -10 =O.

'franaJ)Olle, 6 zll - 11 z 10.=
Complete t.he aquare, 1'4 zt - ( ) + 121 = 861.
Ext.racL Lhe root, 12a: - 11 = ± 19.
=
12 z 30, or - 8 .
=
.·. z i, or -f.
t. Holve 8a:1 +2z-16=0.
TranBpOSe, 8:i:' + 2:i: = 16.
('omplt.>te the aquare, 64:i:2 + ( ) + 1 = 121.
·1':xtract the root, 8:i: + 1=±11.
8:i: = 10, or -12.
=
.·. a: t, or - j .
6. Solve 6zt -17:t -14 = O.
'l'ranapoee, 6 :i:2 - 17 x = 14.
<'ompleui the aquare, 144 z2 - ( ) + 289 = 626.
1':xtrl\Ct the root, 12:i: -17 = ± 26.
12:i:=42,or-8.
.·. x =
¡, or -f.
8. Holvo 6zt + 18:i: + 6 = O.
'l'm1111poae, 6 zt + 18 x =-
6.
Com¡>lt•l.tl the square, 144 zt + ( ) + 169 = 26.
1':xtract tite root, 12 x + 13 = ± 6.
12:t = - 8, or - 18.
·.•. x =- J, or - f .
'1. Holve 10:i:2 + 19:t - 16 = o.
T1·anapoae, 10:i:2 + 19a: = 16.
Complete the aquare, 400:i:2 + () + 861 = 961.
Extract the root, 20 x + 19 = ± 31.
=
20:t 12, or - 60•
=
.•. x f, or - t,
8. Holve 8z2 - 7 X+ 4 = 0.
Tranapoee, 3:i:' -7z -= - 4.
Complete the aquare, 86 zt - ( ) + 49 l. =
Extract the root, 6:i:-7=±1.
=
6x 8, or 6.
.·. x = -1, or l .
9. Solve . ,zs --Uz - 46 = O.
Transpose, =
4zll -11 z 46.
Complete the aquare, 64 zll - ( ) + 121 = 841.
Extract the root, Sz -11 = ± 29.
Sz=~,or-18.
.·.. z = 6, or -f.
10. Solve 3zl + 14:i: +16 O. =
Transpose, +
3z2 l f ; =-16.
Complete the l!<IU&re,
Extract the root,
9zll +( }+ 4~
3z+ 7 ="±2.
=~•·
3z =- 6, ot - 9.
.·. z =:...
!, or ..: 3.
11. Solve 2z' -14z - 36 =O.
Transpose, 2z2 -14z = 36.
Complete the aquare, · 4ill.:.... () + 49 = 121.
Extract the root, 2z-7 = ± 11.
2 z .;;; 18, or - 4.
.·. z = 9, or -2!
11. Solve 3 zt - 6 z + 7 =O.
Transpose, 3z2 - óz =-7.
Complete the aquare, 36 zll - ( ) + 26 =-
69.
Extract the root, . · · . 6z-6 =±...;-_ w.
6z = 6±Y- 69.
.·. z=t±lY-69.
11. Solve 6zl - 2z + 14 = O.
Tramlpose, 6zll - 2z = - H.
Complete the aquare, 26zl -() + 1 =- 69.
Extract the _root, 6 z - 1 = ± Y - 69.
- 6z=l±Y-6D.
.·. z=!±lY-69.
H. Solve =
3 zt + 8 z .,.. 21 O.
Transpoee, . 3z2+8z=21.
Complete the _aquare, =
9 zll + ( ) + 16 79.
Extract the root, · =
3 z + 4 ± '179,
3z = ·-4±'V79.
,', Z=-t±!Y79,
ª'
11. Solve 6·i:t- c,:i + 42 =o.

Transpoae, 6z' - 6z =-
42.
Complete the "aquare, 144:i:'-() + 26"~ - 983.
Extract the root, 12:i: - 6 = ±"-'983.
12:i:=6±"-988.
=
.·. z /i- ± n"-
988.
18. Solve .6zl + 12:i:-17 = o.

Tran8polle, =
C,zt + 12:i: 17.
Complete the ·aquare, 26zl + ( ) + 36 = 121.
Extract the root, 6z +6=± 11.
=
6z 6, or -17.
.·. z = 1, or - J¡...
17. Solve , 3z• + 7 z - 76 = O.

Transpose, 3z2 + 7z =78.·
Complete the aquaré, 36 zt + ( ) + 49 =
961.
Extract the root, 6:i:+7=±31.
=
6z 24, or - 88.
.·. z =~·
or -.. J··
18. Solve ..6zl -Sz-189 = O.
Transpose, · 6z• - Sz 189.=
Complete· the square, .· =
26zl - ( ) + 16 961.
Extract the root, .6z-4=±31.
6z = 36, or - 27. ·
V: ·,
.·. z = 7, or _.,...
2z-3 z+l '3z+il

19. Solve - -+-
z-2
- = z+l
z-1
--·
Clear of fractions,
2zl - 3:1;2 - 2z + 3 + z8 -·sz -2 = 3z8+2z1....'..27z:+ 22.
Transpose and combine, óz2 - 22z =- 21. , ·
Complete th!l aquar~, 26 zt ·- ()
+ 121 16. =
Extract,the I'oot, 6z -11 = ·± 4, · '. · ··
6z = 16, or 7.
=
.·. z 3, or ¡.
T.EACHERS' EDITION 559
6+z 8-3z 2z
10. Solve 8-z--z-=z-2·
Clear of fractiolis,
z8 + 8z2 - lOz - 3z8 + 23:i? - 68z + 48 = - 2z8 + 6zt.
Transpose and combine, 20 z2 - 68 z =-
48.
Divide by 4, 6:1? - 17 z -12.=
Complete the square, 100z2 - () + 289 49. =
Extract tbe root, lOz -17 = ± 7.
=
lOz 24, or 10•
.·. z = \Z, or l.
1 1 1 1
11. Solve --+--+-=-·
z+ 6 z + 30 3z z
Clear of fractions,
8z2 + OOz + 8z2 + 18z + z2 + 86z + 180 = 3z2 + 108z + 640.
Transpose and combine, 4 z2 + 86z = 360.
Complete the square, 4z2 + 86z + 81 = 441.
Extract tbe root, 2z + 9 = ± 21.
2z =12, or - 30.
.·. z = 6, or - ló.
2 3 8
11. Solve --+--=--·
z-2 z-3 z-4
Clear of fractions,
2z2-14z +24 +3z2-18z+ 24 = 8z2 -40z + 48.
Transpose and combine, 3 z 2 - 8 z O. =
Complete the square, 9z2 - () + 16 = 16.
Extract the root, 3 z - 4 = ± 4.
=
3z 8, or O.
.·. z = ¡, or O.
8 2 1 4
IS. Solve z+ 2+ z + 4- z + 6= x.
Clear of fractions,
3zª + 30z2 + 72z + 2zB + 16zt + 24z - z8 - 6zt - 8z
= 4zª + 48z2 + 176z + 102.
Transpose and combine, - 8z2 - 88z = 192.
Divide by - 8, z2 + 11 z =- 24.
4 z 2 + ( ) + 121 26.
Extract the root, 2 z + 11 = ± ó.
2z=-6,or -16.
:. z = - 3, or - 8.
Sz Sz-20 Sz'-80
H. Solve -----=2+ .
2 18-2:i. 2(z-l)
Clear of fractions,
-Szl + 30z2 -27z-S:i:2 + 23:i: -20
=-4x1 + 40:i: -36-Szª +27:i' + SOz -720.
Transpose and combine, 4 z' - 124 z =- 736.
Complete the square, 4 z' - ( ) + 961 = 225.
Ext.ract the root, 2 z - S 1 = ± ló.
2:i: = 46, or 16.
.·.x=28,or8.
H. Solve
_ . z_ + ~ = 2(:i: -4) _ !.
2:i:-1 4:i:2 -1 2:i:+l 9
Clear of fractions,
=
18z2 + 9:i: + 216 36:i:' -162:i: + 72 - 4z2 + l.
Complete tbe equare,
=
4 X 142z2 - () + 29241 37249.
Extract the root, =
28 z - 171 ± 193.
=
28:i: 364, or - 22.
=
.·. z 13, or - H·
Exercise 111. Page 272

l. Resolve 6z2 - 7:i: + 2 into two factors.
6z2-7z+2 A Mther Method
= 6 (z' - ¡ z + !) 6z2-7z + 2
= 6[(:i:
2 - ¡z + N1> -Ni+ lJ = 6 (z2 - t X + l)
= 6[(z - "(1)2 - Th] =6(:i:'-iz+ m
r,)
= 6(:i: - -?1 + -ri) (x - Í'I - = 6(x - i) (z - t)
=6(z-!)(z-i) = 6 (z - !) (x - ¡)
=(2:i:-1)(3:i:-2). =(2:i:-1)(3:i:-2).
2. Resolve 12 z2 - 7 z - 10 into two factol"B.

12:i:'-7:i:-10
= I2(z2 - "('IZ - t) 12z'-7z-10
= 12[(:i:2 -,?~z + Nl'.)-Nw- U =
12(zl ~ "t'LZ ·_:_ U)
= I2[(z - i.>
2 - HU =
I2(z1 - -.hZ - tH)
=
12 (z - .J. + H) (x - l. - U) = 12(:i: + / 1 )(:i:- H>
= 12(:i: + 0 (z - H =12(x+i)(x-t)
=
(3z + 2)(4x - ó). =
(3 z + 2) (4z - ó).
8. Resolve 21 zt - 13z + 2 into two fa.ctors.
21 :z:2 -13z + 2 .Another Mel)¡od
= 21(z2 - Hz+ /r) 21:i:2 -13:i: + 2
= 21.[(z'-Hz + m.>
-ltlr + /r] = 21(z2 - Hz+ /r)
= 21[(z - H)'- T'fn] = 2l(z' - uz + M)
= 21 (z - H + :h) (z - H - ¡11 ) = 21 (z - ,Ir) (z - ..¡r)
= 21 (z - f )(z - ·H = 21 (z - f)(z - t>
=(1z-2)(3z-1). =(7z-2)(3z-l).
t. Resolve 3z2 + Sz + 4 into two factors.

3z2 + Sz + 4 .Another Metlwd.
=3(:i:t+Jz+f) 3z2 + Sz + 4
= 3[(z2 + tz + V·>- V+ fl =3(z2 +Jz+t)
=3[(z+!)2 -t] = 3 (z2 + g:z: + J/)
= 3 (z + ! + i) (z + ! - i) =3 (z + 1) (z + i)
= 3 (z + 2) (Z + i) = 3 (z + 2) (z + !)
= (z + 2)(3:i: + 2)'. = (z + 2) (3 z + 2).
6 . Resolve 6 zt - 11 z + 8 into two fa.ctors.

6z2-llz+3 .Aiwther Method
= 6(z2 - V,.z + !) 6z2 -11 z + 3
=
6[(z' - J.¡z + HU- tH + U = 6 (z~ - 11 z + i)
=
6[(z - H)2- t/-¡] = 6 (z' - J/ z + H>
= 6 (Z - H + -i~)(z - H- il") = 6 (z - i) (z - O
=6(z-!)(z-i) =6 (z - !) (z - !)
= (3 z - 1) (2 z - 3). = (8z - 1) (2z - 3).
8. Resolve 3z' + z -10 into two fa.ctors.

3z'+z-10 .A nother Metlwd.
=8(z'+tz-lj) 8z2 + z -10
=8[(z2 + tz + "J\)--h-111 =3(z'+ !z-Jt)
=
8 [(z + l) 2 - W] = 3 (z' + l z - 'f)
= S(z + ! + J/)(z+ l - V·> = 3 (z + f) (z - !)
=
8 (z + 2) (z - i) = 3 (z + 2) (z - i)
=
(z + 2) (Sx - 5). = (z + 2) (3 z - 5).
T. H1•1111lvn Hz'+ 2'.l.z: + ó íato tiro faelaa.
""' 1 :,:,., +- 6
11(.r~ 1 1, 1 .z: +U S.aC-!b- ¡
H 1(.rV I· 1( .Z: + J;J) - J/.,,' + tJ =8~..,.z¡z+l)
llj(.r 1 ',>' - U) =8'1:"~ ljz- tt)
H (.r +- 11 1 +
r) (.Z: + 1.'- - t) = Stz + -\!14,r + ¡)
H(.t I ))(:a:+!) = Í!"' - !14% + l»
(ll.r 1 (1)(h + 1). =(h+i)(tz+ 1).
1 11,..1111 ,, 11.r• lh: .. 2 lnto two facton.

11.r·' :t.r ll
11,.... 1.r o .d.llOIAfr J/dltod
11 ¡1.rt ~ o1' I· 11ft) - s1ft - i] 9.z:t-3.z:-t
ll l(,r u• 11 =9(.z:S-Jz-J)
111,r ,\ 1 1) (.r • A- O =9(.z:t-J.z:-f)
11 (l' 1 11 (J' o = 9(.z: + j)(z - J)
1:t,1• 1 1)(11.r »). = (3.z: + 1)(3z - a).
11 ll••-111\,, ,1,,.u t 1:1.r r, lnto two factors.

11., • 1 111 ,. 11 A nother JletJaod
11,.,.• 1 'n" ,, R) 6.z:2 + 13.z: - 6
1111,1··' 1n' •1' 1 ,rn . m-u = 6(.z:t + \ª.z: - l)
11 11·•· t IS)• mi =ª<.z:'+Y.z: -m
1•1 1• 1 11 t IJl<,r t 1~ -· W = 6(.z: + J/)(.z: - i)
ti 1,11 1 :1)(,r l) = 6 (z + O(.z: - !)
(:l.,. 1 11)(11.r 1), = (2z + 6) (Sz-1).
111 ll1 1N11lv1, 11,1,u 1 ,r 11\ luto t.wo factora.

ti ,t'u 1 .r In A nother MetJaod
- ti (J'u 1 ,l .r 8) 6.z:2 + .z: - 16
. ti!(.,·• t A.,. t • 1,) iJ' -· Ql = 6(.z:2 + !Z - 1/-)
111(., ' ,•,)• rrn =6(.z:t+¡z-H)
- 11 (.r 1 ,', 1 1~) (.r 1 ··~ - rn = 6 (z + l!)(z - t)
11(.r I fi)(.r H = O(z + !) (z - i)
. (11.r I f1) (:4 .r. ll). = (3z + 6) (2z - 3).
TEACHERS' EDlTION ~63,
11 . Resolve 9 z2 - 12 z ~ 1 intq. two factors. -

9z2 -.12z-, 1=.9(z' - fz -!)
·. =
Í) [(z2 - j Z + :-:l) n- *
=9[(z-w-u
= 9(z-; + !Yó)(z- j -f Yó)
= (8 z - 2 + Vó) (3 z - 2 - "\/6)..
11. Resolve 2z2 +lOz - 9 into two ~toi:s.
2z2 + lOz - 9 = 2 (z' + óz - O
=2[(z +'óz + ".')-1-l- !) .
2
' = 2 [(z + W - VJ · -•
=·2(z + i + f +
V43) (z ! - i V48).
18. ResolTe 8z2 .:.. 7z·- ó into two factors . . ,.
8z' - 7z - ó = 8(z' - ¡z - !)
= 8 [(:!? - ¡z + rn - u-!)
=
8[(z - .¡)2- \º/] '
= 8(z - ¡ + ! 'VlW) (z - ¡ - i 'VlW).
H. Resolve 6:1? - óz + ó luto two factors.
6z' - óz + ó = 6(z2 - ¡z + ~)
=6[(z2 -tz + N 1)--N, + U
=
6[(z - f'l-) 2 - ( - N,>J
=
6 (z - Í"f + l'l. -v' - 95) (z - -f.¡ - n -v' - 96).
Ezercille l.l.2. Pago 275.
Fiud all the roota of :
l. zl + 11 z + 80 = o. •·
' z2
. - .-2· z - 3 = O.
(z + ó) (z + 6) = O. (z - 8) (:i: + 1) = O•
.·. z = - ó, or- 6. .·. z =3, or-1.
l. z2 - 2z -·24-.-""'. O. 5. 86z -3óz+6=0.
2
(z - 6) (z + 4) = O. (4z - 8) (9z - 2) = O.
.·. z = 6, or -4. 4z.- 3. = O,
8. z' - 10 z + 21 = o.
or -~z,-2 = O.
4z=8,
(~ - 3)(z ...:. 7) = O. or 9z=2.
.·. z = 8, or 7. .·. z = i, or ¡.
EJ-EVD"TARY ALGEBRA
•. f,' .r - 8)('h -1) =º· t. zl-16z=0.

7.r-8 =O. ort.r-3=0. z(z-16) =0.
'i.r=8,ori.r=3. .·. z=O, or 16.
.·. .r= J. or 1·
te. zl+t3z=0.
T. (b + t)(h + 9) O. = z(a:+23) =0.
3z + t =O, or ó.r + 9 = O. .·. z=O,or -23.
3.r =- i, or ÓZ =-9.
.·. .r=- f' or - J. 11. 4zl+28z+49·=0•
•. (10 - .r)(6 + 5.r) O.= (2z+7)(2z+7)=0.
10-z=0,or6+óz=0. tz+7=0,or2z+7=0.
~ z =-10, or6z=-6. 2z=-7,or2z=-7 .
=
.·. .r 10. or - f. .·. z = - l, or - ¡ .
11. z'-1 =0.

(z - 1) (zl + z + 1) = O•
=
.·. z 1, or zl + z + 1 =O.
zt+.r=-1.
4.rl+()+l=-8.
h+l=±~-
2z=-1±~-
.·.:e=-l±lV-3.
=1, or - l ± l ~ -
•·• r.
11. zl + 1=0.
(z + 1)(:,:1 - z + 1) = O•
.·. z = - 1, or ;,:I - z + 1 = O.
zl-z=-1. ·
4zl-()+l=-3.
2z-l=±~-
2z = 1 ±V-3.
.·. z=l±l~-
.·. z =- 1, or l ± l V-3.
H. zl-27=0.
(z - 3) (zl + 3z + 9) O. =
.-. z=3, or:t4+3z+9=0.
zl + 3z =-9.
4z'+( )+9=-27.
2z + 3 = ± 3-vC"a.
2z=-3 ±3Y-3.
.·. Z=-i±i-vC"a.
.·.z:::;3;or-!±IY-3,
u. ~-16=0.
(z2 - 4) (zl + 4) O. =
(z - 2)(z + 2) (z2 + 4) = O.
. .·. z = 2, or - 2,. or zt + 4 = O.
z2 :::;- 4.
.·. z = ± 2 "\1-1.
.·. z = ± 2, or ± 2 -v=-i.
18. Szª-27=0.
(2z - 3)(4z:I + 6z +O):::; O•
=
••. 2 z - 3 O, or 4 zt + 6 z + O = O.
W 2z-3=Q
2z=3.
.·. _z= l·
(ii) 4z11 + 6z +O= O.
4z:i+az =-0.
16z:2 + 24z +O= - 27.
4z + 3 = ± 3 -vC"a.
4z = - 3 ± 3 "-3.
.·. z = - t ± f -v=s.
.·. z = !, or - t ± t Y-3.
1'1. 8z1 + 27 = O.
(2 z + 3)(4z2 - 6 z + O) = O.
••• 2 z + 3= O, or 4 z2 - 6 z + O = O.
(i) 2z+3=0.
2z = - 3•
.·. z=-!,
(ii) 4 zt - 6 z + O = O.
4z'-6z=-9.
16zl-24z +O=- 27.
=
4 z - 3 ± 3 -vC"a.
4z = 3 ± 3 -vC"a.
.·. z = 1 ± t -vC"a .
.·. z=-!, or t±fY-3.
11. 216 + 126:i:• = o.

(6 + 6z)(86 -30:i: + 26z') = O.
•·• 6 + 6z = O, or 86 - 30:i: + 26zl = O.
~ 6+6z=Q
6z=-6.
.·. z=-!·
~ 86-30:i:+~-=Q
26z' - 30:i: =- 86.
26--30:i:+9=-27.
óz-3 =± 3v=a.
Ó:Z: = 3 ± 3v=-¡_
.·. :Z:=!±tv=a.
.·. z =- !, or ! ± ! -v=s.
19. z' + 4 :z:2 + 16 = o.
z' + 4:z:2 + 16 = z' + 8zt + 16 - 4:i:•
= (z2 + 4)' - (2z)2
= (z' + 2z + 4)(z'-2z + 4) .
.·. (z•+2z+4)(z•-h+4)=0.
(i) zl + 2 z + 4 = O.
z2 + 2z=-4.
z'+2z+l=-3.
z + 1 =±v=a.
.·. z=-1±-v=a.
(ii) :z:2 - 2z + 4 = O.
:t:2-2z=-4.
z• - 2z + 1 = - 3.
z-1 =±-v=a.
.·. Z=l ±-v=a.
.·. z = 1 ± v=a, or - 1 ± v=a.
20 . z' + 64 = o.
z' + 64 = z' + 16z2 + 64 -16:i:•
= (z2 + 8)2 _ (4z)2
= (z2 + 4 z + 8) (z' - 4 z + 8).
.·. (zl + 4 z + 8)(z• - 4 z + 8) = O.
(i) z• + 4z + 8 = O.
z2 +4z =- 8.
zl + 4 z + 4 = - 4.
z+2 =±2Y-l.
.·. z = - 2 ± 2 Y-1.
TBACHERS' EDITION 567
(ii) zil - 4 Z + 8 = 0.
z 2 -4z=- 8.
zil - 4 Z + 4 = - 4.
Z - 2= ± 2 v"::t.
=
. ·. :t 2 ± 2 v"::t.
=
.·. z 2 ± 2 v"::t, or - 2 ± 2 v' - l.
21. 4:i:' - 29z2 + 2ó = O.

4z' - 29z2 + 2ó = 4:i:' - 2oz2 + 2ó - 9zil
= (2zil - ó)2 - (3z)2
= (2z2+3z-ó) (2z2 -3z -ó).
2z2 + 3:i:- ó = (z -1)(2z + ó).
2 z2 - 3 z - ó =(z + 1) (2 z - ó).
.·. 4 z' - 29zil + 2ó =(z - 1) (z + 1) (2z - ó)(2z + ó).
.·. z = 1, - 1, i, or - !·
=
.·. z ± 1, or ± i·
SS. 3óz2 - 83z + 36 = O.

35:1:2 - 83 z + 36 = 35 (zil - H z + H)
= 36 [ (z2 - H :t + HH) - UH + m
= 36[(z -rn urn2-
m
= 36 (z - H + (z - H - H->
=36(z-f)(z- J)
= (7 Z - 4) (6 Z - 9).
.·. (7x - 4) (óx - 9) = o.
. ·. 7z-4=0, or6z-9=0.
=
.·. z f, or ¡.
23. 42:i:2 - 69z + 20 = o.

42z2 _ 69z + 20 = 42(z2 - Hz+ H)
=42[(z2 - H z+ H!--1>-ttH + Hl
= 42[(z -W2 - rWirJ
= 42 (z - H + H)(z - U - H)
= 42(z - t )(z - U
= (7x- 4)(0z - ó) .
. ·. (7x-4)(6z-6) = 0.
.·. 7 z - 4 = O, or 6 z - ó = O.
=
.·. z f, or i-
.. • ~ - ,:5, - ,..:.- = •.
-~ ~ - ~ - 3_... = -~ ~ - .z:"' - ,!¡¡, - :ti~
= -l--•-~- ~~L
= ....:o - ~-=- :¡;.,-t.$-U - ~••
4'..:11' - ~-= - : +.~ - -.: - .. = ·-
~ . .:.· - -.; - • =. •.. r ~.:---t.:- .i = .L 1
~-- - -.:. - : = . .
-:-..:• --.:=-:..
.!.: -
~ = - : = ~ .• - :.
:=- -'"•-:..
l,, 4,;c. - +.: - : -= '·
t , ~ - ~ ; - : =-lc.
:: ; - : == ! ·, - :..
=: = ! '\t - :..
.!.:
==.:='"'•-:.
==:='-:_r-i='-L
• r' - ~ ~ - :• ·~ == '
z ~ - !:~: - :-·~· = l.
= l.
r .z - ~ .: - : -
.·. z
. .:: = •}. J: - " =•}.
= i. i. :r ::-.
,ir J: - 1. =..
M ~ • .; .,. - :.>,- r = ,,.
,r. :11 - ~, - ;>,,-:' = .,.
r•:1- •,·y-:-,,=,).
.·. r =,;. J - -1 = º· or • + 9 =O.
.·. J = ,,, o. o. -1. or - 9.
l'J, 1'! • ;tS ~z - 41) = o.

tz • ~, t:t' · · z - 20) o. = t 14i
tz t 2)/Z-· 6)(Z + 4) =0.
.·. z + 2 = O, z - 6 = O, or z + 4 =O•
.·. z =-
2, 6, or - 4.
H. 9:r + 6:tª + 8zl + 2:t = O.
9:r + 6:i:8 + 3:tl + 2:t:: :t(9:t8 + 6:i:2 + 3:t + 2)
:: :i:[8:i:'(3:t + 2) + (8:t + 2))
= :t(3:t + 2) (8:ti + 1).
:z:(3z + 2)(S:t2 + 1) O. =
.·. :t :: O, 3 :t + 2 = O, 3 :i:• + 1 = O.
(i) :t = o.
(ii) 8:t+2=0.
.·. :t = - ¡.
(iil) 8:t• + 1 = O.
8:t•=-1.
zl =- t.
Z=±~ =±}'\1-3.
.·. :t =O, - ~. or ± } "'-3.
19. 4zl-12z•+9:t-l::O.
4zl -12:i:2 + 9:t - 1 = (:t -1)(4:t• - Sz + 1).
.·. (z -1)(4z• - Sz + 1) = O.
.·. z - 1 = O, or 4 zt - 8 z + 1 = O.
(i) z -1 =o.
.·. z = 1.
(ii) 4 :¡:2 - 8 z + 1 = o.
4z2 - Sz=-1.
4zl - Sz + 4 = 3.
2z-2=±Y3,
2z=2±Y3,
:. z= 1 ± !Y3,
· :. z = 1, or 1 ± l Y3.
. . .
80. 6:r + 26zª + óz2..., 60:t - 86 = O.
. . ·6a:t.+ 26;8 + ó:t2 - 60:t -80
= (z + 2)(6z8 + 18:t2 - 21 z - 18) ii 147
= (z + 2) (:t + 8)(6zl - ó:t - O). § 147
=
6 z2 - ó z - 6 6 (z2 - ~ z - t)
=
6 (z2 - i :t - m
= 6 (z + O(:t - t)
=6(z+ n<z-!)
= (3z + 2) (2.:t - 8).
~~+~~+~~z+~~z-~=Q .
.·. :i:+2=0, z+8=0, 8:i:+2=0, or 2:t-3=0.
: . z = - 2, - 8, - ¡, or l·
670 ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA ·
81. 6:i:' + 13zª - Sózs -104:i: + 240 O. =

6:i:' + 13z8 - 8óz2 - 104:i: + 240
= (z - 3)(6:r + 31zs +sz-80) § 147
= (z - 3)(z + 4)(6z' + 7z - 20). § 147
=
6 zS + 7 Z - 20 6 (zS + t Z - \t)
=
6 (z2 + ¡ z - W>
=
6(z + J/)(z - t)
=6(z+t)(z-1)
=
(2z + ó)(Sz - 4) •
.·. (z - 3)(z + 4)(2z + ó)(3z - 4) = O•
.·. z - 3 = O, z + 4 = O, 2z + ó = O, or 3z - 4 = O•
=
.·. z 3, - 4, - i, or !·
H . :i:' - 17:i:2 - 36 z - 20 = O.
zt-17z'-36z-20
= (z + 1) (z8 - zS -16z - 20) f 147
=(z + 1) (z + 2) (z' - 3z - 10) §147
= (z + 1) (z + 2) (;i: + 2) (z - ó) .
.·. (z + 1) (z + 2) (z + 2) (z - ó) = O•
.·. z =- 1, - 2, - 2, or ó.
88. 6zt + 49z• + 146z' + 189z + 90 = O.
6zt + 49z• + 146:i:' + 189z + 90
= (z + 2) (6 z• + 37 z:I + 72 z + 46)· § 147
= (z + 2) (z + 3)(6z' + 19z + ló). § 147
=
6z2 + I9z + ló 6(z' + J/z+ J./)
= 6 (z2 + -1¡ + ff)
=
6 (z + JJ!) (z + t)
=
6 (z + i) (z + i)
=
(3z + ó)(2z + 3).
~~+~~+~~z+~~z+~=~
.·. z + 2 = O, z + 3 = O, 3 z + ó = O, or 2 z + 3 = O.
.·. z = - 2, - 3, - i, or - f.
H. 2zt-3zll.-4z'+3z+2=0.
2zt - 3z8 - 4z' + 3z - 2
= (z -1) (2zª - z2 - óz - 2) § 147
= (z - l)(z + 1)(2z' - 3z - 2) § 147
=(z-l)(z+l)(z-2)(2z+l). §147
.·. (z -1) (z + l)(z - 2)(2z +1) = O.
.·. z - 1 = o, z + 1 = o, z - 2 = O, or 2 z + 1 = O.
.·. z = 1, -1, 2, or - ¡.
· TEACHERS' EDITION 571
86. 6:r - 86:i:ª + 62zl - 8óz + 6 = o.

6:r...: 86:i:3 + 62·:i:2 - 8óz + 6
· = (z - 2)(6:i:8- 28:i:• + 16:i: -8) § 147
= (z - 2)(z - 3)(6z2 - ÓZ + 1) § 1'7
=(Z - 2)(z - 3)(2:i: - l)(Sz-1) .
.·. (z - 2)(:i: - 8)(2:i: -1)~8:i: ~ 1) = o.
.·. x - 2 = O, i..:. 3 = O, 2:i: - 1 ~ O, or 3:i: - 1 = O.
=
·.·. z 2, 8, !, or },
88. z6 - 3:r -17:i:8 - z2 + 24:i: - 4 = o.

z6 - 3:r -17.zª - z2 + 2t;i;.'"'.' 4
= (z - l)(z' - 2:i:ª -10:i;2 - ·20:i: + 4) § 147
= (z - 1) (z + 2)(z8 - 4:i:2 - 11 'Z + 2) § 14 7
= (z - l)(z + 2)(a: + 2) (z2 - 6:i: + 1). § 147
=
.·. (z - l)(z +, 2)(:i:.+'2) (-z2- 6:i: + 1) O.
=
.·. z -1 O, z + 2·= O,~+ 2 = O, or z2 - 6:i: + 1 = O.
=
.·. z 1, - 2, or - 2.
xi - 6:i: + 1 = O.
z2-6z =-1.
zl-6:e+~=-S-.
z-3=±2"2.
.·. Z=3 ±2Y2.
.·. z = 1, - 2, - 2, or 8 ± 2 "2.
87. (z2 - óz + '1)2 - (z - 2) (z - 8) - 1 = O.

(z2 - ó z + 7)2 - (z2 - ó z + 6) - 1 = O.
+
(z2 - óz + 7)2 - (:i:2 .:.. 6~ 7) = O.
(z2- ÓZ +7)(z2- óz+7-1)=0.
. (z2 ~.óz + 6)(z2 - óz + 7) = O.
(z - 2)(:i: - 3) (z2 - óz + 7) = O.
· .·. z - 2 = O, z - 3 = O, or z2 e-: óz + 7 = O.
.·. z = 2, or 8.
z2 - ÓX + 7 0. =
·z2'.~ ÓZ.. =- 7.
4z2-()+2ó=-3.
2 z - ó = ± ~-
. 2X = Ó ± -v=s.
, ', X = ~ ± i -v=s.
.·. z = 2, 3, or i ± l v=a.
T. Resolve Sx• + 22:i: + ó into two factol'B.

sz2+22x+ó .A nother Met/wd
= 8 (x2 + .1¡. :i: + t) 8x1 + 22:z: + ó
= 8[(:i:• + :i.¡-x + 1li>- JN + tl = S(x• + Vx+ t)
=S[(x + J.¡)• - U] = 8(:z:I + lj-z + tt)
= S(x + \l + f)(x + Jl - U = S(z + Jf-)(x + H
= S(x + I)(x + H = 8 (x + f)(x + t)
= (2x + ó) (h + 1). = (2:i: + ó)(4x+ 1).
8. Resol ve 9 x1 - 3 x - 2 into two factors.

9x1 -3x - 2
,=9(x1 -tx-j) Another Method
= 9[(x2 -tx+-i,)-h-il 9z2 -3z- 2
=9[(x-!) 1 -t] = 9 (z• - f z - j)
= 9 (z - ! + !) (X - ! - !) = 9(z2 - tX - f)
=9(x+ !)(x-j) = 9(:r: + !)(z -t)
= (Sx + l)(Sx - 2). = (Sz + l)(Sx -a).
9. Resolve 6x• + 18x - ó into two factors.

6:i:2 + 13z-ó Another Method
= 6(z2 + .11-x - i) 6z2+I3z-ó
= 6 [(x2 + \• z + tU> - tH - U = 6 (zl + \t X - l)
= 6[(z +rn• -fm = 6 (x• + J./ :r, - H)
=6(z+H +H)(z+ H-H> = 6 (x + 1/-) (x - !)
=6(z+ ~)(z- -n = 6 (z + U (z - !)
= (2z+ ó)(Sx-1). = (2x + ó)(Sz - 1).
10. Resol ve 6 z2 +x - ló into two factors.

6z2 + z - ló Another Method
= 6(z2 + tX - i) 6z2 + z - ló
= 6[(z2 +!X+ Th-)- yh- - i] = 6(zl + !X-1/-)
= 6[(z + 1W - UH = 6(z2 + tX - U)
= O(z + 1\ - + H) (z + ?"2" - H) = 6 (z + \Q) (x - t)
=6 (x + ~) (z - D = 6 (z + !) (z - i)
=(3x + ó)(2x-3). = (3 Z + ó) (2 X - 3).
TEACHERS' EDITION 563,
11. Resolve 9 z 2 - 12 z - 1 intQ two factora ..·

9zil -,12z- l = .9(zil - fz - U
=9[(z2 -tz+n-t:- ·U
=9[(z-W-U ..
=-9(z - t + t Y'6)(z - } - ! '16)
= (Sz - 2 +-v'5) (Sz - 2 - ·Yó).
11. Resolve 2z2 +lOz - 9 into two factoi:s.

2z2 + IOz - 9 = 2 (z + óz - U
2
::::2[(zs+·óz+'.6)-1--l-U .
= 2[(z + !)2 - YJ . .. .
=·2(z + i +
+ }Y43) (~ i - ! 'V43).
13. Resoln 8z2..:. 7z - ó into two factors .. _
Szil - 7z - ó = S(z' - Jz - !)
= S[(zS - Jz + H)- H- i]
= s [(z - ¡):i - 'NJ '
= 3(z - t+
!-v'ioo)(z - ¡ - i-v'ioo).
H. Reaolve 6 zS - ó z + ó into two factora.
6zt - óz + ó = 6(zil - tz + i )
= 6[(z 2 -!z + ll.> -H..- + t]
= 6[(z -f-z)il - ( - l/..-)]
= 6 (z - /,¡ + 1-z v' - 9ó) (z - f,¡ - n v' - IJó).
Ezercfae l.l.2. Pago 275 .
Find ali the roota of :
l. z2 + 11 z + 80 = o. . •· :z;2 - ~z - s = o.
(z + ó) (z + 6) = O. (z - 3) (:i: + 1) = O.
.·. z = - 6, or - 6. .·. z =8, or-1.
l. z:i - 2 z - 24_ O. = li. 86z2 - 36z + 6 O. =

(z - 6) (z + 4) O. = (4z - 8)(9z - 2) O. =
.·. z = 6, or -4. 4z .- 3.;:: O,
or ..~z:- 2 O. =
a. z2 - 10 z + 21 = o. 4z=8,
(Z - 3) (z .:._ 7) = 0. or 9z=2.
.·. z = 3, or 7. .·. z = l, or ¡.
e. (7z - 8)(2z - 3) =o. 9. z1:...16z=O.

7 z - 8 = O, or 2z - 3 = O. z(z-16) =0.
7:z:=8, or2z=3. .·. z =0, or16.
.·. z = J, or ¡.
10. zt+23z=O.
7. (h+2)(óz+9)=0..
z(z +23) =0.
3:z:+2 =0, oróz + 9 = O. .·. z=O,or -23.
3z=-2,oróz=-9.
.·. z =- f, or - f.
11. 4zt+28z+49=0.
•. (10 - :z:)(6 + óz) = o. (2z+7)(2z+7)= O.
10 - z = O, or 6 + ó z = O. 2z +7 =0, or2z+7=0.
_: ·z·= -10, or óz= -6. 2:z: = -7,or2z= -7 .
.·. z = 10, or - f. .·. z =- ¡, or - ¡ .
12. zl-1 =º·

(z - 1) (:z:2 + z + 1) = O•
=
••. .z. = 1, or z2 + .z + 1 O.
:i?+:i:=-1.
4z2+( )+l=-3.
2:z:+ l=±v=a,
2:z: =-1 ±v=a.
.·. Z=-!±!v=a,
.·. z = 1, or - l ± l v=s_
18. zl + 1 =o.
(z + l)(.zt - z + 1) = O.
.·. z = - 1, or zt - z + 1 = O.
z'-z =-1. ·
4:z:'-()+1=-3.
2:z:-1 =±v=a.
2:z:=l±v=a.
.·. z=!±lv=a,
.·. z = - 1, or l ± l v=a.
14. zl - 27 = o.
(z - 3) (zt + 3 z + 9) = O.
.·. z = 3, or :!? + 3:z: + 9 = O.
:z:2 + 3:z: =-9.
4z2 + () + 9 = - 27.
2z+3=±3~.
2z = - 3 ± 3 v'=a.
.·. z = - I ± i ~ -
.·. z::::: 3; or - i ± ! v' - 3.
u. ~-16:::::0,
(z2 - 4)(z' + 4) = O.
(z - 2)(z + 2) (z' + 4) O• =
•·. z = 2, or - 2, or z2 + 4 =O.
z9 :::::-4.
,·. Z = ± 2 ~.
.·. z= ± 2, or ± 2 V-1.
18. Szª-27:::::0.
(2z - 3)(4zS + 6z + 9) = O•
=
.•. 2 z - 3 O, or 4 z2 + 6 z + 9 = O.
W 2z-3=Q
2z=3 .
.·.. z= J.
(ii) 4 z2 + 6 z + 9 = O.
4z2 + 6z =-9.
16z:2 + 24z + 9 = - 27.
4z + 3 = ± 8 v' - 3.
4z = - 3 ± 3 vC:i.
.·. z = - l ± 1-v=s.
.·. z = ¡, or - t ± f v'=a.
1'7. Szª + 27 = O.
(2z + 8)(4z2 - 6z + 9) = O.
=
.·. 2 z + 3 O, or 4 z11 - 6 z + 9 = O.
(i) 2z+3=0.
2z=-3.
.·. z=-i,
(ü) 4z2 - 6z + 9 = O.
4z2- 6z =- 9.
16z2-24z + 9 =- 27.
=
4 z - 3 ± 3 -v=s.
4:i:=3±3~.
.·. z = t ± ! -v=s .
.·. z=-i, or i±f-v=s.
560 tLE.M.ENTARY ALGEBRA
Sz 8z - 20 Szt - 80
H. Solve -----=2+ .
2 18-2z 2(z-1)
Clear of fractions,
-8zl + 30z2 - 27z-3z2 + 23z - 20
=- 4z2 + 40z -36- 8zª + 27:i:2 + 80z -720.
Transpose and combine, 4 z2 - 124 z = - 736.
4 z2 - ( ) + 001 226.
Extract the root, =
2z - 81 ± ló.
2z = 46, or 16.
.·. z = 23, or 8.
.Z 24 2(z-4) 1
H. Solve --+--=-----·
2z-l 4z2-1 2z+l 9
Clear of fractione,
lSzt + 9z + 216 = 36z2 -162x + 72 - 4z2 + l.
Complete the square,
4 X J42z2 - () + 29241 = 87249.
28z = 364, or - 22.
=
.·. x 13, or - H·

l. Resol ve 6z2 - 7 x + 2 into two factors.
Oz2 -7z+2 A nother M ethod
= 6 (z2 - ¡ z + !) 6z2-7:z:+2
= 6[(z2 - ¡z + N,)- n", + U =6(x'-iz+ !)
=
6[(z - 1\)2 - 1hl = 6 (x' - ¡ z + U)
= 6(z - r:1 + 1'2) (z - ¡~ - li) = 6(z - i) (z - t)
= 6 (x - !)(x - J) = 6 (x - !) (x - i)
=(2x-1)(3z-2). =(2z-1)(3x-2).
9 . Resolve 12 z2 - 7 z - 10 into two factors.
12z2-7z-10 A nother Jlethod
= 12(z2 - r1Z - i) 12z2-7z-10
= 12[(:z:2 - ¡'!.z + N~>-lA- U m
= 12(:z:2 ~ i1fz·..:.
i.>
= 12 [(x - 2 - HU = 12(:z:2 -i1fz - tm
=12 (z - i1 + H) (x - ;¡i - H) = 12 (z + /,¡) (z - to
= 12(x + J)(x - !) = 12(x + J)(x - t)
=(!Jx + 2)(4z - ó). = (!Jz + 2)(4z - ó).
8. Resolve 21 z2 -13z + 2 into two factors.
21:i:2 -13z + 2 Another Metlwd
= 2l(z' -Hz+ ?r) 21z2 -13z + 2
= 21[(z2 -Hz + -Hlí)--lN-. + /rJ = 2l(z2 - Hz+ ,h)
= 21 [(z - H)2 - r-./-.n-J = 21 (z2 - H- x + llr)
= 21 (x - H + :n-) (z - H - ,\) = 21 (z - ,A) (x - ·./-r)
= 21 (x - f) (x - -! ) = 21 (x - t)(z - t)
= (7 X - 2) (3 Z - 1). = (7 Z - 2) (3 X - 1).
i . Resolve 3z2 + 8:i; + 4 into two factors.

3:i:2 +8z+4 A nother Method
= 3(:i:2 + Jx + !) 3z2 +8z+4
= 3[(z2 + Jz +V)-\"- +!] = 3(x2 + Jz + t)
= 3 [(x + !)2 - t] =8(z2 +fz+1(-)
= 3 (z + ! + t) (x + t - !) = 3 (z + O(z + j)
= 3 (:i: + 2) (z + J) = 3 (z + 2) (z + ! )
= (:i: + 2) (8 :i; + 2). = (z + 2) (3 X + 2).
6. Resolve 6x2 - 11 z + 8 into two factora.

6z2-llz + 3 A nother Method
=6(z2-V,.z+!) 6:i:'-11x+3
= 6 [(z2 - :i.;. z + Ht> - tH- + lJ =6(z2 -Jlz+!)
= 6[(x -H)2 -N-..J = 6 (z2 - Jl z + H)
= 6 (x - H + ..¡y) (z - H- --l"f) = 6 (z - i) (z - t)
= 6 (z - t) (z - l) = 6 (x - i) (z - !)
=
(8 X - 1) (2 X - 3). =(8z-1)(2x-3).
8. Resolve 8z2 + z -10 into two factora.

Sz'+z-10 Another Method
=8(z2+ 1 z-lj--) 3z2 + z -10
=
8[(z' + tx + "!"\)- /--,; - .1./] = 3(z2 + tz - Jf )
= 3 [(z + !)2 - J,,?] = 3 (x2 + t z - 'if-)
= 3(z + ! + Jf)(z+ ! - V) = 3 (:i: + ¡) (z - !)
= 3 (z + 2) (z - 0 = 3 (z + 2) (z - !)
=
(z + 2) (3 z - ó). = (z + 2) (3z - ó).
H. Solve 4 zt - 4 az + at - b' = O.
4:i:t - 4az + at = b'.
2z-a=±b.
2z=a±b.
.·. z = !(a+ b), or !(a - b).
16. Solve (a - z)2 + (z - b)2 = (a - b)2.

a2 - 2 az+ z2 + z2 - 2 bz + b2 = a2 - 2 ab + b2.
2z2 - 2(a + b)z + 2ab = O.
zt - (a+ b)z + ab = O.
(z - a) (z - b) = O.
.·. z = a, orb.
18. Solve az2 - (a2 + l)z +a= O.

a;e2 - (a2 + l)z a. =-
=
4 atzt - ( ) + (at + 1)2 a• - 2 at + l.
2az - (a2 + 1) = ± (a2 -1).
2az = 2a2, or 2.
1
.·. z=a,ora.
17. Solve abzt - (a2 + b2)z + ab = O.

abz2 - (a2 + b2)x ab. =-
4a2b2z2 - () + (a2 + ffl)2 = a• - 2a2b2 + b4.
2abz - (a2 + b2) = ± (a2 - b2).
=
2 ak 2 as, or 2 1,2.
a b
.·. x
b
or -·
a
= -,
18. Solve bcx - bd = adz - ac:i:'.
ac:i:2 + bcz -
adz bd. =
acz2 + (be - ad) z = bd.
4 a2c2zt + ( ) + (be - ad)'l = b2c2 + 2 abcd + a'dl.
2acz + (be - ad)=± (be+ ad).
=
2 acz 2 ad, or - 2 be.
d b
.·.z=-,or--,
e a
19. Solve z8 = ªª·
zª- a8 =O.
(z - a) (Z2 + az + a2) = O•
=
.·. z - a O, or z2 + az + a2 = O.
(i) .i - a= o.
.·. z=a.
(ii) zs + az + a2 = O.
z2 + az =-a2•
4z2 + () + a2 = - sa2.
2z + a = ± a vC"a.
2z =-a± avC"a .
.·. z = ~ (- 1 ± vCa¡.
2
.·. z = a, or i<-1 ±vCa').
IO. Solve z8 = - bl.
z8 + b8 = O.
(z + b) (z2 - b:I: + b2) = o.
.·. z + b = O, or z2 - b:I: + b2 = O.
(i) z+ b =0.
.·. Z=-b. .
(ii) z'-b:l:+b2=0.
:rf-'-b:i:=-b2.
4z2 - () + b2 = - 3 b2.
2z - b = ± b vC"a.
2 z = b_ ± b vC8.
.·. Z=~(l ± ~ ).
2 b
.·. z =- b, or -(1 ± vC"a).
2
11. Solve 4 azt + 20 a'z + 9 a' = O.

4 z2 + 20 az + 9 a = O.
4z2 + 20az =- 9a.
4zt + 20a:i: + 26a2 = 26a2 - 9a.
=
2z + 6a ± v'2óa2 - 9a.
2 z = - 5 a ± V~26_a_2___9_a.
.·. z = H - 6a ± v'25 a2 - 9 a).
11. Solve Szt + az = b.

36zt + ()+a•= 12b + a2.
6z +a=± v'12b+fii.
6z = - a± Y12b + a2.
:. z=l(-a±Yl2b+ai).
11. Solve azl- 2bz = c.
aS;i:2-()+b2=ac+lP.
az - b = ±Yac + b'.
az = b ±Yac + bl.
:. z = ! (b ± vac + b2).
a
H. Solve azt + 2 bz + e =O.
az2+2bz=-c.
aS;i:2+()+b2=b2-ac.
az + b ± = vb2 -
ac.
az =-
b ± v'1,1 - ac.
=a
:. z !(-b ±-v'b'- ac).
96. Sol:vezt-(a+b)z +(a+c)(b-c) = O.

=
z2 - (a+ b)z ac - be - ab + e•.
4z2 - ()+(a + b)2 = a2-2ab+b2 + 4ac-4bc+4c'.
2z - (a+ b) =±(a - b + 2c).
=
2 z 2 a + 2 e, or 2 b - 2 c.
=
:. z a + e, or b - c.
98. So1vez2-(a-b)z-(a-l)(b-1) = O.
z2 - (a - b)z = (a - 1) (b - 1).
=
z2 - (a - b) z ab - a - b + l .
4z2 -()+(a - b)2= a2 + 2ab + b'-4a-4b + 4.
2z - (a - b) =±(a+ b - 2).
2z = 2a - 2, or 2 - 2b.
=
: . z a - 1, or 1 - b.
27. Solve z2 + 2 ab(a2 + b2) =(a+ b)2z.
z2 - (a+ b)'z =-2!18b-2ab8.
4 :¡:2 - ( ) + (a + /1)• = a• - 4 alb + 6 atb' - 4 ab8 + 1,f,
=
2 z - (a + b)2 ± (a2 - 2 ab + b2).
2z -(a2 + 2ab + 1>2) = ± (a2 - 2ab + l,I).
2z = 2a' + 21>2, or 4ab.
:. z=a'+(l2, or2ab.
18. Solve (a+b+c)z2-(2a+b+c)z+a=0.
(a+ b + c)z2-(2a+ b+ c)z=- a.
+
4 (a+ b + c)2z2 - () (2 a+ b + c)2 = b2 + 2 be + e(
2 (a+ b + c)z - (2 a+ b +e)=± (b + e).
2(a + b + c)z = 2a + 2b + 2c, or 2a•
.·. z ª
=1, or a+b+c
1 a-b a+b
19. Solve z + - =- - + - - .
z a+b a-b
Simplifythe rightmember, z + ! =2 (a2 + b2).
z a2 - b2
(a2 - bi) z2 + 42 - l,i =2 (a2 + l,i) z.
(a2 - bi)z2 - 2 (a2 + bi)z = - 42 + bi.
(a2 - bi)2z2 _ ()+(as + b2)2 = 4aSb2.
(a2 - bi)z - (a2 + b2) = ± 2 ab.
(a2 - bl)z = (a + b)2, or (a - b)2.
a+b a-b
.·. z = - - , or - - ·
a-b a+b
80. Solve abz2 - (a+ b)(ab + l)z + (ab + 1)2 = O.

abz2 - (a+ b) (ab + l)z = - (ab + 1)2.
4 a2b2z2 - ()+(a + b)2(ab + 1)2 =(a+ b)'(ab+1)2-4ab(ab+ 1)2.
4 a2b2x' - ( ) + (a + b)2 (ab + 1)2 = (a2 - 2 ab + bS) (ab + 1)'.
2 abz - (a+ b) (ab + 1) =±(a - b) (ab + 1).
2abz =(a+ b)(ab +l)±(a - b)(ab+ 1)
= 2a(ab + 1), or 2b(ab + 1).
ab+l ab+l
.·. z = - - , o r - - .
b a
81. Solve (a - z)2 + (b- z)2 = t(a -z)(b - z).

=
2 (a - z)' + 2 (b - z)2 5 (a - z) (b - z).
2(a - z)2 - Ci(a - z) (b - z) + 2(b - z)' O. =
Factor, [2(a - z)- (b- x)] [(a - z) - 2(b- z)] = O.
(2a - 2z - b + z) (a - z - 2b + 2z) = O.
(2 a - b - z) (a - 2 b + z) O. =
••• 2 a - b - z = O, or a - 2 b + z = O•
=
.·. z 2 a - b, or 2 b - a.
11. Solve
z' + 3zl + 3.1: + 1 at
z'-zl-z +l = "bi'
(z + 1)1 a,I
Factor,
(z- l)(zl-1) = iji'
or
(z + l)' at
(z - l)'(z + 1) = "bi.
(z+ l)' at
(z-1)2 =,;¡·
z+l a
z-1 =±-¡;·
.·. bz+b=az-a,orbz+b=-a:z:+a.
(a - b)z =a+ b, or (a+ b)z a - b. =
a+b a-b
=
··· z a - b' or a + b ·
11. Solve
(a - z)' + (z - b)' at + r,t
(a - z)' - (z - b)' = at - r,t •
a'-2az+z'+z'-2bz+l/J at+b'
- - - - - - - - - - =- - ---
(a - z + z - b) (a - z - z + b) (a+ b) (a - b) •
..a'+b2-2(a+b)z+2z' = at+b"
(a - b)(a + b - 2z) (a + b)(a - b)
Mnltiply by a - b,
(a'+bl)-2(a+b)z+2z' a'+bl
a+ b - 22: =
a+ b •
Clear of fractions,
(a+ b) (a'+ b2) - 2 (a+ b)'z + 2 (a + b)zl
= (a + b) (a• + bl) - 2 (a' + b') z.
2(a + b)zl - 2(a + b)'z + 2(a' + bl)z O. =
Divide by 2, (a+ b)z' - (a+ b)'z +(a'+ bl)z O. =
Combine, (a + b) zl - 2 abz = O.
Factor, z(az + bz - 2ab) O. =
=
.·. z O, or az + bz - 2 ab = O.
=
az + bz 2ab .
. ·. z=2ab.
a+b
2ab
·. z=O,or--.
a+b
(a - z)• + (z - b)• _ a3 - bl
lf. Solve
(a-z)'+(z-b)'- a'+bl·
Divide by (a-z) + (z-b) or a-b,
(a-z)' -(a-z)(:1:-b)+(z-b)' a'+ab+bl
(a - z)' + (z - b)' = a' + bl ·
Clear of fractlons,
~+~~-~-~+~~-zj~-ij+~+~~-~
=~+~~-~+~+~~-~+ab~-~+ab~-~
ab~-~+~+~~-zj~-~+ab~-~=~
Factor, [a(a - z) + b(z - b)] [b(a - z) + a(z - b)] = O.
.·. a(a - z) + b(z - b) = O, or b(a - z) + a(z - b) = O.
· ~-az+~-bl=~mab-~+az-ab=Q
(a - b)z = a'J - bl, or O•
.-. z = a + b, or O.
16. Solve zt - a'= ¡az.
2:i:2 - 2a' = 3az.
2 zt - 3 az - 2 a' =O.
(z - 2 a)(2 z + a) =O. a
.-. z = 2a, or - -.
2
86. Solve a'(b - z)' = bl(a - z)'.
a'Jbl - 2 a~ + asz2 = a'Jbl - 2 ablz + lh,t•.
a'z' - btzt - 2 a~ + 2 ablz = O.
(a' - bl)z' - 2 ab(a - b)z = O.
Dividebya-b, (a+ b)z2 -2w = O.
Factor, z[(a + b)z -2ab] =O•
.-. z = O, or (a+ b)z - 2ab = O.
2ab
.·. z=O, or - - ·
a+b
a z m
z a = -·
-+-
87. Solve
n
a'n + nz2 = amz.
nz2 - am.z =- a2n.
4 n2z' - ( ) + a'm' = a'm' - 4 a'n'.
2nz - am =±a Ym' - 4n'.
2nz = am ± a Ymt - 4n'.
.·. z = ~(m ±Ym' - 4n2).
2n
11. 8olYe zt + (a - z)• = cit.

zt + cit - 4 alz + 6 at.i:t - 4 azl + zt = cit.
2zt - 4 cu8 +6a2zt - 4alz = O.
= O.
zt - l! az3 + 3 at,i:t - l! alz
z(.i:• - 2.azl + 3a2z - 2aª) =O.
z(z - a)(zt - az + 2a') = O•
.·. z = O, z - a = O, or do - az + 2 as = O.
~ z=&
(il) z-a=O.
.·. z=a.
(111) z2-az+2a1 =0.
z2 - az = - 2 a'.
4z' - () + at = - 7 a'.
2z - a=± a..¡-:::;¡_
2:t =a± a..¡-:::;¡,
.·. z=i(l±V-7) .
.·. z = O, a, or 2~ (1 ± ...¡-:::;¡).
19. Solve =
2 allz3 (az - 6)'.
=
2 allz3 aSzt - 12 az + 36.
· 2a':tª - atzt + 12az - 36 O. =
(az 7 2) (2 aSzt + 3 az + 18) = O.
=
.·. az - 2 O, or 2 a2z' + 3 az + 18 = O.
(1) az - 2 = O.
az=2.
.·. z=!.
a
(11) . 2a2zt + 3az + 18 =O.
2 atzt + 3 az =- 18.
16 a2zt + ( ) + 9 =- 136.
4 az + 3 =± 3 v' - 16.
4 az =- 3 ± 3 -v=-i6.
.·. z = _!_
4a
(- 1 ± -v=-i6).
2 3 _i - - : :
.·. z = -, or - ( - 1 ± v - 16).
a 4a
.a-z z-b e
40. Solve --+--=-·
z-b a-z d
a'-2az+z2+z•-21>z+bl e
az-ab-z'+bz =¡¡-
2z'-2(a+b)z+a'+ ble
- zt + (a + b) :i: - ab = d·
2d:t' - 2d(a + b)z + allcl +bid= - czt + e(a + b)z - abe.
(e+ 2d):i:' - (e+ 2d) (a+ b):i: = - allcl - bid- abe.
4(e + 2d)2zt - ()+(e + 24):l(a + b)'
= (e + 2 d)'(a + b)' - 4 (a2d + b2d + abe)(e + 2 d)
=(e+ 2d)[(e + 2d) (a+ b)' - 4 (alld +bid+ abe)]
=(e+ 2d)(ale - 2abe + ble - 2allcl + 4aM- 2bld)
=(e+ 2d)(a - b)2(e - 2d).
2(c + 2d):i: - (e+ 2d)(a + b) =± (a-b)V(e + 2d)(c - 2d) .
2(e + 2d)z =(e+ 2d)(a + b) ± (a - b) V(e + 2d)(e - 2d).
a+b a-b ,----~
·. x=--± v(c+2d)(e-2d).
2 2(e+2d)
41. Solve (a - l)':1:2 - a(z + b) = azt(a - 2) - bz.

(a2 - 2a + l)zl - az - ab = (a' - 2a)z' - bz.
zt - az + bz - ab = O.
(:i: - a) (:i: + b) = O•
=
.·. z a, or -b.
ab
41. Solve (a - b)zt+ - - =(a+ b)z.
a-b
(a - b)tz2 + ab = (a + b) (a - b)z.
(a - b)'x' - (a+ b) (a - b):i: = - ab.
4(a - b)lzt - 4(a + b)(a - b)x +(a+ b):I = at - 2ab + bl.
2(a - b)z - (a+ b) =±(a - b).
=
2(a - b)z 2a, or 2b.
a b
.·. x=--, or - - ,
a-b a-b
H. Solve (zl + az + aS) (z + a) = (z• + aS) (z - 2 a) + 6 r.

z• + 2az• + 2alz +a•= zl- 2azll + alz- 2aª + 6al.
4az' + alz - Sa• O.=
=
4 zl + az - 3 a 1 O.
=
(z + a) (b - 8 a) O.
.·. z+a=O, or 4z-3a=O.
8a
.·.z=-a,or 4 .
H. Solve 4(a -z)' -17 (a -z)2(z -b)2 + 4(z-b)' =0.

Factor, [4(a - z)2 - (z - b)2] [(a - z)2 - 4(z - b)I] O. =
=
.·. 4 (a - z)2 - (z - b)2 O, or (a - z)I - 4 (z - b)2 = O.
(1) 4 (a - z)• - (z - b)2 = O.
4(a - z)2 = (z - b)I.
2(a - z) = ± (z - b).
2 a - 2 z = z - b, or - z + b.
8z = 2 a+ b, or - z =- 2 a+ b.
2a+b
.·. z = -3- , or2a-b.
(11) =
(a -z)• - 4(z - b)' O.
=
(a - z)2 4 (z - b)2.
(a-z)=±2(z-b).
a - z = 2 z - 2 b, or - 2 z + 2 b.
=-
- 8z =
2 b - a, or z 2 b - a.
2b+ a
.·. z = -3- , or2b-a.
2a+b 2b+a
.·. z=2a-b,2b-a, - - , or - - ·
3 3
46. Solve z (z - 2 b) + a (b - z) + 2 e (a - 2 e)+ b2 = O.

z2 - 2 bz + ab - az + 2 ac - 4 e• + b2 O.=
z• - (a+ 2b)z = 4cl-2ac - b' - ab.
4z' - ()+(a + 2 b)2 = a2 - 8 ac + 16 cs.
2z -(a+ 2b) =±(a - 4c).
2 z = 2 a + 2 b - 4 e, or 2 b + 4 c.
=
.·. z a + b - 2 e, or b + 2 c.
48. Solve (a - z)(b + z) = z (b - a+ 2z) - ~.

3
ab
ab + az - bz - z2 = bz - az + 2z2 - - .
4ab 3
Sz2 -2(a-b)z = a·
9zl - 6(a - b)z = 4ab.
9zl - 6(a - b)z + (a - b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b".
3z - (a - b) =±(a+ b).
=
3z 2a, or - ·2b.
2a 2b
.·. z=-, or - - ·
3 S
a-z z-b a b
47. Solve
z-b+a-z=ii+a·
a2-2az+-+--2bz+b2 a2+b2
az-z~-ab+bz =~ ·
(al+b2)-2(a+b)z+2z1 all+b2
(a+b)z-z2-ab, = ~ ·
ab(a2 + b")-2ab(a + b)z + 2Gbz2
=(a+ b) (a1 + b")z - (a2 + b2)zll - ab(a:i + b2).
TranapOfl6 and combine,
(a'+ 2ab + b2)z2 - (a'+ 2ab + b2) (a+ b)z = - 2ab(a' + b").
=-
(a + b)' zt - (a + b)ª z 2 a8b - 2 ab8.
4 (a + b)• zl - 4 (a + b)ª z + (a + b)4 = a' - 4 a•b + 6 a•b2 - 4 ab8 + b'.
2(a + b)z - (a+ b)2 =±(ali - 2ab + b").
2(a + b)z = 2all + 2b2, or 4ab.
a•+ b2 · 2ab
.·. z = - - , or--.
a+b a+b
bz( b) Satz 6all + ab - 2b"

'8. Solve - acz+ + - = •
e e et
=
abc2zt + bllcz + 3allcz 6at + ab- 2b".
~a'lA:SzS + 4abc(bl + 3a2)z + (bl + 3al)II
= 9a' + 24a•b + 10alb2- 8ab8 + b'.
2abcz + (b2 + Sall) =±(Sal+ 4ab- b2).
2abcz = 4ab - 2bl, or - 6al - 4ab.
2a-b 3a+2b
.-. z = - - , or - - - - ·
ac be
49. Solve ax+b + c:a:+d=ax-b +cz-d.

a+lxt c+<b: a-lxt c-<b:
ax+b az-b
c:i:-d cz+d
a+bx- a-lxt= c-<b:- c+<b:·
a2z + ab - afxt2 - b2z - a2z - afxl:2 + ab + b2z
a2 _ b2z1
c2z - cd + e<f:1:2 - d2z - e2z + c(b:t - cd + cPz •
= e' - d2zt
2 ab - 2 afxl:2 - 2 cd + 2 cdzl
a• - b2z' et - d2zt
ab(l - z2) =-
cd(l - zt)
at _ 1>2z2 et _ d2z'
.·. 1 - zt O. =
zt l. =
X=±l.
If 1 - zt Is not O, divide by 1 - zt,
ab -cd
a' - b'lz2 = e' - d2z2 •
abc2 _ abd2:¡:2 =_ a2cd + lt'cd:t:I.
abd2z2 + b'lcdz2 = abc2 + a2c<l.
bd(ad + bc)z' = ae(bc + ad).
Mz2 = ac.
b'ld2z2 = abcd.
bdx = ± ..¡abcd•
••. X = ± ~ °Vabcd .
.•• x = ± 1, or ± ~ "Vabcd.
a b 2c
60. Solve - - + - - - - - = o.
x-a x-b x-c
a (x - b) (x - e) + b (x - = O.
a) (x - e) - 2 e (z - a) (x - b)
azt - acx - abx + abe + bx' - bcx - abx + abe
- 2cx' + 2bcz + 2acz - 2abc = O.
azt + bx' - 2rzt - 2alxt + acx + bcz = O.
x(ax + lxt- 2c:r - 2ab + ac +be)= O.
••. x =O, or ax + lxt - 2 ex - 2 ab + ac + be = O.
az + bz - 2 cz = 2 ab -
ac - be.
2ab-ac-bc
.·.x=-- - - -
a+b-2c
2ab-ac-bc
=
.·. x O, or
a+ b- 2c
.
61. Solve a-x + a - b = ~ + 6(a - b).

a - b a - x 6 (a - b) b- x
a-x b-x 6(a-b) a-b
a - b - 6(a - b) = ¡;-=;- - a - x·
6a-6x-b+x (a-b)(6a-6x-b+x)
6 (a - b) = (a - x) (b - x) ·
6a-b- 6x (a-b)(6a-b-6x)
=-~----~
6 (a - b) (a - x) (b - x)
.·. 6 a - b - 6 X = 0.
6x=Oa-b.
. _ 6a-b
.. .X - - - ·
6
If 6a - b- 6x is not O. divide by 6a - b - 6x,
1 a-b
= -- - - -
O(a-b) (a-x)(b-x)
ab - ax - bx + x2 = 6 a2 - 12 ab + 61>2.
z2 - (a + b) x = 6 a2 - 13 ab + 6 b2.
4:i:2-() +(a+ b)2 = 26a2 - 60ab + 26b2.
2x - (a.+ b) = ± 6(a - b).
2 x = 6 a - 4 b, or 6 b - 4 a .
.·. x = 3 a - 2 b, or 3 b - 2 a.
6a-b
.·. x=3a-2b,3b-2a,or-- ,
6
H. Solve. (x + = (3 b ~ a) x - (a - b)2 - ab.

a) (3 x - b)
3z2 + 3 ax - bz - ab = 3bx - ax - a2 + 2 ab- b2 - ab.
3z2 + 4 ax - 4 bx = - a2 + 2 ab - b2.
3z2 + 4(a - b)x =-
(a - b)2.
=
9 z2 + ( ) + 4 (a - b)2 (a - b)t.
3x + 2(a - b) =±(a - b).
3x = b - a, or 3 b - 3 a.
b-a
.·. x = - 3 -,orb-a.
U . Solvea+b+(a-b)zl _ 2z =O.
2z (a - b) +(a+ b)zl
a•-1>2 +(a2- 2ab + b2)z2+ (a2+ 2ab + b2)z2 + (a2-b2)~ - 4z2 = O.
(a2 - 1>2):r:' + 2(a2 + b2- 2)z:l =- (a2 - 1>2).
(a2 - b2)2z' + () + (a2 + b2 - 2)2 = 4 + 4 a2b2 - 4 a2 - 41>2.
(a2 - b2)z2 + (a2 + b2 '-- 2) = ± 2 v'1 + a2b2 - al - 1>2.
(a2 - b2) z2 = 2 - a2 - b~ ± 2 V~i-+_a_2_b2___a_•_-- b-~.
Extract the equare root,
v'a2 - blz = ± -v'2-a2-b2±2'Vl +a21>2-a2-112.
Two numbers whose sum is 2 - a2 - b2, and whose product is
1 + a2b2 - a• - b2 a.re 1 - a2 a.nd 1 - b2.
.·. ~2 - a• - b2 ± 2 v'1 + a2b2 - a2 - b2
=v'l - a2 ± 'VI - 112•
.·. v'a - b z = ± (v'l - a 2 ± ~ 2 ) .
2 2
~±v'l-b2
.·.z=± -~ .
va2 - b2
64. Solve b(a + z)2 =(a+ b)2 - z2 - b2(2 a+ b) .

b+l
a2b + 2abz + bz2 = a2 + 2ab + /¡2 - z2 - 2 ª1>2 + b8 .
b+l
2ab2+b8
bzl + z2 + 2 abz = a2 + 2 ab + b2 - a2b - .
b+l
(b + 1)2z2 + 2 ab(b + l)z
= a2b + a2 + 2 ab2 + 2 ab + b8 + b2 - a2b2 - a2b - 2 ab2 - IJS.
(b + l)llz2 + 2ab(b + l)z = a2 + 2ab + b2 - a'Jf/J.
(b + 1)2z2+ 2ab(b+ l)z + a2b2 = a2 + 2ab + b2.
(b + l)z+ ab =±(a+ b) .
(b + l)z = a - ab + b, or - (a+ ab +b).
a-ab+b a+ab+b
.·.z= ,or----
b+l b+l
H. Solve ~ + (ab + 1)2 = (a2 + b2) (zl + 1) + 2(al - b2)z + l.

:r:' + a2b2 + 2 ab + 1 = (a2 + b2) z2 + a2 + b2 + 2 (a2 - b2)z + l.
:r:' + a'Jf/J = (a2 + b2)z2 + 2(a2 - bl)z + (a2 - 2 ab + b2).
=
:r:' + 2abz2 + a2b2 (a2 + 'l. ab + lft)z2 + 2(a2 - b2¡z + (a - b)2.
z• + 2abz2 + a2b2 =(a+ b)2z2 + 2(a2 - b2)z + (a -b)2.
Extract the sq uare root,
zt + ab =±[(a+ b) z + (a - b)].
zt 'f (a+ b)z =±(a - b)- ab.
(i) =
zt - (a+ b)z a - b - ab.
4z1 - ()+(a + b)2 = (a - b)2 + 4(a - b).
2z - (a+ b) = ± Y(a - b) 1 + 4 (q - b).
2:z: =(a+ b) ±~b)2 + 4(a -b) .
.·. z = l(a + b) ± l Y(a:... b)2 + 4 (a - b).
(ii) zt +(a+ b)z = - a+ b- ab. . .
4z1 +()+(a+ b)' = (a - b)' - 4 (a - b). · ·
2z +(a+ b) = ± Y(a - b)' _: 4(a - b).
2 z = - (a + b) ± v'(a ..2 W - 4 (a - b) .
.·. z =-!(a+ b) ± .,! Y(a - bp - 4(a -· b) .
.·. z =!(a+ b) ± fY(a - b) 1 + 4(a - b), .
or - !(a + ,b.) ± l Y(a - b) 2 - 4(a - b).
Ezerctae 115. Page ·282

l. Determine, without solvlng, the character of the roots of the
equation zt + 7 z + 12 = O.
Here a = 1, b = 7, e = 12.
.·. bl - 4 ac = 71 - 4 X 1 X 12 = 49 - 48 = l.
Since bl. - 4 ac is greater than O, and is a perfect square, the roots
of the equation zt + 7 z + 12 = O are real, dWlerent, and rational.
l. Determine, wlthout solving, the character of the roota of the

=
equation zt + 2:z: + ó O.
Here =
a = 1, b 2, e = ó•
••. bl - 4 ac = 22 - 4 X 1 X Ó = 4 - 20 = - 16.
Since bl - 4 ac is lesa than O, the roota of the equation zt + 2 z + ó O =
are imaglnary.
a. Determine, without solving, the character of the roota of the

equaiion zt - 4z - 2 O. =
Here a 1, b = =-4, e = - 2.
. •. bl - 4 ac = (- 4)2 - 4 X 1 X (- 2) = 16 + 8 =24.
Since bl - 4 ac is greater than O, and is not a perfect square, the
=
roots of the equation zt - 4 z - 2 Oare real, different, and irrational.
t . Determine, without solving, the character of the roots of · the

equ&tion 6z2 - 3x - 2 O. =
Here a = 6, b = - 8, e =- 2.
••. b2 - 4 ac =(- 3)2 - 4 x 6 x ( - 2) = 9 + 40 = 49.
Since b2 - 4 ac is greater than O, and is a pel'fect squ&re, the roots
of the equation ó x2 - 3 x - 2 = O are real, different, and ration&l.
6. Determine, without solving, the character of the roots of the ·

equation 9z2 + 12:i: + 4 O. = · · · '
Here a= 9, b = 12, e = 4.
.·. b2 - 4 ac = 122 - 4 x 9 x 4 = 144 - 144 = O.
Since b2 - 4 ac = O, tbe roots of the equ&tion 9 z2 + 12 x + 4 = O are
real and equal:
6. Determine, without solving, the character of the roots of the

equation 4xi- 4x -1 = O.
Here a = 4, b = -: 4, e =- l.
•·. b2 - 4 ac = (- 4)2 - 4 X 4 X (- 1) =16 + 16 = 32.
Since b2 - 4 ac is greater than O, and is ,not a perfoct square, the
=
roots of the. equation 4 z2 - 4 x - 1 O are real, different, &nd
irration~l.
7. Determine, without solving, the chara.cter of the roots of the

equation x' - 2 x - ·4 O. =
Here a = 1, b = - 2, e = - 4.
.·• b2 - 4 ac= (- 2)2 - 4 X 1 X ( - 4) = 4 + 16 = 20.
Since b2 - 4 ac is greater tban O, and ls not a perfect squ&re, the
rooisof tñé equation z:I - 2 z - 4 = Oare real, different, and irrst.ional.
8 :· Determin~ -without solYing, tJ1e ch~acter of the rpots . of tbe

equation 7 z2 - 9:i: - 10 O. =
Here a = 7, b = - O, e =.- 10.
.·• .b2 :- 4!1C = (- 9)2-4 X 7 X (- )0) := 81 + 280=361.
· Since b2 - 4 ac is greater tban O, and is a perfect square, the roots of
=
the equation 7 z2 - 9z - 10 O arn real, different, and rational.
equation 2(> z 2 - 20 z + 4 = O.
Here = =
a 2ó, b == - 20, e 4.
••. b2 - 4 ac = (.:.. 20)2 - 4 x 2ó x 4 = 400 - 400 = O.
Since b2 - 4 ac = O, tbe roots of the equation 2ó z2 - 20 z +4 = O
are real and equal.
10. Determine, without solving, the cha.racter of the roots of the

equation 3z2 - 7 z - 6 = O.
Here a = 8, b = - 1, e = - 6 .
.·. b2 - 4 ac = ( - 7)2 - 4 X 3 X ( - 6) = 49 + 72 = 121.
Since b2 - 4 ac is greater than O, and is a perfect square, the roots of
the equation 3z2 - 7 z - 6 = O are real, different, and rationat
11 . Determine, without solving, the character of the roots of the

equation z2 +-7 z + 18 = O.
Here a=l,b=7,c=l8.
.•. b2 - 4 ac = 72 - 4 x 1 x 18 = 49 - 72 = - 23.
Sin ce b2- 4 ac is less thau O, the roots of the eq uation z2 + 7 z + 18 =O
are imaginary.

equation 2 z2 - 13 z + ló = O.
Here a = 2, b == - 13, e = ló.
•·• b2 - 4 ac = ( - 13)2 - 4 x 2 x ló = 169 - 120 = 49.
Since b2 - 4 ac is greater than O, and is a perfect square, the roots
=
of the equation 2 z 2 - 13 z + ló O are real, difierent, and rational.

equation 3z2 - 4z - 22 = O.
Here a = 8, b = - 4, e = - 22.
,•. b2 - 4 ac = ( - 4)9 - 4 X 3 X ( - 22) = 16 + 264 = 280.
Since b2 - 4 ac ts greater than O, and is nota perfect square, the roots
=
of the equation 3 z2 - 4 z - 22 O are real, different, and irrational.
5~4 ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
H. Determine, without solving, the cbaracter of the roots of the

equation 2z2 + 3z + 8 = O.
Here a = 2, b = 3, e = 8.
.·. b2-4ac=32-4 X 2 X 8=9-64=-óó.
Since b2-4ac la 1888 thanO, the roots of theequation 2z'+3z+8=0
a.re imaginary.
U. Determine the valuea of m for which the two roots of the

equation (2m + l)z2 + (7 m + 2)z + 6m + 1 = O a.re equal.
Here =
a= 2 m + 1, b 7 m + 2, e= 6 m + 1.
:. b2-4ac = (7m + 2)2 - 4(2m + 1)(6m + 1)
= 49ml + 28m + 4 -48mt- 32m-4
= m'-4m.
If the roots are to be equal, then
= =
b2 - 4 ac O, or mt - 4 m O.
Factor, =
m (m - 4) O.
:. m =0, or4.
18. Determine the valuee of m for which the two roots of the
equation (3 m + l)z' + (11 m + l)z + 8m + 9 = O are equal.
Here a = 3 m + 1, b = 11 m + 1, e = 8 m + 9.
:. b2- 4ac =(llm + 1) 2 - 4(3m + l)(Sm + 9)
= 121 m' + 22 m + 1 - 96 m• - 140 ,n - 36
= 26m2 -118m - 36.
If the roots a.re to be equal, then
b2 -4ac = O, or 26m' -118m -36 =0.
626ml - () + 3481 = 4366.
=
26 m - 69 ± 66.
=
26m 126, or -7.
:. m = 6, or - 2\ .
1T. Determine the valuea of m for which the two roots of the
equation 2 mzt + 7 z2 - 8 mz + 2 z + 6 m + 4 = O are equal.
Wehave 2mz2+7z2-8mz+2z+6m+4=0.
Combine, (2m + 7)z' -(8m - 2)z +(6m + 4)= O.
Here = =-
a 2 m + 7, b =
(8 m - 2), e 6 m + 4.
=[-
. •. bl - 4 ac (8 m - 2) ]' - 4 (2 m + 7) (6 m + 4)
= 64 m' - 32 m + 4 - 40 mt - 172 m - 112
= 24m' - 204m -108.
b2 - 4 ac = O, or 24 m2 - 204 m - 108 = O.
Divide by 12, 2m'-17m - 9 = O.
16m2 - () + 289 = 361.
4m-17 =± 19.
=
4m 36, or - 2.
.·. m=9, or -l·
18. Determine the values of m for which the two roots of the
equation mz2 + 4 m + 1 = 2 :t + 3 m:t + 2 z 2 are equal.
Wehave mz2+4m+l=2z+3m:c+2:t'.
(m - 2)z2 - (3m + 2):t + (4m + 1) = O.
Here a=m-2,b=-(3m+2),c=4m+l.
.·. bl-4ac =[-(3m + 2)]2 -4(m·- 2)(4m + 1)
= 9 m2 + 12 m + 4 - 16 m' + 28 m + 8
=- 7 mt + 40 m + 12.
lf the root.a are to be equal, then
=
b' - 4 ac O, or - 7 m' + 40 m + 12 O.=
7m2 - 40m = 12.
49 m2 - ( ) + 400 = 484.
7m-20 =± 22.
=
7 m 42, or - 2 •
.·. m=6, or -f.
19. Determine the values of m for wbicb the two root.a of the
equation 3 m + 2 :t + ó zt = 11 mz + 3 - 11 mz2 are equal.
We have 3m + 2:t + ó:t' = 11 mz + 3 -11 m:ct.
=
(11 m + ó)z2 + (2 -11 m)i + (3 m - 3) O.
Here a = 11 m + ó, b = 2 - 11 m, e = 3 m - 3 .
=
.·. b2 - 4 ac (2 - 11 m)' - 4 (11 m + ó) (3 m - 3)
= 4 - 44 m + 121 mt - 132 mt + 72 m + 60
=- 11 m' + 28 m + 64.
b2 - 4 ac = O, or -11 m' + 28 m + 64 = O.
11 m' - 28m = 64.
121 m - ( ) + 196 = 900.
=
11 m - 14 ± 30.
11 m = 44, or - 16.
=
:. m 4, or - H·
596 ELEl\lENT ARY ALGEBRA .
1
1

1
l . Solve Yz+7+v'ó(x-2)=8.
Square, z+7+~=9.
Transpose and combine, Vó (z - 2) 2 - z. =
Square, óz -10 = 4 - 4z + zl.
Transpose and combine, :i:2 - 9z + 14 = O.
Factor, (z - 2) (x - 7) = O.
.·. z 2, or 7. =
=
But the value z 7 does not satisfy the given equation.
:. z;;:: 2.
B. Solve Vl4z -11 + v'3(2x -1) = 2 v'2z + l.

Square, 14z-11 + 2 v'8(14z - Jl) (2:i: - 1) + 6z - 8;;:: 8z + 4 .
Transpose and combin~e,_ _ _ _ __
2 v'84z2 -108:i: + 88 = 18 -12z.
v'84z2 -108:i:+33 = 9 - 6z.
Square, 84z2 -108:i: + 88 = 81 - 108:i: + 86z2.
48:i:2 ;;:: 48.
z2 = l .
... z =±l.
But the value z = - 1 doee not satisfy the given equation.
: . z= l.
3. Solve V a2 - z + v'b·l + z = a + b.
Square,
as - z + 2 v'(a2 - x)(b2 + z) + b2 + z = a2 + 2ab + bi.
2b-,-2---b-2_z_+_a_2:-x------cz2 = 2 ab.
2 v',....a...,.
V a2b2 - b2z + a2x - z2 = ab.
Square, a21>2 - b2x + a2x - x2 a~. =
=
z2 - a2x + b'z O.
=
z (z - a2 + 1>2) O.
:. x = O, oras - bl.
4. Solve ~ + v'b - z = v'a+ b - h.

Square, a - z + 2 v (a - z)(b - x) + b__- x = a + b - 2 z.
2 v'(a - x)(b - x) O. =
TEACHERS'. EDITION 597
V(a -z) (b - z) O. =
Square, (a - z) (b - z) O. =
.·. z=a,orb.
6. Solve 2 Yó+i'i - ~ = Y37 - 6z.

Square, 20 + Sz - 4 v'(6 + 2z)(l8 - 6z) + 13 - 6z = 37 - 6z.
Transpose and combine, Sz - 4 = 4 Y66 - 4z -12z2.
2z-1 =V65-4z-12z2•
Square, 4z2 - 4z + 1 = 6ó - 4z -12z2.
I6z' 64. =
z2 =4.
.·. Z=±2.
But the value z =- 2 does not satillfy the given equation .
.·. z=2.
8. Solve Y2(z - 3) = {'z'- 4z + 11.

Square, 2z-6=Yz2 -4z + 11.
Square, 4 z' - 24 z + 36 = z' - 4 z + 11.
3z' - 20z = - 25.
9z2 -( ) + 100 =
26.
3z -10 = ± 6.
3z = 16, or 6.
=
.·. z 5, or ¡.
But tbe value z = t does not satisfy the given equation.
.·. z=ó.
T. Solve V2x+1 + Yz - 3 = 2 ...;;.

Square, 2z + 1+ 2Y(2z + l)(z-3)+z-3 = 4z.
Transpoee and combine, 2 V2z' - 6z - 3 = z + 2.
Square, sz2 - 20z - 12 = z' + 4z + 4.
7 zt - 24 z 16. =
49z1 - ( ) + 144 = 266.
7z -12 =± 16.
7 z = 28, or - 4 .
.·. z = 4, or - f.
But the value z =- f does not sa.tisfy the given equation .
.·. z=4.
l. Solve
Square,
óz -1- 2 v'(óz -1) (8 - 2 z) + 8 - 2:i: z -1. =
Transpose and combine, 2 z + 8 = 2 ..,¡,-_-1_0_:i:_'_+_4_2_:i:___
8
z + 4 = v' -10z2 + 42:i: - 8.
z2 + 8x + 16 = -10z2 + 42:i: - 8.
11 z2 - 84 z = - 24.
121 z2 - ( ) + 289 2ó. =
11 z -17 ± ó. =
11 z =
22, or 12.
. ·. x = 2, or tf.
But tbe value X = H does not satisfy tbe given equation .
.·. X=2.
9. Solve
Square,
4z - 3 + 2 v'(h - 3) (óx + 1) + ÓZ + 1 = lóz + 4.
= 6 x + 6.
2 v,-20,....z....,2___1_1_:i:___
3
v'20z2 - 11 X - 3 = 3:t + 3.
Square, 20:i:2 -11 x - 3 = 9zt + 18:t + 9.
11 z2 - 29:t = 12.
484z2 - () + 841 = 1369.
22:t- 29 =± 37.
22 z = 66, or - 8 .
.·. x =
3, or - Tl·
But tbe value z =- n doea not satisfy the given equation.
.·. :t=3.
10. Solve xvx=-a + av'x + a =Vx~ + aª.

Square,
zª - ax' + 2 ax ..¡z2 - a2 + a'x + aª = x8 + aª.
Transpose and combine, 2 ax ..¡z2 - a2 ax2 - atx. =
Divide by a, 2:i: vzt - a'= z2 - ax.
Square, =
4 z4 - 4 a2z2 z4 - 2 azl + a:lz'.
3 z4 + 2 azB - ó a:1z2 = O.
z2(3z2 + 2az - óa2) = O.
=
z2 (z - a) (3 z + ó a) O. óa
.·. z = O, O, a, or - - .
But the value z =- 3ª
6 does not satisfy the given equatio!.
=
.·. z O, ora.
11. Solve ...¡a (z - b) + .../b(z - a)= z.

Square,
ax - ab + 2 ...¡ab (z - b)(z - a) + bz - ab = xt.
Transpose and combine,~-----
2 .../ab ~ - ~ ~ - aj= zt - az - bz + 2 •
2.../ab~-~~-aj=zt-~+~z+2•
2 .../ab(z - b)(z - a)= (z - a)(z - b) + ab.
Square,
4 ab(z - b) (z - a)= (z - a)2(z - b)'l + 2 ab(z - a) (z - b) + a21JJ.
(z - a)2(z - b)' - 2 ab (z - a) (z - b) + a~= O.
Extract the square root,
(z - a) (z - b) - ab =O.
zl - az - bz + ab - ab = O.
z2 - az - bz = O.
=
z (z - a - b) O•
.·. z = O, or a + b.
=
But the value z O does not satisfy the given equation.
.·. z=a+b.
18. Solve a...¡e + z - b ...¡e - z =...¡e (a' + b2).

Square,
ate+ a2z - 2ab.../c2 - zt + b2c - b~ = a'c + 1/Jc.
Transpose and combine, a2z - b2:i; = 2 ab .../c2 - z2.
Square, a4:i:2 - 2 a2b2z2 + bf:i:2 = 4 a21JJc2 - 4 a2b2z2.
(a• + 2 a21JJ + b4) z2 =4 a21fJc2,
4 a'Jf/Jc2
z2=-----
a• + 2a2b2 + b4
2abc
.·. z = ± - - ·
But the value z
2abc
=- - -
2
ª
+ 1JI
does not satisfy the given equation.
as+ 1JI 2abc
.·. z = - -·
as+ 1JI
13. Solve Y2a~+l!z-Yl0a-Ob-tlz=4Ya~.

Square,
2 a - b + 2 z - 2 v' (2 a - b + l! z) (10 a - 9 b - tl z) + 10 a - 9 b - 6 z
= 16a -16b.
Transpoee and combine,
-4a + 6b-4z= 2Y(2a -b+ 2z)(l0a -!lb-6z).
8b - 2a - 2z = Y(l!a - b + 2z) (10a - Ub - 6z).
Square, 9b2 + 4a2 + 4z2 -12ab -12bz + Saz
= 20a2- 28ab + 8a.i: + 9b2 -12bz -12z2.
16z2 = 16 a2 -16 ab.
=
z2 a2 - ab .
.·. z = ± v,-a-(a---b).
But the value z = - v ' ~ does not satlsfy the given equation .
.·. z = v'a (a - b).
H. Solve v' (a+ z) (z + b) + Y(a - z) (z - b) = 2 Yaz.

Square,
a.i:+-+ab+bz+2v'~+zj~-zj~+~~-~+az-ab--+k
=4az.
2 Y,-(a--,2-_-z_2_)(-z-,-2---b-') = 2 az - 2 bz.
v' (a2 - z2) (z2 - b2) = az - bz.
Square, a2;r,2 - a'Jb2 - z' + b2z2 = a2z2 - 2 abz2 + b2z2.
z• - 2abz2 + a 2b2 = O.
Extract the square root, z2 - ab = O.
=
z2 ab .
.·. Z=±v'ab.
16. Solve 2z2 + a Yb(b + h) = a(b + 2z).

2z2 + a Yb2 + 4lxl: = ab + 2a.i:.
a v'IJJ + 4 lxl: = ab + 2 az - 2 z'.
Square, a2b2 + 4 a2bz = a2b2 + 4 a2z2 + 4 zt - 4 abz2 + 4 albz - 8 aa:8.
4 zt - 8 az3 + 4 a2z2 - 4 ab;r,2 = o.
z' - 2 a;r,3 + a2x2 - abz2 = O.
=
z2(z2 - 2 a;r, + a2 - ab) O•
.·. z2 =0,
or z2 - 2 a;r, + as - ab = O.
ro
(ii)
-=~=
.·. z = o, oro.
z2 - 2 ax + a2 - ab O.
z 2 -2ax + a2 = ab.
z -a=± -./cib.
.·. z = a ± -./cib.
·. ·. z = O, O, or a ± -./cib.
But the value z = a + -./aÍJ does not satisfy the given e~ation .
.·. z = O, or a - -./ab.
16. Solve -./z - a_ -./x=-1) =~ - .

Square,z -a- 2 -./(x - a)(z -b)+z- b= b - a.
Transpose and combine, 2x - 2 b = 2 -../~(z---a-)-(x---b-).
z - b = -./(z - a) (x - b).
Square, xt - 2bx + b2 = z2 - ax - bx + ab.
ax - bx = ab - b2.
(a-b)z=b(a-b).
.·. Z=b.
1'1. Solve
2-./2a+b+2z+-./1oa + b- 6z=-./10a + 9b - 6x.
Square,
8a+4b +8z +4-./(2a + b + 2x)(10a + b- 6x) + 10a + b -6x
~ - - - - - - - - - = 10a + 9b-6z.
4 -./(2a + b + 2x)(l0a + b-6x) = - 8a + 4 b - 8x.
-./(2 a + b + 2 x)(lO a + b - 6 z) = - 2 a + b - 2 x.
Squa.re,
2oa2+ 12ab+b2+8az-4bx-12z2 = 4a2+ b2+4x2-4ab+ 8ax - 4bx.
-16z2 =-16a2 -16ab.
=
xt at +-,--
ab_._,_
.·. x = ± v'a (a + b).
11. Solve -./a+b+x--./a+b-z= ~-

. a
Square,
z2
a+ b +z-2-./(a+b+x)(a+b-z)+a+b - x = - ·
a
Transpoee. and combine, . 2 a+ 2 b - ~ = 2 v'a2 + 2ab +bt - x2.
Square, x' 4 bz2
4a2 + 4b2 + - - 4z2 - - + 8ab = 4a2+8ab+4b2-4x2 •
a2 a
~ _ 4bzl =0.
a9 a
:r - 4 alJo:'l = o.
zt(zt - 4 ab) o. =
.·. z'=0,or4ab.
=
.·. z O, O, or ± 2 Yab.
19. Solve
a-z z-b . ~.
---+---=Va-b
...¡a-z ...¡z-b
Simplify, ~+Yz-b=...¡a-b.
Square, a - z + 2 Y (a - z) (z - b) + z - b = a - b.
2 Y (a - z) (z - b) = O.
Y (a - z) (b - z) = O.
Square, (a - z) (b - z) = O.
.·.z=a,orb.
20. Solve Ya - z + Y- (at + az) = --ª-.

...¡a-z
Clear of fractiom,
a- z + Y - a (a + z) (a - z) = a.
...¡ - a(a2 - z2) = z.
Squa.re, -a8 + az2 = zt.
azS -zt = a'.
(a -l)z'= a•.
z'=_!!__,
a -1·
.·. z =± - ª - Ya(a-1).
a-1
But the va.lue z = - ~...¡a(a-1) does not satisfy the given equation
a-l
.·. z=-ª-Ya(a-1).
a-1
l . Solve vz2 - 7 = zt - 13.

Transpose, zt - ~ 7 13. =
.Add-7toea.chmember, (z2-7)-...;z~-7 = 6.
Complete the square, 4 (z2 - 7) - ( ) + 1 = 26.
2~-1=±6,
2 Yz2 - 7 = 6, or - 4.
Yz2 - 7 = 3, or - 2.
Square, z2 - 7 =
9, or 4.
=
z2 16, or 11.
.·. z = ± 4, or ± -v'ii.
But the values z = ± víi do not satisfy the given equation.
.·. Z=±4,
2. Solve z + e + Yz+c = a.
Complete the square, 4 (z + ~ + ( ) + 1 = 4 a + l.
2 z + e + 1 = ± -v'4a+l.
2 ~ = - 1 ± -v'4a+}.
Square, 4 (z + e) = 2 + 4 a =f 2 Y4 a + 1.
z+c=!+a=f!Y4a+l.
.·. z=}+a-c=f}Y4a+l.
But the value z = l + a - e+ ! Y4 a+ 1 does not sat.isfy the
given equation.
.·. z=t+a-c-Jv'4a+I.
3. Solve z4 - 40z2 + 144 == O.

Factor, (z2 - 36)(z2 - 4) = O.
.·. z2 = 36, or 4 .
.·. z = ± 6, or ± 2.
4 . Solve zl + 8zl = 9z.

zl - llz + 8zi = O.
zl (z - ll xi + 8) = O.
zi(zi -1) (zl - 8) = O.
: . zi = O, 1, or 8.
.·. z = O, 1, or 64.
li . Solve 2 xi - 3 z! + z = O.
z - 3 z! + 2 zl = O.
zi (zl - 3 zl + 2) = O.
z!(zl -1) (zi - 2) = O.
.·. zl = O, 1, or 2 .
.·. z == O, I, or 8.
6. Solve {/zi_2v'z+z=O.
zf - 2 xl + z = O.
z + zf - 2 zi = O.
zl (zl + xl - 2) = O.
zl(zl -1) (zl + 2) = o .
.·. zl = O, or zl = 1, or - 2.
.·. z = O, 1, or 16:
=
But the value z 16 does not satisfy the given equation.
=
. ·. z O, or l.
T. Solve 10:i:4 -156 = z2.

10:i:4 - z2 = 156.
400:i:4-() + 1 =6241.
2oz2 -1 =± 79.
20'z2 = 80, or - 78.
z2=4, or -H·
=
.·. z ± 2, or ± 11¡¡ V - 390.
l. Solve Vz8 - =
3 v'zS 40.
zl - 3zf = 40.
=
zl - 3 zf - 40 O.
=
(zi - 8) (zf + ó) O.
.·. zf=8,or-ó.
zª = 212, or 62ó.
. ·. z = 10, oró Vó.
=
But the valae z óVó does not satisfy the given equation.
.·. Z=IO.
9. Solve + 63z8 = 8.
8:i:8
266 ze + <) + 3969 = 422ó.
16zª + 63 =± 66.
=
.·. 16zª - 2 O, or 16zS + 128 = O.
=
8 xª - 1 O, or zª + 8 = O.
Factor, (2z -1) (4z2 + 2 z + 1) = O,
or (z + 2) (z2 - 2 z + 4) O.=
(i) • 2z -1 O. =
2z = l.
.·. z = !,
(ii) + 2 z + 1 = o.
4 x2
4z2+2z=-l.
16:i:2 + () + 1 = - 3.
4:i: + 1 = ±-vC"s.
4 z =- 1 ± -ves.
.·. z = t( - 1 ± v=s).
(üi) :i:+2 =º·
.·. Z=-2.
(iv) :i:9- 2:i: +4 =0.
z'- 2:i: =- 4.
z2 - 2:i: + 1 = - 8.
z-1=±-vC"s .
.·. Z=l±v=s.
.·. z = l, - 2, 1 ± -vC"s, or H - 1 ± -vC"s).
10. Solve Sz-8 + 009:i:--ª = 125.

256:a:-6 + () + 9991 = 1002001.
16z-3 + !J99 = ± 1001.
=
16:i:-3 - 2 O, or 16:i:--ª + 2000 O. =
Sz-3 - 1 = O, or z-3 + 125 O. =
Factor,
(2:i:--1 -1)(4z-2+ 2:i:--1 + 1) O, =
or (r-1 + 5) (x-' - 5:i:-1 + 25) = O.
(i) 2:i:-1-J = o.
2z-l=) .
!:i: = l.
.·. z=2.
(ii) 4:i:-'+2z-1+1=0.
4z-2+2z-1=-l.
16:i:-2 + () + 1 = - 8.
4z-1+1=±~-
4 z - l = - l ± ~-
!X =-1 ±-vC"s.
4
X= •
-1 ±-vC"s,
.•. X = - l ' f ~.
(iii) z-1 + 6 = o.
z-1 =- ó.
!=-ó.
z
.·. Z=-!·
(iv) z-2-6z-1+25=0.
z-2 - óz-• =- 25.
4 z-2 - ( ) + 25 =-
7ó.
2:i:- 1 -5 =± óY-3.
2z-I =5±5Y-3.
z- 1 = i ± t '\1-3.
!=~±~Y-3.
X 2 2
1
Z= - - ,
!±lY-3
••• X = -r'if (1 'f -vC:i)
.·. z = 2, - l, - 1 ± ves, or -nr (1 ± v' -3).
11. Solve (3:i: - 5)2 - 8(3:i: - ó) + 7 = O.

Factor, (3:i: - ó - 1) (3:i: - 5 -- 7) = O.
(3:i: - 6) (3:i: - 12) = o.
.·. 3:i: = 6, or 12 .
.·. x = 2, or 4.
12. Solve (2:i:-3)2-4(2:i:-3)+5=0.

(2 X - 3)2 - 4 (2z - 3) = - Ó.
(2:i: - 3)2 - ( ) + 4 = - l.
2:i:-3-2=±-v=-i .
2x = ó ±v=t .
. ·. Z=!(ó±v=t).
13. Solve (5:i: + 2)2-6(óx + 2) +O= O.

Factor, (óz + 2 - 3)(5:i: + 2 - 3) = O.
(óz - l)(óz -1) = O.
6:i:=1,orl .
.·. z = !, or !·
14. Solve zt + 6 = Sz + 2v'z2 - Sz + 40.

z2 - Sz + ó - 2 v'zt - 8 z + 40 = O.
Add 36 to each member,
(z2 - 8 X + 40) - 2 'V,....x·-2--8-z_+_4_0 = 36.
(:z:2-s:z:+40)-2v':z:2-s:z: +40 +1= 36.
Yz2 - 8 X+ 40 - 1 ± 6. =
=
v':z:2 - 8:z: + 40 7, 01' - 6.
Square, z2 - 8 :z: + 40 = 49, or 26.
=
z2 - 8 z ~ 9 = O, or :z:2 - 8 z + ló O.
~+ij~-~=~~~-~~-~=Q
.·. x = - 1, 9, 8, or 6.
= =
But the values z 3 and :z: 6 do not satiafy the given equation.
=
.·. x 9, or -1.
16. Solve 2z2 + 3 v'z2 - :z: + 1 =2:z: + 3.

2:z:1 - 2:z: + 8 Y:z:
2 - X+ 1 =3.
2(z2 - z + l) + 3 .../z2 - z + 1 = ó.
16 (z2 - z + 1) + ( )+ 9 = 49.
4 v'z2 - z + 1 + 3 = ± 7.
4 v'z2 - z + l = 4, or -10.
v'z2 - z + 1 =1, or - i-
Square, z2 - z + 1 = 1, or 1,l,
z2 - z = O, or z2 - z =,¡.
(i) z2 -z = O.
z(z - l) = O.
.·. z =O, or l.
(ii) z2 - z =v,. ·
4z2 -4z =21.
4 z2 - 4 X + 1 =22.
2z-1 =±Y22,
2z=l±Y22.
.·. z = .}(l ± Y22) .
.·. z = o, 1, or HI ± Y22).
But the values z = i (1 ± Y22) do not satisfy the given equatlon .
.·. z = O, or l.
18. Solve 3 v'3z2 - 2z + 4 = 3z2 - 2z - 6.

3 z2 - 2 z - 6 - 3 v'3 z2 - 2 z + 4 O. =
(3 z2 - 2 z + 4) - 3 v',-,3-z.,...2---:2,--z_+_4 ,,;, 10.
4 (3 z2 - 2 z + 4) - ( ) + 9 49. =
2 v'3z2 - 2z + 4 - 3 = ± 7.
2 v'3z2 - 2z + 4 = 10, or - 4.
=
v'3z2 - 2z + 4 6, or - 2.
Square, =
3z2 - 2z + 4 26, or 4.
3z2 - 2z = 21, or O.
=
9 z2 - ( ) + 1 64, or O.
3 z - 1 = ± 8, or O.
3 z = 9, ~ 7, or O.
.·. x = 3, - ¡, or O.
But the value z = O <loes not satisfy the given equation .
.·. x = 3, or - ¡.
17. Solve 2z2 + 3z -7v'2z2 + 3z - 2 + 8 = O.

Add - 10 to each member,
(2 z2 + 3 z - 2) - 7 V~2-x-2 _+_3_z___2 =- 10.
4 (2 z2 + 3 z - 2) - ( ) + 49 = 9.
2 v'2z2 + 3z - 2 - 7 ± 3. =
2 v'2 x2 + 3 z - 2 = 10, or 4.
v'2z2+3z-2=6, or2.
Square, 2z2 + 3z - 2 = 26, or 4.
2 z2 + 3 z = 27, or 6.
16z2 + () + 9 = 226, or 67.
4 z + 3 = ± 16, or ± Yó7.
4z = 12, -18, or - 3 ±v'67.
.·. x = 3, - !, or t( - 3 ± Yó7).
18. Solve 39-8z+v'7z2+8z-I9-7z2=0.

7 z2 + 8z -v'7 z2 + 8z -19 = 89.
Add - 19 to each member,
(7 z2 + 8 z - 19) - v'~7-z2_+_8_z___
19 = 20.
4 (7x2 + 8 z - 19) - ( ) + 1 81. =
2 v'7 z2 + 8 z - 19 - 1 = ± 9.
2 v' 7z2 + 8 z - 1!l = 10, or - 8.
v'7 z2 + 8 x - 19 = 5, or - 4.
Square, 7 x 2 + 8 z - 19 = 25, or 16.
7 ;¡;2 + 8 x = 44, or 36.
=
49;¡;2 + ( ) + 16 324, or 261.
=
7 x + 4 ± 18, or ± 3 -v'29.
7x= 14, - 22, or - 4 ± 3 -v'29.
.·. x = 2, - -"',\ or H - 4 ± 3 Y29).
But the values z = , (-4 ± 3 Y29) do not sa.tisfy the given equation.
=
.·. x 2, or - :t1i.
19. Solve (2x2 - 3x + 1)2 = 22z2 - 33:i: + l.

(2x2 - 3x + 1¡2 - (22z2 - 33:i:) - 1 O. =
(2:i:2-3:i; + 1)2- ll(2x2 -3x + 1) + 10 = O.
Factor, (2z:I _ 3x + 1 - 1) (2x2 - :Jz + 1 - 10) = O.
(2 z2 - 3 x) (2xll - 3 z - 9) = O.
.·. 2 z2 - 3 x = O, or 2 z2 - 3 z - 9 = O..
(i) 2 ;¡;2 - 3 z = o.
x(2x - 3) = O.
=
.·. z O, or ¡.
(ii) 2z2-3z-9=0.
2x2 - 3z = 9.
16z2 - ( ) + 9 = 81.
4z-3 =± 9.
4 z =·12, or - 6 .
.·. x = 3, or - ~-
=
.·. z O, ± i, or 3;
110. Solve z + 2 a v'2 (a2 + b2) - x = 3 a2 + b2.

- z - 2a v2 (a~ + b2) - z = - 3 a2 - b2.
Add 2 at + 21,2 to each member,
(2 a2 + 21>2 - x) - 2 a v'2 a2 + 2 b2 - x = b2 - a2.
=
(2 a2 + 2 b2 - x) - ( ) + a2 b2.
=
v'2 a2 + 2 b2 - x - a ± b.
. v'2 a2 + 2 b2 - z = a ± b.
Square, 2 a2 + 2 b2 - z = a2 ± 2 ab + b2 •
z = a2 'f 2 ab + b2.
.·. x = (a - b)2, or (a+ b):I.
11. Solve z4 - 6zª + 7 zi + 6z - 8 = O.

Attempt to extract the square root of the len member,
z4 - 6zª + 7 zt + 6a: - s ¡a:s - Sa: - 1
z4
2a:2 - 3a: -6a:• + 7z2
- 6z8 + 9z2
2z2-6z-1 -2z2+6z-8
- 2z1 + 6z + 1
-9
z4 - 6 z8 + 7z2 + 6 z + 1 = 9.
Extra.et the square root,
zl - Sz - 1 = ± 8.
z2 - 3 z - 4 = O, or zi - 3 z + 2 = O.
(z + 1) (z - 4) = O, or (z - l) (z - 2) = O•
.·. z =- 1, 4, 1, or 2•
.·. z = ± 1, 2, or 4.
11. Solve z4 - 2z8 - 7z2 + Sz + 12 = O.

Attempt to extract the square root of the left member,
z4 - 2 z8 ..:. 7 zt + 8 z + 12 lzi - z - 4
z4
2:i:'J-z -2zª-7z2
-2zª+ zt
2:i:'J-2:i:-4 -szs+sz+12
-8z1 +8z+16
-4
z4-2z8-7z2+8z+ 16=4.
zi-z-4 =±2.
z2 - z - 6 = O, or z2 - z - 2 = O.
(z - 3) (z + 2) = O, or (z - 2) (z + 1) = O•
=
.·. z 3, - 2, 2, or - l.
;, ; :;:: 3, :t 2, or - l.
T.EACHEfüi' .EDITION 611
28. Solve 32:i:{ -48:i:ª - 10z2 + 21.: + 6 = O.
Multiply by 2,
64:i:{ - 96:z:8 - 20:z:2 + 42:z: + 10 = o.
Attempt to extract the square root of the left member,
64:i:{ - 96:z:ª- 20:z:2 + 42:z: + 10j8z2 -6:i: -!
64:i:{
16:z:2 -"ezl - 96:z:8 - 20:z:2
1- 96:z:ª + 36z2
16:z:2 -12:z: - i - 66:z:2 + 42:z: + 10
-66:z:2+42:z:+ 1!.
Add t to each member, - t

64 z{ - 96 :z:8 - 20 :z:2 + 42 :z: + ~ = f.
_8z2 - 6:z: - ¡ = ± ¡.
8 :z:2 - 6 z = 6, or 2.
64 :z:2 - ( ) + 9 = 49, or 26.
8 :z: - 3 = ± 7, or ± ó.
=
8 :z: 10, - 4, 8, or - 2•
=
.·. z i, - !, 1, or - l·
... :z: = 1, t, - l, or - l·
H . Solve z{ -4(a + b):z:2 +16(a.- b)2 = O.

:z:4 - 4(a' + b)z2 =-16(a - b)2.
z{ - 4 (a+ b) z2 + 4 (a + b)2 = - 12 a2 + 40 ab - 12 b2.
:z:2 - 2(a +b)=± 2 ../-3a2+ lOab- 3b2.
=
z2 2 (a + b) ± 2 ../ (3 a - b) (3 b - a) .
.·. :z:=± "V2(a+b)±2../(3a-b)(3b - a)
=../3a-b±~, or - ~ ±../3b-a.
The square root of 2 (a +b) ± 2 ../ (3 a - b) (3 b - a) is found by§ 307
as follows:
Two numbers whose sum is 2 (a+ b) and product (3 a - b) (3b - a)
are 3 a - b and 3 b - a.
Then 2 (a+ b) ± 2 ../(3 a - b) (3 b - a)
= (3 a - b) ± 2 ../(ªa - b) (3 b - a) + (3 b - a)
=(../3a - b ± ../sb-a)2.
.·. "V2(a +ti)± 2 v'{sa - b)(3b- a);:: ../3a - b ± ../3b- a.
26 . Solve zt ~ 2 (a2 + 4 ab - b2) z2 + (a - b)t = O.

z4 -2(a2 + 4ab- b2)z2 =- (a -b)t.
=
z4 - () + (a2 + 4ab- b2)2 12aªb + 8a2b2 - 4ab8.
z2 - (a2 + 4ab - b2) = ± 2 Vab(3a2 + 2ab - b2).
z2 = a2 + 4 ab - b2 ± 2 v' ab (a + b) (3 a - b).
z2 = [Va(a + b\ ± v'b(3a - b)]2.
.·. z =± [Va(a + b) ±Vb(3a-b)] .
=
.·. z v'a(a + b) ± Vb(3a - b), or -Ya(a + b) ± Vb(3a -b).
1. Form the equation of which 6. Form the equation of which

the roots are 5 and 4. the root.8 are - 1! and 2!.
The equation is The equation is
(z - 5) (z - 4) o, = =
(z + 1-!-) (z - 2!) O,
or z2 - 9 z + 20 = O. or (3z+4)(3z-7)=0,
or 9z2-9z-28 O. =
2. Form the equation of which 8. Form trie equation of which
the roots are 6 and - 3. the roots are· - 2¡ and - 2f.
The equation is The equation Is
(z - 6) (z + 3) O, = (z + 2i) (z + 2t) O, =
or z2 - 3 z - 18 = O. or (3z+8)(4z+11)=0,
or 12z2 + 66z + ss·= O.
3. Form the equation of which 't. Form the equation of which
the roots are - 3 and - 6. the roots are ¡ and - ¡.
(z + 3) (z + 6) = O, (z - i) (z + t) =O,
or z2 + 8 z + 16 =O. or (9z - 2) (9z + 4) =O,
or 81 z2 + 18 z - 8 = O.
4. Form the equation of which 8. Form the equation of wbich
the roots are ! and !· the roots are 8 and - ¡.
(z - !) (z - n = o, (z - 8) (z + ~) O, =
or (2 z - 6) (3 z - 8) = O, or (z-8)(3z+6)=0,
or 6z2 - 31 z + 40 = O. or 3z2 - 19z - 40 O. =
9. Form the equation of which U. Form the equation ofwhich
the roots are -?r and ·~ Ir· the roots are - !, - }, and - f.
(z - -?r) (z + t'r) = O, (z + !) (z + i) (z + ·o
= o,
or (11 z - 7) (11 z + 3) = O, or (2z+1)(3z+2)(4z+3)=0,
or 121 z2 - 44 z - 21 = O. or 24 z8 + 46 z2 + 29 z + 6 = o.
13. Form the equatlon of which
10. Form the equation of which the roots are a + b and a - b.
the roots are 2, 4, and - 3. The equation is
The equation is [z - (a+ b)] [z - (a - b)] = o,
(z - 2) (z - 4) (z + 3) = O, or (z - a - b) (z - a + b) = O,
or z8 - 3 zZ - 10 z + 24 = O. or z2 - 2 az + a2 - b2 O. =
14. Form the equation of which
11. For~ the equation ofwhich the roots are a + 2 b and a - 3 b.
the roots are 5, - 2, and - l.
The equation is
The equation is [z-(a + 2b)] [z -(a -3b)] = O,
(z - 5) (z + 2) (z + 1) = o, or (z-a-2b)(z-a+3b)=O,
or zª-2z2 -I3z-l0=0. o0rz2-2az+bz+az-ab-6b2 = O.
16. Form the equation of which the roots are 2 + Y3 and 2 - "113. ·
The equation is [z - (2 + Y3)] [z - (2 - Y3)] = O,
or (z - 2 - Y3) (z - 2 + Y3) = O,
or z 2 -4z+l=0.
18. Form the equation of which the roots are ! + t Y37 and !- J Y37.
The equation is [z - (! + i Y37)] [z - O - i "'37)] = O,
or (3 z - 8 - 2 Y37)(3 z - 8 + 2 Y37) =o,
or 9z2 - 48z - 84 = O,
or 3z2 - 16z - 28 = O.
17. Form the equation of wbich tbe roots are 2 + ~ and 2- ~ -
The equation is [z - (2 + v=-i)] [z - (2 -v=-i)J = O,
or (z -2 -Y-l)(z- 2 +v=-i) = O,
or z 2 - 4 z + 5 O. =
18. Form the equation of which the roots are - 2 + '1=s and
-2-'1=s.
The equation is [z -(- 2 + ...r=s)] [z -(-2-...r=s)] O, =
or (z + 2 - vC"a) (z + 2 + -vCs) = O,
or z2 + 4 z + 7 = O.
Exerciae l.l.9. Page 291.

l . In (2) Law 1 find t in terms From (4), hgt = lv.
of the other letters.
.·. t = l11 •
We have, by (2), Law 1, hg
8 = !gt2. From(6),hgt2 = 2 ls.
.·. gt2=2B. ffl = 2ls .
hg
t2 = 2,.
g
.·. t = ~ ·
.·. t = ~ ·
From (6), 11 =~ 2~ 8•
2. In (3) Law 1 find v in terms
of the other letters.
We have, by (3), Law 1, 4. In Law 3 find the values of
v2 = 2gs. t in terms of the other letters.
.·. V=V2g8. Find the value of u in (3).
We have, by (1), (1), Law 3,
3. In Law 2, if h denotes the
height and l the length of the ti=u+gt.
inclined plane, find the three
gt=ti-U.
formulas that correspond to ( 1), .·. t= ti-u .
(2), and (3) of Law l. Find the g
values of t and the value of v in We have, by (2), (i), Law 3,
terms of g, h, l, and s.
8 = ut + i gt2.
We have, by Law 1, }gffl + ut = 8.
V=gt ; (1) gt2 + 2ut = 2B.
B = !gts j (2) g2ffl + ()+u'= 2gs + us.
t,2 = 2gs. (3) gt + u = v'2 gs + uv.
For motion down an inclined gt =-u+v'2gs+u2.
plane these· formulas become -u+v'2ga+u2
~ t .
respectively g
(4) We have, by (1), (ii), Law 8,
(ó) ti=u-gt.
gt= u - v.
(6) .·. t= u-ti .
g
.TBACHERS' EDITIO.N 616
We have, by (2), (ii), Law 3, gt2 = ,r2l.
=
8 ut - ~gt'. .·.l=ir2·
gt:J
}gt2-ut=-B.
gtl - 2 ut =-
2 8. and
,rll
g=-·
glt:J _ () + u2 =
u2 - 2ga. t2
gt - u = ..¡u' - 2 gs.
=u+ vu2 - 2 g8.
gt '1. Find in terma of tbe other
u+ vu2 - 2gs letters tbe value of ti and the val ue
.·. t= g .
of t in Law 6.
, We have, by (S), (ii), Law 3,
We bave, by (1), Law 6,
ut
•=-·
2g
·F= mtil_
r
u•= 2g8. rF= mv2.
.·. u=Y2gs. 1>2= rF.
m
6. In Law ó find the value of t
in terma of a and 8. J<'ind the .·.v=~·
value of ti in terms of a and 8.
We have, by (2), Law 6,
We have, by (2), Law ó,
F= 4 ,rlmr.
8 = !at2• t2
=
at2 28. =
J!t'l 4 ,rlmr.
t'l= 2s. t2 = 4 ,rlmr .
a
F
.·.t=~-
.·. t=h~;-
We bave, by (3), Law ó,
ti2 = 2aa.
.·. 1'="V2as. 8. Find in terma of the other
letters tbe value of d in Law 7.
8. Find in tenns of tbe other We bave, by Law 7,
lettera the value of l and the value
of gin Law 4. F=kmm'.
d2
We have, by Law 4, F<fl= kmm'.
<fl= kmm' .
t= , r ~ . F
l
ti= ,r2-. .·,4=~·
g
9. Find in terms of the other By Formula (1),

letters the values of 11 in Law 8. v=gt
We have, by (1), Law 8, = 82 X 10
"P't = mv. =320.
The mean velocity
Ft
.·.11=-·
m = =
i of 320 160.
We have, by (2), Law 8, Therefore, the time required is
8 = ¡11t. 10 seconds; the velocity acquired
28= vt. is 320 feet per second ; the mean
velocity is 160 feet per second.
••• V= 28.
t
11. A stone is thrown verti-
We have, by (3), Law 8,
cally upwards with a velocity of
FB= ¡mv2. 160 feet per second. How high
2Fa=mv2. will it rise? How many seconds
v2=2.Fa_ will it be in the air?
m
By Formula (3), (ii), 3, § 350,
. V
.. -~2F8
-- • u2
m IJ=-·
2g
' ' 10. Find in terms of the other Here u= 160, and g = 32.
letters the value of v in Law 9.
We have, by Law 9, .·. a = 21602
X 32
= 400.
mh= mv2. By Formula (2),
2g
2gmh= mv2•
8 = ut - !ut2-
112= 2gh.
= =
Here a 400, u 160, g 32. =
••. V = -v'2gh. =
.·. 400 160t -16t2.
Divide by 16,
11 . How long will it take a 2ó=10t-P.
stone starting from rest to fall t2-10t+2ó=0.
1600 feet? What velocity will
the stone acquire? What is the
=
t - ó o.
.·. t= ó.
mean velocity ?
It will take the stone just as
By Formula (2), 1, § 360, long to fall from the higbest point
8 = !ut2- as it takes to reacb the highest
=
Here s 1600, and g 32. = point.
.·. 1000 ={
X 32t2. =
.·. 2t 10.
I6t2 = 1000. Tberefore, the stone will rise
=
t2 100. 400 feet, and will be in the air
.·. t = 10. 10 seconds.
U. With what initlal velocity H. A stone is thrown down a
must a. bullet be fired upwa.l'ds sha.ft 164 feet deep with an initial
that it may rise to a height of velocity of 50 feet per second.
6400 feet? How many seconds will it take to
rea.ch the' bottom?
By Formula (3), (ii), 3, § 350,
By Formula (2), (i), 3, § 850,
u' '= ut + }gt'.
•=-·
2g Hel'e a= 164, u= 50, g = 82.
Here á = 6400, and g = 82. .·. 164 = óOt + } X 82t2.
u' · 16tl + 50t = 164.
... 6400=-- 266tl+ ( )+626 = 3249.
2 X 82
16t+26=±ó7.
u1 = 64 X 6400.
16t = 32, or - 82 .
••• U = 8 X 80 = 640. =
.·. t 2.
Therefore, the required initial Therefore, the required time is
velocity is 640 feet per second. 2 seconds.
16. A stone is dropped into a vertical sha.ft, and the sound of its
striking tbe bottom is heard after 1Oseconds. lf the velocity of sound
is 1120 feet per second, how deep is the shaft?
Let t = the number of seconds the stone is falling.
Then 10 - t = the number of seconds required for the sound to
travel a distance equal to the depth of the shaft,
and 1120(10 - t) = the number of feet in the depth of the shaft.
.·. a= 1120(10 - t). (1)
By Formula (2), 1, § 350, a = ! x 32 ti. (2)
Substitute in (2) the va.lue of a from (1),
=
1120(10 - t) t X 32 ti.
11200 - 1120 t = 16 ti.
Divide by 16, =
ti + 70 t 700.
t'l + 70t + 1225 = 1925.
=
t + 35 ± 43.875.
.·. t = 8.875, or - 78.875.
a= 1120(10 - t)
= 1120 (10 - 8.875)
:::': 1120 X 1.125
= 1260.
Therefore, the shaft is 1260 feet deep.
18. A stone is dropped into a vertical shaft 1024 feet deep, and the
sound of its striking the bottom is heard after 8.9 seconda. Find the
velocity of sound.
Let x = the number of feet per second in the velocity of sound.
Then =
t the number of seconds required for the stone to reach
the bottom,
=
and 8.9 - t the number of seconda it takes sound to travel 1024 feet.
1024
.·. :Z:=8.9-t.
By Formula (2), 1, § 360, 8 = ¡gt2.
Here s = 1024, and g = 32.
.·. 1024 = t X 32 P.
1024 = 16tl.
t:'=64 .
.·. t= 8.
1024 1024
.·. x=--=-=1137¡.
8.9- 8 0.9
Therefore, the velocity of sound is 1137 ¡ feet per second.
17. When a balloon is just a mile above the ground and is rising ai
the rate of 22 feet per second, a stone is thrown vertically downwards
with an initial velocity of 60 feet per second. How long will it take
the stone to reach the ground ?
By Formula (2), (i), 3, § 360, a = ut + l gt'.
If the balloon was stationary, the value of u would be 60 feet; but
since the balloon is riBing at the rate of 22 feet per second, the value
of u is 60 feet - 22 feet, or 28 feet.
Hence, = =
a 6280, u 28, and g = 32•
.•. 6280 = 28 t + t X 32 t:'.
=
6280 28t + I6tl.
=
16 tl + 28 t 6280.
=
64 t:' + ( ) + 49 21169.
=
8t + 7 ± 146.496.
8 t = 138.496, or - 162.496.
.·. t = 17.31.
Therefore, it will take the stone 17.31 seconds to reach the ground.
18. If the stone of the last example was thrown vertically upu,arde,
how long would it take to reach the ground?
u2
By Formula (3), (ii), 3, § 350, 8=-·
2g
If the balloon was stationary, the value of u would be 60 feet; but
since the balloon is rising at the rate of 22 feet per second, the value
of u is 50 feet + 22 feet, or 72 feet.
Hence, u = 72, and g = 32.
. .• 8 = --2!_
2 X 32
= 81.
By Formula (2), (ii), 3, § 360, s = ut - l gt:J.
Here = =
a 81, u 72, and g 32. =
.·. 81 = 72 t - i X 32 t2.
16 t2 - 72 t + 81 = o.
Extract the square root, 4 t - 9 O. =
4t= 9.
.·. t = 2.26.
Hence, the time it takes the stone to rise to the highest point
(81 feet above a mile) is 2.26 seconds.
It is now required to flnd the time it takes the stone to fall to the
=
ground, or a distance of 81 feet + 5280 feet 5361 feet.
By Formula (2), 1, § 360, s = !g(J.
Here =
s 5361, and g 32. =
.·. 5361 =}
X 32 t2.
• 16 t2 6361. =
4 t = ± 73. 218.
.·. t = 18.30.
Hence, it requires the stone 18.30 seconds to fall to the ground from
the highest point it reaches.
Therefore, it takes the stone 2.25 seconds + 18.30 seconds, or 20./ió
seconds, to reach the ground.
19. One body is allowed to slide down a smooth inclined plane 400
feet long and 144 feet bigh. Another body is allowed to fall vertically
through the height of the plane. Find the velocity of each body or
reaching the base of the plane, and the time required for each to fall.
The body allQWed to fall 1Jertically.
By Formula (3), 1, § 350, 1J2 = 2 gs.
Here =
g 32, and s 144. =
.·. 112 = 2 X 32 X 144 = 64 X 144 .
••• 1' = =
V64 x 144 8 x 12 OO. =
By Formula (1), 1, § 360, v = gt.
Here =
v = 96, a.nd g 32.
:. 96=32t.
.·. t = 3.
The body allowecl to slide down the inclined plane.
By 2, § 360 and by Formula (3), 1, § 360,
v2 = 2gli8 .
l
Here g = 32, h = 144, l = 400, s = 400 .
.·• v2 = 2 x 32 x tH x 400 = 64 x 144.
:. v = Y64 x 144 = 8 x 12 = 96.
By 2, § 360, and by Formula. (1), 1, § 360,
V= ght.
l .
Here v = 96, = 32, h = 144, l = 400.
g
:. 96 = 32 X !U X t.
t-400x96_26
-144 X 32 _ 3.
:. t = ª*·
Therefore, the velocity of the falling body on reaching tbe base of
the plane is 00 feet per second, a.nd tbe velocity of tbe sliding body is
96 feet per second ; the time required for the falling body is 3 seconds,
and the time required for the sliding boay is 8! seconds.
Exerclae 120. Page 295

l. Tbe difference between two numbers is 12, and the sum of the
i;quares of tbe numbers is 1130. Find the numbers.
Let =
z the smaller number.
Then =
z + 12 tbe larger number.
=
: . zt + (z + 12)' 1130.
~ + zt + 24z + 144 = 1130.
=
2:i:' + 24z 986.
=
zt + 12z 493.
zS + 12 Z + 36 = 629.
z+ 6 =± 23.
=
: . z 17, or - 29.
Then z + 12 = 29, or - 17.
Therefore, tbe required numbers are 17 and 29, or . - 29 and - 17.
l. Two men, A and B, can togetber do a piece of work in 20 days.
lf B requires O more days than A to do tbe wbole work, how many
days would it take each alone?
Let z = the number of days it wollld take A alone.
=
Tben z + O the number of days it w~uid ~e B alone,
1
z= the part A can do In 1 d,y,
and - 1 - = the part B can do in 1 day.

z+o
20 20
.·. - + - - = l .
z z+!l
2oz + 180 + 2oz = .zt + Oz.
zt - 31 z - 180 O. =
(z - 36) (z + 5)=O.
.·. z =86, or -
ó.
Tben z + 9 = 45, or 4.
Tberefore, to do the whole work it would take A alone 36 days,
and B alone 45 days.
3. Tbe length of a rectangular lot Is 19 feet longer than tbe width.

If the width was 40 feet greater and tbe length .was·33··réet greater,
tbe area of the lot would be doubled. Find the dimensiona of the lot.
Let =
z the number of feet in the width of tbe lot.
=
Then z + 19 the number of feet In the length of the lot,
=
z + 40 the number of feet in tbe width increased by 40 feet,
and =
z + 62 the number of feet in the length increased by 88 feet.
=
.·. (z + 40) (z + 62) 2 (z) (z + 19).
=
zt + 92z + 2080 2z2 + 38z.
z• - 64z 2080. =
zS - 64z + 729 2809. =
z-27=±63.
=
.·. z 80, or - 26.
Then z + 19= 00, or - 7.
Therefore, tbe lengtb of the lot is 00 feet, and the width 80 feet.
f. If 11 is snbtracted from a certain whole nnmber, the resnlt is tbe

square of an integral nnmber; if 24 is added to the same wbole
nnmber, the resnlt is the square of tbe Integral nnmber one larger
tban before. Find the numb(lr.
Let z = the required number.

Tben :i: - 11 = tbe square of an integral number,
z + 24 = the square of tbe next larger integral number,
V.z - 11 = an integral number,
anti ..¡z + 24 = tbe next larger integral number.
But tbe difference between these integral numbers is l.
Vz + 24 - ..,/z - H =l.
Vz + 24 =1 + Vz - 11.
Square, z + 24 = 1 + 2 Yz-=-íi + z - 11.
84 = 2 Yz-=-íi.
17 =..,/z -11.
Square, 289 =z - 11 .
.·. z=800.
Therefore, tbe required number is 800.
6. A company of gentlemen engaged a supper and agreed to pay

$80 for it. Four of the gentlemen failed to attend and each of Lhe
rest paid $1 more tban he expected to pay. How many were present
at tbe supper ?
Let z = the number of gentlemen who agreed to
attend.
Then z- 4 = tbe number of gentlemen who dld attend,
80
-z = the number of dollars each expected to pay,
80 . .
- + 1 = tbe number of dollars each did pay,
z
and (x - 4) ( 8: + 1) = the number of dollars paid for tbe supper.
. ·. (z - 4) ( ~ + 1) = 80.
Clear of fractions, (z - 4) (80 + x) 80x. =
zS + 76z - 820 80z. =
zS - 4 X - 820 = 0.
(z - 20) (z + 16) O. =
=
.·. z 20, or - 16.
Then z - 4 = 16.
Therefore, 16 gentlemen were present at tbe supper.
_.I
TEACHERS' EDIT10N 623
8. If the edges of a rectangular box were increa.sed by 2 inches, 3
lnches, and 4 inches respectively, the box would become a cube and
its contents would be increased by 1008 cubic inches. Find the length
of each edge of the box. '
Let =
z the number of inches in an edge of the cube.
Then =
z - 2 the num ber of inches in one edge of the box,
=
z - 8 the number of inches in a second edge of
the box,
=
z - 4 the number of inohes in the third edge of
the box, .
(z - 2) (z - 3) (z - 4) = the number of cubic inches in the contents
of the box,
and =
z8 the number of cubic inches in the contents
of the c~be•
=
.·• (z - 2) (z - 3) (z - 4) z8 - 1008.
z8 - 9z2 + 26:i: - 24 = z8 - 1008.
Tranapose and combine, 9 z2 - 26 z = 984.
81 z 2 - ( ) + 169 = 9026.
9z - 13 = ± 9ó.
=
9z 108, or - 82•
=
.·. z 12.
Then z - 2 = 10,
z-8= 9,
z-4=8.
Therefore, the lengths of the edges of t.he box are 10 inches, 9 inches,
and 8 inches.
'I. A rallway train makes a run of 799 miles in a certain time. If the
average speed was reduced 4! miles an hour, the run would take 1 hour
48 minutes longer. How long does it take the traln to mak:e the run?
Let =
z the number of honra the train requires for the run.
Then 799
- =
the average number of miles the train makes per
z hour,
799 - ~ =the average nu~ber of miles the train would make
z 2 per hour if the speed was reduced 4! miles per
· hour,
and ~ =the number of hours the train would require for the
799 9 run if the speed was reduced 4! miles per hour.
z 2
799
.·. 7999-z=lt.
z 2
ló!lS z 9
Simplify fractions, -----Z=-·
1698 - 9:i: 6
7990:i: - 7990:i: + 4óz2 = 14382 - 81:i:.
4óz' + 81 z = 14382.
=
óz' + 9:i: ló98.
=
·100:i:' + () + 81 32041.
10:i:+9=±179.
10:i: = 170, or - 188.
.·. Z= 17.
Therefore, it takes the train 17 houra to make the run.
8. A body of soldiers can form a hollow square 4 men deep. If

the outer side of the hollow square is diminished by 36 men, t.he
soldiers can forma solid square. Find the number of soldlers.
Let =
z the number of soldiers In one side of the solid square.
Then z2 = the whole number of soldiers.
In the hollow square there are 8 rows of z + 36 men each and 8
rows of :z: + 36 - 8 men each .
=
.·. 8 (:z: + 36) + 8 (:z: + 36 - 8) :z:1.
=
8:z: + 288 + 8:z: + 288 - 64 :z:t.
=
:z:2 - 16:z: 612.
:z:1 - 16 :z: + 64 = 676.
:z:-8 =± 24 .
•·. :z: = 32, or - 16.
Then :z:t = 1024.
Therefore, the number of soldiers is 1024.
9. The difference between the cnbes of two consecutive numbers is

lól9. Find the numbers.
Let :z: = the smaller number.
Then :z: + 1 = the larger number.
=
.·. (:z: + 1) 8 - :z:8 1619.
:z:8 + 3:z:2 + 3:z: + 1 - :z:3 = 1619.
3:z:2 + 3:z: = 1618.
:z:2 + :z: = 506.
4x2 + ( ) + 1 = 2026.
2:i: + 1 = ± 46.
= 44, or -
2z 46.
22.
Z=
Then z + 1 = 23.
10. Find the momentum and the kinetic energy of a masa of 6

pounds as it strikes the ground after falling 000 feet.
=
The momentum masa x velocity.
By l!'ormula (3), 1, § 360, =
v2 2 ga.
Here g = =
32, and s 000 .
••• t,2 = =
2 X 32 X 900 64 X 000.
•·• V =8 X 30 =240.
Momentum = 6 x 240, or 1200, poundals.
By 8, §360, .
Ki net1c ,nt,i f
energy =-oot-pounds
2g
6 X 240'
=- - - foot-pounds
2 X 32
= 4600 foot-pounds.
Therefore, the momentum is 1200 poundals, and the kinetic energy
4600 foot-pounds.
11. A masa of 10 pounds falla from rest 226 feet to the ground.
Find its kinetic energy on reaching the ground.
By Formula (3), 1, § 360, TJl = 2 gs.
Here g = 32, and a = 226 .
.·. v2=2x32x226=64x226 .
• •• V = 8 X 16 = 120.
By 8, §360, K . .
met1c energy mv2 foot-pounds
=- 2g
= 10 X 1202 f t-
2 x 32 oo poun
ds
= 2260 foot-pounds.
Therefore, the kinetic energy required is 2260 foot-pounds.
11. A ball welghing 2 pounds is fired vertically upwards with an

initial velocity of 128 feet a second. Compute its kinetic energy at
the end of each second of its ascent.
The ball rises until its velocity is O.
By Formula (1), (ii), 3, § 360, 1'=U-gt.

Wheu the velocity is O, then 11 = o, u = 128, g = 32.
••• O = 128 - 32 t.
32t = 128•
.·. t = 4.
Therefore, the ball rises for 4 seconds.
1'=u-gt.
When t = 1, 1' = 128 - 32 X 1= 128 - 32 = 00;
when t = 2, 1' = 128 - 32 X 2 = 128 - 64 = 64;
when t = 3, 1' = 128 - 82 X 3 = 128 - 00 = 32;
wben t = 4, 11 = 128 - 82 X 4 = 128 - 128 = 0.
By 8, § 360,
when t = 1, kinetic energy = 2 x 961 = 288 foot-pounds;
2 X 32
. 2x642
when t= 2, kmet.ic energy = - - = 128 foot-pounds;
2 X 32
. 2 X 322
when t = 3, kmetic energy =- - = 32 foot-pounds ;
2 X 32
when t = 4ki
, netlc. energy = 22 xxos
32 = oot-poun s.
Of d
Therefore, the kinetic energy at tbe end· of 1 second is 288 foot-

pounds; at the end of 2 seconrls is 128 foot-pounds; at the end of 3
rnconda is 82 foot-pounds ; at the end of 4 seconds is O foot-pounds.
13. Find the effective horse power of a steam engine that raises
100 cuuic feet of water per minute to a height of 132 feet. A cubic foot
of water weighs 62! pounds.
The horse power = 100 x 62! x 182
83000
25 /1/1
= ,l~ X .ll~ X .llll = 26.
~ X llllfilf,ISJ
llllfl
J
Therefore, the effective horse power of the engine is 26.
H. Find the time of vibration of a. simple pendulum 1.63 feet long

at a. pla.ce where g = 32. 16 feet.
By 4, § 360, t = 1r ~ .
Here ,r = 3.1416, l = 1.68, g = 82.16.

. / 1.68
.·. t = •8.1416 X \f 32.16
=8.1416 X v'0.060684
= 8.1416 X 0.226
= 0.70686.
Therefore, the required time of vibra.tion is O. 707 second.
16. Find the time of vibration of a simple pendulum 60 centimeters

=
long at a. pla.ce where g 980 centimeters.
By 4, § 860, t = ,r ~ .
Here 7t = 8.1416, l = 60, g = 980.
.·. t = 8.1416 X v¡¡;;
= 3. 1416 X v¡;,
= 3.1416 X+ "V3
= 0.4488 X l. 7821
= o.77786648.
Therefore, the required time of vibration is O. 777 second.
16. Find the length in meters of a. simple pendulum tha.t vibra.tes

=
once a second ata. place where g !l.8 meters.
By 4, § 360, t = ,r ~ .
,r'll
t'=-·
g
1
.·. l= - X gl/J.
,r2
Here g = 9.8, t = 1, ir'= 3.14161 = 9.86966,
a.nd ..!.
,r 2
= 9.86965
- 1- = 0.10182.
=
.·. l 0.10132 X 9.8 0.992986. =
Therefore, the length of the required pendulum is 0.9929 meter.
1 T. Find the length in inches of a simple pendulum that vibrates

once a second at New York, where g == 32. 16 feet.
1
By Example 16, l == ir2 x gP "
== 0.10182 X 82.16 feet
== 0.10182 x 82.16 x 12 inches
== 811.1014144 inches.
Therefore, the length of the required pendulum is 89. 101 inches.
18. If an iron ball is suspended by a fine wire óóO feet 8 inches

long from the top of Washington monument, what will be the time of
vibration if g == 82.16 feet ?
By 4, § 860, t == ,r ~ ,
Here ,r == 8.1416, l == óóOf, g == 32.16.

,., t -- 8. 1416 X °'1{6ófij
32.16
== 8.1416 X Y1Ú227
== 8.1416 X 4. 188
== 12.9999408.
Therefore, tbe required time of vibration is 18 seconds.
19. Two masses of 48 grams and 60 grams are attached by a cord

passing overa pulley. Starting from rest, each mass moves 10 centi-
meters In 1 second. · Ji'inil g In centlmeters.
The moving force == 60 grams - 48 grams == 2 grams == 2 g dynes.
By ó, § 860, a == 6/ : 48 == ::-
By Formula (2), ó, § 360, a == ! aJ,2.
2g
Here a= 10, a=-• t= l.
98
,•, 10 == ~ X ~ X 11,
10 = .!L.
98
,•, g= 980.
Therefore, g = 980 centlmeters each second.
10. How mány times a minute must a mass of 16 pounds revolve
horizonta\ly at the end of a wire 4 feet long that the tension of the
wire may equal the weight of 800 pounds ?
By Formula (2), 6, § Sli0, F = 4 ir2mr

(l
.
tt = 4 irsn,r.
F
.·. t=2,r~.
Here ,r = 8.1416, m = 16, r = 4, F = 800, g = 26600.
16 X 4
.·. t = 2 X 3.1416 X - - '1 26600
= 2 X 8.1416 X ~
= 2 X 3.1416 X ,h
= 0.31416.
Therefore, the time of revolution is 0.31416 second.
Hence, the number of revolutions per minute is ~ = 191.
0.31416
Therefore, the ma.es must revolve 191 times per minute.
11. A weight of ll tone drope 24 feet on the head of a pile and

dri\'es the pile a distance of 9 inchee. Find the resistance of the
ground, neglecting the welght of the pile.
Let :z: = the number of tons in the resietance óf the ground.
By Formula (8), 1, § 860, 112 = 2 gs.
Here g = 32, and. s = 24 .
••• 1)2 =
2 X 32 X 24 1686. =
••• 11 =
Y1636 = 16 V6.
Hence, the velocity of the weight is 16 V6 feet per second.
By Formula (3), ó, § Sli0, 1,1 = 2 as.
Here 11 =16 V6, a= ij = 3:,:z: = 6::z: .
=
a = 9 inches t foot.
r:: 64:z: 3
(16v6)•=2x 3 x 4.
1586 = 32:z:.
.·. :z:=48.
Therefore, the average resietance of the ground is 48 tone.
11. Find the hol'll8 power of the engine that ra~ the weight of
Example 21 back to ita original position in 8 aeconda.
ll tona= ll x 2000 pounda = 8000 pounds.
Raising the weight 24 feet In 8 _seconds is equivalent to raising it
20 x 24 feet, or 480 feet, In 1 minÚte.
8000 X 480
Hol'll8 power = - - --- =
33000
4~ 7 •
vrr
Therefore, the required hon,e power of the engine is 43-¿-.
Ezercille 12L Page 301
l. Solve z2 + 112 = 40} (1)

= 811
z (2)
Substitut.e in (l) the value of z from (2),
9y2 + 112 = 40.
1011 = 40.
2
112 = 4.
= ± 2.
•·• 11
Substitut.e the value of 11 in (2), z=±6.
Therefore, z = 6, and 11 = 2;
or z =-6, and 11 =- 2.
l. Solve 8z-11=6} (1)
zy-z=O (2)
Transpose (1), =
11 8z - 6. (3)
Substituta the value of y in (2), 3 z2 - ó z - z = O.
8z2 -6z = O.
z2 - 2z O. =
Factor, z(z - 2) = O.
.·. z =0, or2.
Substitute the value of z in (8), y=- 6, or 1.
Therefore, z = O, and 11 =- 6 ;
or z = 2, and y =1.
8. Solve zv=t2} (1)
2z + 311 = 18 (2)
Transpose (2), 2z= 18-8v.
18 - 811
.·. z=--2-· (8)
Substitute the va.lue of z in (1 ), 18 y - 3 y2 =12.

2
1871- 3711 = 24.
611-112 = 8.
11' - 611 + 8 o. =
Factor, (11 - 2) (11 - 4) o.=
.·• 11 = 2, or 4.
Substitute tbe value of 11 in (3), z = 6, or 3.
or z = 3, and 11 = 4.
t. Solve 6z2 + 11 = 3zy} (1)

2z-¡¡=0 (2)
Transpose (2), 11 = 2z. (3)
Substituta the value of 11 in (1), 6z2 + 2z = 6z2.
Transpoee and combine, z2-2z=0.
Factor, z(z -2) = O.
.·. x = O, or 2.
Substitute the va.lue of z in 8, 11 = O, or 4.
Therefore, z = O, and y = O;
or z = 2, and 11 = 4.
IS. Solve z2-z11+112 =7} (1)

2z-3y=0 (2)
Transpose (2), 2:t = 3y.
.
.. Z--•- 311 (3)
2
g 119 3112
- - - + 1 1 ' = 7.
4 2
Multiply by 4, 911' - 6¡¡1 + 411' 28. =
Combine, 7y2 =28.
.·. 712 4.=
. ·.11=±2.
~ubstitute the value of y in (8), Z=±3.
Therefore, z = 3, and y = 2;
or x =- 3, and y =- 2.
632 ELE.l\IENTARY ALGEBRA
8. Solve z2-zy-2yt=7} (1)
z-11=3 (2)
Transpose (2), =
z y + 3. (3)
112 + 6 11 + o - 11 ~ - a v - 2 112 1. =
Transpoae and combine, 2 y2 - 3 y - 2 = O.
Factor, (Y - 2) (2 y+ 1) = O.
•·• 11 = 2, or - }.
Substitute the value of y in (8), x = ó, or ¡.
Therefore, z = ó, and y = 2;
or z = i, and 1/ = - t·
7. Solve 6z2 -13zy + 6712= 26} (1)

z-2y+1=0 (2)
Transpose (2), Z=2y-1. (3)
Substitute the value of x in (1),
6 (2 71 - 1)2 - 13 (2 y - 1) y + 6 y 2 = 26.
Simplify, 24712 - 2471 + 6 - 26y 2 +1371 + 671 2 = 26.
Transpoae aud combine, 4 712 - 11 y = 20.
Complete the square, 64 y 2 - ( ) + 121 = 441.
Extract the root, 8 y - 11 = ± 21.
8 y = 32, or - 10.
.·. y = 4, or - t•
Subetitute the value of 71 in (3), =
z 7, or - ¡.
or z =- ¡, and y =- ¡.
8. Solve z + Z1/=
y+ xy = 32
Só}· (1)
(2)
Subtract (2) from (1), z- 11 = 3.
Transpose, z = 11 + 3. (3)
Substitute the value of z in (2), y + y 2 + 311 = 82.
Transpose and combine, y 2 + 4 y - 32 = O.
Factor, (1/ - 4) (y+ 8) = O.
.·. y = 4, or - 8.
Substitute the value of y in (3), z = 7, or - ó.
Therefore, z = 7, and y = 4 ;
or z=- ó, and y = - 8.
9. Solve • 2z2-3zy+6y=61 (1)

(z - 2)(y - 1) ::!: O J (2)
From (2), z - 2 = O, or 1/ - 1 = O.
.·. z = 2, or 11 1. = (3)
Substitutethevalueofzin(l), 8-6y+611-6 O. =
Substitute in (1) the va.lue of y from (3),
2 zt - 3 z + 6 - 6 O. =
Combine, 2z2-3z = O.
Factor, z(2z -3) = O.
.·. z = O, or f.
=
Therefore, z = 2, and 11 3;
z = O, and 11 = 1 ;
or z = !, and 11 = 1.
10. Solve z 8 -y8 = 162} (1)
z-y=2 (2)
Divide (1) by (2), :r.' + Z1/ + y 2 = 76. (3)
Square (2), z2 - 2 zy + yi =· 4. (4)
Subtract (4) from (3), = 72.
3xy
= 24.
zy (6)
Add (3) and (5), xt + 2zy + y2 = 100.
X+ y=± 10. (G)
Add (2) and (6), 2 z = 12, or - R•
.·. z = 6, or -4 .
Substitute the value of z in (6), y= 4, or -6.
or z=- 4, and y =- 6.
11. Solve z 8 + 118 = 162} (1)
z+11=8 (2)
Divide (1) by (2), z2 - zy + ys = 19. (3)
Square (2), x2 + 2zy +y2 = 64. (4)
Subtract (3) from (4), - 3xy = 46.
xy = 16. (6)
Subtract (6) from (3), zi - 2 Z1/ + y2 = 4.
X-Y=± 2. (6)
Add (2) and (6), 2x=10, or6 .
.·. z = 6, or 3.
Substitute the va!ue of z in (5), y=~. or 5.
or z=3,andy=6.
11. Solve :i:1 + zw = 77} (1)
:r:¡¡ + y2 == 44 (2)
Add (1) aud (2), zt + 2zv + 111 == 121.
Extract the root, z +ti=± 11.
Subtract (2) from (1), :i:2 - 112 == 83.
Factor, (z + 71) (z - 71) == 33.
33
z-11=:i:+11· (4)
Substitute tbe value of z + 71 in (4), z - 71 == ± 8. (ó)
Add (8) and (5), 2z = ± 14.
Z=± 7,
Substitute tbe value of z in (8), 11 = ± 4.
Therefore, z == 7, and 71 = 4;
or z =- 7, and 71 =- 4.
13. Solve (1)
(2)
Subtract (2) from (1), :i:2 -2:r:¡¡ + 11'== 81.
Extract tbe root, z -11 =± 9. (S)
Factor (2), 71(:i: - 11) = - 86.
86
11=---· (4)
z-11
Substitute in (4) tbe value of z - 11 from (8), 11 == :¡: 4.
Substitute tbe value of 71 in (8), z = 'f 6.
Tberefore, z == 6, and '// = - 4 ;
or z =- 5, and 11 4.=
14. Solve (1)
(2)
Add (1) and (2), zt + 2:i:y + yt = 121.
Extract the root, z + 11 == ± ll. (3)
Factor (1), z (z + 11) 56. = (4)
Substitute in (4) tbe value of z + y, ± 11 z = 66 .
.·. Z=±Ó.
Substitute tbe value of z in (3), 11 = ± 6.
Therefore, z = 6, and y =6 ;
or z == - ó, and y =- 6.
16. Solve z1 - = 40}
112 (1)
x11= 21 (2)
Multiply (1) by 21, 21 z 2 - 21 yt =840. (3)
Multiply (2) by 40, 40 x11 = 840. (4)
Subtract (4) from (8), 21 z2 - 40:1:11 - 21 y2 =O.
Factor, (3 x - 7 11) (h + 311) = O.
.·. 3x = 711,or7z=-311.
••• X= 711,or- 311 . (ó)
8 7
1112 Syt
Subetitute the value of z in (2), - = 21, or - - = 21.
3 7
1112 = 68, or -8112 = 147.
=
112 9, or - 49.
11 = ± 3, or ± 7 v=-i.
Subetitute the value of 11 in (ó), z=±7,or::¡:8V-l.
Therefore, z = 7, and 11 3 ;=
z = - 7, and y = - 3 ;
z = 3 V-1, and 11 = - 1...r=-i ;
or z =- S V-1, and 11 = 7 V-1.
18. Solve z2 + 11' =

z-11=4
2ó0} (1)
(2)
Square (2), x1 -2x11+11'=16. (3)
Subtract (3) from (1), 2xy 234. = (4)
Add (1) and (4), z2 + 2:1:11 + 112 =484.
Extract the root, z + 11 ± 22. = (ó)
Add (ó) and (2), =
2 z 26, or - 18.
~-. z = 13, or - 9.
Subtract (2) from (ó), 211 = 18, or - 26.
••• 11 = 9, or - 13.
Therefore, z = 13, ánd 11 =9;
or z=- 9, and 11=- 13.
17. Solve Z-11=Ó} (1)

z11 = 36 (2)
Square (1), · z2 - 22:11 + yt = 2ó. (8)
Multiply (2) by 4, 4x11 144. = (4)
Add (3) and (4) , z2 + 2xy + yt = 169.
Extract the root, X+ 11 ± 13. = (ó)
Add (1) and (6), 2:i:= 18, or - 8.

.·. z =9, or -4.
Subtract (1) from (6), 2 71 = 8, or - 18.
.·. y=4,or-9.
Therefore, x = 9, and 11 = 4 ;
or z =- 4, and 11 =- 9.
18. Solve :i:2 - Z1/ + 1/1 =89} (1)
2:i:t - 8:i:y + 2712 = 48 (2)
Subtract (1) from (2), zl - 2 :i:71 + 712 = 4.
Extract the root, z - 11 = ± 2.
.·.:i:=11±2, (3)
Subst.itute the va.lue of z in (1),
tl'J ± 411 + 4 - 112 'f 2 71 + yt 89. =
yt + 2 1/ - 86 = O, or 712 - 2 y - 86 = O.
Factor, ~-~~+n=~~~-n~+~=~
••• 11 =
6, - 7, 7, or - 6.
Substituta the va.lue of 11 in (3), =
z 7, - 6, 6, or - 7.
Therefore, z = 7, a.nd 11 = 6 ;
z = - 7, a.nd y =- ó;
z = 6, a.nd 11 = 7 ;
or z=- 6, a.nd 11 = - 7.
19. Solve (1)
(2)
Add (1) and (2), z2 + 2:1:11 + 712 +X+ 11 = 12.
Tra.nspose, (x + 11)2 + (x + 11) - 12 O. =
Factor, (x + y - 3) (x + y + 4) O. =
=
.·. x + 11 8, or - 4. (3)
Squa.re (3), • z2 + 2:i:71 + yt = 9, or 16. (4)
Subtract (2) from (4), zy = 2, or 9.
=
3xy 6, or 27. (6)
Subtra.ct (6) from (2), zt - 2:i:y + 1/2 = 1, or - 20.
Extra.et the root, x-v=±l, or ± 2 ~ . (6)
Add (3) a.nd (6), 2 x = 4, 2, or - 4 ± 2 Y-6.
.·. z = 2, 1, or - 2 ± ~ .
Subtra.ct (6) from (3), =
211 2, 4, or - 4 'f 2 Y - ó.
·. y= 1, 2, or - 2 'f ~ .
x = 1, and y = 2;
x=-2 +Y-ó, and v = - 2 - ~ ;
or z=-2-~,andy=-2+Y-6.
90. Solve ! + y!= ~}

z 2
(1)
.!.+!.=~
zl yt 4
(2)
Square (1), .!.+.!.+.!.=~·

z1zyyl4
(3)
zy = l .
.!.
Subtract (2) from (3), (4)
1 2 1 1
Subtract (4) from (2), ;¡- zy +vi=¡·
1 1 1
Extract the root, ---=±-· (6)
z 11 2
2
Add (1) and (ó), - = 2, or l.
z '
.·. z = 1, or 2.
Subtract (ó) from (1), -112 = 1, or 2.
••• 11 = 2, or l.
or :i: = 2, aud y = l.
11. Solve :i:

11 + 1
+ 1=2} (1)
:i:1+1 =ó (2)
712 + 1
From (1), :i: + 1 = 271 + 2.
271 + l.
••• :i: = (3)
From (2), z2 + 1 = óy2 + 6. (4)
Substitutethevalue of :i: in (4), 4y'+4y +1 +1 óy2 + ó. =
112 - 4 y + 3 o. =
Factor, (y - l)(y - 3) o. =
.·. y= 1, or 3.
Substitute the value of 11 in (3), z = 3, or 7.
Therefore, z ; 3, and y = 1 ;
or z = 7, and y = 3.
H. Solve :1:-71=3 } (1)

:i:8 -1/8=387 · (2)
Divide (2) by (1), zl + zy + y 2 = 129. (3)
Square (1), ' z2 - 2 xy + y2 = 9. (4)
SubtJact (4) from (3), 3zy = 120.

=
Z11 40. (ó)
Add (3) and (ó), =
zl + 2 zy + 1f' 169.
=
z + 11 ± 13. (6)
Add (1) and (6), =
2 z 16, or - 10.
:. a:=8,or -ó.
Substitute tbe value of z in (ó), v=ó,or-8.
Therefore, z = 8, and 11 = ó ;
or z=-ó,and11=-8.
18. Solve zt + yt + z + 11 = 18} (1)

z'-fl'+z-11=6 (2)
Subtr&Ct (2) from (1 ), 2112 + 211 = 12.
Divide by 2, 112 +11=6.
Transpose, =
112 + 11 - 6 o.
Factor, (11 - 2) (11 + 3) = o.
.·. 11=2, or -3.
Substitute the value of y In (1), zt + 4 + z + 2 = 18,
or z' + 9 + z - 3 = 18.
Transpoee and combine, zt +z-12=0,
or z'+z-12 =0.
Factor, (z - 3) (z + 4) = O.
=
.'. z 3, or - 4.
Therefore, z = 3, and 11 = 2 ;
z = 3, and 11 = - 8 ;
z =- =
4, and 11 2 ;
or z = - 4, and 11 = - 8.
H. Solve 2.z:1 - ÓZ11 + 3z - 2y = 10} (1)

ózy- 2z2 + 7z- 811= 10 (2)
Add (1) and (2), lOz -1011 = 20.
z-11=2.
... z=y+2. (8)
Substitute the vslue of z in (1),
2 (11 + 2)2 - ó (11 + 2) 11 + 3 (11 + 2) - 211 = 10.
Expand,
2 yl + 811 + 8 - 51f' - 1011 + 811 + 6 - 2 y = 10.
Transpose a.nd combine, 3y1 + y -4 = o.
Factor, (y-l)(i!y+4)=0.
.·.y= 1, or - f.
Substituta the va.lue of y in (3), :i: =
3, or j.
Therefore, = 3, a.nd y = 1 ;
:i:
or X=j,a.ndy=-!·
25. Solve óz+1,1+3=2xy} (1)

xy-2z+y=9 (2)
Tra.nspose (1), óz + y - 2zy = - 3. (3)
Tra.nspose (2), - 2 z + y + zy = 9. (4)
Multiply (4) by 2, -4:i: + 2y + 2:i:y = 18. (5)
Add (3) and (ó), X+ 3y = ló.
Tra.nspose, =
z ló- 3y. (6)
15y - 3y1 - 30 + 6y +y= 9.
Transpose and combine, 3 yt - 22 y = - 39.
Complete the square, 9 y2 - ( ) + 121 = 4.
E:ittract the root, 3 y - 11 = ± 2.
3y = 13, or 9.
.·. y= 4!, or 3.
Substitute the va.lue of y in (6), z = 2, or 6.
Therefore, z = 2, and y = 4 ! ;
or z = 6, and y = 3.
26. Solve :i:3+118=37} (1)

z2 - zy + y2 = 37 (2)
Divide (1) by (2), z+y=l. (3)
Squa.re (3), :i:2 + 2 zy + y2 = l. (4)
Subtra.ct (2) from (4), 3:i:y =-36.
zy =-12. (ó)
Subtra.ct (ó) from (2), :i:2 - 2 xy + y2 = 49.
Extra.et the root, z -Y=±7. (6)
Add (3) and (6), 2:i: = 8, or - 6.
.·. z = 4, or - 3.
Subtra.ct (6) from (3), 2y = - 6, or 8.
.·.y=- 3, or 4.
Therefore, z = 4, and y=-3;
or x = - 3, and y = 4.
IT. Solve z2 + 11 = 6(z -11)} (l)

X + y2 = 2 (z - Y) (2)
Subtract (2) from (1), z2 - 712 - x + 11 3(x - 71). =
x 2 - 712 - (z -11) = 3 (z - y).
(z + 11) (z - 11) - 4 (z - 11) = O.
Factor, (x - 11) (z + 11 - 4) O. =
.·, z = Y, or 4 - y . (3)
Substituta the value of x in (2),
=
'/Í + 112 O, or 4 - 1/ + 112 8 - 4 71. =
y 2 + y = O, or 712 + 3 71 - 4 = O.
Factor, =
11(11 + l) O, or (11- 1) (y+ 4) O. =
.•. y = O, - 1, 1, or - 4.
Substitute the value of y in (3), =
x O, - 1, 3, or 8.
Therefore, x = O, and =
71 O ;
x =- 1, and 71 =- 1;
x= 3, and 71 = 1 ;
x= 8, and y = - 4.
28. Solve z2 + 712 +X+ 1/ = 68} (l)

xy + 14 = O (2)
Multiply (2) by 2, = O.
2xy +
28
= - 28.
.·. 2xy (3)
Add (l) and (3),
z2 + 2 xy + y2 + x + y = 30.
(z + y) 2 + (z + y) - 30 = O.
Factor, (x + 11 - 6) (x + y + 6) = O.
.·. x + 11 = 6, or - 6. (4)
Square (4), z2 + 2 ey + 712 = 26, or 36. (5)
Multiply (3) by 2, 4 xy =- 66. (6)
Subtract (6) from (5), z2 - 2 xy + y2 = 81, or 92.
Rxtract the root, x - y = ± 9, or ± 2 -J23. (7)
Add (4) and (7), 2x = 14, - 4, or - 6 ± 2 V23 .
.·. x = 7, - 2, or - 3 ± -J23.
Subtract (7) from (4), 2 y= - 4, 14, or - 6 'f 2 V23.
.•• 11 = - 2, 7, or - 3 'f -J23.
Tberefore, x = 7, and 71 =- 2 ;
x = - 2, and y = 7 ;
x = - 3 + -J23, and 71 = - 3 - -J23 ;
or x =- 3- -J23, and y = - 3 + -J23.
219. Solve z2+y2=zy+103} (1)
X + y = zy - 79 (2)
Square (2), z2 + 2 xy + y2 = z2y2 - 158 xy + 6241. (3)
Subtract (1) from (3), 2zy = z2y2 -159zy + 6138.
z2y2 - HH xy = - 6138.
4z2y2 - ( ) + 1612 = 1869.
Extract the root, 2 xy - 161 = ± 37.
2xy = 198, or 124 .
=
.·. xy 99, or 62. (4)
Substitute the value ofay in (2), z +y= 20, or - 17. (5)
Square (5), z2 + 2zy + y2 = 400, or 289. (6)
Multiply (4) by 4, by = 896, or 248. (7)
Subtr~t (7) from (6), z2 - 2 xy + y2 = 4, or 41.
Extract the root, x - y=± 2, or ± Y41. (8)
Add (5) and (8), 2 z = 22, 18, or - 17 ± Y41.
.·. z = 11, 9, or !(-17 ±Y41) .
Subtract (8) from (5), 2y = 18, 22, or -17 :¡: Y41 .
.·.y= 9, 11, or !(-17 ,:Y41).
=
Therefore, z 11, and y 9; =
x = 9, and y = 11 ;
x = H-17 +Y41), andy = H-17-Y41);
or z = !(-17-Y41), and y= l(-17 +Y41).
SO. Solve z2+y2=57+zy} (1)

z+y=xy-41 (2)
Square (2), z2 + 2zy + y2 = z2y2 - 82zy + 1681. (8)
Subtract (1) from (8), 2xy.= z2y2 - 88zy + 1624.
z2y2 - 85zy = -1624.
Complete the square, 4 z2y2- ( ) + 852 = 729.
Extract the root, =
2 xy - 85 ± 27.
· 2 xy = 112, or 58 .
.·. xy = 56, or 29. (4)
Substituta the value of zy in (2), z + y = 15, or - 12. (5)
Sqnare (5), , z2 + 2xy + y2 = 225, or 144. (6)
Multiply (4) by 4, 4 xy = 224, or 116. (7)
Subtract (7) from (6), z2 - 2 xy + y 2 = 1, or 28.
Extract the root, z - y = ± 1, or ± 2 0. (8)
642 ELE.MENTARY ALGJ<;BRA
Add (5) and (8), 2z = 10, 14, or - 12 ± 2 Y7.

.·. z = 8; 7, or - 6 ± -Y7.
Subtract (8) from (5), 2y = 14, 16, or -12 ::¡: 2 Y7.
•·. y = 7, 8 or -
1 6 ::¡: v'f.
=
z 7, and y= 8;
z = - 6 + -Y7, and y= - 6 -Y7;
or z = - 6 - Y7, and y = - 6 + v'1.
31. Solve z+xy+y=ll} (1)
z2 + z'Jy2 + y" = 49 (2)
Transpose (1), z +y= 11 - zy. (3)
Square (3), z" + 2xy + y2 = 121- 22zy + z2y2. (4)
Transpose (2), z2 + y2 = 49 - z2gt. (ó)
Subtract (5) from (4), 2zy = 72 - 22zy + 2z2y2,
2z2y2 -24z11 + 72 = O.
z2y2 -12zy + 36 = O.
Extract the root, zy-6 =0.
.·. zy = 6. (6)
Substitute the value of zy in (3), z + 11 = ó. (7)
Square (7), z2 + 2 zy + y2 = 2ó. (8)
Multiply (6) by 4, 4 X'I/ = 24. (9)
Subtract (9) from (8), z2 - 2zy + 112 = l.
Extract the root, z - y = ± l. (10)
Add (7) and (10), 2z = 6, or 4 .
=
.·. z 3, or2.
Substitute the value of z in (7), 11 = 2, or 3.
=
Therefore, z = 3, and y 2 ;
or z = 2, and y = 3.
32. Solve z2 12 X + y
+ y2 - =} (1)
zy + 8 2 (z + y) = (2)
Multiply (2) by 2, 2 zy + 16 = 4 (z + y). (3)
Add (1) and (3), z2 + 2zy + y2 + 4 = ó(z + y).
Factor and transpose,
(z + y) 2 - ó (z + y) + 4 = O.
Factor, (z + y - 1) (z + y - 4) = O.
.·. z + y = 1, or 4. (4)
Substitute the value of z +yin (2),
zy + 8 = 2, or 8.
.·. zy =-
6, or O. (ó)
Square (4), z2 + 2 zy + yt = 1, or 16. (6)

Muitiply (6) by 4, 4zy =- 24, or O. (7)
Subtract (7) from (6), z2 - 2 zy + yt = 26, or 16.
Extract the root, z- y = ± 5, or ± 4. (8)
Add (4) a.nd (8), 2z = 6, - 4, 8, or O.
.·. z = 3, - 2, 4, or O.
Subtract (8) from (4), 2 y = - 4, 6, O, or 8.
••• 1/ = - 2, 3, O, or 4.
Therefore, z = 3, a.nd 11 =- 2 ;
z = - 2, and 71 = 3 ;
z = 4, a.nd 11 = O;
z = o, a.nd y = 4.
88. Solve z 9 -zy+7/2=37} (1)

z~-712 =40 (2)
Put i,z for y in (1), zt - 11z' + vtzt = 37.
z'(l- v + "2)= 37 .
.·. zt = 37 . (3)
l-11+1>2
Put i,z for y in (2), z'-1'2z2 40. =
z'(l - vi)= 40 .
.·. z2=~- (4)
l -v2
37 40
Equate the va.luea of zt,
l-11+112=1-lls·
37 - 871'2 = 40 - 401' + 4011'.
77112 - 40v =- 3.
Complete the square, 772112 - () + 400 = 169.
Extract the root, 77 1' - 20 = ± 13.
771' = 3.1, or 7.
. ·. 1' = 1, or -?r
Subetitute the va.lue of 1' in (4), z2 = 49, or .lfl•
=
.·. z ± 7, or ± V- v'3.
Slnce 11 m, = y =
± 8, or ± ! VS.
Tberefore, z = 7, a.nd y = 3 ;·
z =-
7, and y =-
3;
z= -V va, a.nd 11 = t v'3;
or z=-V-Y3,a.ndy=-!Y3.
H. Solve =
z' + :a?v2 + yt 21 } (1)
z2+xv+v2 = 7 (2)
Divide (1) by (2), z2 -xv+v2 =3. (8)
Subtract (3) kom (2), 2zv =4.
••• Z1f = 2. (4)
Add (2) and (4), z2 + 2ey + 1'2 = 9.
Extract tbe root, z + 11 =± 3. (6)
Subtract (4) from (3), z 2 -2xv + 112 = l.
Extra.et the root, z-v=±l. (6)
Add (6) and (6), 2z = ± 4, or ± 2•
.·. z=±2, or ±1.
Subetitute the value of z in (4), r = ± 1, or ± 2.
Therefore, z =
2, aud 1f 1;=
z = - 2, and 1f = - 1 ;
z= 1, and y= 2;
or z=-1, and11=-2.
86. Solve z2 - 6zy + yt + 6 = º} (1)

(2)
zv-z-11+1=0
Multlply (2) by 7, 7xy - 7 z - 7 y + 7 =O. (8)
Add (1) and (8), z2 + 2z11 + y 2 -7z -711 +12 = O.
(z + y)2 - 7 (z + y) + 12 = O.
Factor, (Z + 1f - 3) (z + y - 4) = 0.
.·. z + y = 8, or 4. (4)
Subetitnte tbe value of z + 11 in (2), z11 = 2, or 8. (6)
Square (4), z2 + 2 zy + 112 = 9, or 16. (6)
4z11 8,.or 12. (7)
Subtract (7) from (6), zll - 2 zv + 112 = 1, or 4.
Extract tbe root, z - 11 = ± 1, or ± 2. (8)
Add (4) and (8), 2 z = 4, 2, 6, or 2.
.·. z = 2, 1, 3, or l.
r 1, 2, 1, or 8.
z = 1, and y 2; =
z = 3, and y 1 ; =
or =
z 1, and 11 = 8.
ae. Solve z2+2:i:y-y2= 41} (1)

3z2 + 2zy + 2y2 = 103 (2)
Add (1) and (2), 4z2 + 4zy + y2 = 144.
Extrac!t the root, 2z + ·11 =± 12.
.·.y=±l2-2z. (3)
zll + 2z(± 12 - 2z) - (± 12 - 2z)2 = 41.
z2 ± 24z - 4 z2 - 144 ± 48 z - 4 z2 = 41.
Transpose and combine, 7 ;i,2 ~ 72 z = - 185.
Complete the square, 49 zll ~ O + 362 = l.
E:xtra.ct the root, 7z ~ 36 = ± l.
7 z = ± 37, or ± 36.
.·. z = ± i.,t, or ± ó.
Substitute the value of z in (3), y = ± J,?-, or ± 2.
Therefore, z = i.¡.., and y = Jf ;
z=-J.¡L,andy=--V;
=
z =
6, and y 2;
or z = - 6, and y = - 2.
3T. Solve - zy + 6 y2
2 z2 = 10 (z + y)} (1)
z2 + 4 zy + 3 y2 = 14 (z + y) (2)
Multiply (1) by 7, 14z2 - 7zy + 36y2 = 70(z + y). (3)
Multiply (2) by 6, óz2 + 20zy + lóy' = 70(z + y). (4)
Subtract (4) from (3), 9z2 - 27zy + 20y2 = O.
Factor, (3 z - 6 y) (3 z - 4 y) = o.
6y 4y
.·. z= 3 , or 3 . (ó)
26y2 20y2 li.2y I6y2 16y2 98y
- 9 + - 3 + 3y2 = -3- , or - 9 + - 3 + 3y2 = - 3 ·
26y2 + 60y2 + 27y2 = 336y, or 16y2 + 48¡¡2 + 27y2 = 294y.
t12y2 - 336y = O, or 91 y2 - 294y = O.
y2 - 3 y = O, or 13 y2 - 42 y = O.
Factor, y (Y - 3) = O, or y (13 y - 42) = O.
.·• y = O, or 3, or y = O, or H·
z = O, or 6, or z = O, or ff.
z = 6, and y 3 ; =
or z = U, and y H· =
H. Solve 8z+8y-z•-zy=10} (1)

6z + 6y - Z'/1- y2 = 20 (2)
Factor (2), 5 (z + 11) - 11 (z + y) = 20.
.·. (5 - y) (z + y) = 20. (3)
Add (1) and (2), 1Sz+1311- zt - 2z¡., -11' = SO.
lS(z + 11) - (z + 11)1 = SO.
Factor, (13 - z + 11) (z + 11) = 30.
30
.·. z + 11 = (4)
13 -z -11
Substituta the value of z + y in (3), 30 (5 - 11) = 20.
13-Z-11
Divide by 10, S(ó -11) = 2 .
13 -z -y
Clear of fraction1, 16 - 3 y= 26 - 2 z - 2 y.
Transpoae and combine, 11 = 2 z - 11. (ó)
Substitute the value of 11 in (1 ),
8z+ 16z-88-z2 -2z2+ llz= 10.
Transpose and combine, 3zt - Sóz =- 98.
Complete the aquare, S6zl - () + 1225 = 49.
E:r.tract t.he root, 6z-86=±7.
=
6z 42, or 28.
.·. z=7, or4f.
Substituta the value of z in (6), 11 = 8, or - lf.
Therefore, z = 7, and y= 3;
or z = 4i, and y= - lf.
89. Solve 4z2 -9112 =0 } (1)

4z2 +y1 =8(z+y) (2)
Transpoae (1), = 9111 •
4:z:2 (3)
Extract the aguare root, 2z=±Sy.
811
.·.z=±--¡-· (4)
Substituta t.he value of z in (2), 9 y2 + yt = 8 ( ± 3: + y).

Simpllfy, 10y2 = 2011, or 10111 =- 4y.
112 = 211, or 6111 =- 2y.
TraWJP01!6, 712 - 2 y = O, or 6112 + 2 y = O.

Factor, 11 (11 - 2) = O, or 11 (611 + 2) = O•
. ·. y = O, 2, O, or - t·
Substitute the value of 11 in (4), z =O, 3, O, or .¡.
z = O, and y = O;
z = 3, and y =2 ;
or z = .¡, and y = - J.
40. Solve zt-5y2-3z-y+22::::0 } (t)

(z - 3)(11 - 2) = 712.- 3y+ 2 (2)
From (2), (z - 3) (11 - 2) = (Y - 1) (y - 2).

Transpose,
(z - 3) (Y - 2) - (Y - 1) (Y - 2) = O.
Factor, (y - 2)(z - 3 - y+ 1) = O,
m w-~~-y-~::::Q
.·. y-2::::
z-y-2=0.
º· (3)
or (4)
From (3), y::::2.
Subetitute the value of y in (1),
z2 - 20 - 3z - 2 + 22 O. =
Combine, zl - 3z = O.
Factor, z(z -3) = O.
.·. z = O, or 3.
From (4), =
z y+ 2. (6)
y2 + 4 y + 4 - 6 y2 - 3 y - 6 - y + 22 = o.
Transpose and c~mbine, 41/2 = 20.
.·. y2:::: 5.
.·. y =±Y6,
Substitute the value of y in (6), z = 2 ± Y6.
Therefore, z = O, and 11 = 2 ;
z = 3, and y = 2;
= 2 +Y6, and y =Y6;
or z = 2 - Y6, and 11 = - Y6.
648 ELEMENT.ARY .ALGEBRA
41. Solve z2+112=zy+81i (1)

z+11=zy-17; (2)
From (1), zy = z2 + 112 - 37. (3)
From (2), =
zy z + 11 + 17. (4)
Equate the valuea of zy, =
z2 + 112 - 37 z + 11 + 17.
z2 + 112 = z + 11 + 64. (f>)
Multiply (4) by 2, 2 zy = 2 z + 2 y + 34. (6)
Add (ó) and (6), z2 + 2zy + 112 = 3z + Sy + 88.
Tran8J>0118 and factor,
(z+ 11)2 - 3 (z + 11) - 88 = O.
Factor, (z + 11 - 11) (z + 11 + 8) = O.
=
.·. z + 11 11, or - 8. (7)
Substitute the value of z +yin (4), zy = 28, or 9.
2zy = ó6, or 18. (8)
Substitute the value of z +Y in (ó), :r2 + yi = 6ó, or 46. (9)
Subtract (8) from (9), z 2 - 2 zy + y2 = 9, or 28.
:r, - y = ± 8, or ± 2 Y7. (10)
Add (7) and (10), 2z = 14, 8, or - 8 ± 2V7.
=
.·. z 7, 4, or - 4 ± v'1.
Substitute the value of z in (7), = 11 4, 7, or - 4 'f V7.
=
z 4, and y 7 ; =
z =-4 +V7, and 11 =- 4 _..¡:¡;
or z = - 4 -V7, and y= - 4 + V7.
49. Solve z4+1/4=97} (1)

z+y= ó (2)
Raise (2) to the 4th power,
z4 + 4z8y + 6z2y2 + 4zys + y4 = 626. (8)
4z8y + 6z2y2 + 4zy8 = ~28.
2zsy + 8z2y2 + 2zy8 264. =
zy (2 z2 + 8 zy + 2 y2) =
264. (4)
Square (2), z 2 + 2 zy + y2 = 2ó. (ó)
2z2 + 4zy + 2y2 = óO.
=
2z2 + 2y2 óO - 4zy. (6)
Substitute the value of 2 z2 + 2 y2 in (4),
=
zy (óO - zy) 264.
óO zy - z2y2 = 264.
zty2 - óOzy + 264 O. =
Factor, (z11 - 44) (z11 + 6) = O.
.·. zy =
44, or 6.
4 zy = 176, or 24. (7)
Subtract (7) from (ó), z2 - 2 z11 + 112 = - lól, or l.
Extract the root, z - 11 = ± ../ - lól, or ± l. (8)
Add (2) and (8), 2 z = ó ± vC""i51, 6, or 4.
· .·. z = i(ó ± ~ - lól ), 3, or 2.
Substituta the value of z in (2), y = i (ó :¡: -151), 2, or 3.
z = 2, and y = 3;
z = 1(ó + ../ -151), and 11 = !(ó - ..J - 151);
or =
z ! (ó - ..J - 151), and y = ! (ó + ..J - 161).
43. Solve ~+'V'= 272} (1)

z-11= 2 (2)
~ - 4z8y + 6z2y2 - 4zy3 + y4 = 16. (3)
4zªy - 6z2y2 + 4zy8 = 2ó6.
2z8y- 3z2y2 + 2zys 128. =
zy(2z2 - 3zy + 2y2) = 128. (4)
Square (2), z 2 - 2 zy + y 2 = 4. (5)
2 z2 - 4 zy + 2 y2 = 8.
2 z~ + 2 y2 = 8 + 4 zy.
Substituta the value of 2 z2 + 2 y2 in (4),
zy (8 ·+ zy) = 128.
8 zy + z2y2 = 128.
z2y2 + 8zy -128 O. =
Factor, (zy - 8)(zy + 16) O. =
.·. zy = 8, or - 16.
4zy = 32, or - 64. (6)
Add (ó) a.nd (6), z2 + 2 zy + y2 = 36, or - 60.
Extract the root, z + y = ± 6, or ± 2 Y-15. (í)
Add (2) and (7), 2 z = 8, - 4, 01' 2 ± 2 ..J - ló.
.·. z = 4, - 2, or 1 ± Y-15.
Substituta the value of z in (2), y= 2, - 4, or - 1 ± ~ -
z =- 2, and y =- 4;
z = 1 + ~ . and 11 = - 1 + ~ ;
or :a: = 1 - Y-15, and y = - 1 - ..J - ló.
" Sol,e z'+,'=33} (1)

z+11= 3 (2)
Diride (1) by (2),
z' -z', +ztt'-:r,8 + 11' 11. = (3)
Baiae (2) to &.be 4th power,
.r +4zlr +6zY + 4 ~ + 11'= 81. (4)
Sllb&nc\ (3) from (4),
ózlr + ózY + óz,& 70. =
za, + zY + :r,a 14. =
zy(zt+zy+~=l4. (5)
Sqoare (2), zt + 2 :rr, + ,,S = 9. (6)
zS + 'fll=9-2:rr,.
Sullll&itute &.be valoe of zt + 11' in (ó),
zr,(9 - :rr,) = 14.
9zy - zt,gt = 14.
ztyS-9zy + 14 =0.
Factor, (zy - 2) (ZV - i) = O.
. ·. :rr,=2, or7.
4zv = 8, or 28. (7)
Subt.ract (i) from (6), zt - 2 zv + 11' = 1, or - 19.
Ext.ract the root, z - 11 = ± 1, or ±.,; - 19. (8)
Add (2) and (8), 2z = 4, 2, or 3 ± .,/-:.. 19.
.·. z = 2, 1, or l (3 ± .¡ - 19).
Substitute the valoe of z in (2), 11 = 1, 2, or 1(3 'F .,¡ - 19).
Tberefore, z = 2, and 11 =1 ;
z =1, and 11 = 2;
z = ! (3 + V-19), and 11 = ! (3 - .,; - 19);
or z = l (3 -V-19), and 11 = 1(3 + .,/-19).
45. Solve z'-,'=211} (1)
z-11=1 (2)
Divide (1) by (2), z4 + zSy + ztv' + zr + 1f' = 211. (3)
Raise (2) to tbe 4th power,
z'- 4z3, + 6zs,t - 4:i:r + 11' l. = (4)
Sobtract (4) from (3), ó;r:Sy - óz'f,1 + óz,' = 210.
=
:,:ay - z'fl' + zv' 42.
zy(z' - zy + yt) 42. = (6)
Square (2), z2 -2zy+ y2 l. = (6)
z2 + y2 = 1 + 2zy.
Subetitute the value of zt + yt in (ó),
zr, (1 + zy) 42. =
zy + ztr,t 42. =
z'ly'J + zy - 42 O. =
Factor, (zy - 6) (zy + 7) = O•
.·. zr, = 6, or - 7.
4 '&// = 24, or - 28. (7)
Add (6) and (7), =
zt + 2zr, + r,2 26, or - ·21.
Extract the root, z + 11 =·± ó, or ± 3-v=s. (8)
Add (2) and (8), 2z = 6, - 4, or 1 ± 3 ~ -
.·. z=3, -2, or i(l ± 8 ~ ) .
y 2, - 3, or ! (-1 ± 3 ~ ).
z = - 2, and 71 =- 8 ;
z = ! (1 + 3 ~ ) , and y= ! (- 1 + 3 ~ ) ;
or z = !(1 - 8 ~ ) , and y= H- 1 - 8 ~ ) .
t8. Solve z4 + 114 = 162 } (1)

zt + y2 = 3zy - 9 (2)
Square (2), z4 + 2:!;2y2 + 1l4 = 9 z2r,2 - 64 Zf/ + 81.
z4 -7x2y2 + 114 = 81- 64:i:y. (3)
Subtract (3) from (1), 7x2r,' = 81 + 64zy.
7 ztyt - 64zy = 81.
Complete tbe square,
49zty2 - () + 729 = 1200.
7xy - 27 = ± 86.
7 zy = 63, or - 9 .
=
.•. zy 9, or - ;. (4)
From (2), zt + 2 zy + yt = ózy - 9. (ó)
Subetitute in (ó) the value of zy,
zt + 2 zy + yt = 86, or - l.~!.
Extract the root, z + y =± 6, or ± f ...¡ - 21. (6)
~m (2), z1 - 2 zy + 711 = zy - 9. (7)
652 ELE~IENT ARY ALGEBRA
Substitute in (7) the value of zy from (4),

zl - 2 ZI/ + f/2 =O, or - 'I·
Extract the root, z - 11 = O, O, or ± J .../ - H. (8)
Add (6) and (8), 2z = 6, - 6, or ± H.../- 21 + .../ -14) .
.·. z=3, -3,or±H~+.../-14).
211 6, - 6, or ± H.../ - 21 - .../ -14).
=
••• 11 8, - 3, or ± J(vC"ii _ ..¡ -14).
Therefore,
Z= -3,and11=3;
z=-3,and11=-3;
z= J(.../-21 +.../-14),and11= H.../-21-.../-14);
or z =-
J(.../ - 2r + r-ii), and 11 =-
H..¡ - 21 - r-ii).
47. Solve (1)
(2)
C'lear ( 1) of fractions, llz + ll 11=7ZJ1-7. (3)

Clear (2) of fractions, 13r,-13z = ZI/ + l. (4)
Multiply (4) by 7, 91 r, - 91 z = i zv + 1. (6)
Subtract (3) from (ó), SOr, -102:z: = 14.
Divide by 2, 4011-ólz=7.
4011=61:r:+7.
. _ ólz +7
·· 1 1 - ~ · (6)
llz + ú(l~_J] = 357zt + 49z -7.
40 40
Mult iply by 40. 440z + 561 :r: + 77 = 367 zt + 49z - 280.
Tnuli<JIO!'(' IUld rombine,
35; zt - 962.r - 367 = o.
llM1le by 119, 3z' - Sz - 3 O. =
1''1"'t.,r, (.r - 3)(3z + 1) O. =
.·. z=3,or -}.
~11h11tltnh' the valne <>f .r in (6), 11 = 4, or - l·
Th,•rt•for.-, .r 3, and , =4 ;
t)f .r ·. · J. and fl =- l·
18. Solve X+ z2:::: 14} (1)

Y+7/1 3
y+ x 2 13
(2)
x+y2 =4
Cle&r (1) of fractions, ax·+ 3z2 = 14y + 14y2. (3)
Clear (2) of fractions, =
4 y + 4 z2 13 x + 13 y2. (4 ¡
Multiply (3) by 4, 12z2 + 12x - ó6y2 - ó6y = O. (ó)
Multiply (4) by (3), 12 x2 - 30 x - 30 y2 + 12 y= O. (<i)
Subtract (6) froru (ó), ól x - 1i y2 - 08 y= O.
Divide by 17, 3x---,- y2 - 4y O.=
3x=y2+4y.
y2 + 4y
.·. X = - - · (7)
3
Substitute tbe value of x in (3),
y2 + 4y + y4 + Syª + 16 Y2 = 14y + 14y2•
3
3y2 + 12y + yf + 8yª + 10y2 = 42y + 42y2.
y4 + 8 y3 - 23 y2 - 30 y = o.
y(y 8 + 8y2 - 23y - 30) = O.
y (y + 1) (y2 + 7 y - 30) = o.
Y(Y + 1) (Y - 3) (y+ 10) = O.
.·. y= O, -1, 3, or -10.
Substituta tbe value of y in (7), x = O, - 1, 7, or 20.
=
The values x O ami y = O, and x = - 1 and y = - 1, are found to
be extraneous values and are introduced when the value of x, found
in (7), is substituted in (3).
Therefore, x = 7, and y = 3 ;
or x = 20, and y =- 10.
H . Solve z2+y2=z2y2+1} (1)
x+y=2xy-2 (2)
Square (2), z2 + 2xy +y2 = 4z2y2 - 8xy + 4. (3)
Subtract (1) from (3), 2xy = 3z2y2 - 8xy + 3.
3z2y2 - lOxy + 3 = O.
Factor, (xy- 3)(3xy-1)= O.
.·. xy = 3, or }. (4)
Substitute tbe.value of :q¡ in (1), xJ + yl = 10, or J/-. (5)

=
Substitute tbe value of z11 in (2), z + 11 4, or - j. {6)
Multiply (4) by 2, 2:q¡ = 6, or ¡. (7)
Subtract (7) from (ó), xJ - 2 :q¡ + yS = 4, or ¡.
Extract tbe root, =
z - 11 ± 2, or ± f. (8)
Add (6) and (8), 2z = 6, 2, - ¡, or - 2.
.·. z = 3, 1, - !, or - l.
11 1, 3, - 1, or - J.
z = 1, and y = 3 ;
z = - i, and 11 = - 1 ;
or z =- 1, and y =- l·
50. Solve zl + y 8 = - 147 - 3zy} (1)

z2+y2=:q¡+39 (2)
Transpoae (2), ~ - zy :+ y 2 = 39. (3)
-49-ry
Divide (1) by (3), z+11=~-· (4)
Sqnare (4), z2 + 2 zy + y2 = 2401 + 9: 6~11 + z2y2. (ó)
Subtract (3) from (5), 3zy = 2401 + ~ 6:7' + ztyt - 39.
607 zy = 2401+ 98:ey+ z 2'fl2-659l.

z'J.¡¡2 - 409:z:y - 4100 = O.
Factor, (zy - 419)(:z:y + 10) = O•
.·. zy = 419, or - 10. (6)
Substitute the value of zy in (4),
z + y = - 36, or - 3. (7)
Subtract (6) from (3), z2 - 2 zy + y2 = - 380, or 49.
Extract the root, z - y = ± 2 v' - 95, or ± 7. (8)
.Add (7) and (8), 2 z = -36±2-vC9ó, 4, or -10.
.·. z = - 18 ± v' - 95, 2, or - ó.
~ubtract (8) from (7), 211 =-36=f2~, -10, or 4.
••• 11 = - 18 =f v-
95, - 5, or 2.
·~:_¡_refore, z = 2, and y= - 6;
z =- 6, and 11 = 2;
z = - 18 + v' - 96, and y = - 18 - v' - 05;
or z =- 18 - v' - 96, and y = - 18 + V - 96.
. TEACHERS' EDITION 655
61. Solve z+:v =8 } (1)
z4 + 1f' = 706 (2)
z4 + 4 z 8u + 6 z"y'l + 4 z11ª + 11' =4096. (3)
Subtract (2) frow (3),
4z&y + hY + 4zvª = 8800.
2z&y + 3~2 + 2zy8 =1695.
z,(!ilzl + 3zy + 2yS) = 1(196. (4)
Square (1), ~ + 2:i:11 + ... = 64.. (6)
2 zl + 4 Z1/ + 2 yl = 128, ,
2z2 + ~y2 :!;: 128 '-- 4:i:,.
8ubstitute the value of 2 z' + 2 v~.tn ~4), · ·
zv (128 - ,:gy) == 1696.
128 Z1/ - jJ,yl: ::e 1696.
zlyl - 128 Z'//:::; - 1696.
Complete the squarl!, zly' - ( ) + iooo ==-24.01. .
Extract the root, =
. z11 - 64 ± 49.
. .·.. z,¡ .=,= 113, or 15.
=
4 zy 462, or 60. (6)
Subtract (6) from (5), z•- 2zy··+ yt = - 388, or 4.
Extract the root, =
z - y ± 2 v' - 97, or ± 2. (7)
Add (1) and (7), = v
2z 8 ± 2 .2.. 97, 10, or 6.
. ·. z = 4 ± v' - 97, 5, or 3.
Substituta the value ,of z in (1), y= 4 'f v' - 97, 3, or 6.
z = 3, and y = ó;
z = 4 + Y-97, and y,,;, 4 -v' - 97;
or z=4-V-97,andy=4+v'-97.
111. Solve · z+11=6 } (1)

:rfi + ir= 275 (2)
=
Divide (2) by (1 ), z4 - z8y + z9t,I - zy8 + 11' 56. (3)
Raiae (1) to the 4th power,
z4 + 4z8y + 6:i:•11• + 4zy8 + 11' = 625. (4)
Subtract (3) from (4), 6z8y + 6zly2 + 5zy8 = 670.
=
z8y + z2y' + xy8 114.
zy (z1 + xy + y 1 )= 114. (6)
Square (1), x' + 2zy + y2 = 25. (6)
=
x 2 + y 2 26 - 2xy.
Substltute the value of zt + i,t in (ó),

zi,(26 - :ri,) 114. =
2ózi, - z~ 114. =
zY - 2ózi, + 114 o. =
(Zlf - 6) (Zlf - 19) o. =
=
:._ zv 6, or 19.
=
4 Zl/ 24,. or 76. (7)
=
S11btract (7) from (6), zt - 2 zi, + 11' 1, or - 61.
Extract the rOl)t, =
z - 1f ± 1, or ± .../ - ól. (8)
Add (1) aud (8), =
2z 6, 4, o r ó ± ~ - ·
:. z= 3, 2, or l(ó ± ~ ) .
Substitute the value of z ln (1), =
1f 2, 3, or l(ó 'f ~ ).
=
Therefore, z 3, and i, 2 ; =
=
z 2, and i, 3 ; =
z=Hó+~). a11d11= ! ( ó - ~ ) ;
or =
z = l(ó - ~ ) . and 11 l(ó + .../ - ól).
63. Solve zl + 3zy2 + 171 = º} ())

Szty + 118 + 172 = O (2)
:¡:a - 3 z2l/ + 3 z112 - 118 - 1 = O.
(z - 11)ª - 1 =O.
Factor,
(z -11-= l)[(z-11)'+ (z-11) + 1]= O.
:. z -11-l o, =
or (z - i,)2 + (z - 11) + 1 = O.
(i) Z - l/ = l.
(ii) (z - 11)' + (z - ti) =-1.
4 (z - 11r1 + ( ) + 1 = - 3.
2 (z - 11) + 1 = ± "-3.
· 2 (z - 11) =-
1 ± vC's.
:. x -11 = H-1 ± "-3).
>. x - y= 1, or H- 1 ± "\1-8). (3)
Add (1) and (2),
z8 + Sz2lf + Sxyt + 11ª-+ 343 = o.
(z + y) 8 + 343 = O.
Factor,
,:-t?; + 11 + 7)[(z + y)t -7(z + y)+ 49] O. =
.·.X+ 11 + 1 = 0,
or (z +11) 2 - 7(z +y)+ 49 O. =
(1) z+y=-7.
(ii) =- 49.
.(z + y) 2 - 7 (z + y)
4(:i: + y)' -() + 49= ~ 147.
= ± 7 v=s.
2 (z + y) - 7
· 2 (z + y)= 7 ± 7 vC3.
.·. z +y= Hl ± vCsi .
.·. z+y=-7, ort(1 ± ~ ) . (4)
.Add (3) and (4),
2:i: =- 6, l(-16 ± ""-3), 1(9 ± 7 ""-3), 3 ± 4 ""-3,
or 3(1 ± vC"s) .
.·. z =- s, H - 16 ± vC"s), ! (9 ± 7 vC"s), 1(3 ± 4 vC"s),
ori(l ±vC"s).
2y =-8, H-13 'f vC"s), 1(6 ± 1 vC"s), 4 ± avCs,
or 4(1 ±-./ - 3) .
.·. v =- 4, H-13 'f vC"s), t(6 ± 1 v=s>, H4 ± 3 vC"s),
or 2 (1 ± vC"s). ·
Therefore, z = - 3, and y = - 4 ;
=
z t(-15 +-./-3), and y= !(-13 -vC"s) ;
z = t (- 16 - vC"s), and y = ! (- 13 + vC"s);
z = !(9 + 7 vC"s), and v = Hó + 1 v=s);
=
z t(9 - 7 vC"s), &lid y= t(6 - 7 vC"s);
z = !(3 + 4-./ - 3), and y= H4 + 3 v=s);
z = !(3 - 4 vC"s), and y= !(4 - 3 vC"s);
z = ! (1 + vC"s), and y = 2 (1 + vC"s);
or = =
z i (1 - vC"s), and y 2 (1 - ..;=-¡).
H. Solve z4+71'=97 } (1)

=
z2 + y' 49 - z2y2 (2)
From (2), z2 + z2y2 + y2 = 49.
2 z2 + 2 z2y2 + 2 y2 = 98. (3)
Add (1) and (3),
z4 + 2z2y2 + ,r + 2z2 + 2y2 = 196.
(zt + y')' + 2 (z' + y2') = 196.
Complete tbe square,
(z' + y2)' + () + 1 = 196.
Extract tbe root, zt + y' + 1 = ± 14.
z2 + yt = 13, or - ló. (4)
668 ELE.MENTARY ALGEBIU
8ublt.ltute t.he nlue of zt + ,11 in (2),

zt,s =88, or M.
,', :cv=±6, OI' ±&.
2q = ± lJ, ar ± 16. (á)
Add (4) and (6), zt + 2zv + ,11 =16, 1, 1, or -3L
z + f/ =± 6, ± 1, ± 1, ar ± ~ . (fl)
Hubtract (6) from (4),
zt - 2z11 + ,11 = 1, 16, - 31, or l.
z - lf =± 1, ± 6, ± v' - 31, or ± l. (i)
Add (O) and (7),
2z -~o, 4, -4, -6, 6, -4, 4, -6, 1+v'-31, 1-v:ii.
- 1+ v·.- 31, - 1 -vCil; 1 + v-
31, - 1 + vC3i.
1 - v':: 31, or - 1 - v' - 31.
: . z : 8, 2, - 2, - 3, 3, - 2, 2, - 3, l + l v' - 31, l - l ~ -
.. l + ¡ v -·a,, - l- l...; - a1, 1 + 1v -31, - l + l "'-31,
l - ¡ v - :u, or - l - l v - 31.
Hublltltute the value of z In (6),
i, 2, 8, - 8, - 2, - 2, 8, - 3, 2, l - l v- 31, l + l ~ .
- l - ¡ v .:..-1ii, - l + 1V-31, -l + 1v -31, 1 + 1 "'\í-31,
- l - pr:. :u, <>l l - l v' - 31.
'rherefore, z = 3, and 11 = 2;
z :-= 2,andv= 8;
z =- 2, and 11 := - 8 ;
a: :: - 8, and 11 =- 2;
z:: 8,andi,=-2;
z=- 2, and 11 = 8;
z= 2, and lf = - 3 ;
z =- 8, and 11 = 2 ;
z = l + l vC"si, and lf = l- l vCil;
z= l - ~ v' - 31, and y= l + l v' - 81;
z -= - l + l v' - 81, and 11 =- l - ! v'- 31;
z =- l - l V-31, and 11 = - l + l Y-31;
z= l + l ""-31, and 11 = - l + l ""-31;
z=- 1 + l ""-31, and 11 = l + l V- 31 ;
z= 1 - l ""-31, and 1/ = - l - l v' - 31 ;
or z =- l - l v' - 31, and 11 = l- l v' - 81.
H. Solve 16x2 + 16y = 17} (1)
4x+4y2 =ó (2)
From (1), 16z2 = 17 - }6y. (3)
From (2), 4x=ó-4y2.
Square, 16z2 = 2ó - 40y2 + 167/4. (4)
Equate the values of 16 z2,
2ó - 40y2 + 167/4 = 17 -16y.
167/4 - 40y2 + 16y + 8 = o.
Divide by 8, 27/4 - óy2 + 2y + 1 = O.
(y-1)(2y8 + 21/2- 3y- l) = o.
(Y -1)2(2y2.+ 4y + 1) = O.
.·. y= 1, or 1, or 2y2 + 4y + 1 = O.
Transpose, 2 y2 + 4 y = - 1.
Complete the square, 4 y2 + 8 y + 4 = 2.
Extract tbe root, 2 y + 2 = ± v'2.
2y=-2±v'2.
y = ! (- 2 ± 'V2) .
.·. y = 1, 1, or H- 2 ± v'2).
Substitute the value of y in (2), 4 x = 1, 1, or - 1 ± 4 v'2 .
=
.·. x t, t, or t(- 1 ± 4 v'2).
Tberefore, x = h and y =1 ;
x = t, aud y = 1 ;
z = H-1 + 4 v'2), and y= !(- 2 + 'V2);
or x= H- 1 - 4 v'2), and y = H- 2 - v'2).
68. Solve x+xv+v=ó} (1)

+ y 8 = 17
x8 + z8y8 (2)
From (1), x + y = ó - xy. (3)
Cube (3), z3 + 3z2y +3zy2 + y3 = 126 -7óxy +lóz21f2- .i:8y8. (4)
From (2), zª + vª = 17 -xBy3. (ó)
Subtract (ó) from (4),
3:i:2y + 3zy2 = 108 - 7óxy + lóz2y2.
Divide by 3, xy(x +y)= 36 - 2óxy + óz2y2. (6)
Substitute in (6) the value of z + y from (3),

ó :i:y - z2J,2 = 36 - 25 z11 + 6 z21,2.
6z2!,2 - 30:i:y + 36 O. =
z2J,2 - ÓZ11 'f- 6 = 0.
Factor, (Z11 - 2) (:l:'fl - 3) 0. =
=
.·. :i:y 2, or 3. (7)
Substitute tbe value of zy in (3), z + y = 8, or 2. (8)
Square (8), =
z 2 + 2z11 + 112 9, or 4. \9)
Multiply (7) by 4, 4 :i:y = 8, or 12. (10)
=
Subtract (10) from (9), zt - 2 z11 + 112 1, or - 8.
Extract the root, =
z -11 ± 1, or ± 2vC°2. (11)
Add (8) and (11), =
2 z 4, 2, or 2 ± 2 v' - 2.
=
.·. z 2, 1, or 1 ± vC"'i.
211 2, 4, or 2 'f 2 v' - 2.
••. 11 = 1, 2, -~r 1 'F v' - 2.
z = 1, and 11 2;=
=
z = 1 + v' - 2, and 11 1 - vC'2 ;
or = =
z 1 - vC"'i, and 11 1 + vC"'i.
67. Solve
z11
~=b
= ª} (1)
(2)
11
From (1),
a
z= -· (3)
11
From (2), Z=by. (4)
Equate the valuea of z, by=~·
y
bl/2 = a.
a
.·.112=b·
••• 11 = ± ~ Vab.
Substltute the value of y In (4), z = ± ...fab.
Therefore, z = ...fab, and y = Vab ; i
or z =- Vab, and y = - ! Vab.
b
68. Solve zt + xy =
y2 +x11=b
ª} (1)
(2)
Add (1) and (2), :t + 2 xy + 11' = a + b.
2
Extract the square root, x+11=±v'a+b. (3)

Factor (1), :t(:t +y)= a.
a
.·. x=x+y· (4)
Factor (2), =
11(:t + 11) b.
. - b (ó)
• • 11 -x+11 ·
Substitute in (4) the value of :t + 11 from (3), :t = ± -ª-.
va+b
Substitute in (ó) the value of :t + 11 from (3), 11 =± ~ ·
va +b
a
Therefore, :t = - = , and 11 = - -b - ;
v'a + b "Va+b
a ·b
or : t = - - - - , and 11=- - - ·
va+b va+b
69. Solve
Divide (1) by (2),
Substitute the value of :t in (1 ),

1 a,--;;:-:: 1 ar::;::
Therefore, :t = -b v a2b2, and y = - v a2b2;
• a
la~~
x -}v _
= 2b a¡-~
a2b2 ( - l + v - 3), and y = -2a v a2b2 ( - 1 + v - 3) ;
or :t = 2b
..!_ ~ ( - 1 -vC°3), and y=..!_ ~ ( - 1
2a
--vC'ii).
80. Solve z+y=a(z2+yt)} (1)

z- y = b (z2 + y2) (2)
Divide (1) by (2),

z+y a
z-y=¡;·
b.i + by az - ay.
Transpose, =
az - bz ay + by.
a+b
.·. Z= a-by. (3)
a+b _ (a2 +2ab+b2 2 2)
a - by + y - ª a2 - 2 ab + b2 y + y ·
2a 2a(a2 + b2) 2
Simplify, --Y= - y.
a - b a2 - 2 ab + b2
a-b a2 + b2
Multiply by - - , Y=--y2.
2a a-b
a2 + b2
Transpose, --y2-y=0.
a-b
Factor, y( a; ~ : 1) = O.
y -
at + b2
.·. y= O, or - - y
a-b
= 1.
a- b
.·. y=O, o r - - ,
at + b2
a+b
Substitute the value of y in (3), z = O, or-----,:,¡ .
at + rr
. Therefore, z = O, and y = O;
a+b a-b
or z=--,andy=- -- ·
a2 + b2 a2 + b2
61. Solve z +y=ª} (1)

z&+yª=b (2)
b
Divide (2) by (1), z'-zy+y 2 =- · (3)
a
Square (1), zt + 2 zy + y2 = a2. (4)
b
Subtract (3) from (4), 3zy=a2--,
a
or 3zy=--b ·
ªª -
a
aª-b
Divide by 3, :r:11 = 3a . (6)
Subtract (6) from (3), zt - 2 :r;y + 112 = -b - -

aª-b
-,
a 3a
4b- a•
or :e'- 2zy + 11'= - - ·
8a
Extract the square root, z-11=±~· (6)
Add (1) and (6), 2:c=a± '1 4b - a8

--·
8a
.·. z =~(a ±~4b3~ ª) ·
Subtract (6) from (1), 2y=a=i= '1 4b- a3
- ... - ·
ºª
.·. Y= Ha =i= ~4ba-:i ª~) .
Therefore, :r;
1( '14
=2 a+ ~
b- a•) , and 11 =1
2(a - 'Isa--
./a - a ; 3)
or :r; =~(a -'1º 3~ ª), and 11 =Ha+ '1~3~ ª').
61. Solve a-:c+1!...=Jt=34 l (1)

b -11 a -:e ló ~
:e -11 = 3(a - b) J (2)
From (2), :c=3a-3b+11. (3)
Subetitute tbe value of z In (1),
3b-2a-y +-b_-=L_=~ ·
b - 11 3 b - 2 a - 11 ló
9 bt + 4 as+ 11' - 12 ab - 6 by + 4 ay + b2 - 2 by + 112
= H (3 bt - 2 ab - 4 by + 2 ay + 1/2).
21/2 + 4a11- 8by + 4a2 -12ab + 101,t
= H(3b2 - 2ab- 4by + 2ay + y2).
301/2 + 60ay - 120by + 60a' -180ab + ló0b2
= 102 b2 - 68 ab - 136 by + 68 ay + 34 y'.
4vs + Bay -16by = 60a2 -112ab + 48bl.

v2 + 2(a - 2b)¡¡ = 16a2 - 28ab + 12bl.
vt + ()+(a - 2b)2 = 16at - 82ab + 16bi.
11 +(a-2b) =± (4a-4b) .
.·. v=3a-2b, or6b- ·6 a.
· Subatitute the value of y in (3), z = 6 a - 6 b, or 8 b - 2 a.
Therefore, z =6 a - 6 b, and y =8 a - 2 b;
or z = 3 b - 2 a, and 11 = 6 b - 6 a.
83. Solve
z + 11 =
_z_ + b-11 =~
ª} (1)
(2)
b-y z 2
From (1), 11 =a - z. (íl)
Subatitute the value of y in (2),
z b-a+z 6
b-a+z+ z =¡¡·
Clear of fractions,
2z2 + 2(b- af1 + 4(b- a)z + 2z2 = 6(b- a)z + óz'.
z2 + (b - a)z - 2(b - a)2 = O.
Factor, [z + 2 (b - a)] [z - (b - a)]= O•
=
.·. z 2 a - 2 b, or b - a.
Substitute the value of z in (3), y =
2 b - a, or 2 a - b.
Therefore, z = 2 a - 2 b, and y = 2 b - a ;
or z=b-a, andy=2a-b.
84. Solve (1)

(2)
z a .
Divide (1) by (2), y=;;·
... Z---¡;·
- ay (8)
a2yª
Substituta the value of z In (2), ya + b2 = b.
I/Jy8 + a2ya = b8.
118= ~ -
at+ b2
.·. 'V= _b_ {/(a:1 + b2)2,

a 2 +·bl
Substitute the value oi y in (3), z = at
-ª-{/(a' + bl)2•
+ b2
Therefore, z = -ª-
al+ b2
{/(a2 + b2)', aud 'V= _b_ {l(a' + b:2)2;
al+ b2
z =~{/(a•+ 112)1, and 'V= ~{/(al+ b:l):l;
a2 + b2 a•+ b2
or z = aw• {/(al+ b:1)2, and y=....!!!!!_ {/(a'+ b:1)2;
-+b2 . -+bl .
where w = =
l (- 1 + V:S), and ,,/J i (- 1 :-- ~ ) .
86. Solve (1)

(2)
From (1), y2 =az-z.

.-.y~±Yaz-z. (3)
z2
From (2), 'V=b-1° (4)
zt ~
Equate the values of 'V, b-1 =± ax-z.
z•
Square, --- - = ax -z.
(b - 1)2
(6)
The equatiou is satisfled if :t=O.

Subetitute the value of z In (4), 'V= o.
H z is not O, divide (6) by z, ~ =a-1.
(b - 1)2
zl = (a - l)(b -1)'.
.· . z = { / ~ ( ~ .
Substitute the value of :i: in (4), y= {/(a - l):l(b - 1).
Therefore, = O, and 'V =O;
:i:
z = {/(a - 1) (b -1)2, a.n¡J y= {/(a - 1)2(b - 1);

z =,,, {/(a -1) (b - 1)2, anrl y= ,,,2 {/(a -1)2(b - 1);
or z = ,.1' {/(a - l)(b - 1)2, and 'V=,,, {/(a - 1):l(b - 1);
where w = l (- 1+ v=a), a.nd ,.I' = J(- 1 - Y - 3). ·
88. Solve z + ?P=

zt+1l=b:z:2
ar'} (1)
(2)
From (1), Z = (a - 1)7/1• (3)
Square, z2 = (a - 1)2114. (4)
Transpoee (2), bzl - z9 = 11•
.·. z•= _11_, (5)
b-1
From (4) and (6), (a -1)1 11' = -b-1
11- . (6)
The equation is satisfied if 11 = O.
Substitute the value of 11 in (3), z =. O.
1
lf .,
" is not O, divide (6) by 11, (a - 1)2 ..
,,-a -- - -•
b-l
1 -
••• 11ª = (a -1)2(b - 1)
.
{'(a - l)(b -1)1
Extra.et the cube root, 11 =
(a - 1) (6 - 1) •
{'(a -1)1 (b -1)
Substitute the value of 11 in (3), z= .
(a-l)(b-1)
Therefore, z = O, and 11 = O;
{'(a-l)l(b-1) {'(a~l)(b-1)2
Z= ,andy= ;
(a-l)(b-1) (a-l)(b-1)
"'{'(a -1)2(b- l) "'2{'(a - l)(b -1)2
z= , and 11= ;
(a - l)(b - 1) (a - 1) (b - 1)
"'2{/(a-1)2(b- l) 111{/(a - l)(b-1)2
or z= (a-l)(b - 1)
,
and y =
(~-l)(b-1)
;
where "'= !(-1 + v=a), and w2 = l (-1-vC"s).
87. Solve z+y=a } (1)
:z:9+Y8 =b:z:y (2)
Divide (2) by (1), z2-z11+112=b:z:11. (3)

a
Square (1), z2 + 2 xy + y2 = -at. bzy '
(4)
Subtract (8) from (4), 8z11= a' - a·
Múltiply by a, Sazy = a8 ~ bzy.
Transpose and combine, (8a + b)zy = a8 •
'J'EAClIERS' EDITION 667
ªª
.·.xy=aa+b·
4aª
Multiply by 4, 4xy=-- · (6)
3a + b
a2 (b-a)
Subtract (6) from (4), z2-2:r11+112= •
3a +b
1b-a
Extract the squa.re root, X - 11 =± a 1t. / - - • (6)
Add (1) a.nd (6), 2x=a±a_fb-a.

"ªª~
\lsa+b
.·.x=!a(t± ~ ) ·
2 · ~
Subtract (6) from (1), 2y=a:i:=a _ /b-a.
\lsa+b
_ /b-a)
.•. 11 = 21 a ( 1 f' \13 a- b .
Therefore, x = ! a ( 1 + / b - ª ) , and y = ! a.( 1 - / b- ª );

2 \l:1a+b 2 \lsa+b
or x = !2 a ( 1 - \Isa+
- / b - ª ) , and 11 = ! a ( 1 + ~ ) .
b 2 '\/3a+l,
68. Solve x3 + y 8 = a (x + 11) } (1)
x4 +1f'=b(x+y)2 (2)
From (1), x1 + 118 - a(x + 11) = O.
(x + y) (x2 - X?J + y 2) - a (x + y) =O.
Factor, (x + y) (z2 - xy + y~ - a)= O.
.·. x + y = O, or x~ - xy + yt - a = O.
~ x+y=Q
•·• X =-y. (3)
Substitutti the value of x in (2), y'+ y'= b(- 11 + y)2•
2y' o. =
11'= o.
.·. y=O.
Substitute the va.lue of 11 in (3), x O.=
(il) x2 - xy + y2 - a= O.
x2 + 1f = xy + a. (4)
Squa.re, z' + 2z2y2 +y'= z2y2 + 2ax11 + as. (5)
From (2), z4 + 114 = 1,x1 + 2 b:i:y + by1. (6)

2 z'ly' = zS,1 + 2 azv - 2 b:i:t, - b(z1 + 111 ) + a1 . (7)
Subetitute In (7) the value of zt + 11' from (4),
2 ztyt = zS,t + 2 azv - 2 b:i:y - b:i:y - ab + a~.
z2?,• - (2a - Sb)zv = a' - ab.
4z211'-( )+(2a-8b)'= 8a1-16ab+9bl.
2zy-(2a -Sb)= ±v'8a' -16ab + 9bl.
2zy = 2a - 8b ± v'Sat - l6ab + 9bl.
.•. ZJ1 = a - f b ± l v'Sa1 - l6ab + 9b2 • (8)
From(4), z'-zv+111 = a. (9)
z'-2zy + 11' = ib :¡: ! v'8at - l6ab + 9bt.
z -11 =±-Yib :¡: l v'Sa1 - IOab + 9b'J. (10)
Multiply(8)by3, 3zy= 3a - tb ± t v'8a1 - l6ab + 9bt. (11)
Add (9) and (11),
=
zt + 2 zy + 11' 4 a - t b ± t v's a' - 16 ab + 9 bl.
z + 11 = ± -Y4a- lb± t v'8a1 -16ab + 9bt. (12)
Put r for ! v'Sa' - l6ab + llb'J.
Then z +JI=± v',-4-a---t-.b,---±-3-r, (13)
and z-11 = ± ~. (14)
Add(l3)and(l4), 2z= ± v'4a - t b ± 3r ±v'ib :¡: r .
.·. z = ± l v'4 a - 1b ± 3 r ± l ~ .
211 = ± v' 4 a - ~ b ± 3 r :¡: v' ¡ ~:¡: ! r .
.·. Y=±lv'4a_:tb±3r:¡:¡ ¡b:¡:}r.
Therefore, ,.
z=O, and 11=0;
z= iv'4a-Jb+3r+iv'~b-r, and v= +v'4a-Jb+8r-+v'~b-r;
·z= +v'4a-~b+3r-+v'ib-r, and 11= +v'4a-fb+8r++v'~b-r;
z= -+v'~~-1b_+3rHv'~b-r, and 11= -+v'4a-!b+3r-iv'~~=--!'i
z= -iv'4a- ~ b+3r-iv'1 b-r, and 11= -iv'4a- ~ b+3r+j--..Í~ b-r;
z= +v'4a- ~b-3r+iv';i b+r, and y= +v'4a-1i-sr-+v'~ b+r;
z= t v'4a- ~b-3r-+v'~ b+r, and 11= iv'4a- ~b-8r+iv'~ b+r;
Z= -iv'4a- ~b-3r+tv' '! b+r. and Y= -+v'~b--=-a;-+v'¡b+r;
z= -iv'4a_:_Tb--=s;:-l~, and 11= -tv'4a-~b-3r+tv'ib+r;
where r = t v'Sa2 - l6ab + llb2.
69. Solve z2-y2=a } (1)
z3 + 118 = b (z - 11) (2)
From (1), z2=y2+a. (3)
.·. z=±Y112 +a.
· ±(112+a)vy2+a+Yª=±bv112+a-by.
± (112 + a - b) v' yg + a = - ya - by.
Square, (114 +2(a-b)y2+(a2-2ab+ b?.)](y2+a) =7/6+2by4 + b2y2.
716+(3a-2b)114+(3a2-4ab+ b2)y2 +aª-2a2b+ ab2 =116 + 2by4+ b2y2.
(3 a - 4b) 114 + (3 a2 - 4 ab) y2 = - aª+ 2 a2b - ab2.
Divide by 3a-4b, y'+ ay2 =- a(a - b) 2 •
3a - 4b
4114 +() + a2 =a(a-2b)2.
4b- 3a
2y2 +a=±(a-2b)_ /_ _
a_ _ _
'14b-:Ja
21/2=-a±(a-2b),/
,i4b - 3a
ª -·
112 =-!a± !(a - 2b) · J_ _
a __
2 2 "\'4b-3a
.·. Y=±! ª .
21\1/-2a±2(a-2b)~4b-3a
z 2 =!a±!(a-2b)~
2 2 4b-3a
ª .
1~ 2a±2(a-2b),I---·
.·. z=±-
2 · \'4b-3a
,--ª
Therefore, z = tV2a + r, and y= tY- 2a + r;
z = - t v2 a+ r, and y= - t v - 2a+ r;
z = t Y2 a - r, and y= t V - 2 a - r;
or z = - t V2 a - r, and y= - t V - 2 a - r;
where r = 2(a - 2b)~
4b- 3a
ª .
TO. Solve X+ y=a} (1)

x4+1/4=b (2)
z4 + 4xlly + 6z2y2 + 4xyª +y•= a•. (3)
4xlly + 6z2y2 + 4xyª = ai - b.
2zy(2zt + Sxy + 2 y2) = a• - b. (4)
Square (1), z2 + 2 zy + y 2 =a 2• (6)
2z2 + 4xy + 2y2 = 2a2.
2.i:2 + 2y2 = 2a2 - 4xy.
Substitute the value of 2 x' + 2 y2 in (4),
2xy(2a' - xy) = a• - b.
4 a'xy - 2 z2y2 = a• - b.
2 z2y2 - 4 a'xy = b - a•.
4 z2y2 - 8 a'xy + 4 a• = 2 b + 2 ai.
2xy - 2a2 = ± v'2b + 2a•.
2 zy = 2 at ± v'2 b + 2 a•.
zy =a'± ;J.v'2b + 2a•.
±
hy = 4 at 2 v'2 b + 2 a•. (6)
Subtl"act (6) from (6),
z2 - 2zy + y 2 = - 8a' 'f 2 v'2b + tn4.
x-y=±Y-8a''f2:j2b+:1~•. (7)
Add (1) and (7), 2z =a±..../- Sat ± 2 v'2b +~2 a• .
.·. z =ta± t..../ - 3a2 ± 2 v'2b +2a•.
Subtract (7) from (1), 2 y= a 'f..../ - :fo2 el- 2 V2b:;:
2 a• .
. ·. y = ta 'f l -v' - 8 a2 ± 2 v z-b + 2 a;.
Therefore, X= ta+ tv'-3a 2 +2r, an<l Y= ~a-!~+2r;
x =ta+ tv'- lla2 -2r, and v=ta-1v'-3a2 - 2r;
x = ta- tv' - 3a2 + 2r, and Y=ta+ iv'- 8a2 + 2r;
or z = ta -tv'- 8a2 -2r, and Y=ta+Jv'-3a2 - 2r;
where r = v'2 b + 2 a•.
Tl. Rolve 7f> - y6 = ª} (1)

z-y=b (2)
Divide (1) by (2), z4 + zlly + xS¡¡i + xy• + 114 = i· (8)

z4 - hBy + 6zS¡¡i- 4zy8 + 714 = bf. (4)
a-lf>
5zly - 5zly2 + 6z11ª = - - ·
b
a - b5
za,¡ - zty2 + zyl = -¡-¡;- .
a-11>
zy(z2 -z11 + 112) = - - , (5)
5b
Square (2), z2-2z11 + 71! = bl. (6)
z2 + 112 = bl + 2z11.
Substitute the value of z2 + 112 in (5),
a -11>
z11 (lfl. + zy) = -----¡;¡;- .
a - b5
b2zy + ztyt = -----¡;¡;- .
a -11>
ztyl + b'z11 = ---¡-¡;-·
4z2y2 + () + b' =~a+ b6.

5b
lf>
2zy+bl=± --·
b
.
2zy =- b2 ± .
b
Putrfor~, 2zy =- b' ± r.

4 z11 = - 2 bl ± 2 r . (7)
Al1d (6) and (7), zl + 2 z11 + 112 = - b2 ± 2 r.
Extract the root, z + 11 = ± v' - bl ± 2 r. (8)
Add (2) and (8), 2z = b ± v' - bl ± 2 r.
.·. z = i b ± i v' - lJI. ± 2 r.
Sa)>tract (2) from (8), 2 71 =-b ± v' - bl ± 2 r.
.•. 11 =-
ib ± i v' - b2 ± 2 r.
Therefore, z = i b + i v' - b2 + 2 r, and 11 = - i b + i v' - bl + 2 r ;
z = ib - i v' - b2 + 2 r, a.nd 11 =- i b...: i v' - b2 + 2 r;
z =t b +i v' - lJI. - 2 r, a.nd 11 =- i b + i v' - b2 - 2 r;
or z =t b- t v' - lJI. - 2 r, and 11 =- i b - i v'-.=_ 1P - 2 r;
wblire r = ~ 4 ª5b+ 115 •
TI. Solve :a:'+ :t'v' + yt =
zt-:tJ/'+112=1
ª} (1)
(2)
Divide (1) by (2), z• + :tJI' + 11• = a. (3)
Subtract (2) from (3), 2:tJI' = a -1.
a-1
:tJl'=-2-· (4)
8a -1
Add (8) and (4), :t1 + 2 :tJI' + yl = - 2- ·
z+11=±!v'6a-2. (6)
8-a
z2 -2:tJl'+VS=-- ·
2
=
:t -11 ± ! v'6 - 2a. (6)
Add (6) and (6), =
2:t ± ! v'6a - 2.± ! v'd - 2a.
.·. :t = t(±v'6a- 2 ±v'6-24).
211 ± ! v'6 <i - 2 :¡: i v'6 - 2 a.
=
.•. 11 l(±v'6a-2 :¡:v'6-2a).
Therefore,
:t = t(v'6a -2 + v'6 - 2a), and 11 = i(v'6a -2 -v'6-2a) ;
:t = t(v'6a-'2-Y6-2a), and 11 = i(v'6a - 2 + v'6-2a);
:t = t(-v'6a-2 + v'6-2a), and 11 = t(-v'6a-2-Y6-2a);
0
= =
or :t j(-v'6a - 2 -v'6 - 2a), and 11 i(-v'6a - 2 + v'6 - 2a).
78. Solve
z+11 2a
1 + :t1I = 1 + ª 2
l (1)
:t - 11 =
l-:t11 l+b2J
_!_~_J <2>
From (1), (1 + at)z + (1 + a•)11 =2a + 2:tJI'.
(1 + al):t - 2 a:a:11 =2 a - (1 + a1 )11.
(1 + at - 2a11)z = 2a -(1 + a')11•
.·. :t = 2 a - (1 + a1 )11. (8)
(1+ a•) - 2ay
From (2), (1 + b2):t - (1 + b2)11 = 2 b - 2 b:ty.
(1 + bl) :t + 2 b:ty = 2 b + (1 + lP) 11·
(1 + b2 + 2by):t = 2b + (1 + b2)11.
.·.:t=2b+(l+bl)11_ (4)
(1 + b2) + 2by
Equate the values of z in (3) and (4),
2a - (1 + a 1 )11 _ 2b + (1 + 112)11
(1 +
Clear of fractions,
ª' -
2a11 - (1 + bt) + 2by
2a (1 + bl) - (1 + al) (1 + bl)l/ + 4 aby - 2b(l + a')11'

=2b(l + a2)- 4aby + (1 + a')(l + 112)11- 2a(l + b2)1f'.
[2a(l + bl)- 2b(l + a2)]11'- [2(1 + a2)(1 + bl)- Sab] 11
= 2b(l + a')- 2a(l + bl).
Divide by 2, and expand coefflcients,
(a + abl - b - a2b) y' - (1 + a' + bl + a'bl - 4 ab) 11
=b + a'b - a - abl.
=
(a - b) (1 - ab)11' - [(a - b)' + (1 - ab)2] 11 (ab - 1) (a - b).
4 (a - b)' (1 - ab)'ll' - ( ) + [(a - b)' + (1 - ab)']'
= - 4(a - b)2 (1 - ab)' + (a - b)• + 2(a - b)'(l - ab)2 + (1 - ab)•
=(a - b)• - 2(a - b)'P - ab)' + (1-ab)'.
Extract the root,
2 (a - b)(l - ab)11 - [(a - b)' + (1 - ab)2] = ± [(a - b)2 - (1 - ab):l].
2 (a - b) (1 - ab)11 = 2(a - b)', or 2(1 - ab)2.
a-b 1-ab
··· 11=1-ab'or a-b ·
Subetitute the value of 11 in (3),
2 a- (l+a2)(a - b) 2 a _ (1 + a2) (1 -ab)
1-ab a-b
z= ,or-------
(l + al)- 2a(a-b) (l+a•)-2a(l-ab)
1-ab a-b
2a-2a'b-a + b-aª+ a'b 2a'-2ab-1 + ab-a'+a8b
= , or---------
1+ a'-ab-a3b-2a2 + 2ab a+ aª - b-aib - 2a + 2a'b
a+b-a*-a'b a'+a•b-ab-1
= .
1 + ab - a' -- aªb
,
or - - - - - -
aª + a'b - 4 - b
(4 + b) (1 - 42) (1 + ab)(a' - 1)
= (1 + ab)(l - 42)'
or~-~--
(a + b)(a2 - 1)
4+b 1 +4b
=1+ ab' 01• 4+b ·
4+b · a-b
Therefore, z = t + ab, and 11 = 1 _ ab ;
1+ab 1-ab
or ;¡::;--, and11=--·
a +b 4 - b
674 l:LEMENTARY ALGEBRA
H. Solve z+11
l-zy=1-a2
z-11
2a
2b
1 (1)
(2)
l+zy=l-b2J
=
From (1), (1- al)z + (1 - a 2) 11 2 a - 2 azy.
=
(1 - a')z + 2az11 2a - (1 - a2)11.
(1 - a2 + 2ay)z = 2a - (1 - a2)11•
.·. z=2a-(1-ai)11, (S)
(1 - a2) + 2ay
From (2), (1 - b9)z - (1 - b9)y = 2 b + 2 bzy.
=
(1 - b9)z - 2bzy 2b + (1- b9)11.
(1- b9- 2by)z = 2b + (1 - b9)y.
.·. z=2b+(l-bl)y_ (4)
(1 - b9) - 2by
Equate the values of z in (3) and (4),
2a-(J-a:i)y_2b+(l-bl)y
(1 - a:i) + 2 ay - (1 - o2)- 2 by
Cleai' of fractions,
2a(l - b2)-(1 - a 2)(1 - b2)y - 4aby + 2b(l - a 2 )1/2
= 2b(l - a2) + 4 aby + (1 - a')(l- b2)y + 2 a(l - b')J/2.
[2 a(l - b9) - 2 b(l - a2 )]11' + [2(1 - a2)(1 - b2) + 8ab]y
= 2 a(l - b9) - 2 b (1 - ali),
Divide by 2, and expand coefficients,
(a - ab2 - b + a2b)J12 + (1 - a2 - b9 + a21>2 + 4 ab)y
=a-ab2-b+a2b.
(a - b) (1 + ab) y2 + [ (1 + ab)2 - (a - b)2] 11 = (a - b) (1 + ab).
(a - b) (1 + ab)y3+ [(1 + ab)2 -(a - b)2)y -(a - b)(l + ab)= O.
Factor, [ll + ab)11 - (a - b)) [(a - b)y + (1 + ab)] = O.
a-b l+ab
•·· 11= l+ab' or - a --b ·
2 a _ (1 - a2 )(a - b) 2 a+ (1 - a2)(1 + ab)
z= 1 + ab , or a- b
(l - al)+ 2a(a- b) (l-a')- 2a(l + ab)
1+ab a-b
2 al - 2 ab + 1 + ab - a2 - a•b
= 21 -a+a~2b a2b - a + b + as - a2b
- a2 + ab + 2 a2 - 2 ab
,or
a - a• - b + a'b - 2 a - 2 alb
= a + b2 + aª + a2b3 , or 1 - ab + a2 - aªb
l +a - ab - a b - « - ~ - ~8 - a2b
(a+ b)(I + a2) (1- ab)(l + a2)
== --· , or ~----'---'----'-
(1.- ab) (1 + a 2) - (a+ b)(l + a2)
a+b 1-ab
==--, o r - - - ·
1-ab a+b
a+b a-b
Therefore, z == - - , and 71 == - - ·
1-ab l+ab'
1-ab l+ab
or z:::---, and71:::- - - ·
a+b a-b
711. Solve ax2 + 1,y2 = czª} (1)
= ax
c:z:2 - d712 (2)
Multiply (1) by d, adz2 + bdy2 = cd.zll. (3)
Multiply (2) by b, bc:z:2 - bdy2 = abz. (4)
Add (3) and (4), adz2 + bc:z:2 = cd:z:3 + abz.
cdzª - adz2 - bc:z:2 + abx = O.
z(cd:z:2 - adz - bcz + ab) = O.
.·. z = o,
or cd:z:2 - adz - bcz + ab = O.
cd:z:2 - (ad + be) z = - ab.
4 c2ci2z2 - () + (ad+ bc)2 = a2d2 - 2 abcd + b2c'.
2cdz -(ad+ be)=± (ad - be).
2cdz = 2ad, or 2bc.
a b
.·. z = e-,
or - .
d
a b
.·. z = O, - , or - .
e d
Substitute tbe value of z in (1),
a8 aª at,2 b8c
O + 1,y2 = O, - + 1,y2 = - , or - + t,yt = - .
et c2 d2 dª
1,y2 = O, 1,¡¡2 == O, or ab2d + bd&y2 = bªc.
o o 11n_b-1c-ab2d
·11• = ' ='
A A
y• or •- bdª
1
11=0, 11=0, or 11=±ciiv'bd(IP - ad¡.
•
z = ~,
e
and y = O;
z = ~,
d
and y = (12
_!_ v'bd (be - ad) ;
b I
or x= -- , andy:::--v'bd(bc-ad).
d d2
ELEM.K~TARY ALGEBRA.
T8. 8olve =
:i:2 + x11 + 112 2
:i:2 - Z1/ + 112 = 2b
ª} (1)
(2)
t!ubtract (2) from (1), = 2a - 2b.

2Z1/
= a - b.
X1/ (3)
Add (1) and (8), x' + 2Xll + 11' =8a - b.
x + 11 = ± v'aa - b. (4)
Hubtract (8) from (2),
z2 - 2Z1/ + 712 =3b - a.
x-11=±V8b-a. (6)
Acld (4) and (ó), 2:i: = ± v'3a - b ± v'Sb - a.
.·. x = ± ! v'sa - b ± l v'sb - a.
Subtract (ó) from (4), 271 = ± V3a - b 'f v'Sb - a.
.·. 11 = ± ! v'sa - b 'f l v'Sb - a.
'l'herefore,
:r.:..: !v'311-:-¡;+~v'ab-a,and11= ~v'aa-b-~v'8b-a;
:r. l v':11,- b- l v'ab-a,and11= 1v;Ja-b+ 1m=- a;
;r.:_ - lv':lti- ·b+~v'8b-a,and11=_:_~v'3a-b-!v'8b-a;
ora:. · l v':Ja-b- l 'V3b-a,andy=-lv'3a-b+ ¡v'Sb-a.
TT. Solve x~-.r,y+y2 =2a} (1)

:r.• -· X~!/2 + 1f' .= 2 b (2)
l<'rom ( 1), x• + 112 = x11 + 2 a.
S<111are, x• -t 2 x"v2 + 1f' = :i:2712 + 4 aa:11 + 4 a2. (3)
l<'rom (2), z4 + 714 = :i:2712 + 2 b.
8ubetltute the value of z4 + 714 in (3),
z:ly2 =
+ l! b + '2 z2y2 z2y2 + 4 ai71 + 4 a'.
=
'2 x<iys - 4 aa:11 4 a2 - '2 b.
x2y' - '2axy = 2a1 - b.
x't,' - '2axy +a'= 3a2 - b.
=
xy - a ± v'a a2 - b.
x¡¡ =a± v'3a' - b. (4)
3 x¡¡ = 3 a ± 8 V3 a' - 1). (6)
Add (1) and (ó), zt +2:i:71 + ¡¡2 = 6a ± 3 ~ -
x +¡¡=±,./¡¡a ± 3v'3a2 - b. (6)
:i:1 - 2Z1/ + y 2 = a 'f ~ -
x - y = ± ,.¡a 'f v'3 a" - b. (7)
Add (6) and (7),
2:r: = ± Y~6-a_±_3_~-3-at
___b ±-Ya:¡:~-
.·. z = ± l -Y6 a ± 3 v'3 a' - b ± l -Ya :¡: v'3 at - b.
Subtract (7) from,.....('"""'6)_,- ~ ~ -
211 =±-Y6 a± 3 ~ : ¡ : - Ya : ¡ : ~.
.•. 11 = ± l -Y6 a± 3 v'3 a 2 - b :¡: l -Ya:¡: v'3 a 2 - b.
Therefore,
z= ¡v'6a+3r+tv'a-r, andy= ¡v'6a+3r-lv'a-r;
Z= tv'óa+3r-tv'a-r,andy= tv'óa+3r+tv'a-r;
z=-tv'óa +ar+ tv'a-r, and v=- tv'6a+ 3r-iv'a-r;
z=-tv'6a+ <Ir- tv'a- r, and 11 =-tv'6a + 3r+ tv'a- r;
z= tv'6a-3r+tv'a+r,and71= tv'óa-3r-tv'a+r;
z= .¡v'óa-3r-tv'a+r,and71= tv'6a-3r+tv'a+r;
z =- tv'6a -3r + tv'n + r, and 11 = -tv'óa-3r-tv'a + r;
or z =- tv'óa-3r - pla + r, and 11 = -tv'6a-3r+ tva + r;
where r = v'3 a' - b.
78. Solve a(z - y)= b(z + 11)} (1)

xy = a(z -11) (2)
From (1), az - ay = b.i: + by.
az - bz = ay + by.
(a - b)z =(a+ b)11.
.·. z = (_a_+_b)_Y . (3)
a-b
(a+ b)y2 a(a + b)y
~a---b- = a - b - ay.
(a + b) y' = (a'+ ab - at + ab)11.
(a+ b)y2 = 2aby.
(a+ b)y2 - 2aby = O.
Y[(a + b)y - 2ab] = O.
.·. y = O, or a2ab
+ b.
2ab
z=O,or--,
a-b
Therefore, z. = O, and y = O;
2ab 2ab
or z = -- , andy=--·
a-b a+b
1. Plot the graph of the fnnction

J1
zt + 6:i: + 4.
Put z2 + 6:i: + 4 = y.
'
;¡:2 + 6:i: = y-4.
4:i:2 + ( ) + 26 =411 + o.
+ 6 = ± V4ii+o.
\ I
2:i:
2:i: = - 6 ± Y4 V+ V. ' ,
.·. z = H- 6 ± v' 4 y + O). i--++-t--+---11a~;+-J-±,++-+-1-+--+-lf-1
If y= - 2t, z =- 2.ó; If y=+ 4, z = O or - 6;

y =- 2, z =- 2 or -3; 11 =+ 6, z =+ 0.19 or -6.19;
y= - 1, z =-
1.38 or - 3.62; =
11 = + 6, z + 0.37 or - 6.37;
y =O, z 1=- or - 4 ; 11=+ 7, z=+0.64or-6.ó4;
y=+ l, z =-
O. 70 or - 4.30; =
y + 8, z ::. + O. 70 or - 6. 70 ;
11=+2, z=-0.44or-4.66; y = + 9, z = + 0.86 or - 6.8ó;
11=+3, z=-0.2lor-4.79. =
y + 10, z + 1 =
or - 6.
Plot the points found, ( - 2.6, - 2t), (- 2, -2), (-3, - 2), and so on.
Through these points with a free hand draw the smooth curve .ACB.
The curve ACB is the grapb of the function z2 + 6:i: + 4.
The graph is a parabola.
l . Plot tbe graph of the function

z2+:i:-2.
'
I
Put :i:2 + z - 2 = 11·
zt +z=11+2. \ j
\ I
4 ;¡:2 + ( ) + 1 = 4 ll + o. ,.,• 10
E
2X + 1 = ± Y 4 y + 9. ' ¡; "
2 z =- 1 ± Y 4 y + 9.
.
.·. z = H- 1 ± v' 411 + 9).
lf 71 = - 2t, z O.ó; =- If y + 4, = z =+ 2 or - 3;
11 = - 2, z = O or - 1 ; 1/ + ó, = z = + 2. 19 or - 3.19 ;
71 = - 1, z = + 0.62 or - 1.62; y = + 6, z = + 2.37 or - 3.37;
1/ = O, z + 1 =
or - 2 ; 11=+ 7, z=+2.ó4or-3.ó4;
11 =+ l, z =+ 1.80 or -2.30; 1/ =+ 8, Z =+ 2.70 Ol' - 3.70;
71 = + 2, z = + 1.66 or - 2.ó6; 1/ = + 9, z = + 2.8ó or - 3.8ó;

71 = + 3, z = + l. 79 or - 2. 79. 71 + 10, = z =+ 3 or - 4.
Plot the points found, (- 0.5, - 21), (O, - 2), (- 1, - 2), and so on.
Through these points with a free hand draw tbe smooth curve ACB.
The curve ACB is the graph of the function z2 + z - 2.
.
8. Plot the graph of the function -
·~
z2-7z+6. 1 1
1 1
7 :¡: + 6 = y.
Put :i:2 -
, .. o
1
~
:i:2 - =
7 :¡: 7/ - 6.
4 :¡:2 - ( ) + 49 = 4 71 + 2ó. ,
\ j
1
2z - 7 =± v'4 71 + 25.
2 z = 7 ± v'4 y + 2ó.
.·. z = !(7 ± v'471 + 26). ,' >-
' '
- O
lf 7/ = -_6h z = + 3.ó; If 71 = O, :i: =+ 6 or + 1 ;

1/ =- 6, =+ 4
or + 3 ;
z y = + 1, :t: = + 6.19 or + 0.81 ;
71 = - ó, z = + 4.62 or + 2.38; y =+ 2, :i: = + 6.37 or + 0.63;
11 =- 4, z =+ ó or + 2 ; 1/ = + 3, :i: = + 6.64 or + 0.46;
1/ = - 3, z = + ó.80 or + l. 70; y =+ 4, :i: = + 6. 70 or + 0.30;
11 =- 2, z =+ ó.ó6 or + 1.44; y=+ ó, :i: = + 6.Só or + 0. ló;
1/ = - 1, z = + ó.79 or + 1.21. 1/ =+ 6, :t: = + 7 or O.
Plot the points found, (3.ó, - 6t), (4, - 6), (3, - 6), and so on.
Through these points with a free hand draw the smooth curve ACB.
The curve A CB is the graph of the function z2 - 7 :i: + 6.
680 ELEMENT.\RY ALGEBRA
4. Plot the graph of the function zl - óz + 6.

Put zt - ÓZ + 6 = 1/,
zl - ÓZ = 11- 6.
4z2 - () + 26 = 411 + l.
· 2z-ó=±v'411+1.
2z=ó±v'411+l.
,', Z=!(ó±v'411+l).
If 11 =- l, z =+ 2.ó;
11 = O, z =+ 3 or + 2; .J !l
11 = + 1, z =+ 3.62 or + 1.38;
=
11 + 2, z =+ 4 or + 1 ; 1 l
=
y + 3, z = + 4.30 or + O. 70; \ I
=
y + 4, z =+ 4.ó6 or + 0.44;
y =+ ú, z =+ 4. 79 or + 0.21;
=
y + 6, z =+ ó or O;
=
y + 7, z =+ ó.10 or - 0.19; \ '
I
y=+ 8, z = + ó.87 or - 0.37 ;·
y=+ 9, z = + ó.ó4 or - 0.ó4 ;
= ' ¡; '' ~-
y=+lO, z=+ó.70or-0.70;
=
y=+ 11, z + ó.85 or -0.Só;
=
y + 12, z + 6 =or - l.
Plot the points found, (2.ó, - U, (3, O), (2, O), and so on. Through
theae points with a free hand draw the smooth curve ACB.
The curve A CB is the graph of the function zl - 5 z + 6.
6. Plot the graph of the functlon

2z2-7z + ó. j
1 I
Put 2 z2 - 7 z + ó = y.
7z = y -
\ I
2z2 - ó.
16 z2 - ( ) + 40 = 8 y + 9. __ , \
o --
4z-7 = ±v'By + 9. \.. ~
,,i',
4z = 7 ± v's 11 + 9.
,', z = H7 ±v'Sy + 9).
If 'V=- lh z =+ 1.76; If 'V=+ 4, z + 3.36 or = + 0.16;
y =-1, z=+2 or + 1.6; y=+ 6, z = + 3.6 or O;
y = =
O, z + 2.6 or + 1; y=+ 6, z =+ 3.64 or - 0.14;
y = + 1, z =
+ 2. 78 or + O. 72; 'V = + 7, z = + 3. 77 or - O. 27 ;
v=+2, z=+3 or +0.6; y = + 8, z = + 3.89 or - 0.39 ;
y=+ 3, z = + 3.19 or + 0.31. y = + 9, z = + 4 or - 0.6.
Plot the points found, (l. 76, - lt), (2, - 1), (1.6, - 1), and so on,
to insure greater accuracy and beauty, using two spaces of the coordi-
nate paper for one unit of z, and one space for one unit of y. Through
these points with a free hand
draw the smooth curve ACB. N
- A
The curve ACB is the graph
of the function 2 z2 - 7 :r: + 6. \ I
\ j
8. Plot the graph of the func- \ I

tion 3zl + 4z - 4.
Put 3 :i:2 + 4 z - 4 = y, \ I
1
~ X
3z2+4z=v+4. I
9z2 +( )+4 =3v+l6.
3 z + 2 = ± v'3 v + 16.
'
' ;, ,/
I
3z=-2±Y3y+16.
.·. Z= H-2±Y3y+l6).
- .,
If 'V= - 61, z =- 0.67; lf 'V=+ 3, z = + 1 or - 2.33;
11 = - 6, :r: = - 0.33 or -1; 'V=+ 4, z = + 1.10 or - 2.43;
y = - 4, z = O or - 1.33; 'V = + 6, z = + 1.19 or - 2.62;
y =-3, z =+ 0.22 or -1.66; y=+ 6, z =+ 1.28 or - 2.61;
Í/=-2, z=+0.39or-l.72; Y=+ 7,z=+l.36or-2.69;
y=- 1, z = + 0.64 or -1.87; 'V=+ 8, z = + 1.44 or - 2. 77;
y= O, z = + 0.67 or - 2; y = + 9, z = + 1.52 or - 2.86 ;
'V = + 1, =
z + O. 79 or - 2.12 ; =
y = + 10, z + l. 69 or - 2. 93 ;
y=+ 2, z = + 0.90 or - 2.23. y=+ 11, z = + 1.67 or - 3.
Plot the points found, (- 0.67, - 6t), (- 0.33, - 6), (-1, - 6),
and so on, to insure greater accuracy, using three spaces of the coordi-
nate paper for one unit of z, and one space for one unit of 'V. Through
these points with a free hand draw the smooth curve ACB.
The curve ACB is the graph of the function 3z2 + 4z - 4.
'1. Find, by the method of grapha, the roots of zt - z - 6 = O.

Let z1 =11, and put 71 for zl.
Then the given equa.tion becomea 71 - z - 6 = O.
Since the graph of y - z - 6 = O is a. atra.ight line, it is necessary to
loca.te only two points to determine the graph.
li11=~z=-6¡a.ndilz=~11=+~
'fherefore, the points ( - 6, O) a.nd (O, 6) determine the graph of
y·-z-6 =0.
The atraight line .AB, drawn through the points (- 6, O) and (O, 6),
la the graph of the equation y - z - 6 = O.
To plot the graph of the equa.tion zt = 11,
=
zt y .
.·. z=±Yy.
lf 7/ = o, z= O·
'
Y=+ 1
l• z =± 0.71¡
11=+ 1, Z=± l¡
y=+ 2, z = ± 1.41 ;
Y=+ 3, z = ± 1.73;
11=+ 4, z=±2;
1
1 ,
11 =+ 6, z =± 2.24; ,/
11=+ 6, z = ± 2.46; ,/E
11=+ 7, z = ± 2.66; /1
\ / I
11=+ 8, z=±2.83¡
11=+ 9, z=±3;
1
F,,
/
' -
11 =+ 10, z = ± 3.16; '/
\
11 = + 11,
y=+ 12,
z =± 3.32;
z =± 3.46; ,X'
•/
/
/
J ' --
11 =+ 13, z =± 3.61; / o
/
y=+ 14, z = ± 3.74 ; IJ'
y=+ 15, z = ± 3.87; LJ
y=+ 16, Z=± 4.
Plot the points found, (O, O), (0.71, 0.6), (-0.71, 0.6), and so on.
'fhrough theae points with a free hand draw the amooth curve COD.
'fhe parabola COD la the graph of the equation zl = 11·
'fhe atraight line AB interaects the para.bola COD at the points
E and F.
The abacisaaa of E and F are + 3 and - 2, respectively.
'fherefore (§ 358), the roots of the given equation are~ and - 2.
8. Find, by the method of graphs, the root.s of 2z2 - 9z + 9 = O.
Let z2 = y, and put y for z2.
Then the given equatiori becomes 2y- 9z + 9 O. =
To increase the chance for accuracy in drawing the graphs use five
spaces of tbe coordinate paper for one unit of :z:, and one space for
one unit of y.
Two point.s on tbe line 2 y - 9 z + 9 = O are (3, 9) and (- 1, - 9).
'1
JI~
'~
,,,:,
~
,, ,1
~
~
"
- ... IU ... 1/
"'
~· V ~-
Ir
. V
,,
¡.,
.,
- r
The graph of the equation 2 y - 9 z + O = O is the straight

line AB, and the graph of the equation z 2 = y is the parabola COD,
as in Example 7.
AB intersects COD in the points E and F, the abscissas of which
are 3 and ll, respectively.
Therefore (§ 368), the roots of the given equation are 3 and l!.
In plotting points of the parabola CODwe use tlle table of Example 7,
and in addition the following:
y=:i:2.
=
If z ± 0.2, =
11 O.M; If z = ± 2.2, 11 = 4.84;
z = ± 0.4, 11 = 0.16; z = ± 2.4, 11 = ó. 76;
z = ± 0.6, 11 = 0.36; z :e± 2.6, 11 = 6. 76;
z = ::1;: 0.8, 11 = 0.64; :i:=±2,8, 11= 7.84;
=
z ± 1.2, =
11 1.44; z = ± 3.2, 11 = 10.24;
Z·= ± 1.4, 11 = 1.96; z = ± 8.4, 11 = 11.66;
z=±l.6, 11=2. 66; =
z ± 8.6, 11 =
12.96;
z = ± 1.8, =
11 8.24. z = ± 3.8, 11 =
14.44.
9. Flnd, by the method of graphs, the roots of ózll - 20 =O.
=
Let :i:1 11, and put 11 for :i:1 .
Tben the given equation becomes L :
ó 11 - 20 = O, or 11 = 4. j
The graph of the equation ó 11 - 20 O = I

'' ,
is the line AB parallel to XX' and at a -
distance of 4 units above it. Ji! ~
.
I
As In Example 7, the graph of the equa- '
=
tion zl y is the parabola COD.
AB intersects COD in the points E and - )
, __
' -
F, the abscissas of which are + 2 and - 2, respectlvely.
Therefore (§ 368), the roots of the given equation are 2 and - 2.
10. Find, by the method of graphs, the
roots of 7 zl + 14 x - 21 = O.
Divide by 7, z11+2z-3=0.
Let zll = y, and put y for z11.
Then the given equation becomes A 1
-v+2x-3=0.
Two points on the straight line
' 1
y+2x-3=0 ,/!,
J
are (4, - ó) and ( - 3, 9).
The graph of the equation y + 2 z - 8 O = '" ,
I
is the straight line AB, and the graph ofthe

=
equation :i:11 11 is the parabola. COD, as \ ~ I
in Exa.mple 7. •-,;
-
AB intersects COD in the points E and .. , .. --
F, the abscissas of which are - 3 a.nd + 1, ~
respecti vely.
~
Therefore (§ 368), the roots of the given -
equation are - 3 and 1. ~
11 . Find, by the method of graphs, the roots of 4 z 2 - 12 z + 9 = O.

=
Let z2 y, and put y for z 2•
Then the given equation becomes 4 y - 12 z + 9 = O.
Two points on the straight line 4 y - 12 z + 9 = O are ( - i, - 3f)
and (2h 51-).
1
'
In plotting the graphs use two ,- e-' )
spaces of the coordinate paper for
one unit of z, and one space for
_,_ -- ,- --
-- ,__ -- 1 - - --(J
'V -
1-
one unit of y. \ ---
__ '/- --
-- =""f -- ---
,
- 1 fj
1
The graph of the equation - -~

4y- 12:i:: + 9= O '
is the straight line A B, and the '~:-.; - ~ '1- ~ f--
- - --!a"
graph of the equation z2 = y is the ¡-re' o "(_,
parabola COD, as in Example 7. 7 -
.AB is tangent to COD at the
,- --
,
point E, the abscilll!a of which is 1/
JI
+ 1¡.
Therefore, the roots of the given equation are li and 1¡.
11. Find, by the method of graphs, tbe roots of 25:i::2 +60:i::+36:"'0.

=
Let z2 y, and put y for :i::2•
Then the given equation becomes 25 y + 60 z + 36 O. =
In plotting the graphs use five spaces of the coordinate paper for
one unit of z, and one space for one unit of 11.:.:, .
Two points on the straight line 25y + 60:i: + 36 = O are (1, - 3H)
aud (- 2, 3t95 ) .
The graph of the equation 25 y + 60 z + 36 O is the straight line =
AB, and the
graph of the
--
r
-
l 1
equation z2 y n ~ = 1 _,_ -- ,;
,,
is the parabola
COD, as in Ex- f->-
r-.. ...
~
1
l.
" r-,'E- _,_--- - , ,. ~"'
ample 7.
,.... .... () -
. . r
--
\' .....
. .....
.AB is tangent
~ .....
to COD at the
point E, the
abscissa of wbich
-- - e - - ~
,..... ...._
..........
is -1!.
Therefore, the roots of the given equation are - 1! and - l!,
=
18. Find approximately the roots of 3zt .... 2z - 7 O.
=
Let z 2 y, and put y for z'.
Then the given equation becomes 3y - 2z - 7 = O.
In plotting the graphs use two spaces of the coordinate paper for
one unit of z, and one space for one unit of y.
Two points on the straight line 3 y - 2 z - 7 = O are (2!, 4) and
(-ó,-1).
The graph of the equa- Jj) - p
=
tion 3 y - 2 z - 7 O is tbe j
straight line AB, and the

graph of the equation z2 = y
' I
is the parabola COD, as in

\
' - -
-' -
\
Example 7.
AB intersects COD in the /
points E and F, the abscis- -·, .... ,_
-
I,;'
[J ~
sas of which are approxi- B

mately + 1¡ and - ll, re-
spectively.
Therefore, the roots of the given equation are approximately 1 J
and - lt.
On page 688 the graphs AB and COD are drawn to larger scalr,
flve spaces of the coürdinate paper for one uuit of z, and two spaces
for one unit of y.
By that figure the roots of the given equation .are seen to be 1.90
and - 1.23, approximately.
14. Find approximately the

' n
roots of óz2 - 3z - 80 O. =
=
... ...
\
Let x' y, and put y for z'.
Then the given equation be-
comes ó y - 8 z - 80 O.=
In plotting the graphs use two
H
-- \.
J
'
spaces of the coordinate paper ' I" /
..
for one unit of z, and one space .. , ' V
..
for one unit of y.
o
Two points on the straight
=
line 5 y - 3 x - 80 O are (O, 6)
and (- 5, 3).
The graph of the equation ó y - 8z - 80 = O is the straight line GH,
=
and the graph of the equation z2 y is the parabolaCOD, as in Example 7.
GH intersects COD in the points I and J, the abscissas of which
are approximately + 2f and - 2t, respectively.
Therefore, the roots of the given equation are approximately 2i
and -21-.
On page 688 the graphs GH and COD are drawn to Jarger scale,
five spaces of the coordinate paper for one unit of z, and two spaces
for one unit of y.
By that figure the roots of the given equation are seen to be 2..77
U. Find approximately the roots of óz2 - 7z -1 = O.
Let z 2 = 11, and put 11 for zt. r
Then the given equation be- D 1
comes 6 y - 7 z - 1 = O. ,- - \ I
In plotting tbe graphs use two 1-
spaces of the coürdinate paper for \ i
ft·
one unit of z, and one space for .,.
one unit of 11·
Two points on the straight line I '\
.,. ., ,,
J'
,....
, cv / , r
óy-7z-1=0 are (7, 10) and l' '
(- 3, - 4). - - .,. u
~ -~
, 1/ -
The graph of the equation
óy- 7z-1=0 ~~~
is the straight line KL, and the
graph of the equation z2 = 11 is the parabola COD, as in Example 7.
KL intersects COD in the points M and N, the abscissas of which
are approximately + li and - !, respectively.
Therefore, the roots of the given equation are approximately 1!
and - !-
On page 688 the graphs KL and COD are drawn to larger scale, five
spaces of the coordinate paper for one unit of z, and two spaces for
one unit of y.
By that figure the roots of the given equation are seen to be 1.63
16. Find approximately the roots of 7z2 + óz - 31 = O.
Let zt = y, and put y for z 2.
Then the given equation becomes i y+ úz - 31 = O.
In plotting the graphs use two spaces of the coürdinate paper for
one unit of z, and one space for one unit of y. •
Two pointson thestraight line 7y+6z-31 =O a.re (9,-2)ancl ( -ó, 8).
The graph of the equation

7y+óz-31=0 J
is the straight line PQ, and the Q J

graph of the ec¡uation ;i:2 =11 is the ,- 1
parabola COD, as in Example 7.
PQ intersects COD in the points
IJ ' -
~
....... '
R a11d S, the abscissas of which
, ..__ '
1, 1~ lf
are approximately + lf and - 2!, ~- l.,_ ,_
respectively.
Therefore, the roots of the given
,. o
l..'
-
equation are approximately lf
and -2!.
At the bottom of this page the graphs PQ and COD are drawn to
larger scalc, flve spaces of the coordinate paper for one unit of z, and
two spaces for one unit of y.
/l
-+-+-t-t-+-+-+-t-t---t-+-+-,i--+-++-t-t-+-t-
~- \
-
..... ++-,H-+-11-k
F 4--=¡,..¡...¡,_:::-t...,1:-H--+++-H--++t-4f--· -::..;;;i-J.-,1'1+
e--
1 -+-+-H--1
I
.___,--1-...._.._,-"-¡\H---=J",;..~~--t"'t.....,- l-+-,l-+-++-H-+-+-+-H-+11-11--t- H-f--t--i

_...
- -- ,,,,. .
r---
·-'-~
,_¡...; ts ~
i.--
..... - ~, ...
++H~"7-f'LH-t++t---1-=,,""")
"~
J' 1
' I'
I;
.... o
~
'"'"" ""'
~"
By that figure the roots of the given equation are seen to be l. 78
17. What is the nature of the roots of the equation 3 zt + 2 z + 4 =O?

Construct the graph of the equation.
=
Let z2 y, and put y for z2.
Then the given equation be-
_ _ l_J) - -
comes 3 y + 2 x + 4 = O.
In plotting the graphs use two \ I
spaces of the coi:irdinate paper
\
for one unit of x, and one space
for one unit of y. \ /
Two points on the straight 1---+---+--+-+--<- ~"r+--+-1-+---+-/--1---+-,>-+---+--+--<
line 3 y + 2 x + 4 = O are (4, -4) E~;'°-+""'-+,;;.;:¡-:,,-.¡...¡1:-+1'...,::,,.¡'r.:;,-.¡=::L...,++-ii-1--+-+.1-X-I
and ( - 31, 1). ~ - - -l-+--11--'::¡,,,.¡..J++-+--.ji---+-++-l-l
The graph of the equation r,,.~
3 y + 2 x + 4 = O is the straight 1--+-+-+-•·-l- +--1--1--1---1-1- _ _ __ _ ~:,..~

line AB, and the graph of the ..._.__,_-+-.._>-+--+-_._......_...-+-.._._._._........_.
equation x2 = y is the parabola ~~-+-~--~--- ~-~ra~-~· -~--+--_..·_-::_-::=~~~
COD, as in Example 7.
AB does not cut or touch COD and will not, however far the
graphs are produced.
Therefore, the roots of the given equá.tion are imaginary, as may
be seen by solving the equation.
3 z2 + 2 X + 4 ::: 0.
3x2 + 2x = - 4.
9x2 + () + 1 = -11.
3 X + 1 = ± -vClt.
3x=-1±~-
.·. x=I(-1±~).
Therefore, the roots of the given equation are ! (- 1 ± v'-=---fi).
18. How does the graph of a quadratic equation indicate the fact
that the roots of the equation are real and unequal? real and equal?
imaginary?
If the roots of a quadratic equation are real and unequal, the graph
of the equation twice crosses the axis of x.
If the roots of a quadratic cquation are real and equal, the graph
of the equation touches the axis of z but does not cut it; in other
words, the axis of x is tangeul t." the graph:
If the roots of a qnadratic equation are imaginary, the graph of the

equation does not cut or touch the axis of z.
If the method of § 3ó8 is used, if the straight line function of the
=
given equation cuts the parabola :r1 'V in two points, the roots of the
equation are real and unequal; if the straight Jine function is tangent
to the parabola, the roots of the equation are real and equal; if the
straight line function does not cut or touch the parabola, the roots
are imagiuary.

1. What does the right-hand figure on page 307 show about the rela-
tion of AB, CD, and EF? How do the coefficients of z and y in equa-
tion.s (2), (3), and (4) show this? Are the graphs of az + lrv + e O =
=
and az + by + d O parallel ?
The right-hand figure on page 307 shows that the straight lines
AB, CD, aod EF are parallel.
The coefficients of z and y in equations (2), (3), and (4) show that
the lines AB, CD, and EF are parallel by the fact that in the three
equations the coefficients of z are equal and the coefficients of y are
equal, while the third terms are all different.
=
The graphs of az + by + e = O and az + lrv + d O are parallel,
since the coefficients of z are equal, the coefficients of 'V are equal,
and the third terms are unequal.
2. Write the equations of two r'
para.Jlel linea and construct their J
J
graphs.
Tbe equations of two parallel I
I
linea are 3 z - y - ó = O and
3x -y-16 O. = j
J
J
Two points of the graph of
3z-y-ó=0 are (ó, 10) and o J
(-1, -8). -- ' J
Two points of the graph of J
=
3 x - y - 16 O are (2, - 10) J
and (8, 8). J
The graph of 3 z - 'V - ó O = I
is the straight Jine AB, and the
=
graph of 3z - y -16 O is the I
J
straight line CD. J ' J

8. If a stralght line anda circle touch each other, how many values
has x ? how many has 'V ? How many values have x and 'V when the
line cuts the circle? What is the nature of the roots of two equations
when the graphs do not intersect ?
If a straight line anda circle touch each other, x has one value and
'V has one value; that is, there is a double root, or the two roots of
the equations are real and equal.
If a stralght line cuts a circle, x has two values and 11 has two val-
ues; that is, the two roots of the equations are real and unequal.
If the graphs of two equations do not intersect and the equatious
are simultaneoua, the roots of the equations are imaginary.
If tbe grapbs of two equations do not intersect and the equations
are not simultaneous, the roots of the equations are infinity.
4. Solve exactly or approximately by the method of graphs,
x 2 + y 2 -169 = º} (1)
3x-2y+9=0 (2)
From (1), x' = 169 - y2, and y'= 169 - x2.

.·. x = ± v'160 - yt, and y=± v'l69 - :i;t.
If Y= o, X=± 13; Ifx= O, 'V=± 13;

Y=± 1, X=± 12.96¡ ·x=± 1, 'V=± 12.96;
'V=± 2, X=± 12.8ó; X=± 2, 'V=± 12.Só;
11 = ± 3, X=± 12.66; X=± 3, 'V=± 12.6ó;
'V=± 4, X=± 12.37 j X=± 4, 11 =± 12.37;
Y=± ó, X=± 12; X=± ó, y=± 12;
Y=± 6, X=±ll.ó3; X=± 6, 'V=± 11.63;
'V=± 7, X=± 10.96; X=± 7, y=± 10.96;
Y=± 8, X=± 10.26; X=± 8, y=± 10.26;
Y=± 9, X=± 9.38; X=± 9, Y=± 9.38;
'V=± 10, x=± 8.31; X=± 10, Y=± 8.31;
y=± 11, X=± 6.93; X=± 11, Y=± 6.93;
y=± 12, X=± ó· X=± 12, 11 =± ó.
' o. '
y=± 18, X= o. X=± 13, 'V=
'fhe graph of equation (1) is found to be the circle CD; a circle with
O for a centre and a radiua equal to v'ioo, or 13.
In equation (2), if z 6, '11 12, and if z =
9, '1/ 9. = =- =-
The graph of equa.tion (2) is the straight line .AB.
JÁ
-
--- -- -- ... ,,.
- -- - N /,,,, J ....
, "'
-
>-- -
- . -
~- . 1/
- IJ . ...
•- .... J
IJ " '
I
, ',/ ,
\
,
,__
.. ~
- . - IJ
IJ o
- - <-
- - ~- 7
. - ,_,_ \ -- - ~ ..
,=-v
I
-; I
' ~
-
J
n
- - -- ~
....- .... - , ~
J
J -~
-- -
ABcuts CD in thepolnt E(6, 12)exactly, a.nd tbe point.F(-9!, -9!),
approximately.
Tberefore, tbe solutions of the given equations are z = 6, 11 12 =
(exactly), and z 9-!, 11 =-
9! (appro:s:imately). =-
6. Solve exactly or approximately by the method of graphs,
z1+ys:100} (1)
6z +y= 46 (2)
From (1), zt = 100 - y:i, and yt 100 - = z~'·- --
.·. z = ± YlOO - y', and y ± YlOO - zt. =
y= o, z=±lO; If z = o, Y=±lO;
11=± 1, z=± 9.96; Z=± 1, y=± 9.96;
v=± 2, z=± 0.80; Z=± 2, y=± 9.80;
v=± 3, z=± 9.64; z=± 3, Y=± 9.64;
y=± 4, z=± 9.17; z=± •• Y=± 9.17;
y=± 6,
y=± o,
v=± 7,
z=± 8.06;
z=± 8 ·
'
z=± 7.14;
z=± 6,
Z=± o,
z=± 7,
Y=± 8.66;
Y=± 8·
v=± 7.14;
.
y=± 8, z=± 6· Z=± 8, y=± 6;
'
z=± 4.36; z=± 9, y=± 4.36;
v=± 9,
y=± 10, z= o. Z= ± 10, Y= o.
,
- ~ ....
-
7
~ "'- ,, \
/
I
'"
1\
' -1
, __ 1
~· ()
!X
T
'I / 1
1/
" -.__
V
1
1
\
' B
The graph of equation (1) is found to be the circle CD; a circle with
O íor a. centre a.nd a. radlus equa.l to 10.
=
In equation (2), if z 7, y= 11, and if z 11, y= - 9. =
The graph of equation (2) is the st.raight line AR.
AB cuts CD in the point E (8, 6) exa.ctly and the point F (9J, - 2~)
approxima.tely.
Therefore, the solutions of the given equations are z = 8, y = 6
=
(e:uctly), a.nd z 9j, l/ =-
2! (a.pproximately).
8. Solve exactly or approximately by the method of gnphs,
zt + 11' = 100} (1)

s:i:+411= 60 (2)
The gnph of equation (1) is the circle CD, as in Example 6.

In equation (2), if z = 2, 11 = 11, and if z = 10, 11 = ó.
~,
'-
.....
- -· .. 1
l:,
/ ' ,.
.... .
I
j \
. ru
... ' [(]

~
I
'\ /
!'..
' ,,,, 1,1

I'
,.... _ ...
'
The graph of equation (2) is the straight line AB.

AB is tangent to the circle at the point E (6, 8).
Hence, the two pairs of solutions of the given equations are the same.
Therefore, the solutions of the given equations are z = 6, 71 = 8,
and z = 6, y = 8.
T. Solve exactly or approximately by the method of grapbs,
z• +y•= 100} (1)

8:z:+4y= 60 (2)
Tbe grapb of equation (1) Is the circle CD, as in Example 6.

In equation (2), if z = 4, y = 12, and if z = 16, y = 3.
, A
...
' I"
....
- ....
... !'o..
' ',¡¡
~
CV ....
i,...
/
'" '
' "" B
fl
'-' lv
,
1/
' ',/D
' .... ~
~--
1
The graph of equation (2) is the straight line AB.

.AB does not cut or touch CD and will not, however far AB is
produced in either direction.
Therefore, the roots of the given equations are imaginary numbers
and cannot be found by the method of grapbs.
696 EL.EMENTARY ALGEBRA
l. Solve the equations of E:umple 7 as simultaneous equations,

and e:r:plain why their graphs do not intel'80Ct.
~h~ -+~=~} (1)
3z+411= 60 (2)
From (2), z=00-411. (3)

3
Substituta the value of z in (I),
3600 - 480y + I6y2 2 - 100
O +V - •
3600 -480y + 16yt + Oy2 = 900.
2ó y 2 - 480 y =- 2700.
2óy2 - 480y + 2304 =- 396.
óy-48 =± ov=u.
ó y =48 ± 6 v=u.
: . y= i(8 ±-V.; 11).
Substituta the valueof y in (3) , z = ! (9 ::¡: 2 -11).
Therefore, z = l (9 + 2 v=-¡¡), and y = !(8 - -V - ll);
or- z = HO - 2 v=-¡¡), and y= i (8 + "-11).
lf the graphs intersected, the roots would be real, and since the
roots are not real, the graphs do not intersect.
9. The figure on page 308 shows the graph of the ellipse

4 zt =
+ 9 yt = 288, and the graph of the parabola 3 y2 8 z. What
roots satisfy these equations ?
By the figure it is seen that the parabola 3 y2 = 8 z cuts the ellipse
=
4 z2 + 9 y2 288 in the points (6, 4) and (6, - 4).
Therefore, the solutions of these equations are z = 6, y = 4, and
z = 6, y =-4.
By solving the equations as simultaneous equations the additional
solutions z = - 12, y= 4 ~ . and z = - 12, y= - 4 ~ are found.
10. The equation of the circle az2 + ay2 = e differs in what respect
from the equation of the ellipse a.i:2 + by2 = e? What is the shape of
the ellipse when a and b differ greatly in value? when a and b are
nearly equal ? when a and b are equal ?
=
The equation of the circle azt + ay2 e differs from tbe equation
=
of the ellipse az2 + by' e in the one respect that in the equation of
the circle the coefflcients of z2 and ~ are alike, and in the equa.tion of
the ellipse the coefficients of z2 and y2 are dlfferent.
When a and b differ greatly in value the ellipse is greatly elongated.

Wben a is greater than b tbe ellipse cuts tbe axis of y at a greater
distance from the origin tban it cuts the axis of x; when a i.1:1 less than
b the ellipse cuts the axis of x at a greater distance from the origin
than it cuts tbe axis of y.
When a and b are nearly equal tbe ellipse takes a nearly round
forro and is somewhat like a flattened circle.
Wben a and b are equal the ellipse becomes a circle.
11. The figure on page 309 shows the graph of the circle
=
xt + 11" 26 and tbo grapb of tbe hyperbola xy 6. Wbat are tbe=
coordinates of their points of intersection? Wbat roots satisfy the
equations?
Tbe circle z2 + y2 = 26 and tbe hyperbola xy = 6 intersect in tbe
points B, C, D, and A, whicb, as is 1,bow11 by the figure, are the
points (1, 6), (- 1, - 6), (6, 1), and ( - 6, - 1), respectively.
Tberefore, the solutions of the equations are x = 1, y= 6; z = - 1,
y ~ - ó; z = !i, y = 1 ; and x = - ó, y = - 1.
= =
12. Solve z2 + y2 26 and xy 6 as simultaneous quadratics, and
noticc tbat the resulta are the answers to F.xample 11.
We have z2+y2=26} (1)
xy= ó (2)
ó
From (2), X=-• (:])
y
25
Substitute the value of x in (1), -y·i + y1 = 26.
26 + y4 = 21Jy2.
1f' - 26 y 2 + 26 = o.
(y2 - l)(y2 - 2ú) = O.
(Y - 1) (Y + 1) (Y - ó) (Y + =
ó) O.
.·. y= 1, - 1, ó, or - 6.
Substitute the value of y in (3), x = 6, - 6, 1, or - l.
Therefore, x = 1, and 11 = ó;
x =- 1, and y= - G;
x= ó, ancly=l;
or x =- ó, and y = - 1.
U. Solve by graphs, zl + 11' = 80} (1)

z:v = 32 (2)
From (1), zl =80 - 11', and yt = 80 - zl.
••. Z =± Y80 - y2, &nd 'V = ± Y80 - zS.
1
JI
1
1
1
\
1i
;"
1/
" .iF
, ... _.._ -
.. •¡
~
- - - ... _ J
-.... K
~
.... ,, '
,
-
~
\ -
If y= o, z = ± 8.94; If z = o, y=± 8.94;

y=± 1, z = ± 8.89; z =± 1, y=± 8.89;
y = ± 2, :r = ± 8. 72 ; z = ± 2, y = ± 8. 72 ;
y = ± 3, z = ± 8.43; z = ± 3, y = ± 8.43 ;
y = ± 4, z = ± 8 ; z = ± 4, y = ± 8;
y=± 6, z = ± 7.42; z = ± 6, y=± 7.42;
y = ± 6, z = ± 6.63; z = ± 6, y = ± 6.63;
y=± 7, z = ± 6.67; z = ± 7, y=± 6.67;
y = ± 8, z = ± 4. z = ± 8, y = ± 4.
=
Tbe graph of the equation z2 + y2 80 is the circle EFH, a circle
with O for a centre anda radius equal to VSO, or 8.9".
· 32
From (2), y=-,
z
and z = -321/ ·
If :t += =
2, y + 16; If :t = + 12, y = + 2¡ ;
z = + 3, y =+to¡; =
z = + 13, y + 2f'1 ;
z=+ 4, 11 =+ 8; =
:t + 14, y=+ 2f;
:t=+ 6, y=+ 6j; :t =+ 16, y=+ 2-J\;
:t += 6, y=+ 6}; :t=+16,y=+2;
:t=+ 7,Y=+ 4f; y=+ 16, z + 2h;=
=
:t + =
8, y + 4; y=+ 14, :t =+ 2J;
=
:t + 9, y=+ 3&; = =
y + 13, z + 2/1 ;
:t = + 10, y = + 3!; y = + 12, :t = + 2¡ ;
z =+ 11, y=+ 2u. y = + 9, :t = + 3\.
For the negative of the 888umed values of z and. y in the left-

hand columna in the above table there correspond values of y and z
equal in absolute value to the values in the right-hand columna but
with negative signe in place of the positive sigus shown in the table.
=
The graph of the equation zy 32 is the hyperbola of which the
branches are AB and CD.
The points of intersection of the circle and hyperbola are E, F, H, K,
which are the ¡,oints (4, 8), (8, 4), (- 4, - 8), (- 8, - 4), respectively.
Therefore, the solutions of the given equations are z = 4, y = 8;
:r: =- 4, y = - 8; :r: = 8, y = 4 ; and z = - 8, y = - 4.
14. Solve by graphs, z'+'Y'=34} (1)

zy 16 = (2)
From (1), z2 = 34 - y2, a.nd y2 = 34 - z2 •

.·. z = ± v'34 - y2, and y=± v'34 - :r:'.
If y = o, :t = ± 6.83; If z = o, y=± 6.83;

y=± 1, :t = ± 6. 74; :t=±l, Y=±6.74;
y= '± 2, z = ± 6.48; :r = ± 2, y = ± 6.48 ;
y = ± 3, =
:t ± 6 ; :t ± 3,= y = ± 6;
y = ± 4, :t = ± 4.24; :t:: ± 4, y=± 4.24;
y = ± 6, :t = ± 3. :t = ± 6, y = ± 3.
700 EU~MENTARY ALGEBRA
=
Tbe graph of tbe equation zt + ,' 84 is the circle EFH, a circle
with O for a centre and a radius equal to 'VM, or ó.83.
16 ló
From (2), z = -, and y=-·
11 z
If 11 = + 2, X = + 7 l j If 11 =+ 9, z = + lf;
11 =+ 3, X =+ Ó j 11 = + 10, z = + l} ;
11 = + 4, X = + 3~ j z =+ 10, 11 = + l!;
11 = + 6, z =+ 3 ; z =+ 9, 11 =+ lf;
11=+6,z=+2l; z = + 8, 11 =+ 1¡;
Y=+7,z=+2~; z=+ 7,11=+2};
11 = + 8, z = + 1¡. z =+ 6, 11 =+ 21.
-- /
- - -!--+-+-i'H-++-H-+-+-1f-+-+\-F...._"'""ld---bl--l
--B
.. ,
'
Similarly for the negative of the above values, as in Example 13.

=
The graph of the equation z11 16 is the hyperbola of which tbe
branches are AB and CD.
The points of intersection of the circle and hyperbola are E, F, H, K,
which are the points (3, G), (ó, 3), ( - 3, - ó), (- ó, - 3), respectively.
Therefore, the solutions of the given equations are x 3, 11 ó; = =
z = - 3, 11 = - 6 ; z = 6, 11 = 3 ; and z = - 6, y 3. =-
16. Solve by graphs, z2+11'= 74} (1)

8z2 + 112 = 172 (2)
From (1), z2 = 74 - ys, and y~= 74 - zt.
.·. z = ± v'74 - y', and 11 = ± v'74 - zt.
,:.
., 1 .... ...
/ ' 'I
J 1\
,,, .....
--- BV
I
'
" ' ~~- ,-
--~
"N' o X
-~- G! \ ..... ,,. I

" ""
' \. 1/
' I"
L'
.....
/
>-
'
1f 11 = o, z = ± 8.60; If z =o, y=± 8.60 ;

11 = ± 1, z = ± 8.ó4 ; Z=± 1, Y=±8.ó4;
y = ± 2, z = ± 8.37 ; z = ± 2, y = ± 8.37 ;
y=± 3, z = ± 8.00; z = ± 8, y= ± 8.00;
l/=±4, Z=±7.62; =
z ± 4, y=± 7.62;
y=± ó, z=± 7; Z=±ó, Y=±7;
11 = ± 6, z = ± 6.16; z=±6, y=±6.l6;
11=±7, z=±ó; z=±7, 11=±ó;
=
11 ± 8, z = ± 8.16. z =± 8, y=± 3.16.
The graph of the equation z2 + 112 = 74 is the circle ABO, a ciJ'l'le

with O for a centre and a radius equal to v'u, or 8.602.
172 -v'
From (2), yl = 172 - 3 z2, and zt= - - -·
3
••• 11 = ± v'l72 - Szt, and z = ± l v'616 - 3112.
If z = O, 11 =± 13.11 ; If 11 = O, z = ± 7.67;
z =± 1, 11' = ± 13; 11=±1,z=±7.65;
z = ± 2, 11 = ± 12.66; =
11 ± 2, z = ± 7.48;
z =± 3, 11 =± 12.04; 11 = ± 3, z = ± 7.37 ;
z =± 4, 11 = ± 11.14; 11 = ± 4, z = ± 7.21 ;
z = ± 6, 11 = ± 9.86 · =
Y ±' 6, X = ± 6. 73;
Z=± 6, 11 =± 8; y=± 7, X=± 6.40;
Z=± 7, 11 =±· 6. 11 = ± 9, z = ± ó.ól.
The graph of the equation 3:i:2 + 112 = 172 is the ellipee' EF.
The points of intersection of the circle and ellipse are .A, B, C, D,
which are the points (7, 6), (- 7, 6), (- 7, - 6), (7, - 6), respectively.
Therefore, the solutions of the given equations are z 7, y ; 6; =
Z=7, Y=-6; Z=-7, 11=6; and Z=-7, Y=-6.
18. Solve by graphs, 6z2 + yt =321} (1)

6112-196:e=O (2)
321 -112
From (1), 112 = 321 - 6z2, and z2 = - - - ·
6
••• 11 = ± v'321- 6z2, and z= ± ! v'l606 - 6112.
Ifz= o, 11=±17.92; If 11 = o, z =±8.01;

Z=± 1, 11=±17.78; 11 = ± 1, Z=±8;
Z=±2, 11=±17.36; Y=±2, z=±7.96;
z=::Í: 3, y=± 16.61; y=± 8, z=±7.00;
Z=±4, y=± 16.62; Y=±4, X =±7.81;
Z=±6, y=± 14; y=± 6, z=±7.69;
z=±6, y=±ll.87; 11 = ± 6, Z=±7.ó5;
Z=± 7, Y=± 8.72; Y=± 7, Z=±7.88;
Z=± 8, Y=± l. Y=± 8, Z=±7.I7.
Tbe graph of the equation 6 z2 + y2 = 821 is the ellipll8 AEB.

196:t
From(2), 112 = - - , and 196:i: = 6112.
6
••• 11 =±V, 'V6i, and z rh'112· =
lf :t= o, 11= O;
z=+ 1, 11= ± 6.26; , ., ..;I"
:t=+ 2, 11= ± 8.Só; ~ ~
...
z=+ =
8, 11 ± 10.84; , I"
z=+ 4, 11 = ± 12.62; J
' 7
z=+
z=+
6,
6,
Y=± 14;
11 = ± 16.34; I
f
lf
', \
z=+ 7, 11=±16.67;
:t=+ 8, 11=±17.71; .,
\
z = + 9, 11 = ± 18. 78;
z =+ 10, 11 = ± 19.80. I
If 11 = o, :t= O; .,
11= ± 1, z=+0.026; ~- ,
'-·
-
11=± 2, z=+0.10;
11= ± 8, Z= +0.28; \
11=± 4,z=+0.41;
j
11=± 6,z=+0.64; \ I
11=± 7,z=+l.2ó ;
11= ± 8, Z= + 1.63 ; \
' I'\ I
= ± 10, z = + 2. 66.
' ,.
11
\
The graph of the equa-

tion 6y2- 196:t = O Is ......'.- - ~
. '
"
the parabola COD.
The ellipae AEB and
the parabola COD iuter-
1
+ JJ.t-- '11n
sect b1 the points E and F, which are the potnts (6, 14) and (6, - 14),
respectively.
Therefore, the solutions of the given equations are z = 6, 11 = 14,
=
and z 6, 11 =- - 14.
1'1. Solve by grapbs, z2 + 6 y2 = 79} (1)

·ózl- 4y2 = 89 (2)
79- z•
From (1), z2 =79- 6y2, a.nd y2 = ---·
6
.·. z =±v'79- 6y2, a.nd 11 =± ¡v'474-6z2.
lf y= o, z = ± 8.89; i.J
y=± 1, z = ± 8.ó4; 1,
1\. 1,1
1/
y= ± 2, z = ± 7.42 ;
11=±3,z=±ó. ' 1/
lf z = o, y=± 3.63; ' ~
:¡ n
z = ± 1, y = ± 3.61 ; - ~ ....
X=± 2, y=± 3.ó4; , -__, 7
z =± 3, y = ± 3.42; ll s ,~
..
~·
z =± 4, y =± 3.24; ~
.. r-.. ,~
J
X = ± 0, y = ± 2.68; ~
, - ...
X=± 7, y=± 2.24 j
X=± B, y = ± 1.58.
IJ
/
'
The graph of the equa.- '- ~ 11~-
tion z2 + 6y2 =79 is the
7.,
,I '" u
ellipse EFil.
From (2), ó:& = 89 + 4y2.
z2 =89 + 4y2.
ó~---
.-. x=±!v'445+2oy2.
If f/ = 0, X= ± 4.22 j If 1/ =± 6, Z = ± 6.83 j
y =± 1, X=± 4.31 j Y=± 7, X=± 7.óó;
y =± 2, Z = ± 4.58 j y=± 8, X=± 8.31 j
y=± 3, X=± Ó j y=± 9, X=± 9.09;
?/ =± 4, Z = ± 5.58 j 1/ = ± 10, X=± 9.89.
y=± 5, X=± 6.15.
=
The gra.ph of the equation ó z2 - 4 y2 89 is the byperbola of wbich
the branches are ASB a.n<l CRD.
Tbe ellipse and the hyperbola. intersect in the points E, F, H, K,
whích are the points (ó, 3), (ó, - 3), ( - 5, 3), (- ó, - 3), respectívely.
Therefore, the solutions of the given equations are z = 5, y = 3;
z = 5, y = - 3; x = - 5, y = 3 ; ·and z = -
ó, y = - 3.
18. Solve by graphs, 3z2 - 5y' = 43} (1)
z11 = 4 (2)
From (1), z11=43+5112.

3 .
.·. z = ± ! v'I29 + 15112.
If y = o, z = ± 3. 79 ; lf 11 =± 6, z =± 8.62;
=
11 ± l, z ± 4; = =
11 ± 7, z ± 9.80; =
=
11 ± 2, z ± 4.58; = 11 = ± 8, z = ± 11 ;
11 = ± 3, z = ± 5.42; 11 =± 9, z = ± 12.22;
=
11 ± 4, z ± 6.40; = 11 = ± 10, z = ± 13.45.
=
11 ± 5, z ± 7.48. =
--
_/f.
,... .,
' I" V
/
" ,.. /
-
,..
'- \
' ,1 ' ......

-- • ~- o X+-
)N.
"" \. \.
"
~ '
'
¡,
1/
/
""
-
1J
~-
The graph of the equation 3 z2 - 5 y2 = 43 is the hyperbola of whicb

the branches are .ARB and CSD.
From (2), z = 11-4 , and y =z4-.
-....
~=-. =-- ..!.:=- .... !=- -:l.¡=- -i..r:=-t:
- -- - =-.:. :;.=- =- J = - :-. = -
.r; t:
... ,=- . .r:=-i:
I
~
.: =- ~. ==- .:_ ,' = - -_ J=- .l. .I:'=-¡:
:; =- .. =- . .: =- :=- . =- J=-:11• .r;=-i:
:.. .:=- J=- :.:... .r:=-~
.: =- -.. , =- ... t=- : . .:=-. J = - :::. : = - j.
~~.,. ·: : :..e ...,..!:1-Gn!- ,: :... ""'~ -w. • ..n. K:campie: [;J.
:-- Je .:.-.r ~ ,r ::.. ~ :i. .;,,
,r:-,r~·~ .ri> ~ .'l? k-.:. _¡ _- --:i.
= ·- =~ ~ ·hit .1.vpar:illia .,i 'i1rilil:h. me
:-:.-. ..,..,. ~-.- ~•·.ait :.:~~ l1 · :a. :-,um; .lf .11111. :!T. ..tuca are tbe
.if' .:. : ... .... : .L.: - ~ - ~ ... ~..-ed~!·
:" .....,.: ~ - ·.::.r .... =..:::t i 0.,- ,;:..-ell ... ~ - .r; = -l. 'J =l .
.r.. :;::-1'..J=-:..
:9 2=.~ :he ~ il ~ :.JlallJII™: :noa ,f dla ""{llWi,lrni in

l. ...... .. -:..r ::,..
-~ :'- - ; ,,!. = ,b1

:.¡ = 4- _..
4-
J = i'
: ..; :L-
... ,
= -13..
:t~ - ..... = .¡;:~.
:1 ~ - = ~).
-t;; :'-
.;g z:+ - , ' - : ~'.I = :!l!tiD.
.;z.e _ -&;; = = ,i3.
.; .r! =
:ltJ. or - 10.
r! = ltJ. or - J.
.·. .r = = -1. or = .¡. "'--=-ii
'l•lt•"' ir., ,.,. ,¡,,.., 'l'L;llf': t>t z in ,:~·.. !J ==l. or :;: ! ·,,' - lii...
=
'rt,11rr1-.f,,r,,. z -1 ~.d J =1. r =- -l a: ,¡ '/ = -1. r =!Y - la and
(I 1 ./- 1f., r,r z = - i ..., ·-= f:; anti !/ = '. 'lo - lá..
'rt.f': ,r,,-,ar,ir,g ,,f the imaginary ;;.;:·;ti,ins. tbe &Yo Ju& pain of
w,J11t,,,r,4, i11 th:\t, wtdf': fr.,m tbe form of the two giftn eqaationa
"'" ""'*.1,t. four J,aira r,f 111,lutit>na, tbe grapha do really intenec\ in
1,r,1y t.w,, v,ir,1,1, r.he two firat paí?!I of 11olutions. In other words,
tt,1, r,,Nar,ir,g 1,f the ímagínary eolutíona ía t.bá the grapbs do not
'"'"'"':et.
10. Determine, by inspection, the shape of thegraph of 2:i:-1111=7.

Since the given equation is of the first degree, itl! graph is a straight
line.
11. Determine, by inspection, theshape of thegraph of 5z2+s112=6.
Tbe given equation is of the second degree, witb the terms in z, 11,
and zy missing. The signs of the z 2 and 112 terma are alike and the
coeflicients are difterent. ·
Therefore, the graph of the equation is an ellipse.
11. Determine, by inspection, the shape of the graph of y2 8 z. =
The given equation is of the second degree, with the terms in zt, y,
and z¡¡ missing,
Therefore, the graph of the equation ·is a parabola.
18. · Determine, by inspection, the shape of the graph of z 2 + 11' =18.
The given equation is of the second degree ; the z2 and y2 terms
bave like signs and equal coeflicients.
Therefore, the graph of the equation is a circle.
li. Determine, by inspection, the shape of the graph of z = 3 y.
Tbe given equation is of the flrst degree.
Therefore, the graph of the equation is a straight line.
16. Determine, by inspection, the shape of the graph of 2 zt = 7 ¡¡.
The given equation is of the second degree, with the terms in y2, z,
and zy missing.
Therefore, the graph of the equation is a parabola.
=27.
18.; Determine, by inspection, the shape of the g-raph of 4z2 + 4 y2
Tbe given equation is of the second degree ; the z2 and y2 terrns
have like signs and equal coefficients.
Therefore, the graph of the equation is ·a circle.
IT. Determine, by lnspection, the shape of the graph of zy = 12.
Th~ given equat.ion is of the second degree, with ali the terma
missing with the exception of the zy term.
Therefore, the graph .of the equation is an hyperbola.
18.: Determine, by inspection, the shape of the graph of 2 z2 - 6 y2 :e 12.
The given equation is of the second degree ; the z2 and y2 térms
have unlike signs.
Therefore, the graph of the equation is an hyperbola.
Ezerclae l.2t. Page 3ll

l . Find by a graph the roots of z8 - z:2 - 12.z:::: O.
l'ut z• - z:2 - 12:i y. =
lf Z= O, 'fl= O; lf z= +4~. 'fl= + 16¡; u z=-2!, 'fl= + s:;
Z= + !, 'fl= - 61; Z= +ó, 'fl= + 40; :t=-3, 'fl= O;
x=+l, 'fl=-12; z=+6l, 'fl=+ 701; z= -31, 'fl= - 181 ;
z=+q, y=-161; z=+6, 'fl=+l08; :t= -4, 'fl= - 32;
z= +2, y=-20; z= - h 'fl= + 61; Z= -4!, 'fl= - ó7f;
Z= +21, 'fl= -20¡; Z= -1, 'fl= + 10; :t= -ó, 'fl= - 00;
z=+8, y::::-18; Z=-ll,'fl=+ 12i; :t= -ól, lf= -130f;
:t= +81, 'fl= -llf; Z= -2, y=+ 12. Z= -6, 'V= -180.
:t=+4, y=- o.
'
I
2. ,
.. /
J ,,_ 01'
.,
/11' -
....
f
"
-- - .
I
I
--
'
I
I
'
) ,
In plotting the graph tu1e two spaces of the coordinate paper for one
unit of z, and one space for ten units of y.
The graph of the equation z8 - ;c2 - 12 :e = O is the curve ABCD.
The graph cuts the axis of z at the points E, O, and F, the abscis-
sas of whic_h are 4, O, and - 3, respectively.
Therefore, the roots of the given equation are O, 4, and - 3.
B. Find by a graph the roots of 2 xª - ;c2 - 26 :e + 40 = O.

Put 2 :c8 - z2 - 26 :e + 40 = y.
lf .X= o, :v=+40; If :i:= +3, 'V=+ 7; If :Z:= -2, :v= +72;
x=+ }, :v=+27; :i:=+3!,r=+ 22~; X= -2!, Y=+67!;
Z= + 1, Y= +16; x= +4, y=+ 48; X= -3, 'V= +66;
z=+l!, Y=+ 6!; X= +4!, 'V=+ 86; X= -3j, Y= +33;
z=+2, Y= O; z= +6, Y= +136; X=-4, Y= O;
z=+2t,u=- H; :i:=- !, Y=+ 62}; Z= -41, Y~ -46¡;
Z= +2!, Y= O; Z=-1, J.1=+ 63; z=-6, v=-106.
:e= +2f, Y=+ 2H. z=-lh Y=+ 70.
·,
,'
f'
I
I"
''
'
'
'" J
I ¡/
-- '
I,
o ..
- - r- - e- ~----
~-
:/
'
I
In plotting the graph nse two spaces of the coordinate paper for
one unit of z, and one space for ten units of y.
The graph of tbe equation 2 z& - zl - 26 z + 40 = O is the curve

.ABDF.
The graph cuts the axis of z at the points B, C, and E, the abecissas
of which are :q, 2, and - 4, respectively.
Therefore, the roots of the given equation are 2, 21, and - 4.
8. }'ind by a graph the number of real roots of z& - 8 =O.

Put z 8 - 8 = 'V,
lf Z= 0, 11= - 8; lfz= +8l, 'V=+ 84¡; If z=-2, Y= -16;
z= + !, 11= - 7¡; Z= +4, 'V=+ 66; Z=-2!, 'V= -23¡;
Z=+1, 11= - 7; z=+4!, 11=+ 83!; Z= -8, Y= -3ó;
z=+l!, 11= - 4i; z=+ó, 'V=+l17; z=-3!, 'V= -óOJ;
z=+2, 'V= O; Z= - t,
Y= - 8t; Z= -4, Y= - 72;
Z= +2!, 11= + 7§; Z=-1, y:- 9; z= -41, 11= -991;
z=+8, 'V=+19. z= -lt, Y= - llf. Z= -ó, 11= -188.
J
I
1/
'
.,,
--
....
o ·~ ~
, __
.,
j
1 I
In plotting the graph use two spaces of the coordinate paper for
one unit of z, and one space for ten units of y.
The graph of the equation zª - 8 = O is the curve ABCD.
The graph cuts the axis of z at the point B, the abscissa of which is 2.
Therefore, one root of the given equation is 2.
It is evident from the degree of the given equation that lt has three
roots. It is also evident that if ·z is taken greater than + 6 or less
than - 6, the absolute value of y becomes greater and greater and
the graph recedes farther and fañher from XX'.
It is reasonable, therefore, to conclude that since the graph cuts
the axis of z in only one point, the given equation has one real root
and two imaginary roots. The only possible chance for error in
making this conclusion is that the graph might cross XX' twice
between two adjaceut assumed values of z.
Therefore, the equation has one real root.
i . Find by a graph tbe number of real roots of za - 6zt + 8z + 14 = O.
Put z8 - iiz2 + 8z + 14 = y .
l.i
I
~
., '/
,-
. r,.,
I
..
'
'i'
j
J
I
I
I
)
.
lf Z= O, Y=+14; lh=+8!, Y=+28!; lh=-l{, Y=- 12j ;
z=+ hY=+16¡; z= +4, y= +80; X= -2, y= - 80;
z=+l, y=+l8; X= +4}, Y= +39¡; Z= -2~ , y= - 52J ;
z=+ll, Y=+lB}; X= +6, Y= +64 ; X= -3, Y = - 82;
:i:= +2, Y=+ 18; X=- !,Y=+ 8J; Z= -3!, y= -118} ;
z=+2h Y=+l8 J; X=-1, y= 0. x=-4, y=-162.
z=+8, Y=+20.
In plotting the graph use two spaces of tbe co<Srdinate paper for one
unit of z , and one space for ten units of 11·
The graph of theequation z 8 -óz2 +8z+14=0 istbe curve ABCD.
The graph cuts tbe axis of z' at tbe point C, ihe abscissa of which
Íll -1.
Therefore, one root of tbe given equation Is - l.
lt is evident from the degree of tbe given equation that it has three
roots. It is also evident that as z is taken greater than + ó or less
than - 4, the absolute value of 11 becomes greater aud greater, and
thc graph recedes farther and fartber from XX'.
1t is reasonable, tberefore, to conclude that since the graph cuts
the axis of z in only one point, the given equation has one real root
and two imaginary roots. Tbe only possible chance for error in
making tbis couclusion is tha.t the graph might cross XX' twice
between two adjacent assumed values of z.
Therefore, the equation has one real root.

1. The sum of the squares of two numbers is 130, and twlce tbe
product of tbe numbers is 126. Find the numbets.
Let =
z one number,
and y = the other number .
.·. zt + yt = 130, (1)
and 2zy = 126. (2)
Add (1) and (2) , =
zt + 2xy + 112 256.
Extract the root, z +y=± 16. (8)
Subtract (2) from (1), z2 - 2 zy + yt = 4.
Extract the root, X -y=± 2. (4)
Add (8) and (4), 2x = ± 18, or ± 14.
.·. x = ± O, or ± 7.
Subtract (4) from (8), 2 y = ± 14, or ± 18.
. ·. y = ± 7, or ± 9.
Therefore, tbe numbers required are O and 7, or - O and - 7.
2. Tbe eum of two numbers added to tbe sum of their equares ii;
680, and the diflerence of the numbers added to the diflerence of their
equares is 74. Find the numbers.
Let z = the larger number,
and y = the smaller nun:iber.
.·. x+y+x2+y2=686, (1)
and X - y + x2 - y 2 = 74. (2)
Add (1) and (2), 2x + 2x2 = 760.
x2 +X= 380.
X 2 + X - 380 = 0.
(x - I9)(x + 20) O. =
. ·. x = 19, or - 20.
Substitute the value of x in ( 1),
19 +y+ 361 + y2 = 686,
or - 20 + y + 400 + y2 = 686.
y2 + y - 306 o. =
(y - 17) (Y+ 18) O. =
.·. y= 17, or -18.
Therefore, the required numbers are 19 and 17, 19 and - 18, - 20
and li, or - 20 and -18.
S. If a number of two digits iR divided by the product of the digits,

the quot.ient is 3. If the rligits are reversed and the resulting num ber
is dividecl by the sum of the <ligits, the quotient is 7. Find the number.
Let x = the cligit in the tens' place,
and y =tbe digit in the units' place.
Then IOx +y= tbe number,
and lOy + x = the number with the digits reversed .
.·. ~ = 3 , (1)
xy
and lOy+x=7. (2)
x+y
From (2), 10 y + x = 7x + 7 y.
3y = 6x .
.·. y= 2x. (3)
Substitute tbe value of y in (1), lOx + = 3.
2x
2x2
lOx + 2x = ox2.
6x2-12x=0.
x2 - 2x = O.
x(x - 2) = O•
.·. x = O, or 2.
Substitute the value of x in (3), y= O, or 4.
Then lOx +y= 24.
1'1. Solvebygrapbs, z2+6y2=79} (1)

-óz2 - 4y2 89 = (2)
79-z'
From (1), z'l = 79 - 6 y2, and 112 = - - - .
6
.·. z=±Y79-6y2,and Y=±!Y474-6z2.
If y = o, z = ± 8.80; ...r 1,
y=± 1, z = ± 8.64; - '- ,/
y=± 2, z = ± 7.42; ' /
Y=±3,z=±ó,
' 1, 1.1
y
If z = O, y=± 3.63; '

X = ± 1, y = ± 3.61 i -. .... ...
z=±2,y=±3.ó4; ,
---
= = ~ s
X ± 3, y ± 3.42 j =' J
z=±4, Y=±3,IM;
~ c..,
X = ± 6, y = ± 2.68 ; '--- ---
X=± 7, y=± 2.24 j 1/'
~
X = ± 8, y = ± l. ó8. --
,
1/
" 11,.
The gra.ph of the equa-

=
tion z2 + 6 y2 79 is the '=;~
IU
·· -
.
'' "
ellipse EFH. '
From (2), =
óz2 89 + 4y2•
z2=89+4y2.
ó~---
... X=± }-V445 + 20y2.
lf y = o, z = ± 4.22 ; If y=± =
6, z ± 6.83;
y = ± 1, z = ± 4.31; y=± 7,z=±i.55;
y = ± 2, X=± 4.ó8; y =± =
8, z ± 8.31 ;
Y=±3, z=±ó; y=± =
9, z ± 9.00;
= =
y ± 4, z ± 5. ó8; y = =
± 10, z ± 9.89.
y = ± ó, z = ± 6. ló.
=
The graph of the equation ó z 2 - 4 y 2 89 is the hyperbola of which
the branches are ASB and CRD.
The ellipse and the hyperbola intersect in the points E, F, H, K,
which are the poinls (ó, 3), (5, - 3), ( - ó, 3), (- ó, - 3), respectively.
Therefore, the solutions of the given equations are z = ó, y = 3;
z = ó, y= - 3; z = - ó, y = 3; 'and z = - ó, y= - 3.
18. Solve by graphs, 3z2 - 5y2 = 43} (1)
xy= 4 (2)
2 43 + 5y 2
From (1), X= 3 .•
••• X = ± } Yl29 + 15 y2.
If y = 0, X = ± 3. 79 j If y =±6, X =± 8.62;
y=± 1, x=±4; Y=± 7, X=± 9.80;
y=± 2, X=± 4.58 j y =± 8, X = ± 11 j
y = ± 3, X = ± 5.42; y = ± 9, X = ± 12.22;
y = ± 4, X = ± 6.40; =
y ± 10, X=± 13.45.
Y=± 5, X=± 7.48.
ll
'- ~
I'...
,, /
1/
' V
'-
""
,~ ' "_,,,,
.... , 1{
o •" Xt-
N-1'.
\. "
/ '-
/ r-...
, / I'
L "
H
The graph of the equation 3 x2 - 5 y2 = 43 is the hyperbola of which

the branches are ARB and CSD.
4 4
From (2), x = -,
y
and y = -·
X
•·. 10:i:+y=6+.!., (1)

xy Z1I
and lOJf +X= 2 + ~ . (2)
Z1I Z1I
Multiply (1) by ZJ/, 10:i: +y= 6zt1 + 2. (3)
Multiply (2) by XI/, lOJf +X= 2ey + 6. (4)
Multiply (3) by 2, 20:i: + 2y = 10:i:y + 4. (6)
Multiply (4) by 6, 6x + 60y = 10:i:y + 26. (6)
Subtract (6) from (6), 16:i: - 41:!y = ·- 21.
6z.-16y=-7.
6x = 16y-7.•
16y - 7
.·. X=--- . (7)
6
Substitnte the value of x in (4),
1611 - 7 32112 -14v
1011 +- -
6
-= 6
+ 6.
60y + lOy - 7 = 32y' -14y + 26.
32y2 - 8011 + 32 o. =
2 y2 - 6 y + 2 O. =
(y - 2) (2 y - 1) =o .
.·.y= 2, or ¡.
Substitute the value of y in (7), x = 6, or j.
Then 10:i: + 11 = 62.
Therefore; the required number is 62.
8. A walks a quarter of a mile an hour faster than B, and, in con-

sequence, requires a qnarter of an bour less time to walk 16 milt ~-
Find tbe rate at which each walks.
Let • x = the uumber of miles A walks per bour,
and y = the number of miles B walks per hour.
.·. x-y=l, (1)
16 16 1
and y -z= ¡· (2)
From (2), 60:i: - 60y ZJI. = (3)
Substitute in (3) the value of z - y from (1),
ló zt/, =
4xy= 60. (4)
Square (1), z2 - 2 xy + y2 t16· = (6)
Ad<l (4) and (6), z2 + 2 xy + y' = Vi-·
x+ Y=±,¡. (O)
'
TEACHER.S' EDITlON 717
Add (1) and (6), 2:i: = 8, or - J/ .
.·. z = 4, or - 3f.
Subtract (1) from (6), 2y = .1¡, or - 8•
.·. y= 3!, or - 4.
Therefore, A walks 4 miles an hour, and B walks 3i miles an hour.
9. Two square gardens have together a surface of 3469 square

yards. A rectangular garden whose dimensiona are respectively
equal to the sides of the two squares contains 24l square yards less
than half the area of the two squares together. Find the sides of the
two sqnares.
=
Let z the number of yards in a side of one sqnare,
and =
r, tbe number of yarda in a side of the other sqnare.
.·. z2 + y2 = 3469, (1)
and zy = ! (3469) - 24¡. (2)
Multiply (2) by 2, 2:i:y = 3420. (3)
Add (1) and (3), z2 + 2 zy + y 2 = 6889.
z +y=± 83. (4)
. Subtract (3) from (1), z2 - 2 zy + y2 = 49.
z -r,=±7. (ó)
Add (4) and (ó), 2 z = 90, or - 76.
.·. z = 4ó, or - 38.
Subtract (ó) from (4), 2y = 76, or - 90 .
.·• y = 38, or - 4ó.
Tberefore, tbe eides of tbe two squares are 46 yarda and 38 yards.
10. The eum of the squares of two numbers is 370. lf the smallrr
number was 1 greater and the larger number 3 greater, the sum of
their squares would be óOO. Find the numbere.
and y = the emaller number.
.·. z2 + y2 370, = (1)
and (z + 3)2 +(Y+ 1)2 600. = (2)
From (2), z2 + 6:i: + 9 + y2 + 2y + 1 600. =
z2 + y2 + 6 z + 2 y =
490. (3)
Subtract (1) from (3), 6:i: + 2y 120. =
=
3:i: + 11 1 OO .
.·. y:::00-;3:i:. (4)

z2 + 3600 - 360z + Oz' = 370.
10z2 - 360:i: =- 3230.
z2 - 36z =- 323.
z2 - 36z + 324 = l.
z -18 =±l .
.·. z= 19, or 17.
Substitute the value of z in (4), y= 8, or 9.
Therefore, the required numbers are 19 and 8, or 17 and 9.
11. The diagonal of a rectangle is 89 inches. If each side of the

rectangle was 3 inches shorter, the diagonal would be 8ó inches.
Find the length of the sides.
Let z = the number of inches in the length,
and y= the number of inches in the breadt.h.
Then ~ = the number of inches in the diagonal,
and v'(z - 3¡2 + (y - 3)2 = the number of inches in the diagonal if
each side was 3 inches shorter.
.· . ~ = 8 9 , (1)
and v'(x - 3)2 + (Y - 3)2 = 85. (2)
Square (1), :¡:2 + y2 = 7921. (8)
Square (2), :¡:2 - Ox + 9 + y2 - 6y + 9 = 7225.
x2 + y2 - 6x - 6y = 7207. (4)
Subtract (4) from (3), 6x+6y=714.
X+ y= 119. (5)
Square (5), + =
x' 2xy + y2 14161. (6)
Subtract (3) from (6), 2xy = 6240.
=
4xy 12480. (7)
z2 - 2zy + y2 1681.
z - y=± 41. (8)
Add (ó) and (8), = 2z 160, or 78.
=
.·. z 80, or 39.
Substitute the value of z in (5), y= 39, or 80.
Therefore, the length of the rectangle is 80 inches, and the breadth
39 inches.
12. The diagonal of a rectangle is 65 feet. If the shorter side of
the rectangle was 17 feet shorter and the longer side 7 feet longer, t.he
length of the dingonal would be unchanged. I•'ind the length of the
sides.
•
Let z = the number of feet in the length,

and y= the number of feet in the breadth.
Then Vz~ + y 2 = the number of feet in the diagonal,
v
aod (z + 7)2 + (Y - l 7fª = the oumber of feet •n the diagonal if the
length was 7 feet lollger, and the breadth
was 17 feet shorter.
.·. ~ = 6 6 , (1)
and =
V(z + 7)2 + (Y -17) 2 66_. (2)
Square (1), =
z2 + i/1' 4226. · (3)
Square (2), z2 + 14 z + 49 + y2 - 34 y+ 289 = 4226.
=
z2 + y2 + 14z - 34y 3887. (4)
Subtract (3) from (4), Hz - 34y =- 338.
14z = 341,'- 338•
.·.z=l7y-169. (6)
7
289y2 - 6746y + 28661 2 _ 4226
49 + 1f - •
=
289 y2 - 6746 y+ 28661 + 49 y2 207026.
338y2 - 6746y = 178464.
y2 -17 y =-MB.
4 y2 - ( ) + 289 = 2401.
21,' - 17 = ± 49.
2y = 66, or - 32•
=
.·. y 83, or - 16.
Substituta the value of y in (6), x = 66, or - 63.
Therefore, the length of the rectaogle is 66 feet, and the breadth
33 feet.
18. A farmer received 8246 for aome apples. If he had sold 10

barreis more aod had received for each barre! a quarter of a dollar
more, he would have received $300. How many barreis of apples did
he sell, and what was the price per barre!?
Let z = the number of barrels of apples the fA.rmer sold,
and y= the number of dollars he received for each barre!.
•
720 ELE.M..BNTAR'f ALGEBRA
••• ZJI =246, (1)

and (z + lO)(y + l) = 300. (2)
z 6
· Expand (2), + 4- + lOy + -2 = 300.
ZJ1
4zy + z + 40y + 10 =1200. (3)
Subetitute in (3) tbe value of zy from (1 ),
980 + z + 40y + 10 = 1200.
=
z 210 - 40y. (4)
Substitute in (1) tbe value of z from (4),
210y - 40¡,I 246. =
40 y2 - 2101/ 24ó. =-
8 ¡ti - 42 y 49. =-
64¡,I - () + 441 49. =
8y - 21 ± 7. =
8y = 28, or 14.
y= Si, or 1¡.
z 70, or 140.
Therefore, the farmer sold 70 barreis at $3.óO each, or 140 ·ba.rn•ls
at $1. 76 each.
H. lf tbe speed of a railway train was increased 6 miles an honr,

37-! minutes would be saved in making a certaln run: H the 11pe1·cl
was decreased 6 miles an hour, óO minutes would be lost in maki11g
the same run. Find the length of the run and the rate of tbe tra.in.
Let z = tbe number of miles in tbe run,
and y = the number of miles per hour in the rate of the tr-.i.in.
Then ~
y
= the number of hours required to make the run.
37 ! minutes = i hour; óO minutes =¡ hour.
z z 6
.·. - - = - - - , (1)
11+6 y 8
z z 6
and --=-+-·
y-5 y 6
(2)
From (1), 8zy = 8zy + 40z - 6¡,I - 25y.

40z = 5y' + 25y.
8z:;: y2 + 6y. (3)
From (2), 6zy = 6:r.y -
SOz + óyl - 26y.
30z = óy2 - 2óy.
6z = y2 - ó11. (4)
Subtract (4) from (3), 2 z = 1011·
.·. z = ó11. (ó)
Subl!titut.e tbe value of z in (3), 4011 = 112 + ó11.
1/2- 8611 O. =
11(11- 3ó) O• =
=
.·• 11 O, or Só.
Substitut.e tbe value of y in (ó), z = O, or 17ó.
Tberefore, the léngth of the run is 17ó miles, and the rat.e of the
traln is 3ó miles an hour.
n
11. Find the fraction that is lncreased by when 2 isadded to the
numerator and 3 to the denominator, and is diminished by n, when 2
is subtract.ed from the numerator and 3 from the denominator.
Let z = the numerator,
and y = the denominator.
11
z+ 2 z 1
.·. - - = - +-, (1)
11+8 y 40
z-2 z 1
and =
11 - 3 y - W. <2>
From (1), 40z11 + 8011 = 40:i;y + 120z + y2 + 3y.
1/2 - 77 y + 120 z o. = (3)
From (2), lOzy - 20y = lOz11- 30:i: -112 + 8y.
1!2-~11+80z=~ ~
Multlply (4) by 4, 4 y 2 - 9211 + 120 z = O. (ó)
Subtract (3) from (ó), 811• - ló y O. =
1/2- 611 o. =
11(11- ó) o.=
.·. y =0, oró.
Subl!titut.e the value of 11 in (4),
O - O + 30 z = O, or 2ó - lló + 30 z = O.
30z = O, or 90.
.·. z = O, or 3.
z 3
Then y=6·
Therefore, the required fraction is ~-
18. Find the number of two digita which is 4 leae than the aum of
the aquarea of ita digita, and la 6 greater than twice the product of the
digita.
Let. =
z the digit. In the t.ena' place,
and =
11 the digit in t.he unita' place.
Then =
10:i; + 11 the number.
.·. lOz + 11 + 4 = z2 + 712, (1)
and illz+11-6=2• (2)
Subtract (2) from (1), · =
9 zt - 2Zfl + 7/2.
=
z2 - 2 Zfl + 712 9.
z-v=±8. (3)
.·.z=y±3. (4)
Substitut.e the value of z in (2),
=
10 Jf ± 30 + y - 6 2 ¡.,2 ± 6 y.
=
2 y2 - 6 y 26, or 2 ¡.,2 - 1711 = - 36.
Complete the aquare,
161/2 - ( ) + 26 = 226, or 16 712 - ( ) + 289 9.=
4 11 - 6 = ± 16, or 4 71 - 17 = ± 3.
=
4 y 20, - 10, 20, or - 14.
••• 11 = 6, - 2!, 6, or - s¡.
=
Substitut.e the value of y in (4), z 8, !, 2, or - 6¡.
Then 10:i: + 11 = 86, or 26.
Therefore, the number required is 86, or 26.
1T. Two rectangular flelda were suppoeed to contain each 4 acrea;

but on accurat.e measurement the first field was found to contain 140
square yarda more than 4- acres, and t.he aecond 160 aquare yarda leas
than 4 acres. The second fleld was 10 yarda longer and 10 yarda nar-
rower than the flrst. Find the dimensiona of the flelds.
Let =
z the number of yarda in the length of the flnt fleld,
and =
11 the number of yarda in the breadth of the flrst field.
=
Then :i: + 10 the number of yarda in the length of the aecond field,
and 11 - 10:::;: the number of yarda in the breadth of the aecond fleld.
1 acre= 4840 square yarda.
=
•·. Zf/ 4 X 4840 + 140, (1)
and =
(:i: + 10) ('V - 10) 4 X 4840 - 160. (2)
From (1), =zy 19600. (3)
From (2), :i:71-10:i: + tOy -100 = 19200.
xy - 10:i: + lOy = 19300. (4)
10:t - lOy 200.
x-y = 20. (6)
Square (ó), =
z2 - 2xy + y2 400. (6)
Multiply (3) by 4, 4 xy = 78000. (7)
Add (6) and (7), =
zt + 2xy + y2 78400.
x+ y=± 280. (8)
Add (ó) and (8), =
2 x 300, or - 260.
=
.·. x 150, or - 130.
Substitute the value of x in (6), y = 130, or - lóO.
Then X+ 10 = 160,
and y -10;::: 120.
Therefore, tbe length of the flrst field is 160 yards, and the breadth
130 yards; the Jength of the second field is 160 yards, and the breadth
120 yarda.
18. The altitude of a trapezoid is 18 feet. Its area is equal to that

of a rectangle with sides equal to the parallel bases of the trapezoid.
Three times the smaller base added to the largar base is four times thc
altitude of the trapezoid. Find the two bases.
Let x =
the number of feet in the length of the largar base,
and y= the number of feet in the length of the smaller base.
The area of a trapezoid is equal to the product of the altitude by
half the sum of the bases.
.·. 9(x+y)=XY, (1)
and X+ 3y = 72. (t)
From (1), 9x+9y=xy. (3)
From (2), X= 72 - 3y. (4)
648 - 27y + 9y = 72y - 3y2.
3y2 - 90y + 648 o. =
y2 - 30 y + 216 = o.
(Y - 12) (1/ - 18) = O.
=
.·. y 12, or 18.
x 36, or 18.
Since a trapezoid has its two bases unequal, the second pair of
values does not apply.
Therefore, the bases are 36 feet and 12 feet.
19. A certain sum at simple interest ata certain per cent amounts
to $22,781 in one year. If the sum was ,200 greater and tbe rate of
lnterest t per cent higher, the amount would be '28,046. Find the
sum aud the rate of interest.
Let z = tbe number of dollars in the sum,
and 'V = the rate per cent.
.·. z ( 100
~
+ 'V) =22781, (1)
and (z + 200) (1 00 :~ + ! ) = 23046. (2)

From (1), IOO;i; + zv = 2278100. (3)
z
From (2), lOOz+zv+ 4 +20000+20011+60=2804600.
z
lOOz + zy + 4 + 200y = 2284460. (4)
z
Subtract (8) from (4), 4+ 20011 = 6860.
z + 800 y = 26400.
. ·. z = 26400 -800y. (ó)
s·ubstitute the value of z in (8),
2640000 - 8000011 + 26400y- 800y2 = 2278100.
800y2 + 6460011= 261900.
8 y2 + 646 y = 2619.
64y2 + () + 2782 = 96481.
8 y + 278 = ± 309.
By= 86, or - 682.
••• 11 = 4!.
Substituta the value of y in (5), z = 26400 - 8600 .
.·. z= 21800.
Therefore, the aum at interest ia $21,800, and the rate of interest is
4! per cent.
20. The product of the sum and the difference of two numbers Is a,
and the quotient of the aum divided by the dlfference III b. Find the
numbers.
and y = the smaller number.
.·. (z + 11) (z - 11) = a, (1)
and z + 11 = b. (2)
z - 11
Multiply (1) by (2), (z + 11)2 = ab.
.·. z + 11 =± 'Vab. (3)
Divide (1) by (2), (z - l/)2 = ~.
b
.·. Z-ll=±i'Vab. (4)
Add (3) and (4), 2z=±(1+Dv'iib.

... z =± b + 1 'Vah.
2b
Subtract (4) from (3), 211 =± ( 1 _ D'Vab.
b-l_¡-;-
·•• l/ = ± - - V 00.
2b
. b+l_¡-;- b-1 r;-
Tberefore, tbe numbers reqwred are - - v ab and - - v ab, or
b+l b-1 2b 2b
- - - 'Vab and - - - 'Vah.
2b 2b
21. Find the epecific gravity of gold and of copper, if a compound

of 28 ouncee of gold and 11 ouncee of copper bae a 11peciflc gravity of
14.4, and if tbe epeciflc gravity of gold is 10.4 greater than that of
copper.
Let z = the specific gravity of gold,
and = the specific gravity of copper.
11
Let a = tbe number of cubic inchee occupied by 1 ounce of water.
Tben ~ = the number of cubic inchee occupied by 1 ounce of gold,
z
~ = the number of cubic inches occupied by 1 ounce of copper,
11
and ~ = the number of cubic incbee occupied by 1 ounce of thc
14.4 compound of gold and copper.
28a 11 a 39a
.·. -z + -11 =14.4
-, (1)
and z - 11 = 10.4. (2)

.
28 11 13
From (1), -+-=-·
z V 4.8
134.4v + ó2.8x 13:i:v. = (3)
From (2), X= V+ 10.4. (4)
=
134.4 V + ó2.8 (Y + 10.4) 13 V (V + 10.4).
134.4y + s2.8v + 549.12 1sv2 + 1Só.2v.
=
Transpoee and combine, 13 v2 - ó2 v 549.12. =
v' - 4v 42.24. =
112 - 4 y + 4 46.24.=
v-2 =±6.8.
=
.·. V 8.8, or - 4.8.
Substitute the value of v in (4), :i:=19.2.
Therefore, the specific gravity of gold is 19.2, and of copper is 8.8.
22. Find the specific gravity of two substances A and B, if a com-
pound of a ounces of the first and b ounces of the second has a specific
gravity of m, and a compound of e ounces of the first and d ounces of
the second has a specific gravity of n.
=
Let x the specific gravity of A,
and =
y the specific gravity of B.
=
Let p the number of cubic inches occupied by 1 ounce of water.
Then ~ = the number of cubic inches occupied by 1 ounce of A,
X
~ = the n~mber of cubic inches occupied by 1 ounce of B,

'V
!!_ = the number of cubic inches occupied by 1 ounce of the
m first compound,
and !! = the number of cubic inches occupied by 1 ounce of the
n second compound .
.·. ap + bp =(a+ b)p, (l)
X V m
and ~+dp=(c+d)P. (2)
X '/1 n
a
From (1), -
X
+-'/b1 = --·
a+b
m
(3)
e
From (2), -
z
+ -dy = e+
--·
n
d
(4)
Multiply (3) by d, ad+~= (a + b)d. (ó)

X y m
Multiply (4) by b, ~+~ = (e + d)b. (6)

z 11 n
ad - be= (a+ b)dn - (e+ d)~ .
Subtract (6) from (ó),
z mn
. _ (ad - be)mn
.. Z -
(a + b)dn - (e+ d)bm
Multiply (3) by e, ~ + ~ = (a + b) e . (7)
z 11 m
Multlply (4) by a, ac+~=(c+d)a. (!l)
z 11 n
ad-be (c+d)am-(a+b)r.n
11 mn
. _ (ad - bc)mn
•• 11 - ---''------'----
(e+ d)am - (a+ b)cn
Therefore, the speciflc gravity of A is (ad - bc)mn m1.i
(a+ b)dn - (e+ d)b1n
the speciflc gravity of B is _ _(_ad - b e ) ~ .
(e+ d)am - (a+ b)cn
23. A farmer sold a certain number of sheep for $286. He received

for each sheep 912 more than he pald for it and gained thereby on the
cost of the sheep half as many per cent as each sheep cost him dollars.
Find t.he number of sheep.
Let =
z the uumber of sheep,
and 11 = the number of dollars the farmer paid for each sheep.
Then 11 + 2 = the number of dollars he received for each sheep,
286
-- =
11+2
the number of sh~p,
'
a11<1 ~y x 100 = the gain per cent.
286
.· . -- =z, (1)
11+2
and ~ X 100 =!. (2)
11 2
From (2), 11' = 400.
••• 11 = ± 20.
286
Substituta the value of 11 in (1),
- - - =X.
± 20 + 2
.·. z 13, or - 15¡. =
Therefore, the number of shcep was 13.
H. A and B together take a contract to set in type in 12 days a

certain number of pages for ,oo, and agree with each other to di"f'ide
the $00 in proportion to tbe amount each does. After working 8
days, however, they call in C to help them, and finish the work on
time. They sti11 divide the $00 in proportion to the amount each
' does, and B receives '4 lesa than ü he and A had ftnished the work
alone. A aeta just half the pagee. How many days would it take B
alone and C alone to set ali the pages P
Let z = the number of days it would take B alone,
and 11 = the number of days it would take C alone.
Then !z = the part B can do in 1 day,
! = the part C can do in 1 day,
11
• 12
-z = the part B does in ali,
! = tbe part e does in ali,
11
12 + ~ = tbe part A does in ali,
z 11
12 4
-+-
and !:...2 = ! + ~ = the part A does in 1 day.
12 z 311
12 4 12 4
.·. -+-+-+-=l. (1)
z 1/ z 1/
U C had not come into tbe partnersbip, tbe fOO would have been
. ·. . 12 4 d 12
divided between A an d B m proport1on to - + - an - ·
z 1/ z
Then B would have received
12
z oí '90 = ~ of 800 = 27011 .
244 611+z 611+z
-+-
z 11
As it was, B received
12 3
___ z ___ of $00 e -i- of •oo =---
311 of $00 =--.
13611
12 4 12 4 6 2 6y+2z 311+z
-+-+-+- -+-
z 11 z y Z11
. 270 y 135 y _ 4 (2)

"6y+z-3y+z- ·
From (1), 24 + ~ = l.
z '!/
24 y+ 8z:::: Z11, (3)
From(2), 810v' + 270zv - 8101/2 - 135zv = 72v' + 36zv + 4z2•
4z' - 99zy + 72y2 = O.
Factor, (4 z - 3 y) (z - 24 y) = O.
811
.·.z= 4 ,or24v. (4)
811'
241,' + 61,' = -¡-• or 2411 + 1921,' = 24v'.
1201,' = 8111 , or 216 y = 2411'.
=
4011 112 , or 91,' = V'·
lf'-40y=0, or =
112 - 9v o.
11 (11 - 40) = O, or =
11(11 - 9) O.
=
.•. y O, or 40, or •·. 11 = O, or 9.
z = O, or 80; or O, or 216.
The O valuee of z and 11 do not apply.
Therefore, it wourd take B alone 80 days, and C alone 40 days ; or
B alone 216 days, and C alone 9 days.

l. Compound the ratioe 6 : 7 and 14 : 46.
t X H = ¡.
Therefore, the compounded ratio is 2 : 9.
l. Compound the duplicate of 4 : 9 with the triplicate of 8 : 8.

txtxfxfxf=~.
S. Arrange the ratioe 4 : 7, 2: 3, ó: 6, 9: 14, 11: 21 in order of

magnitude.
~. i, i, f'¡-, H = H, H, H, H, n.
Therefore, the required order is 5: 6, 2: 3, 9: 14, 4: 7, 11 : 21.
t. Find the ratio compounded of 16 : 28, 7 : 33, 22 : 46.
H x¿xu=n·
6. Find the ratio compounded of 17 : 13, 39 : tt, 77 : 86.

HxUx H=H·
6. Find the ratio compounded of 8a2b: e, 4 ab: cd, c2d: 8a•, cd: 4 b.
8 a2b 4 ab c2d cd bed
--X-X-X-=-•
e cd 8aª 4b 1
Therefore, the compounded ratio Is bcd : l.
7. Find the ratio compounded of zB+a• :x'-9a2 and x+3a :x+ a.

x•+aª x+3a z2-ax+as
zt - 9at x x + a = x - 3a
Therefore, the compounded ratio is x' - ax + a' : x - 3 a.
8. Find the condition that the ratio a : b shall be the duplicate of

the ratio a + e : b + c.
If a : b is the duplicate of a + e : b + e,
a a+c a+c·
then -
b
=- - x --,
b+c b+c
a
a +2ac+c•2
or =-----
b2+2be+c2
b
Clear of fractions, ab2 + 2 abe + ac2 = atb + 2 abe + be'.
Transpose and combine, aes - bct a2b - ab2.=
Factor, (a - b) et= ab(a - b).
·> c2 ab. =
Therefore, the required condition is et= ab.
9. What numbers must be added to the terma of the ratio a: b

that it may become equal to the ratio e : d ?
The required numbers are e - a andel - b, respectively.
10. Find to six places of decimals the value of the ratio of the
diagonal of a cube to an edge of the cube.
Let a = the length of an edge of a cube.
Theu the diagonal of a face
=Va' + a' = Y2a2 = a ""'2.
The diagonal of the cuber---,,,----
= 'V (a V2)2 + a'= v2 a~ + a' =Y3a' = a va.
.·. diagonal : edge = a Y3 : a = V3 : 1 = v'a = l. 732060.
3.00 00(1.732060
1
27)2 00
1 89
343)11 00
1029
3462)71 00
69 24
346406) 1 76 00 00
1 73 20 26
3464100)2 79 76 00
11. Two numbers are in the ratio 3 : 4, and if 12 is added to each ,

the sums are in the ratio 6 : 6. Find the numbers.
Let 3z = the first number.
Then 4z = the eecond number,
3 z + 12: 4 z + 12 = the ratio if 12 is added to each number,
3z + 12: 4z + 12 = ~~ + 12 , and 6: 6 = ~-
. 4z + 12 6
3z + 12 6
.·. 4z + 12 = ¡j '
18z+72=20z+60.
2z = 12 .
.·. z=6.
Then 3z = 18,
and =
4z 24.
11. The ages of two brothera are in the ratio of 9: ó, and in 2}

years their ages will be in the ratio of 8: ó.
In how many yeara will
tbeir ages be in tbe ratio of 7 : ó \>
[,et 9z = the number of years in t.he age of t.he elder.
Then óz = the number of yeara in t.he age of the younger.
9z + 21 8
Then
óz+2l =5·
18:i: + ó 8
10z+ó=6·
18z ±~=S.
2z +1
18z+ó=16z+8.
2z=3.
= 11.
• •• %
Then 9z = 13!,
and ÓZ = 71,
Therefore, the elder is 131 years old, and the younger '1! years old.
Let =
11 the required number of yeara.
Then 131 + 11 7
7!+11=6·
27+211 7
16 + 211 = 6.
=
136 + 1011 106 + 1411.
411=80 .
••• 11 = 7 4.
Therefore, tbe req~ired number of yeara is '1¡.
18. An alloy is composed of a pounds of copper and b pounds of

tin. If there bad been a pounds of tin and b pounds of copper, tbe
volume of tbe alloy would have been increased by 9 per cent. The
weights of equal volumes of copper and tin are in t.he ratio 11 ~ 9.
Find the ratio of a to b.
=
Let 11 s tbe specific gravity of copper.
Then 9 a = the specific gravity of tin.
Let e = the number of cnblc inches occupied by 1 pound of
water.
Tben ~ = the number of cubic inches occupied by 1 pound of

118 copper,
..:... = the number of cublc inches occupied by 1 pound of tin,
98
~ = the number of cubic inches occupied by a pounds of
118 copper,
be
98
= the number of cubic inches occupied by b pounds of tin,
~ = the number of cubic inches occupied by b pounds of

118 copper,
and ac = the number of cubic inches occupied by a pounds of tin.
98
109( ac
.·. 100 118 + 98
be) =
be ac
118 + 98.
!e , 109(ª b) b a
Multiply by 100 ii + o = it + 9.
Multiply by 99, tH(9a + llb) = 9b + 1l a.
981 a+ 1199b = 900b + 1100a.
299b = ll9a.
a 299 •
···,;=119'
.·. a : b = 299: 119.
Tberefore, the ratio of a to b is 299 : 119.
l . Find the third proportional to 12 and 24.
12 : 24 = 24 : :r:.
24 X 24
.·. :r:=~=48.
9. Find the third proportional to 27 and 3.

27:3=3::r:.
. _3x3_1
.. X- -27_3 .
8. Find the third proporUonal to -·-~- and ab - b'.

a2 - b2 (a+ b)2
_!!_: ab- ~ - ab- b2 :z.
as - b2 (a+ b)2 (a + b)2
b2 : b(a -b) = b_(a - b) :z.
(a + b) (a - b) (a+ b)2 (a + b)2
b(a=-b)x~
• _ (a + b) 2 (a + b)2
.. Z - b2
- - -- -
(a+ b)(a - b)
= b(a - b) x b(a - _'1_ x (a+ b)!a - b)
(a + b)2 (a + b)2 b2
(a - b) 8
= <iz +-b¡a·
4. Find the mean proportional between 64 and 81.
z = ± Y64 x 81 = ± (8 x 9) = ± 72.
6. Find the mean proportional between 2ó and 196.
• z = ± Y25 x 106 = ± (ó x 14) = ± 70.
6. 1''ind the mean proportional between ll and 16f.
z =±VI! x 16~ =± y'~ x '\Q = ±V2ó =± ó.
7. Find the mean proportional between
b + e + a and 2 be_± b2 + c2 - a2.
b+c-a 4b2c2
2 be + b2 + c2 - a2 (b2 + 2 be + c2) - a2
--- - - - = -'-----~--
4b2c2 4 b2c2
(b + c)2 - a2
= -'----'----
4 b2c2
(b + e + a) (b + e - a)
= - - - 4- IJ2c2 .
z =± /b+ e -t_a x !b +e+ a ) ( b ~
\lb+c-a 4b2c2
-±"
_ . /(b + e + a) 2
b+c+a
4b2c2
=± 2be .
8. Flnd the mean proportional between
( z - Z11-112)(z - z¡¡2 - 1/3) and zl .

z+11 z2+112 z2-z¡¡+11'
(z - Z1/ - 712) (z -z11' - 1/3)
z+11 z9 +v'
= zt + Z1/ - z¡¡ + 11' x z• + z'//2 - z11' + v•
z+11 z2+ 11s
=z2 +112 xzª+1/3
z + ll z2 + 112
= zt + 112 x (z + 11) (z' - z11 + v2)
z+y z2 +v2
=z2 - z11 + yt.
Therefore, the mean proportional
----------
zt ·
=± ~(z~ ;_ z11 + 119> x z9---Z1/-+-
112
=±vii
=±Z,
9. Find the fourth proportional to ó, 18, and 20.

6 :18 =20: z.
18 X 20
.·. Z=-6-=72.
10. Find the fourth proportional to 9, 16, and 36.

9 :16 = 36 : z.
16 X 36
,', Z=--
9-=64.
11. Find the fourth proportional to 12, 17, and 21.

12 : 17 = 21 : z.
,', z _ 17 X 21 _ 119 _ 29 f.
12 4
lt. Find the fourth proportional to 64, 48, and 66.

64:48=66:z.
. _48xó6_
.. Z - ~ - 4 2 .
18. Find thefourth proportional to!, !, and !.

a b e
1 1 1
- : -:-:z.
a b e
1 1
-x-
e a
••• Z =-1- = -1b X -1e X a= be-•
b
-
a
H. Find the value of z in the proportiou 8: 23 =12 : z.

z = 23 X 12 = ~ = S4}.
8 2
16. Find the value of z in the proportion 9 : 18 = z: 4ó.
z= 9 X 4ó = ~ = 221 .
18 2
16. Find the value of z in the proportion 7 : z = 24! : ó2.

z= 7 X ó2 = 7 X ó2 X 2 = 104 = 14 ,.
24! 49 7
17. Find the value of z in the proportion z : 16 =7: 8.

_ 16 X 7 - l4
Z- 8 - •
18. Show that if a : b =e: d,

3a+7b:3a-7b=3c+7d : 3c-7d.
If a : b=c:d,
a e
then . b= ii'
3a 3c
and
»= 7d'
or 3a :7b = 3c :7d.
.·. Sa+7b:3a-7b=3c+7d : Sc-7d. (§ S84)
19. Show tbat if a : b =e : d,
2 a• + 6 b2 : 2 a• - =
6 b2 2 et + 6 IP : 2 et - 6 IP.
If a:b=c:d,
then a• : bl = es : di, (§ 386)
a2 es
or
¡ji= di'
2a2 2el
and
61,2 = 61P 1
or 2 a• : 5 b2 = 2 e• : 6 IP.
.·. 2at + 6Jll:2a2 - ób2 = 2e' + ódi :2e2- 61P. (§ 884)
10. Show tbat if a :b = b : e,

ab + b2: b2 = be+ e•: e•.
If a:b=b:c,
tben a+b:b=b+e:e, (§ 382)
and ab + b2 : b2 = oc + es : cs.
11. Show that if a : b b : e, =

a- e : e= a(a + 2b)- e(2b +e): (b + e)1 •
If a:b=b : e,
then a + b : a = b + e : b, (§ 382)
and (a + b)• : as= (b + c) 2 : bl. (§ 386)
Now b2 = ac. (§ 379)
••• (a + b)2 : at = (b + e)t : ac.
a ac = (a + b)• : (b + e)•.
2 : (§ 386)
a : e = (a + b)' : (b + e)•.
a - e: e= (a+ b)' - (b + c)2: (b + c)2. (§ 383)
a - e : e = at + 2 ab + b2 - b2 - 2 be - et : (b + c)t.
a - e : e = a' + 2 ab - 2 be - es : (b + e)'.
.·. a - e: e= a(a + 2b) - c(2b +e) : (b :¡.. e)2•
H. Find :z: from the proportion

6z+ a:4:i: + b= Sz - b:2z - a.
By §879, (6:z: + a)(2:z: - a)= (h + b) (3:z: - b).
Expa.nd, 12:z:t - 4 az - at = 12:z:t - b:z: -b2.
Transpoae and combine, (4a -b)z = b2-a".
bl- a'
.·.:z:=--·
4a-b
=
98. Find z from the proponion óz: óz - 4 6 - 7 z: 10 - 7 z.
Bydivlaion, 4:óz=-4:6-7:r;, (§383)
or 4: óz =
4: 7 z - 6.
.·. óz=7z-6.
2z=6.
.·. z=8.
H. Find z from the proportion
=
2z + 11: 6:r; + 47 2z + 8: 6:r; + 16.
By alternation, 2z+ 11 :2z +8 = 6:r; + 47 :6z + 16. (§ 386)
By division, 8: 2z + 3 = 31 : 6z + 16. (§ 383)
"8:r; + 128 = 62:r; + 93. (§ 379)
14z 36. =
.·• z=2!.
16. Find z from the proportion z-1 : z -2 = 4x + ó : 3:r; + 2.
(z -1)(3z + 2) = (z-2)(4z+ó). (§379)
Expand, 3z2 - z - 2 = 4zt - 3:r; -10.
Trall8p088 and combine, zl - 2 z - 8 O. =
Factor, (z - 4) (z + 2) O• =
=
.·. z 4, or -2.
=
18. Find z from the proportion z -4: :t - 7 2:t -1 : z + l.
=
(:t - 4)(:t + 1) (:t-7)(2z-1). (§ 379)
Expand, x2 - 3:t - 4 = 2:t' - lóz + 7.
Transpoee and combine, zt - 12 z + 11 O. =
Factor, =
(:t - 1) (:t - 11) O.
.·. z = 1, or 11.
IT. Find :t from the proportion
x + a + b : x - 3 a + b = 2 z - 3 a + 2 b - e : z + b + c. 1
By § 383, • 4 a : x - 3 a + b = x - 3 a + b - 2 e : :t + b + c.
=
.·. 4 a (:t + b + e) (:t - 3 a + b)(z - 3 a + b - 2 e).
=
4 a (x + b + e) (:t - 3 a + b)' - 2 e (z - 3 a + b).
4az + 4ab + 4ac = x2 + 9at + b2-6az + 2bx-6ab-2cz+ 6ac-2bc.
Tranapoee and combine,
zS- lOaz + 2b:t - 2cz = IOab - 2ac + 2bc - 9a' - b'.
=
z 1 - 2(óa - b + c)x lOab - 2ac + 2bc- 911' - bl.
=
zl -() + (óa - b + c)2 16a' + 8ac + e'.
:t - (óa - b +e)=± (4a + e) .
.·. z=9a-b+2c,ora-b.
H . Find z and y from the proportions

z+y-4 : 2:i:+y+l=l : 2, (1)
2 z + y - 9 : z + 2 y + 7 = 3 : 4. (2)
From(l), 2z+2y-8=2z+y+l.
Tranepose and combine, y = 9. (3)
From (2), Sz + 4y - 36 = 3z + 6y + 21.
Transpose and combine, 6z = 2y + ó7. (4)
Substituta in (4) the value of y from (3), 6z = 18 + ó7.
óz= 76.
.·. Z=ló.
Tberefore, :i: = ló, and y = 9.
lit. Find :i: and y from the proportions

:i:+y::i:-y=a:b-c, (1)
z+ c :y+b=a+b:a+c. (2)
From (1) by § 384, 2 :i: : 2 y = a + b - e : a - b + e,
or z : y = a + b - e : a - b + c.
.·. (a - b + c):i: =(a+ b - c)y. (3)
a+b-c
.·. z = a - b + e y . (4)
From (2), (a+ c)z + ac + =(a+ b)y + ab + IJl.
c2 (ó¡"
Subtract (3) from (ó), ba: + ac + cz = cy + ab + /Jl.
ba:-cy=ab+/Jl-ac-~ ~
Substituta in (6) the value of :i: from (4),
ab+b2 -bc
- - - - y - cy
a-b+c
=
ab + IJl - ac - et.
(ab + b2 - be - ac + be - c2) y = (a - b + e) (ab + IJl - ac - c2) .
(ab + IJl- ac -c2)y= (a-b+ c)(ab+ IJl- ac-c2) .
.·. y= a - b + c.
Substituta tbé value of y in (4), z = a + b - c.
Therefore, :i: = a + b - e, and y = a - b + c.
80. Two numbers are in the ratio ó : 4. lf 8 is added to the first

number and 4 to the secood, the difference of the equares of the new
numbers Is to the difference of the eguares of the numbers in the ratio
3ó : 3. Find the numbers.
Let óz = the larger number.
Then 4 z = tbe smaller number.
740 ELKME!liT ARY ALGEBRA
.-. (óz + 8)ª-(h +4)• :(6z)'-(4z)2 = 86: 3.

25:i:t + 80z + 64 -16z• - 32:z: .,-16 : 26z' -16:i:• = 3i> : 8.
=
9zª + 48:i: + 48: 9z2 35: 3.
3z2 + 16:i: + 16 : 3:i:~ = 86: 3.
9z2 + 48:i: + 48 = 10óz2. (§ 379)
96zl - 48z - 48 O. =
2:z:ª-z-1 =0.
(z - 1)(2z + 1) = O•
=
.-. z 1, or - !·
Then 6z = ó, or - 2!,
and =
4 :t 4, or - 2.
Therefore, tbe required numbers are 6 and 4, or - 21 and - 2.
81. What number must be added to each of the numbers 2, 7, 14,

29, in order tbat tbe suma may be in proportion ?
Let = the number requited .
:i:
.-. 2+z : 7+z=H+z:29+:i:.
By § 383, =
2 + z : 6 14 + z : 16.
2+:i::1=14+:i: : 3.
6 + 3z= 14 +z.
2:i:=8.
.·. Z=4.
Therefore, tbe number required is 4.
82. In a continued proportlon the sum of the tbree proportionals is

39, and the sum of their squares is 741. What is the proport.ion?
Let :z: =
the first proport.ional,
and y =the third proportional.
Then ./iil the second proportlonal,
=
and :z: : y =
./iil = ./iiJ : the proport.ion .
.-. :z: + ./iiJ + y = 39, (1)
and z2 + zy + y2 = 741. (2)
Divide (2) by (1), z--v'zy+y=19. (3)
Add (1) and (3), 2z+2y=68.
.-. z+ y= 29. (4)
Substituta the value of z +yin (1),
,/iiJ + 29 = 39.
=
-v"iíJ 1o.
zy=100.
3zy=300. (6)
Subtract (5) from (2), z2 - 2z11 + v2 = 441.
z -11 = ± 21. (6)
Add (4) and (6), 2z= 60, or 8•
.·. z = 26, or4.
Subtract (6) from (4), 271 8, or 60. =
••. 11 4, or 26.=
Then ./zy = 10.
Therefore, the proportion required is 4 : 10 = 10 : 26.
88. Find two numbers such that their sum is to their dlfference as
5: 1, and their sum to their product as 6 : 4.
and =
11 the smaller number.
.·. z + 11: z - 11 6 : 1, = (1)
and z+11:zy=6:4. (2)
From (1), z + 11 = 6z - 611.
4z 611. =
811
.·. z=--¡-· (3)
From (2), 4z + 4 y= 6zy. (4)

Subatitute in (4) the value of z from (3),
15112
=
611 + 411 -2-·
1211 + 8y =1671 2•
16112 - 2011 = o.
3y 471 = o.
2 -
11(8y - 4) = o.
= O, or f.
.•. 11
Substitute the value of 11 in (8), = O, or 2.
z
Therefore, the requiretl numbers are 2 and lt.
H. lf 8 is subtracted from the greater of two numbers and 2 is

added to the smaller, the resulte are in the ratio 2: 3; but if 1 is
Mlded to the greater number and 2 is subtracted from the smaller,
the resulte are in the ratio 3 : 2. Find the numbers.
Let z = the greater number,

and 11 = the smaller number.
.·. z-3:y+2=2 : 3, (1)
and z + 1 : y - 2 = 3 : 2. (2)
From (1), Sz-9=211+4.
Sz - 211 = 13. (3)
From (2), 2z + 2 = 811- 6.
2z - Sy =- 8. (4)
Multiply (3) by 3, 9z-6y=39. (ó)
Multiply (4) by 2, 4z - 671 = -16. (6)
Subtract (6) from (ó), ÓZ= ÓÓ •
.·. z = 11.
Substitute the value of z in (3), y= 10.
86. On a division of the house when ali members present must vote.
if óO members more had voted for the motion, it would have been car-
ried in the ratio of ó : 3; but if 60 members more had voted against
it, it would have been lost in the ratio of 4 : 3. How many members '
attended at the division of the house?
Let z = the number of members voting for tbe motion,
and y= the number of members voting against the motion.
Then z =
+ y the number of members present.
=
.·. z + 50 : y - óO ó : 3, (1)
and =
z-60: y+ 60 3 :4·. (2)
From (1), =
Sz + lóO ó11- 250.
Sz - óy =- 400. (3)
From (2), =
4z - 240 871 + 180.
4z - 871 = 420. (4)
Multiply (3) by 4, 12z - 2071 =-1600. (6)
Multiply (4) by 3, 12z - 9y = 1260. (6)
Subtract (ó) from (6), 11 y= 2860.
.·.y= 260.
Substitute the value of y in (4), 4z - 780 420.=
4z = 1200.
.·. z = 300.
Then z+11=660.
Therefore, 660 members attended.
88. A pendulum tha.t beata seconds a.t the sea level is taken to a
place where the force of gravity is 0.9 tha.t a.t the surfa.ce of the earth.
In what time will the pendulum make one vibl'a.tion? If the pendulum
was attached to a. clock, how much time would the clock lose in 24
hours?
Let t = the number of seconds required for one vibration.
By Formula 4, § 360, p. 290,
1 = ,r vg~ and t = ,r ~Mu

Jl .
: . t: 1 = ,r / l : ,r ~ = ,r . ~ : ,r .,¡¡
~Mu ~g v0.9g ../g
=-1-:_!_=_l_:l.
v'0.9g Vg v'0-9
.·. t = _l_ = _!__ v'0-9 = ~ X 0.94868 = 1.0641.
v'0,9 0.9 9
While the pendulum at the sea. level bea.ts 24 x 60 x 60 times; the

. 24x60x60 86400 .
reqmred pendulum beata = - - = 81965.66 times.
1.0641 1.0641
Hence, in 24 hours the required clock would lose (86400 - 81965.66)
seconds = 4434.34 seconds = 1 hour 13 minutes 64.34 seconds.
Therefore, the time of vibra.tion is 1.0641 seconds, a.nd the clock in
24 hours would lose 1 hour 13 minutes 64.34 seconds.
l . If 11~:i:, and 11 = 6 when :i; = 9, find y when :i; = 15.

Here 11 = mz.
When :i; = 9, then 11 =6.
.·. 6=9m.
m=f.
= f :i;.
••• 11
When :i; = 15, tben y = } of 15 = 10.
1
l . If 11cci' and 11 = 32 when a:= 6, find 11 when a:= 21.
m
Here 11 = z.
When a: = 6, then 11 = 32.
m
.·. 32=a·
m= 192 .
. . _ 192
.. 11-z·
When a: = 21, then 1/ = Vi = ~7t = 9t,
3. If z varíes jointly as a: and 11, and 4, ó, 6, are aimultaneous

values of a:, 11, z, find z when a: = 8 and 11 = 9.
Here z = ma:11.
When a: = 4 and 11 = ó, then z =6.
.·. 6=mx4xó.
m=h·
.·.z=3a:y.
10
When a: = 8 and y = 9,
z _ 3 X 8 X 9 _ 108 _ 211.
then
10 ó
4. lf the cube of a: varies inversely as the square of 11, and a: =2

when 11 = 3, find the equation between a: and lf.
Here zB ='!f~-
When 11 = 3, then a: = 2.
m
.·. ª=o·
m=72.
.·.a:8=~ ·
712
.·. a:87/2 = 72.
6. If z v&ries directly as z and inversely as :v, and if z =6 and
= =
y= 16 when z 7, find z when z 12 and y= 8.
ma:
Here z=-· 'V
When z = 7, then z =6 and 'V= 15.
6m
.·. 7=16·
m=Y·
36:i:
.·.z=-·
2y
When z = 12 and y = 8,
then z =36 X 12 = 106 = 261.
2X8 4
8. The volume of a rectangular eolid varies jolntly as the lengtb,

breadth, and height. A cube of clay 12 inches on an edge is molded •
into a right prism whose base is a rectangle 16 incbes by 8 inches.
Find the beight of the prism.
Let z = the number of loches in the lengtb of a rectangular eolid,
y = the number of inches in the breadth of a rectangular eolid,
=
z tbe number of inches in the height of a rectangular eolid,
=
and 11 the number of cubic inches in the volume of a rectangular
solld.
Then vcozyz,
and ZCO-• "
zy
mv
Here Z=-·
zy
When 11 = 12ª =1728, z =12, and y= 12,
then Z= 12.
.•. 12 = m X 1728.
12 X 12
m= l.
"
.•. Z = - ·
zy
When v = 1728, z= 16, and y= 8,
then z = 1728 = IS!.
16 X 8
Therefore, the height of the prism is 13! inches.
T. The volume of a aphere variea as the cube of the diameter. The

diameter of a aphere whose volume la 76 cubic feet 1377 cubic inchea
is 6 feet 3 inches. Find the diameter of a aphere whose volume iB
179 cubic feet 1162 cubic inches.
76 cubic feet 1377 cubic inchea = 130,977 cubic inchea.
1i9 cubic feet 1162 cublc luches= 310,464 cubic inchea.
6 feet 3 inches = 63 inches.
Let D = the number of inchea in tbe diameter of a aphere,
and t> = tbe number of cubic luches in the volume of a aphere.
Then t, oc lJI.
Here t> mlJI. =
When t> = 130977, then D = 63.
1309ií = m X 638,
130077 11
m=--=-•
63ª 21
.·. ti= HlJI.
When ti = 310464, then 310464 = H,_lJI_.___
,', D={/H x 310464
= {/21 X 28224
={/26 X 38 X 78
=22x3x7
=84.
84 inchea = 7 feet.
Therefore, the required diameter is 7 feet.
8. The intensity of light varíes inversely as the square of the dis-

tance from the source. How far from a lamp is a point that receives
half as much light as another point 16 feet away?
Let d = the number of feet in the distance from the lamp,
and i =the intensity of the light.
. 1
Then ia:-•
d2
Here i=~-
d2
When i = 1, theu d =16.
m m
.·. l = 16 = 266.
2
m=266.
266
.·. i=<P·
di= 266.
i
d=~·
When i
. = 1 , th en d
2 = ~ = v'512 = 22.627.
Therefore, the required distance is 22.63 feet.
9. The volume of a right cylinder varies jointly as its height and

the square of its radius. One cylindrical veBSel is 6 inches high and
l l inches in radius, and another is 6 inches high and 2 inches in
radius. Find the radius of a third cylindrical vessel 7 inches high
that will hold as much as the other two vessels together.
Let 1'= the number of cubic inches in the volume of a right
cylinder,
h = the number of inches in the height,
and r = tbe number of inches in tbe radius.
Tben 1' a: hr2.
1-Iere 1' = mhr4.
Let ll', i,", r/" = respectively the number of cubic incbes in tbe
volumes of tbe first, second, and third cylin-
drical vessels.
46m
Then =
rl m x 5 x(ll)2 =- 4- ,
i," = m x 6 x 22 = 24m,
rl" = m x 7 x r2 = 7mr2.
Since ti"= 1>' + t>",
46m
7mr4 =- 4- + 24m.
1.,a =V+ 24.
2Sr2 = 46 + 96.
= 141. 2Sr2
r2=-1-,j¡.
r = /@= ~ 141 x 7 = /987 = _!_ v'987 = _!_ of 31.416 = 2.244.
'\/28 28 X 7 \/too 14 14
Tberefore, the radius of the third cylinder is 2.244 inches.
10. If a body falling freely falla 144 feet in 3 seconds and acquires a
velocity of 96 feet per second, find the velocity acquired and the distance
fallen in 6 seconds; in 7 seconds; in 9 seconds {eee p. 289, § 360, Law 1).
Let " = the veloclty in feet per aecond,
t = the number of seconds,
and • = the number of feet In the distance fallen.
Then "oc t.
Here "= mt.
When t = 8, then " = 96•
.·. 96=.m X 3.
m=32.
.·. tl=32t.
Wben t = 6, tl = 32 X Ó = 160;
wben = =
t 1, tl 32 X 7 = 224;
when = =
t 9, tl 32 X 9 = 288.
Again, 8 OC t2.
Here 8= ntll.
Wben =
t 8, then s 144.=
=
144 n X 32.
n= 16.
••• 8= 16t2.
Wben = =
t ó, 8 16 x 62 16 x 26= = 400;
wben = =
t 1, s 16 x 72 = 16 x 49 = 784;
when = = =
t 9, 8 16 x 92 16 x 81 1296. =
Therefore, the velocity acquired in 6 seconds is 160 feet per second ;
in 7 seconds Is 224 feet per second ; in 9 seconds is 288 feet per second.
The distance fallen in 6 seconds is 400 feet ; in 7 seconds is 784 feet ;
in 9 seconds is 1296 feet.
11 . The deflection of a horizontal beam bent by a heavy weight
varies directly as the weight, dlrectly as tbe cube of the length of the
beam, inversely as the breadtb, and inversely as the cube of the thick-
ness. If · a pine beam 6 feet long, 2 inches wide, 3 incbes thick is
bent 1 inch by a weight of 600 pounds, bow mucb will a pine beam
ló feet long, 4 incbes wide, 6 inches thick be bent by a weight of 2 tona?
Let :i:= the number of incbes in the deflectlon,
to = the number of pounds in the weight,
=
l the number of feet in the length of the beam,
=
b the number of inches in tbe breadth,
and t = the number of incbes in the tbickness.
1018
Then Z<X-•
btª
mwl8
Here Z= -- ·
btl
When l = 6, b = 2, t = 3, and 10 = 600, then z = l.
.·. 1 = m x 600 X 6 8 = 12600m.
2 X 38 9
9
m=--·
12600
9wl•
.·. z = - - - ·
12600btª
When l = 16, b = 4, t = 6, and w = 4000,
then Z = 9 X 4000 X 168 = llt.
12600 X 4 X 68
Therefore, the deflection of the required beam will be 111 inches.
Table on Page 336

l. The seriee is a, a+ d, a+ 2d, · · ·
Hence, the nth term is a+ (n - l)d.
Let l denote the Jast, or nth, term.
Then l=a+(n- l)d.
l. l =a+ (n - l)d, (1)
n
and s = 2 (a+ l). (2)
From (1), l=a+nd-d.

nd= l- a+ d .
. _l-a+d
.. n- - -
d- . n
From (2), 2s=n(a+l).
28
.·. n=--· (4)
a+l
2s l-a+d
Equate the valuee of n,
a+z= d
2 da = ti - as + ad + dl.
=
ll + dl 2d8 + a2 - ad.
Complete the square, 4ZI + () + d2 = 8d8+ 4a2 - 4ad + di.
21 + d = ± v's d8 + 4 a2 - 4 ad + d2.
21=-d ±v'!ias + (2a -d)2.
.·. l=t(-d+v'8d8+(2a-d)2].
ft
a. • = 2<ª + l).
2a=na+nl.
2a-na=nl.
.·.l= 2 '-a.
n
4. l =a+ (n - l)d, (1)
and , =~(a+ l). (2)

2
From (2), 2, =na+ nl.
na=2a-nl.
.·.a= 28
n
-l.
Substitute the value of a in (1), l=.!+ (n- l)d_

n 2
6. l =a+ (n - l)d, (1)
n
and a= 2 (a+ l). (2)
Substitute In (2) the value of l from (1),
, = !n(2a + (n - l)d).
8. l = a + (n - 1) d, (1)
and • = n2<ª + l). (2)
From (1), l = a+ nd - d.
nd=l-a+d.
... n-
_l-a+d
d
(S)
From (2), 2 a= n (a + l).

211
.·. n =a+ z" (4)
l-a+d 21
Equate the values of n, --a+l
- -· ·
d
l2-a'+ad+dl=2d8.
dl+ad+ll-a•
. 8= · 2c1
l+a P-a'
.·. •=-2-+2d·
'1. 8=a+(a+d)+(a+2d)+···+(l-d)+l, (1)
or 8 = l + (l - d) + (l - 2 d) + ... + (a+ d) + a. (2)
.Add (1) and (2),
28 =(a+ l) +(a+ l) +(a+ l) + . .. +(a+ l) +(a+ l) .
.·. 2s.= n(a + l).
n
.·. 8= 2(a+l).
8. l =a+ (n - l)d, (1)

and 8=~(a+l). (2)
2
From (1), a= l - (n - l)d. (3)
From.(2), 28 = an + ln.
an = 2s - ln.
28- ln
.·.a=--· (4)
n
Equate the values of a, 2s- ln= l-(n- l)d.
n
2 s - ln = ln - (n - 1) dn.
2s = 2ln -(n - l)dn.
.·. s = in[2l - (n - l)d].
9. l=a+(n-l)d.
Tranepose, a=l-(n-l)d.
10. Z=a+(n-l)d, (1)

n
and 8 = 2<ª + l). (2)
From (2), 2s=na+nl.

nl = 2s - na .
.·.Z=28:na· (3)
2,- na
Equate the values of Z, a+ (n - l)d = --n-··
na+(n-l)dn= 2s - na.
2na = 2s - (n - l)dn.
.·. a=l!___(n - l)d.
n 2
11. Z=a+ (n-l)d, (1)
and a= !!(a+ l). (2)

2
From (1), l=a+dn-d.
dn=l-a+d.
l-a+d
.·. n= d (3)
From (2), 2s = n(a + l).

2a
.·. n =a+ ( (4)
l-a+d 2a
Equate the values of n, - --.
d -a+l
l2 - 42 +ad+ ld = 2ds.
a2 - ad= l2 + ld - 2ds.
= +
Complete tbe equare, 4 a2 - ( ) + d2 4 tJ 4 ld + d2 - 8 da.
=
2 a - d ± v'4 l2 + 4 ld + d2 - 8 ds.
2 a = d ± v' (2 l + d)2 - 8 ds .
.·. a= Hd ± v'(2l + d) 2 - Sds].
12. s =~(a+ l).

2
2a=na+ln.
na=2s-ln.
.·. a=~:...l.
n
IS. l =a+ (n - l)d.

(n - l)d = l - a.
l-a
.·.d=--·
n-1
14 . l =a+ (n - l)d, (1)

and s =!!'.(a+ l). (2)
2
From (2), 2s=an+nl.
nl=2s-an.
.·. l=2s-an. (:!)
n
2s- an
Equate tbe values of l, a+ (n - l)d = --n-·
an + n2d - nd = 2 8 - an.
=
n2d - nd l! 8 - 2 an.
=
n(n - l)d 2(8 - an) .
.·.d=2(8-an).
n(n - 1)
16. l =a+ (n - l)d, (1)

and 8 =~(a+ l). (2)
l!
From (1), l=a+nd-d.
nd=l-a+d.
l-a+d
.·. n= - -d--· (3)
From (2), 28 = n(a + l).

28
.·. n = - - · (4)
a+l
l - a+ d 28
Equate the values of n, d - - a + l.
¡2 - a2 + ad + dl = 2 ds.
2·ds - dl - ad = z2 - a2.
(28 - l - a)d = l2 - a2.
:. d= P-a2
28 - l - a
18. l =a+ (n - l)d, (1)

ff"
and 8= 2(a+l). (2)
From (1), a=l-(n-l)d. (3)

From (2), 28 =na+ nl.
na=2s-nl.
: . a=28-nl. (4)
n
28 - nl
Equate the values of a, l - (n - l)d = - n-·
nl - dnZ + dn = 2 a - nl.
dn2 - dn = 2nl - 28.
n(n - l)d = 2(nl- a).
: . d = 2 (nl ...;. 8).
n(n -1)
754 ELEMENTARY ALGEBR.\
17. l=a+(n-l)d.
l=a+dn-d.
dn=l-a+d.
l-a
.·. n=--¡¡-+1.
18. l =a+ (n - l)d, (1)

n
and s=¡(a+l). (2)
From (2), 2a=an+nl.
nl=2a-an.
.·. l=2s-an . (3)
n
2s-an
Equate tbe values of l, a+ (n - l)d = - n - ·
an + dn' - dn = 28 - an.
dn' + (2a - d)n = 2&
Complete the aquare,
=
· 4 dtn' + ( ) + (2 a - d)' (2 a - d)' + 8 da.
2 dn + (2 a - d) = ± v' (2 a - d)' + 8 da.
2dn = d - 2a ± Y(2a- d)' + 8 da.
d- 2a± Y(2a -d)' + 8da
.·. n= .
2d
19. 8 =~(a+ l).

2
28 = n(a + l).
28
.·.n=--·
l+a
10. l = a + (n - 1) d, (1)
and a=~(a+l). (2)
2
From (1), a= l-(n- l)d. (3)
From (2), 2s =na+ ln.
na= 2s - In.
28 - ln
.·.a=--· (4)
n
TEACIIERS' EDlTION 755
, - ln
Equate the values of a, l - (n - 1) d = -28n -·
ln - dn2 + dn = 2 f - ln.
dn' - (2 ! + d)n =- 2 8.
4 (itnt - ( ) + (2 l + d)' = (2 ~ + d)2 - 8 da.
2 dn - (2 l + d) = ± V (2 l + d)S - 8 da.
2an = 2z +a± v'(2Z + d)' - 8da.
2 l + d ± V (2 l + d)2 - 8 da
.·. n= .
2d
Ezerciee 129. Page 337

l. Find the eighth term of 7, 10, 13, .. .
Here a= 7, d = 8, n = 8.
l =a+ (n - l)d = 7 + (8 -1)8 = 7 + 7 x 8 = 7 + 21 = 28.
l. Find the tenth term of 2, 11, 20, · ..

Here = =
a 2, d 9, n JO. =
l =a+ (n - l)d = 2 + (10-1)9= 2 + 9 x 9 = 2 + 81 = 88.
8. Find the fifteenth term of 4, 16, 28, . · .

Here a = 4, d =
12, n = ló.
l =a+ (n - l)d = 4 + (ló -1) 12 = 4 + 14 x 12
=
4 + 168 = 172.
4. ·Find the twelfth term of 144, 138, 182, ...

Here a= 144, d =- 6, n = 12.
l= a+ (n - l)d = 144 + (12-1)(-6)~ 144 + 11(-6)
=144 - 66 = 78.
6. Find the sixth term of 6, - 1, - 7, · · .
Here a = ó, d = - 6, n=6.
l l)d = ó + (6 - 1) (- 6) = ó + ó(- 6)
=a+ (n -
=ó-S0=-2ó.
8. Find the fourteenth term of 12, 4, - 4, · · ·

Here a = 12, d =- 8, n = 14.
l =a+ (n - l)d = 12 + (14 -1) (- 8) =12 + 13(- 8)
= 12 - 104 =- 92.
T. Find the sum of seven tenñs of 18, 21, 24, . · ·

Here a= 18, d = 8, n =7.
l =a+ (n - l)d = 18 + (7 -1)8 = 18 + 6 x 8
= 18 + 18 =86.
n 7 7
1 = 2 (a+ l) =¡ (18 + 86) = j X 64 = 189.
8. Find the sum of ten terms of - 6, - 2, 2, · · ·

Here a = - 6, d =
4, n 10. =
l =a+ (JI - l)d = - 6 + (10 -1)4 = - 6 + 9 x4
=-6+86=80.
n 10 .
1 = 2 (a+ l) = 2 (- 6 + 80) = Ó X 24 = 120.
9. Find the sum of eighteen terms of 81, 81, 4l, ...

Here a = 8!, d = t, JI = 18.
l =a+ (JI - l)d = 81 + (18 -1) (i) = 8! + 17 x f
= 81 + 12¡ = 16¡.
n 18
a= 2(a + l) = 2 (Si + 161) = 9 X 19 = 171.
10. Find the sum of twenty-four terina of 1¡, 8, 4t, · · ·

Here a= li, d = It, JI= 24.
l =a+ (JI - l)d= lJ +(24 -l)(ti)=ll + 28 x lf
= 1& + ss¡ = 84¡.
24
8 = 2 (a+ l) =2 (1} + 84¡) =12 X 86} = 486.
JI
11. Find the sum of JI terms of 8, óf, 8!, · · ·

Here a = 8, d =2f, JI =JI.
8J1-8
l= a+ (n-l)d= 8 + (JI -1)(2f)= 8 + - 8 - ·
•= ~(a+ l) = ~( 8 + 8 + Sn-8)= ~(6 + Sn-8)

2 2 !l 2 8
4J1'-4J1 4Jlt + ÓJI
=8n+--8- -
8
11. Find the aum of n terma of a, a+ 4.b, a + -8b, · · ·
Here a = =
a, d 4 b, n n. =
l =a+ (n - l)d =a+ (n -1)4b =a+ 4bn - 4b.
a= l) = ~(a+ a + 4 bn - 4 b) = ~ (2 a+ 4 bn - 4 b)
!! (a +
2 2 2
= an + 2bn2 - 2lm.
18. Given a =4, l = 34, n = 11 ; find d and s.

By Formula 13, page 336,
d=l-a=34-4=3o= 3 .
n -1 11 - 1 10
n
8 = 2 (a+ l) = lj(4 + 34) = Jj X 38 = 200.
14. Given a = 120, n = 16, s = 960; find d and l.

d = 2(8 - an) = 2(960 -120 x 16) = 2(960 -1920)
n(n -1) 16(16 -1) 16 x 16
= -1920 =-8.
16 X 16
By Formnla 3, page 336,
l = 28 - a = 2 X 960 - 120 = 120 - 120 = 0.

n 16
16. Given a = - 12, d = 4, l = 40; find n and 8.

n = l - a+ 1 = 40 + 12 + 1 = 13 + 1 = 14.
d 4
l + a l2 - a2 40 - 12 1600 - 144 28 1466
s=-2-+2a=--2-+ 2x4 2+-8-
= 14 + 182 =196.
758 ELEMENTARY AL'GEBRA
18. Given a= 7, l = 49, a= 812; find d anda.

P-a1 491-7• 2362 3
d = 2s - l - a= 2 x 812 - 49 - 7 = 1668 = 2 = t¡.
n _ 2 8 _ 2 X 812 _ 1624 _ 29.
l+a 49+7 66
1'7. Given d =f, n =24, a = 66 ; find a and l.

a_ a_ (n - l)d = 66 _ 23 x f =7 _
23 = _ 16 __ 61
n 2 24 2 33 3 •·
l- s + (n - l)d _ 7 + 23 _ 30 - lO.
n 2 3 3 3
18. Given a= 4, d = 8, 8 = 246; ftnd l and n.

=
l l [ - d ± y'~8-d8_ +_(_2_a--- d)- I]
= H- 3 ± -Js x 3 x 246 + (2 x 4 - 3)•]
=H - =
3 ± Vó004 + 2ó] H - 3 ± v'5929]
= H- =
3 ± 77] 37, or - 40.
~ - - ---
d - 2 a ± -v' (2 a - d)• + 8 d8 3 - 8 ± 77
n= 2d = 2X3
-ó ±77
= 6
12, or -1Sf.
Only the positive solutions apply.

Therefore, l = 37, and n = 12.
19. Insert four arithmetical means between 8 and 23.

Here n = 6, a = 8, and l = 28.
l =a+ (n - l)d = 8 + (6 - l)d.
l = 8 + ód.
.·. 28=8+ód.
ód = ló.
.·. d=S.
Hence, the complete series is 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 28.
Therefore, the four means required are 11, 14, 17, 20.
20. Insert six arithmetical means between 96 and 47.

Here n = 8, a= 96, and l = 41.
l =a+ (n - l)d = 96 + (8 - l)d.
l=96+7d.
•·. 47=96+7d.
7d =-49.
.·. d=-7.
Hence, the complete series is 96, 89, 82, 75, 68, 61, 54, 47.
Therefore, the six means required are 89, 82, 75, 68, 61, 54.
21. Insert eight arithmetical means between 4 and óS.

Here n = 10, a = 4, and l = ó8.
=
l =a+ (n - l)d 4 + (10 - l)d.
l = 4 + 9d.
.·. ó8 = 4 + 9d.
9d = 54.
.·. d=6.
Hence, the complete serjes is 4, 10, 16, 22, 28, 84, 40, 46, 52, 68.
Therefore, the eight means required are 10, 16, 22, 28, 84, 40, 46, 62.
SI. lnsert twelve arithmetical means between 1 and 10.

Here n = 14, a= 1, and l = 10.
=
l =a+ (n - l)d 1 + (14 - l)d.
l = 1 + 18d.
.·.10=1+13d.
=
18d 9.
.·. d=n·
Hence, the complete series is 1, 1/1¡, 2/-y, Sr\-, 3H, 4fJ, 6-h, 6H,
6-?1 , 1t\, 7-H, 8/-y, 9r\, 10. ·
Therefore, the twelve means required are 1/!, 2f1 , 3J\, SH, 4/-:i,
óñ, 6H, 6?-:i, 1t\, 7H, 8/!, 9J\.
18. The first term of an a.rithmetical progression is 7, and the third

term is 23. Find the sum of ten terms.
l=a+(n-l)d.
.·. 23::: 7 + (3 - l)d.
23=7+2d.
2d::: 16.
.·. d:::8.
l =a+ (n-l)d=7 + (10-1)8::: 7 +9 x 8:::7 +72 =79.
IJ ::: ~ (a + l) ::: J,l (7 + 79) ::: 6 X 86 ::: 480.
2
H. The first term of an arithmetical progression is 4, and the sum

of seven terma is 176. What term is 60?
11 =2n (a+ l) .
. ·. 176::: ¡(4 + l).
350:::28+7l.
7l:::322.
.·. l =46, seventh term.
l =a+ (n - l)d.
46:::4+(7-l)d.
46:::4+6d.
6d::: 42 .
. ·. d:::7.
lf 60 is the nth term, 60 :::4 + (n-1)7.
7(n -1)::: 56.
n-1 =8•
.·. n:::9.
Therefore, 60 is the ninth term.
16. How many terma of the series - 9, - 3, 3, ... must be taken in

order that their sum may be 136 ?
Here a= - 9, d = 6, anda= 136.
l =a+ (n - l)d.
l =- 9 + (n -1)6. (1)
s =~(a+ l).
2
136 = ~ ( - O + l). (2)

2
From (1), =l 6n -15.
Substitut.e thevalue of nin (2), 136 = i (6n - 24).
135= 3n' -12n.
46= n -4n.2
n' ~ 4 n - 45 = O.
(n - O) (n + 5) = O•
.·. n = 9, or - 5.
Therefore, nine terma must be taken.
16. The sum of three numbers in arithmetical progresslon is 2í, and

the sum of their squares is 293. Find the numbers.
Let x - y, x, and x + y= the numbers.
Then x - y + x + z + y 27, = (1)
a.nd (x - y) 2 + :i:2 + (x + 71)2 = 293. (2)
From (1), =
3:i: 27.
.·. X=9. (3)
Expand (2),
zt - 2 xy + y2 + xt + z2 + 2 xy + y2 293. =
Combine, 3 :i:2 + 2 y2 = 293. (4)
Substitut.e in (4) the value of x from (3),
243 + 2y2 = 293.
2y2 = óO.
712 = 26.
Y=±5.
Then x - 11 = 4, or 14,
and x + y= 14, or 4.
Therefore, the three numbers required are 4, O, 14, or 14, 9, 4.
1'7. The aum of four numbers in arithmetical progreaaion is 42, and

the aum of their squares is 686. Find the numbers.
Let x - 871, x - y, x + y, x + 8y = the numbers.
Then x-8y+x-y+x+y+x+8y=42, (1)
and (x - 3 y)' + (x - y)' + (z + 11)' + (x + 3 71)2 686. = (2)
Combine (1), 4z =42.

(3)
Expand (2),
z'- 6ZJ1 + 9r' +z1-2z11 + rt +zt + 2ZJ1+1/9+zl+6ZJ1+911l=686.
Combine, 4zt + 2011' = q86. (4)
Substitute in (4) the value of z from (3),
441 + 20111 = 686.
20111 = 246.
11' = Y-·
••• 11 =± ¡.
Then z - 311 =O, or 21,
z - 11 = 7, or 14,
z + 11 = 14, or 7,
an<l z + 811 = 21, or O.
Therefore, the numbers required are O, 7, 14, 21, or 21, 14, 7, O.
18. How many terms of the arithinetical series 3, 7, 11, . .. must

be taken that the sum of the first half may be to the aum of the
aecond half in the ratio 11 : 31 ?
Let 2n = the number of terms,
11 = the aum of the whole series,
and 11' = the sum of the first half.
For the .ftr8t half,
l =a+ (n - l)d =3 + (n - 1)4 = 4n - l.
a'= ~(a+ l) =~(3 + 4n-1) =~(4n+2) =2nt + n.
2 2 2
For the wlwle Bel'Íell,
l =a+ (n - =
l)d 3 + (2 n - 1)4 8n - 1 =
11 = n (3 + 8 n -
1) = n (8 n + 2) = 8 nt + 2 n.
Now 11' : 8 - a' = 11 : 31 .
.·. 2n' + ": Snt + 2n- (2 nt+ n) = 11: 31.
2 nt + n : 6 n2 + n = 11: 31.
2n+I : 6n+l=ll:31.
62 n + 31 66 n + 11. =
4n 20. =
2n 10. =
Therefore, ten terms must be taken.
19. The sum of the squares of the extremes of four numbers in

arithmetical progreBBion is 460, and the sum of the squares of the
means is 806. What are the numbers I'
Let :i: - 3y, :i: - Y, z + y, :i: + 3y = the numbers.
Then (:i: - 3 y) 1 + (:i: + 3 y)2 = 460, (1)
and =
(:i: - y)2 + (z + y)ll 306. (2)
Expand (1),
zt - 6:i:y + 9y2 + zt + 6:i:y + 91f2 = 460. (3)
Expand (2),
zt - 2:i:y +y'+ :,:'J, + 2:i:y + y2 = 306. (4)
Combine (3), 2 :r.2 + 18 y2 = 460. • (6)
Combine (4), 2:i:' + 2y2 = 806. (6)
Subtract (6) from (6), 16yt = 144.
y'=
9.
.·. Y=±3.
Substítute the value of y iu (6),
2:,:1 + 18 = 306.
2:i:2 = 288.
:i:2 = 144.
.·. Z=± 12.
Then :i:-3y =±3, or ± 21,
=
z - y ± 9, or ± 16,
:i: + y = ± 16, or ± 9,
and :i: + 3y = ± 21, or ± 3.
Therefore, the numbers required are 3, 9, 15, 21 ; - 3, - 9, - 15,
- 21; 21, 16, 9, 3; or - 21, - 16, - O, - 3.
80. lf a number compoeed of three digits in arithmetical progre&-

sion is divided by the sum of t.he digits, the quotient is 63 and the
remainder 6; if 702 is subtracted ~rom the number, the order of the
digits is reversed. Find the number.
Let :i: +y = the digit in the hundreds' place,
z = the digit in the tens' place,
and :i: - y = the digit in the units' place.
Then 100(:i: +y)+ 10:i: + :i:-y = the number,
and 100 (:i: - y) + 10 z + :i: + y = the number with digita reversed.
.·. 100(:i: + 71) + 10:i: + z -11- 6 = 63, (1)

:i:+11+:i:+:t-71
=
and 100 (:t + y) + 10 :t + :t - 71- 792 100(:i: - 71) + 10:t + z +y. (2)
From (1),
100:t + 10071 + 10:t + z -11- 6 = 63.
:i:+11+:i:+:i:-y '
lllz + 9971- 6 63. =
3:t
37:i: + 33 y - 2 =63.
:t
·ª' :t + 33y - 2 63:t.
~:i:=3311-a
=
~
From (2),
100:t + 10071 + 10:t + :t - 71-792 = l00z-I00y+10:t+ :t+ 71.
Transpose and combine, 198 y = 792.
. ·. 11 = 4.
Subatitute the value of y in (3), 26 :t 130. =
.·. :t 6. =
Tben :t + 71 9, =
:t - 7/ 1, =
and 100(:t +y)+ 10:t + :t - 71 961. =
Tberefore, tbe required number is 961.
81. In a potato race 100 potatoes are placed 3 feet apart in a straight
line. A runner picks up one potato at a time and carries it to a basket
in the line of the potatoes, and 3 feet from tbe first potato. How far
must the contestant run ?
In picking up the potatoes the conteatant goes auccessively 6 feet,
12 feet, 18 feet, · · .
Hence, these distances form an arithmetical serles in wbich a 6, =
d = 6, n = 100.
l =a+ (n - l)d = 6 + (100 - 1)6 = 6 + 99 x 6
= 100 X 6 = 600.
n 100 · ·
8= = =
2(a + l) 2 (6 + 600) 60 X 606 30300. =
Tberefore, the contestant must run 30,300 feet.
81. In a potato race, if tbere are 30 potatoes 4 feet apart, and the
·basket Is 4 feet from the first potato, how far must the conteatant run?
In picking up the potatoes the conteatant goes eucceasively 8 feet,
16 feet, 24 feet, . ..
Hence, theee dietances form an aritbmetical series in which a 8, =
=
d 8, n =30.
= =
l =a+ (n - l)d 8 + (30 -1)8 8 + 29 x 8
= 30 X 8 = 240. ,
n 30
=
a 2(a + l) = 2 (8 + 240) = 16 x 248 = 8720.
Therefore, the contestant muet rnn 3720 feet.
38. A body falling freely falla 16.08 feet in the first second, and in
each succeeding second 32.16 feet more than in the eecond immediately
preceding. If a stone dropped from a stationary balloon reacbes the
gronnd in 12 seconds, how far does it fa)) in the last second, and how
high is the balloon ?
Here =
a = 16.08, d 82.16, n 12. =
l =a+ (n - l)d = 16.08 + 11 x 32.16
= 16.08 + 363. 76 = 869.84.
n 12
=
a= 2 (a+ l) = 2 (16.08 + 369.84) = 6 x 386.92 2315.62.
Tberefore, the ston.e falls 860.84 feet in the last second, and the
balloon is 2816.62 feet high.
34. A stone is dropped from tbe top of a tower 402 feet hlgh. In
how many seconds does it reach the ground?
· Here a = 16.08, d = 82.16, a = 402.
~-----
d - 2 a ± v' (2 a - d)2 + 8 da
"= -------~-- 2d
_ 82.16 - 82.16 ± V(32.16- 32.16)2·+ 8 x 32.16 x 402
- 2 X 32.16
± V8 X 32.16 X 402
= 64.32
_ /8 X 82.16 X 402
= ± ~ 64.82 X 64.32
=±Y26
=±6.
Therefore, the stone reachee tbe gronnd in 6 seconde.
811. A stone is dropped from a stationary balloon 3618 feet high.

In how many seconds does it reach the ground ?
=
Here a= 16.08, d 32.16,, 3618. =
d - 2 a ± v,-(2,-a----=d)...,.1_+_8_da,....
n = -----'-----'-----
2d •
_ 32.16 - 32.16 ± v''(3:-,2-.1--:6------=-32-.-l6-:-)-:--l_+_8_x_3_2_
. 1...,.6-x-36-l-8
- 2 X 32.16
± ~8 X 32.16 X 3618
=-------
64.32
_ /8 X 32.16 X 3618
=±" 64.32 X 64.32
=± 'V226
=± ló.
Therefore, the stone reaches the ground in 15 seeonds.
38. In astronomical time the hours of a day are numbered from
1 to 24. If a clock should strike the hours of an astronomical day,
bow many strokes would it strike in one day ?
= =
Here a 1, l 24, n 24. =
8 =n2(a + l) = 224 (1 + 24) = 12 X 2ó = 300.
Therefore, the clock would strike 300 times in one day.
3'7. A body falling freely falls 4.9 meters tbe first second, and each
succeeding second 9.8 meters more than in the second immediately
preceding. How f&r will a ·body f&ll in 1 minute ?
Here a= 4.9, d 9.8, n 60.= =
= =
l =a+ (n - l)d 4.9 + (60 - 1)9.8 4.9 + ó9 x 9.8
= 4.9 + ó78.2 = ó83.1.
n 60
1 = 2 (a+ l) = 2 (4.9 + ó83.l) = 30 X ó88 = 17640.
Therefore, a body will fall 17,640 meters in 1 minute.

38. lf a bullet, when fired vertically upward, traverses 48ó.1 meters
the first second, bow high will it rise, and how long will it be before
it reaches tbe eartb a.ge.in ?
By Example 37, the bullet traverses in succeeding eeconds 48ó.1,
48ó. l - 9.8, 48ó.1 - 2 x 9.8, 48ó. l - 3 x 9.8, . · · meters.
Here a= 4Só.l, d =-
9.8, l 4.9. =
8 =l+a+l2-a'=4.9+485.l 4.91-485.1'
2 2d 2 + 2(-0.8)
= 245 + 12006 = 12250.
n = l - a + 1 = 4. 9 - 485.1 + 1 = 49 + 1 = 60.
a -9.8
At the very instant that the bullet reaches the highest point of its
flight it begins to fall.
Since it takes the bullet as long to fall as it takes to reach the high-
est point, the bullet is in the air 2 x 50 seconds = 100 seconds.
Therefore, the bullet rises 12,250 meters and is 100 seconds in the air.
89. In order to sell a football a boy marks ticket& frorn 1 to 25 and
obtains twenty-five persone to draw each a ticket. Each person pays
as many cent& as the number on the ticket he draws, and tbe owner
of the foot~all is determined by lot. How much does the boy receive
for the football ?
Here a = 1, l = 26, n = 25.
n 25 26
8 = 2 (a+ l) =
2 (1 + 26) = 2 X 26 = 326.
=
326 cents $3.26.
Therefore, the boy receives $,'l.25 for the football.
40. In selling a gold watch a man used the same system as in
Example SO, but sold 80 tickets marked from 1 to 80. How much
did he receive for the watch ?
Here a = 1, l = 80, n = 80.
n 80
8 = 2 (a + l) = 2 (1 + 80) = 40 X 81 =
3240.
=
3240 cents $32.40.
Therefore, the man received $32.40 for the watcb.
U. In selling a Persian rug a dealer used the same system as in
Example 39, but sold 250 ticket& marked from 1 to 250. How much
did he receive for the rug ?
Here a = 1, l = 250, n = 260.
n 260
8 =
2(a+ l) = 2 (1 + 260) = 126 X 261 = 31376.
31376 cents = $313. 76.
Therefore, the dealer received $313. 76 for the rug.
Table on Page 344
l. The 1st term = a, 4. l= aT"- 1, (1)

2d term = ar, and 8=
a(rn - 1)
. (2)
3d term = ar2, r-1
4th term = ar8, a=--
l
From (1),
,...-1 · (=:)
nth term = arn -1. l<'rom (2),
.·. l=arn- 1• 8(r - 1) = a(T" - 1) .
s. 8=-- ·
rl-a .·. a= 11 (r -:.!l. ( l)
,.. - 1
r-1
(r-l)s=rl-a. Equate the values of a in (:l)
rl a+ (r -1) s.= and (4),
s(r -1)
.·. l = a+ (r - l)s. rn-1=~·
r
8. = ar"- 1,
l (1)
=
l(T"-1) sr•-l(r -1).
. _(r-l)sr•-1
.. l - - .
and s = ~-(T" -=-!2 . (2) r• -1
r-1
From (1), rl = arn, (3) 6 . s =a+ ar+ ar2 + a,.S
and rn- 1 = ±. + · · · + ar"- 1• (1)
a
From (2),
.·.r=nt · (4)
Multiply (1) by r,
rs = ar +ar2 + ar8
+ ·· ·+a,...-i+aT". (2)
sr - s = ar" - a. Subtract (1) from (2),
sr - ar" =s - a. rs-s=ar"-- a.
Substitute the value of ar" =
(r -1)8 a(r" - 1).
from (3), .·.s=a(r•-1) _
sr-rl=s-a. r-1
= s - a.
r(s - l)
.·. r=s-a .
l
(ó)
8 -
8. 8 = a(r"
r-1
-1)
' (l)
Equate the values of r in (4) and l = aT"- 1• (2)
and (ó), aT"-a
From (1), 8= - --· (:!)
11 - 1 ri s-a r-1
'1a= 8-1 · From (2), rl ar". =
l _ (s - a)•-1 Substitute the value of aT" in (3),
a-
(s-l)•-1
8=--·
rl-a
.·. l(s - l)"-1 - a(8 - a)-1 = O. r-1
TEACHEl{S' EDITIO::N 769
T. l=aT"-1, (1) 9. l = ar•-•.

and s = ª (r• - l) · (2) .·.a= -
l
r-1 ,..-1 ·
From(l),T"- 1 = a·l a(T"-1)
l _!__ 10. 8= .
.·. r = (a)•-1.
r-1
(3)
=
(r -1)8 (T" - l)a.
From (2), . _(r-1)8
=
s (r - 1) aT" - a. (4) .. a----·
r•-1
Substitute in (4) the value of r
from (3), rl- a
1 •
11. 8=-- ·
r-1
8 [ (~)•-1 -1] = a(D»- 1- a. (r -1)8 rl - a. =
.·. a=rZ-(r-1)8.
a(D;S-a
• •• 8
1
12 . l = aT"-1, (1)
rl-a
G)"~l -1 and 8= - - ·
r-1
(2)
• Multiply both numerator and

denotninator of the fraction by
From (1), T" - 1 = a·l
1 l _1_
a11 -1, 1
·-vTn- -van
• 1 .·. r = (a)n-1. (3)
8 = - , - - - -- From (2),
..~-"-~a rs - s = rl- a.
8. l = aT"- 1, (1)
r8-rl=8 - a.
and 8 = a(r•-1)_ (2) .·. r =B - ª . (4)

r-1 s-l
l Equate the values of r in (3)
From (1), a=-· (3)
,..-1 and (4), ·
1
From (2),
a(r -1) = a(T" -1). ( ai)•-1 = 88-l
- ª ..
.·. a=s(r-1) . ( 4) (8-a)•- 1
l
,.. - 1 a = (8 -
l)•- 1
Equate the values of a in (3) a(8 - a) 11 -1 - Z(s - l)•-1 O. =
and (4),
a(r - 1) lll. z = arn-1 .
T"-1 =r·- 1 •
8(T" - ,..-1) = lT" - l.
,..-1 ~ a.!.
lr• - l
.·. 8=
,.. - ,..-1 . .•. T= •-~1.
a(,. - 1) l
H. 8= . From (1), a=-· (8)
r-1 ,...-1
rs - a = a,. - a. From (2),
ar" - ra + a - a O. = a(r-l)=a(r"-1).
... ,. - ! r + 8 - a = O. .·. a= a(r - 1). (4)
a a ,. -1
rl - a
16. 8=---· Equate the values of a in (8)
r-1
and (4),
rs-s=rl-a. Z a(r-1)
rs-rl=a-a. ,..-1 = ,.
-1 ..
8- a lr" - l =
Sr" - 87"'-I •
.· . r = - - ·
8 -· l
+ l = o.
87"' - lr" - ,r--1
18. l=a,--1, (1) + l = O.
(8 - l)rn - ,,...-1
l
.·. r• - -- - ,--1 + - - = O.
•=ª(,.-1)_ (2) 8
and
r-1 8-l 8-l
Ezercue 130. Page M3

l. Find the aixth term of 4, 8, 16, . ..
Here a =
4, r = 2, n 6. =
l = ar"-1 = 4 X 26 = 4 X 32 = 128.
l . Find the ninth term of 2, 14, 98, . · .

Here a = 2, r = 7, n = 9.
= =
l a,..-1 2 X 78 2 X 6764801 = = 11,529,602.
8. Find the tenth term of 128, - 64, 32, · · ·
Here a= 128, r = - I, n = 10.
l = arn-1 = 128 x (-!)9 128 x (--s-h) = =-l·
t. Find the twelfth term of 4, - 3, 2l, . . .
Here a = 4, r = - ¡, n = 12.
l = ar"-1 = 4 X ( - !)
4
11 = 4 X -
311 = - 311 •
411 410
6. Find the twenty-fifth term of 2, 6, 18, · • •

Here a = 2, r = 3, n = 26.
l = arn-1 = 2 x 3:H.
6. Find the nth term of 2, - ll, H, · · ·
Here a = 2, r = - i, n = n.
l = ar"-1 = 2(- u•-1.
'1. Find the aum of nine terma of 8, 24, 72, · . ·

Here a = 8, r = 3, n = 9.
8 = a(r" -1) = 8(39-1) = 8 X 19682 = 78 , 72 8.
r-1 3-1 2
8. Find the aum of twelve terma of 9, - 3, 1, · · ·

Here a = 9, r =- !, n = 12.
8 = a(r" -1) = 9[(- ¡)12-1] = 9 x (- ó31440)x(- ~)
r- 1 - !- 1 631441 4
=W!N=6HtH·
9. Find the aum of aixteen terma of 81, 27, 9, · ..
Here a= 81, r = i, n =16.
l = a,..-1 = 81 X (!)16 = 34 X_!_=_!_.
3 316 311
!x_.!__34 _!__34
8 =rl-a=3 311 =~=~(:~-_!_)
r-1 !-1 -J 2 312
= !(36 _ _!_)·
2 3 11
10. Find the sum of nineteen terma of ó, -10, 20, · · ·

Here a = ó, r = - 2, n = 10.
8 = a(,.. -1) = ó[(- 2)19 -lJ =-H<- 2)19 _ 11
r-1 -2-1
= i (219 + 1).
11. Find the aum of n terma of 2t, 1!, 1, · · ·
Here a = 2t, r = J, n = n.
81( 2")
8 ~a(,..-t)=Hm•-t]=22 l-s,; ~(l-~)
r-1 f-1 ! - .,.
27 2"-2
=-¡--3.. -a·
11. Find the sum of the infinite aeriea 6 - 3 + 11 - ··•

Here a = 6, r =- ¡.
6 -=~=~
a=~ =- X 6=4.
1-r 1+ i 1 3
18. Find the sum of the lnfinite series ! + ! + 'f,¡ + · · ·

Here a= l, r = !,
•=-ª-=-·-=!=2 X!=~•
1-r 1-! l 3 3
H . Find the eum of the infinite series 1 - ¡ + t - ·· ·

Here a =1, r =- ¡.
a
s-- - - -1- - - -
3
- -3·
1-r l+i 3+2 6
16. Find the sum of the infinite series 2 + !+ /g + · · ·

Here a = 2, r = f.
a 2 10 10
• - 1- r - 1- J- 6- 2- 3 - 3!.
18. Find the sum of the infinita series 2 - ! + -h - .. ·

Here a= 2, r =-!,
a 2 10 10 6
8 = - := - - = -- = - = - = lJ.
1-r 1+! 6+1 6 3
1 '1. Find the sum of the infinita series 4 + 2J + 1¡ + · · ·

Here a = 4, r = f.
8=-ª-= - 4 - =!=12.
1-r 1-f l
18. Find the value of the recurring decimal 0.464646 · · •

Here a = 0.46, r = 0.01.
a 0.46 0.46 46 6
• = - - = - - - = - - ::::; - = - ,
1- r 1 - 0.01 Q.W 00 11
TEACHERS' El)JTION 773
19. Find the value of the recurring decimal 0.020303 .. .
Consider first the part that recurs, 0.000303 ...
Bere a= 0.0003, r = 0.01.
, -1--a - - 0.0003
-- - -0.0003
r 1 - 0.01
-0.99 3
- - -9900
--- 1
-.
8300
.·. 0.020303 • • • = 0.02 + JT!SlJ = T,s + TT!SlJ = Tfd"G•
10. Find. the value of the recurring decimal O. 7283283 . . .

Consider first the part that recurs, 0.0283283 . . .
Here a = 0.0283, r = 0.001.
a 0.0283 0.0283 283
8= 1- r = 1- 0.001 = 0.999 = 9900 ·
.·• o.7283283· · · = 0.1 + llh = t-o + N-.J'IJ =HU= HU·
11 . Find the value of the .recurring decimal 0.11342342 .. ·

Consider first the part that recurs, 0.00342342 .. .
Here a= 0.00342, r = 0.001.
a 0.00342 0.00342 342 19
8 = 1- r = 1-0.001 = 0.999 = 99900 = 6660 ·
.·. 0.11342342 · · · = 0.11 + "'lh = M + "'!h = NW~·
H. Flnd the value of the recurring decimal 0.64389389 · · ·
Consider first the part that recurs, 0.00389389 - . ·
Here a= 0.00389, r = 0.001.
a 0.00389 0.00389 389
8 =1 - r = 1 - 0.001 = 0.999 = 99900 ·
: . o.64389389· · · = o.64 + vHh =·No+ vH~6 = HH& = HH·
18. Find the value of the recurring decimal 0.66862862 · • ·
Consider first the part that recurs, 0.00862862 • · ·
Here a= 0.00862, r = 0.001.
a 0.00862 0.00862 862 481
3 =1 - r =1 - 0.001 = 0.999 = 99900 = 49960 ·
.·. o.6~2862 =o.66 + 1Hh =-M + 1Hh = UU!·
H . Find the value of the recurring decimal 2.4336336 · · .

Consider first the part that recurs, 0.0336336 ...
Here a= 0.0336, r = 0.001.
a 0.0336 0.0336 336 ó6
8 = 1 - r = 1 - 0.001 = 0.900 = 9000 = 1666 ·
.·. 2.4336336 · · · = 2.4 + rih = 2J + rih = 2ills·
16. Find the value of tbe recurring decimal 3.731843184 · · •

Coneider firet the part that recure, 0.031843184 · · ·
Here a= 0.03184, r = 0.0001.
a 0.08184 0.03184 8184
=
'= 1 - r 1 - 0.0001 = 0.9999 = 00000 ·
=
.·. 3. 731843184 · · · s. 7 + N,Na = Sra + N#a = 3lHH·
18. lnsert three geometrical means between 8 and 768.

Here the whole number of terma Is 6, the firet term is 3, and tbe
fifth term is 768.
=
l aT"-1.
768 = 3rf.
rf =266.
.·.r=±4.
Hence, the series is 3, 12, 48, 192, 768, or 3, - 12, 48, - 192, 768.
Therefore, the meane required are 12, 48, 192, or - 12, 48, - 192.
17. lnsert four geometrical means between 2 and 6260.

Here the whole number of terms is 6, the first term is 2, and the
sixth term is 6260.
=l aT"-1.
6260 = 2r6.
.·. r6 = 3126.
.·• r=6.
Hence, the series is 2, 10, 60, 260, 1260, 6260.
Therefore, the meane required are 10, 60, 260, 1260.
H. lnsert five geometrical means between 243 and !-

Here the whole number of terma is 7, the firet term i\ 243, and the
seventh term is ¡.
=
l aT"-1.
j = 243'4.
.·. r6= 'Th·
.·. r=± !·
Hence, the series is 243, 81, 27, 9, 3, 1, !, or 243, - 81, 27, - 9,
3, - 1, !•
Therefore, the means required are 81, 27, 9, 8, 1, or - 81, 27, - 9,
3, -1.
19. Given a= 8, r = 2, 8 = 248; find l and n.

l = a + (r - 1) a = 8 + (2 - 1) 248 = 8 + 248 = 4 + 124 = 128.
~ 2 2
=
l ar"-1.
128 = 8 X 2"-1.
2"-1 ;= 16.
2"-1 = 24•
.·. n- 1 = 4•
.·. n=6.
Tberefore, l = 128, and n = 5.
80. Given a = 243, n = 9, l = ¡1'1; ftnd r and 8.

r= · ~ = ~ i i + 243 = ~ i i x 2 ~ 3 = M = ~ = ~ ·
_ rl - a _ a - rl _ 243 - l x ;., _ 1 243 _ .3c 1 ,
8- ---- -•X ;iX-sX1"
r-1 1-r f '
= 364! - ;. =364H.
Therefore, r = !, anda= 364lf.
=
81. Given r 11, n 8, 8= =1050!; ftnd a and l.
a= (r - 1) a= (11 - 1) 1050~ = l x 1050} = l x 1050!
,.._1 mª-1 6/-N-1 Vh~
=l X f.\lU X Nis = \·· = 21}.
i76 ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA

l =a+ (r - l)a = 21! + (ll -1) 1060i = 21\ +!x 1000¡
r ll l
= J X \'+f X! X Uj.D-=l.j-l+J.ffl=l4l+360-¡\=364l.
Tberefore, a = 21!, and l = 364¡.
81. Given a = 2, l = 486, a = 728; find r and ft.
r = a - a = 728 - 2 = 726 = 3_
a- l 728 - 486 242
=
l ara-•.
=
486 2 X S,.-1.
=
3•-1 243.
S,.-1 = 36,
.·.n-1=6.
•·. n=6.
Therefore, r = =
3, and n 6.
=
88. Given r = 6, n 6, l = 1296; find a and a.
a_ l _ 1296 _ 1296 _ l.
,--1 6t 1~06
8 = a(f" - 1) = 1 X (6" - 1) = 7776 - 1 = 7776 = 1666.
r-1 6-1 6 6
Therefore, a= 1, and s =1666.
34. If tbe flrst term of a geometrical aeries is 6 and the ratio 3,

what term is 1216?
=
Here a= 6, r 3, l = 1216; to find n.
l=aT"-1.
1216 = 6 X S,.-1.
=
3n-l 243.
S,.-1 = 36•
.·. n-1=6.
,•, n=6.
Tberefore, 1216 is the sixth term.
86. The fourth term of a geometrical series is 160 and the ratio is 4.
Find the sixtb term and the eightb term.
Tbe 4th term = ar& = 160.
The 6th term =aró= r2(ar3) = 42 x 160 = 2660.
The 8th term = ari = r2 (ar6) = 4i x 2660 = 40960.
Therefore, the sixth term is 2660, and the eighth term 40,960.
38. Four numbera are in geometrical progreSBion. The sum of the

first and fourth is 130, and the sum of the second and third is 40.
Find the numbers.
Let z = the first number,
and y = the ratio.
Then z, zy, zyl, x,r = the numbers.
+ zy8 130,
.•. z = (1)
and zy + zy¡ = 40. "(2)
From (1), z(l + y8) 130. =
z(l + y) (1 - y+ y2) 130. = (3)
Frnm (2), zy (1 + y)= 40.
40
.·. Z = - - - • (4)
y(l + Y)
40
- - - ( 1 + y) (1 - y + y2) 130. =
y(l+y) 40
-(1 - y+ y2) = 130.
'V
4
- (1 - y + yl) = 13.
'V
4-4y + 4y2 = 13y.
4 y2 - 17 y + 4 o. =
('V - 4)(4y -1) = o.
.·. y= 4, or ¡.
Substitute the value of y in (4), z =~, or ~ ,
4x6 }xt
=
.·. z 2, or 128.
Then zy= 8, or 32;
zy2 = 32, or.8;
and z¡fl = 128, or 2.
Therefore, the numbel'l! required are 2, 8, 32, 128, or 128, 32, 8, 2.
8T. The sum of three oumbera in arithmetical progreesion is 46. lf

2 is added to the ftrst ownber, Sto the secood, and 7 to the third, the
new numbera are in geomet.rical progresaioo. Find the nwnbers.
Let z- 11= the ftrst number,
z = the aecood ownber,
and z + 11 = the third number.
.·. z-11+z+z+11=4ó, (1)
z+s z+11+7 (2)
aod
·z-11+2 z+S
From (2), z2 + 6z + 9 = zt - y2 + 9z - 6y + 14.
=
y2 + 511 3z + 6. (3)
From (1), =
3z 46.
=
.·. z 16. (4)
y2+611=46+6.
=
111 + 611 - 60 o.
=
(11 - 6) (y + 10) o .
=
••• 11 6, or - 10.
Then z - y = 10, or 26;
and =
z .+ JI 20, or 6.
Therefore, the ownbers required are 10, 16, 20, or 26, 16, 5.
88. A man deposited $1000 in a savings bank that pays S per cent
ioterest, compounded annually. If the depositor withdrew no money
from the bank for 6 yeara, what was the average amouot he had on
deposit?
Here a = 1000, r = 1.0S, n = 6.
8 = a(r" -1) = 1000(1.036-1) = 1000(1.194062296629-1)
r- 1 1.03 - l O.OS
= 1000 X 0.194062296629 = 194.062296629 MOS.409884:J.
0.03 o.os
The average amount on deposit was ! of $6468.41 = fI078.07.
Therefore, the average amount oo deposit was $1078.07.
89. A man deposited $1000 in a savings bank that pays 4 per cent
interest, compounded semiannnally. If the depositor witbdrew no
money from the bank for 6 years, what was the average amouot he
had on deposit ?
4 per cent annually =2 per cent eemiannually.
· Here a = 1000, r = 1.02, n = 12.
, _ a(,.. -1) _ 1000(1.0212 -1)
- r- 1 - 1.02 - 1
_ 1000(1.268241794662646318801696 -1)
- 0.02
268.241794662646318801696
=---------- 0.02
= llW12.0897281272669160848.
The average amount on deposit was n
of .13412.09 = fl117.67.
Therefore, the average amount on deposit was $1117.67.
40. In using an air pump to exhaust air from a receiver, if the

capacity of the piston barrel is a and that of the receiver is b, and
the height of the barometer is e inches, the pressure within tbe
receiver is ~uced by one stroke of tbe piston to _b_ of e inches,
b
by two strokes to [ - -
]2 of e inches, and so on. a+b
If the capacity of
a+b
the receiver is 6 cubic feet, that of the piston barrel 1 cubic foot,
and the original pressure of the air Is 80 lnches, what is the pressure
in the recelver after ftve etrokes of the piston ?
The flrst term is e, thc ratio _b_, aod the number of terma n + 1 ;
to ftnd the last term. ª +b
Here a= 80 inches, r =- =~. =
11 -
1+6 6
n 6.
= = =
l a,--1 80 x (&)6 VlN 12.066. =
Therefore, the pre88Ure required is 12.066 lnches.
41. If the capacity of the receiver of an air pump is 8 litera, and

that of the piston barrel is 1 liter, and the original pressure of the air
is 76 centlmeters, what is the pressure within the receiver after six
strokes of the piston ?
8 8
Here a= 76 centlmeters, r =- - = -, =
1+8 9
n 7.
= = = =
l a,..-i 76 x (t)6 76 x iHHt 1 !Hftf.i 87.489. =
Therefore, the pressure required is 37.489 centimeters.
42. lf a rubber ball, falling freely upon a marble floor, rebounds to

one third tbe beight from whicb it has fallen, how great 11. distance
will it traverse if tol!lled to a height of 50 feet?
=
Tbe ball rebounds l of 60 feet 16J feet, then ! of 16J feet =
(!)1
of 50 feet, then (t )ª of 60 feet, and so on, - an inftnite geometrical
series.
After tbe ball rebounds a certain distance it must fall tbat same
distance. Hence, the ball traverses a distance equal to 100 feet + !
of 100 feet + (!)2 of 100 feet, and so on, in an inflnite geometrical
series in which a = 100 and r = l·
11 = -ª-= lOO = lOO = ~ of 100 =160.

1-r 1-! i 2
Therefore, the ball traverses lóO feet.
48. If a rubber ball rebounds to three fifths of the height from

which it has fallen, how great a distance will it traverse if tossed to a
height of 30 feet?
In the infinite geometrical series a = 60 and r = J (see Example 42).
8 = -ª- = ~ = 60 = ~ X 60 = 160.
1-r 1-! ¡ 2
Therefore, the ball traverses 160 feet.
Exerciae 131. Page 348

1. Insert foúr harmonical means between 2 and 6.
First flnd four arithmetical means between 1 and !·
Here a = !, l = !, n = 6.
l = a + (n - 1) d.
=
! ! + 6d.
6d=--h·
.·. d=-h·
Hence, the arithmetical means are H, H, 'l.\, U·
Therefore, the harmonical means required are 2/r, 2H, 31, 3H.
B. Insert seven barmonical means between i and f.
First flnd seven arithmetical means between ! and i•
TEACHERS' EDITIOÑ 781
Here t, l = !, n = 9.
a=
Z=a+(n-l)d.
i = i + 8d.
8d=2 .
.·. d= !·
Hence, the arithmetical means are ¡, 2, t, !, 1-¡1, 3, lf.
Therefore, the harmonical means l'equired are f, h t, f, !r, t, ..fs.
3. Find the eighth term of the harmonical series 4, 4!, 6, · · ·
First find tbe eightb term of the arithmetical series !, ,h, _!, • • •
Here a = t, d = - l,, n = 8.
Z=a+(n-l)d=;+7(--h)=!-l.=-h·
Hence, tbe eighth ,term of tbe arithmetical series is - ÍT·
Therefore, the eighth term required is - 24.
4. Find the sixth term -of the harmonical series 9!, 6f, 6!, · ••
First find the sixth term of the arithmetical series -fr, n,
.fe, · •·
Here a = ¡¡51 , d = ,¡l.,¡, n = 6.
l =a+ (n - l)d = -lr + 6(h-) = -l-r + lr =U= h•
Hence, the sixth term of the arithmetical series is h·
Therefore, the sixth term required is 3!.
6. The fourth and seventh terma of a harmonical progression are

-la and l,· Find the first seven terma.
First find the first seven terms of an arithmetical progreBBion whose
fourth and seventh terma are 10 and 16.
The fourth term is a + 3 d, and the seventh term is a + 6 d .
.·. a+3d=10, (1)
and a+ 6d = 16. (2)
Subtract (1) from (2), 3d=6.
.·. d=2.
Substit.ute the value of din (1),
a+ 6 = 10.
'. ·. a=4.
Ilence, the first seven terma of the arithmetical series are 4, 6, 8,
10, 12, 14, 16.
Therefore, the first seven terms required are h !, t, r'ir, --l~, -l., --lr·
'182 ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
8. The difference between two numbers is 12, and the harmonical
mean between them is 6f. Find the numbers.
Let :i: = the larger number.
Then :i: - 12 = the smaller number.
By §423, H= 2 ab ·
a+b
••, 2:i: (:i: - 12) = 6J.
:i:+:i:-12
2:i: (:i: - 12) = 3J.
2:i: -12
:¡:2 -12:i: 32
-;-=-o--¡ ·
6:i:2 - 60:i: = 32:i: -192.
6:i:' - 92z =-192.
2óz2 - ( ) + 2116 = 1166.
6z - 46 = ± 34.
6:i: = 80, or 12•
.·. z = 16, or 2f.
~ - 12 = 4, or - 9j.
Therefore, the numbers required are 16 and 4, or 2! and - 9f.
7. The difference between the arithmetical and harmonical means

between two numbers is 2k, and one of the numbers is three times the
other. Find the numbers.
Let :i: =the one number.
Then 3:i: = the other number,
z +23 :e = 2. z = the arithmetical mean,
and 2 (z)(3 z) =3 z = the harmonical mean.
z + 8:t 2
3:i:
.·• 2 z - -
2
= 2t, or 3z
- - 2 :i: = 2t.
2
4:i: - 3z = ó, or 3:i: - 4:i: = 6•
.·. z = ó, or - ó.
Then 3 z = ló, or - ló.
Therefore, the numbers required are ó and ló, or - 6 and - 16.
8. The arithmetical mean between two numbers exceeds tbe geo-

metrical mean by 68, and the geometrlcal mean exceeds the harmonical
mean by 60. Find the numbers.
T.EACHERS' EDITION 783
Let z. = one number,

and = the other number•
11
. ·. z
2
+ 11 - =
vzy68,
.
(1)
and ...;;;y - 2 ey = 60. (2)

z + 11
Add (1) and (2), z + + 2 zy = 128.
11 (3)
2 z+y
From (1), z ~Y= 68 + Yzy.
z + 11 = 136 + 2 Yzy. (4)
Substituta the valne of z + 11 in (3),
68 + Yzy - zy..¡;; = 128.
68+ zy
4624 + 136 Yzy + zy - zy = 8704 + 128 .,¡;;;¡.
8 ..¡;;,¡ = 4080•
./ey = ólO.
Z1J = 260100.
260100
~z=~- y · ~
Substituta the value of Yzy in (4),
z +y= 1166.
.·. z = 1166 - 11· (6)
Equata the values of z in (ó) and (6),
260100 1166 _ 11· =
11
260100 = 1166 y - t,I.
t,1- 1166.11 =-
260100.
ti' - 116611 + 334084 73984. =
y - ó78 ± 272. =
••• 11 = 850, or 306.
Substituta the value of y in (6), z 306, or 860.=
Therefore, the numbers required are 306 and 860.
9. The sum of three numbers in harmonical progression is 39, and
tbe square of the flrst is greatar by 99 than the sum of the squares of
the aecoild and third. Find the numbers.
Let =
:,: the first number,
and y = the thlrd number.
Then 2 ey = the second number.
z+ 'V
2zr,
••• z+v+-+ =39, (1)
z 11
z•-99=( 2 ZV )' +,tJ. (2)
z + 11
Square(l), z 1 +2:i:11+112+4:i:y+( 2 ZJ/
z + 11
)'= 1621.
:i? + 6z11 + 119 +( 2 ZJ/ )'= 162Í. (3)
z + 11
From (2),
z+ 11
=
zi - 119 -( 2 Z11 )' 99. (4)
Add (3) and (4), =

2 zt + 6 Z11 1620.
,¡;t + 3Z71 = 810. (5)
=
3z11 810 - zt.
810 - zt
.·.11=---· (O\
3z
Substitute tbe value of 11 ·in (1),
810 - zt)
2z(---
z + 810 - zt + 3z = 39_
3z 810 - zt
z+-¡;-
1620 - 2zt
3z'+810-z2 3
3X + 2 zt + 810 39· =
3z
2z2 + 810 810:i: - zª
- - - + .zt + 405 =39.
· 3z
Clear of fractions,
2:i:4 + 1620zt + 328050 + 2430z2- 3:i:4 = 117:r;II + 47386:c.
= O.
z• + 117 x3 - 4050::i:t + 47385:i: - 32~050
(z - 18) (zª + 136 zt - 1620 z + 18226)=O•
. ·. z - 18 = O, or zª + 136z'-1620z + 18226 = O•
. ·• Z= 18.
Tbe expreBSion :r;B + I35zt·-" 1620:i: + 18225 cannot be resolved into

rational factors. Hence, the tbree roots of the equation
zª + 185:it - 1620:i: + 18225 =O
cannot be found by methods that the pupil has already taken.
- 324 -- º.
Subetitute the value of :i: in (6), 'V -- 810 54 "
Then 2 :i:y =2 X 18 X 9 = 12
:i:+y 27 '
Therefore, the numbers required are 18, 12, and 9.
10. Show that a, b, and e are in arithmetical progression, in

geometrica.I progression, or in harmonical progression, according aa
a - b : b - e is equal to a : a, to a : b, or to a : c.
If a, b, e are in arithmetica.l progreS8ion,
then a -b = b - c.
a-b a
If a, b, e are in geometrica.I progression,

a b
then
li = e·
a-b b-c
.·. -ª- =-b-· (§ 383)
a-b a
.·. b-c=¡;· (§ 385)
lf a, b, e are in harmonical progression,

1 1 1 1
then li-a=c-r
a-b b-c
~=be·
a---:b b-c
--=--·
a e
a-b a
.·• b - e= e' (§ 385)
11. Show that if a, b, e are in harmonical progression, then a - ! b,

lb, e - ! b are in geometrical progression.
If a, b, e are in harmonical progression,
1 1 1 1
then
ii-a=c-ii·
Multiply by abe, ac - be = ab - ac.
2ac =be+ ab.
4ac=2be+2ab.
4ac-2bc-2ab o. =
=b2 4 ac - 2 be - 2 ab + b2.
=
b2 (2 a - b) (2 e - b) •
.•. 2 a - b : b = b : 2 e - b. § 380
.·. a-+b:ib=jb:c-jb.
That is, a - i b, i b, e - ! b are in geometrical progreasion.
11. Show that if a, b, e are in harmonical series, a, a - e, a - b
are in harmonical series, as are e, e - a, e - b.
If a, b, e are in harmonical seriee,
1 1 1 1 Again, ~ - ~ = ~ - ~.
then b-a=c-b· ac-bc=ab·-ac.
ac-bc=ab-ac.
=
e (a - b) a (b - e).
=
ac - ab be - ac.
a(c - b) = c(b - a).
e b-c
a=a-b·
a
e=
b-a
e- b 0
e b- e
=----- a b-a
a(a - e) (a - b) (a - e) =-----
c(c-a) (c-b)(c-a)
a -(a - e) a - e - a+ b c-c+a c-a-c+b
a(a-c) = (a-b)(a-c)· c(c-a) = (c-b)(c-a)
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
.· a-e a-a-b a-e
· e-a c=c-b e-a
That is, a, a - e, a - b are in That is, e, e - a, e - b are in
harmonical series. harmonical series.

z'-óz+4
l. Find the limiting value of as z ::!:: l.
z2- 6 z+ó
When z has the value 1, the fraction has the form g.
Putz=l + z.
z2 - ÓZ + 4 _ (1 + z)I - ó(l + %) + 4
zt - 6z + ó - (1 + z) 2 - 6(1 + z) + ó
1+2z+z2-ó-óz+4 zt-3% z-3
= =
1 + 2, + zt - 6 - 6z; + 6 z2 - 4 z = z - 4
z-3 -3 3
Asz is indefinitelydecreased, - - approaches - • or -, asa limit.
z-4 -4 4
Therefore, f is the limlting value of the fraction as z ::!:: l.
TI.;ACHERS' EDITION 787
S. Find the limlting value of 27 - zª as z :::: 3.

3-z
When z has the value 3, the fraction has the form &·
Putz=3 + z.
27 - z3 27 - (3 + z)S 27 - 27 - 27 z - 9 z2 - t8
3 - X = 3 - (3 + z) = 3- 3- Z
=- 27 z - 9z2 - zª
-z
=27+9z+z2.
As z is indefinitely decreased, 27 + 9 z + z2 approaches 27 as a limit.
Therefore, 27 is the limiting value of the fraction as z == 3.
. d the 1·1m1tmg
8. F m .. va1ue of VZ+l - Y2 as z :::: l .
z-1
When z has the value 1 the fraction has the form &·
If 1 + z is put for z,
tben
VZ+l-Y2
-----=------=
v'1 + z + 1-v'2 v'z+2 -Y2
z-1 l+z-1 z
. . .
As z 1s mdefimtely decreased,
v'z+2- Y2 approaches - as a
o
z o
limit, and the limit is indeterminate.
Hence, to obtain a determinate value of the given fraction, it is
necessary to change ita form by rationalizing the numerator.
Multiply both terma of the given fraction by Vx+t + Y2,
Vx+l-Y2 z-1 1
-----=
-1
X (z - Y2} =-----
l)(v'z + 1 + VZ+I +v'i
As x =1, 1 - 1 = - 1- = ! Y2.
VZ+l + Y2 v'Í+l + Y2 2 Y2 4
Therefore, t Y2 is the limiting value of the fractlon as z ::::: l.
,.· Find the limiting value of V ~ as z ::::: a.

va-x
When z haa the value a the fraction haa the fonn &·
Multiply both terms of the given fraction by Ya + v'z,
v'a-v'z a-x ~
----= =-=,---=
v'a-x v'a-z(v'a+vz) v'ii+v'z·
788 ELEl\1.ENT ARY ALGEBRA
va - z-=.
-- -
..Ja-=a o
=-=0.
va+vz -va+-va 2-va
Therefore, O is the limiting value of the fraction aa z =a.
6. Find tbe limiting value of
zt - 3 a;r: + 2 a' as z =a.
z2 + 4 a;r: - ó a2
When z has the value a the fraction has the form ¡.
Putz= a+ z.
z•- 3a;r: + 2a2 =(a±. z)' _-:_~~(a + z) + 2a'
z2+4az-óa2 (a+z)'+4a(a+z)-óa•
a' + 2 az + z2 - 8 a2 - 3 az + 2 al
a2 + 2 az + z2 + 4 a2 + 4 az - óa2
z2-az z-a
=z•+aaz=z+oa ·
· ID
A s z 1s · d efi D1te
· 1y d ecre.....ru,
___ .., - ª
z - - approac h es -- ª
, or - -1 , as
alimit. z+6a 6a 6
Therefore, - ! is the limiting value of tbe fraction as z =a.
. d t h e ¡·1m1tmg
6 . F 111 . . va1ue of3z•-4z2-J as z . ao. =
2:i:ª+2:i:-ó
Divide eacb term of the numerator and denominator by za,
3_!_.!_
3:i:8 -4:i:2 -1 z zª
=
2zs+2:e-ó 2 +!-~
z2 z3
A
s z.1Dcreases ID
º dfi º 1y ;4
e mte 12
, x3, es as a r1m1t
~,6x3 eac h approac hO ·
(§ 434, IV), and the fraction approaches ! as a limit.
Therefore, ¡ is the limiting value of the fraction as z =ao.
'1 . Find the limiting value of

{/óz- l-V2
as z ::: l .
z-1
When z has the value 1 the fraction has the form ¡.
Multiply both terms of the glven fraction by {/ó z - 1 + Y2,
{/óz-I-Y2
- - - - - = - -~
- ---2
---
z -1 (z -1)({/óz - 1 + Y2)
TEACJJERS' El>ITION 789
Multiply both terlDS of this last fraction by Yóz - 1 + 2,
~óz-l-V2 óz-1-4
-----=------==-----=--
z-1 (z - l)(~óz -1 +Y2)(Yóz- l + 2)
ó(z - 1)
= -----==="'--='"--=-==-
(z - 1) (~óz -1 + V2)(Yóz- 1 + 2)
ó
=-----------
(~óz - 1_+ v'2) (Yóz - 1 + 2)
As z =1, this last fraction approaches as a llmit
ó = ó = _ó_ = ~ v'2.
(-V4+V2)(Y4+2) (2V2)(4) 8V2 16
Therefore, 1\ V2 is tbe limiting value of the fraction as z =l.
8. Find the limiting value of ya - 2 Jf2 - 1f + 2 as Jf ::::: 2.
. t,'2 -ót,'+6
When Jf has the value 2, the fraction has the1 form 3.
Put y= 2 + z.
11' - ~ v2 - 11 + 2 (2 + z) 8 - 2 (2 + z) 2 - (2 + z) + 2
v~-óv+6 = -- (2+z)2-ó(2+z)+6
8 + 12 z + 6z2 + zª - 8- 8z - 2z' - 2 - z + 2
= 4 + 4z + z2 -10- óz + 6
z•+4z2+3z z2+4z+3
= z2 -z z-1
As z is indefinitely decreased, z + z + approaches _!__, or - 3,
2 4 3
as a limit. z- 1 - 1
Therefore, - 3 is the limiting value of the fraction as y= 2.
9. Find the limiting value of zt

z+y-2
+ 112 + 2 ZJf -
4 as z 1 and y = J. =
When z has the value 1 and Jf has the value 1, the fraction has
the form 3.
=
Put z 1 + z, and Jf 1 + u.=
z2 + 712 + 2zy - 4 (1 + z)t + (1 + u)2 + 2 (1 + z) (1 + u) - 4
- - " - - - - - " - = = -'----'--------'--------'---'---------'-~-~-
z + 1f - 2 (1 + z) + (1 + u) - 2
1+2z + z2 +1+2u + u2 + 2 +2u+2z +2uz -4
= l+z+l+u-2
zt + 2 uz + u2 + 4 z + 4 u
= z+u
(z + u)'+ 4 (z + u) 4
= =z+u+.
z+u
As z and u are indefinitely decreased z + u + 4 approaches 4 as a
limit.
Therefore, 4 is the limiting value of the fraction as z == 1 and 1/ == 1.
10. Find the liuúting value of

2zz -z"+ y2 -z2
2:i:y- z2 _y'+ z'
as z =z - 1/,
When z has the value z - y, the fraction has the form g.

=
Put z :t - y + u.
2zz-z2+y2-z2
2zy-z2-y2+z'
_ 2z(z - y+ u) - z2 + y2 - (x - y+ u)'
- 2 zy - z2 .J yi + (x - y + u)'
2 z2 - 2 zy + 2 zu - · z 2 + y 2 - z2 - y 2 - u2 + 2 xy - 2 zu + 2 yu
= 2 xy - z2 - y2 + z2 + y~ + u' - 2 xy + 2 zu - 2 yu
2yu- u' 2y- u
= u2 + 2 zu - 2 yu u + 2 z - 2 y
As u is indeflnitely. decreased 2 y - u approaches 2 Y , or
u+2z-2y 2z-2y
- _!!.._, as a limit.
:e - y
Therefore, _Y_ is the limiting value of the fraction as z
z-y
=z - y.
ll. Find the limiting value of 4 zª + 3 z' + 2 z + 1 as z oo.

6zª- 3z2+ 7z+ 3
=
Divide each term of the numerator and denominator by zª,
3 2 1
4+-+-+-
4zª+3z2+2z+l z z2 z8
6z8 - 3z2 + 7 z + 3
= 6 ~ + 2_ + _!
_
z z2 z8
As z increases indeflnitely ~ , ~ , .!.. , ~ , '!... , ! each approaches O
zz2zSzz2z&
as a limit (§ 434, IV), and the fraction approaches ! as a limit.
Therefore, i is the limiting value of the fraction as z == oo.
TEACHERS' El>ITION 791
EzerciN 133. Page 359

1. Determine what kind of series is the series 1- ! + t - i + n - ··
Thi11 series is evidently an infinite geometrical progression in wbicb
tbe first term is 1 and tbe ratio is - ¡. ·
Let =
a tbe sum of n terma. _ .!. _ 1 1 + ..!.
By §416, a= a(r" -1) = 1 [(- l)" -1] =-2"--= _ _ 2"
r-1 -l-1 -i i
2 2 2 1
= 3 + 3 X 2" = 8 + 3 X 2"-1.
As n is lndefinitely increased 2"-1 increases indefinitely, 3 x 211 -1
increases indefinitely, and - -1- - decreases indeflnitely.
3 X 2"-1 .
Hence, as n is indefinitely increased a approaches .¡ as a limit.
Therefore, tbe series is convergent.
2. Determine what kind of series is the series 1- 2 + 4 - 8 + 16 - · · ·

This series is evidently an infinite geometrical series in which the
first term is 1 and tbe ratio is - 2.
Let =
a the sum of n terms.
By § 415, 3 = a (r" -1) = 1 [(- 2)" - 1] = - 2" - 1 = 1 + 2".
r-1 -2-1 -3 3
AB n is indetinitely increased 211 lncreases indefinitely, and 1 + 2"
increases indeflnitely. 3
Hence, as n is indeflnitely increased a increases witbout limit.
Therefore, the series is divergent.
3. Determine what kind of series is the series

1-2-1+2+1-2-1+2+···
Let a = the sum of n terms.
Wben n= 1,
n= 2,
3= l •·
8 =-1;
n=6,
n=6,
.
a= l ·
3=-1;
n=3,
n=4,
3=-2 ;
3= O· . 8 = - 2;
n= 7,
n= 8, 8= O· and so on.
'
Evidently, as n is increased indeflnitely by one unit at a time s is
repeatedly equal to 1, - 1, - 2, O.
Therefore, the series is oscillating.
t. Show tlw the harmonic aeries l + ! + l + ! + ! + ·· ·is divergen t.

The series may be wrlt.ten ! + (l + O + (l + l + J + l) + · · ·
In the new form of writ.ing the aeries
l = l,
l + ! = iJ•
! + l + J + i = HI,
n
\ + lo + ¡.y + /1 + -h + = NM\, and so on.
That. is, each term is equal t.o }, or is greater than 1- .
Hence, u n is indefinitely increued • increaaea withont limit.
Therefore, the aeries is divergent.
6. Show t.hat. the series ! + - 1- + 1 + 1 + .. ·

la convergent.
1 lx2 lx2x3 lx2x3x4
Compare the given series with the series t + l + ! + l + h + · · ·
The given series may be wrltten { + l + ! + 11¡ + rh + · · ·
Hence, the two first terma of the glven series are identical with the
two first terms of the other series, and every tenn of the given series
alter the second is evidently less than the corresponding term of the
series 1 + l + ! + -} + i'd + · · ·
Now, by § 428, it was shown that the aum of n terms of tbe series
1 + ! + l + l + r't + · · · aa n is indefinitely increaaed is 2.
Therefore, the sum of any number of terma of the given series is
Jess than 2.
Therefore, the series is convergent.

1
1. Expand - - to four terms.
1 + 2z
1
·Assume
1 + 2z
=
- - A + & + Cz' + Dzl + Ez4 + . · ·
Multiply by 1 + 2 z,
1 =A+ (B + 2A)z + (C + 2B)z2 + (D + 2C)zl
+(E+ 2 D)zt + · · ·
.·. A =1, B+2A=0, C+2B=0, D+20=0, E+2D=O, • · ·;
whence A = 1, B = - 2, C = 4, D = - 8, E= 16, · · ·
.·. - 1-=1-2z+4z2-8zª+·· ·
1 + 2z
1
8. Expand - - to four terms.
8-6z
Assume - 1- = A + Bx + Cx" + DrJI + Ez4 + · · ·
3-6z
Multiply by 8- 6z,
1 = 3A+(3B- 6A)z +(3C- ó.B)z'+(3D- 6C)z8
+(3E-6D)z4+ · ··
.·. 8A=l,3B-6A=0,3C-6B=0,3D-6C=0, -
8E-6D=0, ·· · ;
whence =
A=!, B = •• e= H, D W, E= iff, ...
1 1 6 26 126
.·. - - = - + - x + - x ' + -· -za+ ...
8- 6z 3 9 27 81
1-z
8. Expand to four t.erms.
l+z+xt
1-z
Assume = A + Bz + Czt + DrJI + Ez4 J • • •
l+z+zt
Multiply by 1 + z + zt,
1 - z =A+ (B + A)z + (C + B + A)z'l + (D + C + .B)z8
+(E+ D + C)z4 + · · ·
.·. A= 1, B + A =- 1, C + B +A= o, D + C + B = o,
E+D+ C=O, ···;
whence 4 e: 1, B = - 2, C = 1, D = 1, E = - 2, ·, ,
1-x
- - - = l-2z+z'+z•-·· ·
l+x+z2
6-z
4. Expand to four terma.
l+z-zt ·
6-z
Assume
l+z-z2
= A + Bz + Cz'l + DrJI + Ez4 + , ; .
Multiply by 1 + z - zt,
6-z =A+ (B +A)z +(C +B-A)z' + (D + C-B):i:8
+ (E + D - C).z4 + · · ·
;•.A= 6, B+A =-1, C +B-A =0, D+ C-B=O,
E+D-C=O, · ··;
whence A= 6, B = - 6, C = 11, D = -17, E= 28,, ..
5-z
ó-6z+llz'-17z8+· ..
3-z
6. Expand to four t.erma.
l+z+z1
3-z
AB&ume = A + Bz + Cz• + JR• + Jlz4 + ...
l+z+z2
Multiply by 1 + z + z2,
8 - z =A+ (B + A)z +(O+ B + .if)zl + (D + C + B)zl
+(E+ D + C)zt + · · ·
.·. A =3, B+A =-1, O+B+A =0, D+ C +B=O,
=
E + D + C O, · · · ; ,
wbence A = 3, B = - 4, C = 1, D = 3, E= - 4, ·. ·
3-z ·
- - - = 3 - 4:a: + zt + 3zl - · · ·
1+z+z2
4-5:a:
6 . Expand to four t.erms.
1- 2:a: + 3:a:•
4-5:a: ·
Assume = A + Bz + Cz• + IR' + Jlz4 + ...
1-2:a:+3:a:•
Multiply by I - 2z + 8 zt,
4 - 5z =A+ (B - 2A)z + (O - 2B + SA)zt
+ (D - 2 O+ 3B)zl + (E - 2D + 30):a:' + · ..
.·. A= 4, B - 2A = - 5, O - 2B + 3A = O,
= =
D - 2 O + 3 B o, E - 2 D + 3 O o, · · ·;
whence A = 4, B = 3, C = - 6, D = - 21, E = - 24, · . ·
'-óz
- - - - = 4 + 3z-6z'-2Izª- ···
1-2z+8z2
5
7. Expand - - to flve terme.
3+:a:
Assume - 5 - =A+ Bz + Czt +IRª+ Ezt + N + ...
3+x
Multiply by 3 + x,
5= 3A + (SB +A)z+ (30 +B)zl + (3D+ C)zl
+ (3E + D)x4 + (3F + E)z6 + · · ·
~8A=~8B+A=~30+~=~3D+0=~8E+D=~
3F+E=0, · · · ;
whence A= i, B=-\, 0= /r,D= -Ir, E= 1 h,F=--,h, ····
... _ 5 _ ~ ~ z + ~ z2 - ~ zf + _!_ zt - · · ·
= _
8+z 3 9 27 81 243
'l'EACHERS' EDITION 795
3-z
8. Expand - - to flve terma.
4+:i:
3-z
Assume - - =A+ Bx + Oz2 +Dr,ª+Ex4 + F:rJ, + . . .
4+:i:
Multiply by 4 + z,
3 -z = 4A + (4B+A)z + (40 + B)z2 + (4D+ C)zª
+ (4E +D)x4 + (4F+ E)x' + ...
=
.·. 4A 3, 4B +A= -1, 40 +B=O, 4D+ O= O, 4E +D = O,
4F+E=O, ···;
whence A= i, B = - ,h, O= n,
D = - 1h, E= Ttn,
F=-1"ii'n,· · ·
.·. 3-z=~-2-:i:+2-zs _ _!_v+-7-2:4-···
4 +z 4 16 64 266 1024
7-3:i:
9. Expand to flve terma.
l+óz-z2
7-3:i:
ABBume = A +Bx + Oz2 +.z>.t8 +Ex4 +Fz6 + ...
l+óz-:i:2
Multiply by 1 + ó z - zt,
7 - 3:i: =A+ (B+ óA):i:+(0 + óB-A):i:2 + (D+ 50-B)zª
+(E+ ó D - O)x4 + (F + óE - D):i:6 +. · ·
.·. A=7, B+ó.A =- 3, C+óB-A =0,D+óC-B=O,
=
E+ ó D - C = O, F + ó E - D O, · • ·;
wbence A= 1, B =- 38, C = 197, D =-1023, E= 6312,
F= - 27ó83, · · ·
7 - 3 2: = 7 - 38:i: + 197zt -1023:i:8 + 63122:4 - ·· ·
l+óz-z2
z 2 +z-l
10. Expand to flve terma.
z(z + 2)
z2+z-1 z2+z-1
---=---
z(:i:+2) z2+2z
A11Bume :i: + z ~ = A + !!. + Q + !!.. + ! + !. + · · ·
2
z2+2z z z2 zª x4 z6
Multiply by zt + 2 z,
D+20 E+2D
zt +z-1 =Azi+ (B + 2.A)z + (C + 2B) + - - + - -2 -
F+ 2E z X
+-z1-+···
.·. A =1,B+2A=l, 0+2B=-1,D+20=0,E+2D=0,
F + 2 E = O, · .. ; •
whence A= 1, B = - 1, O= 1, D = - 2, E= 4, F =- 8, ...
zt+z-1 1 1 2 4
- - - = 1 - - + - - - + - - , ..
z (z + 2) z z2 zB z'
1- Sz
11. Expand to five terms.
l-z-6z2
1-Bz
Assume -----,-.- = A + Bz + cz2 + D;r,• + Ez' + Fz'> + ...
1- z - 6z2
Multiply by 1 - z - 6 z2,
1-Sz =A +(B-A)z +(0- B- 6A)z2 +(D- C-6B)zl
+ (E - D- 6 C)zl + (F - E - 6 D)z6 + ...
.', A = I, B - A =- 8, C -
B - 6 A o, D - C - 6 B =o, =
E -D - 6 C = O, F - E - 6 D = O, , , , ;
wbence A =1,B= -7, C= -1, D= -43, E =-49, F=-307,·,,
.·. l-Sz =1-7z-z2-43z1 -49zl-,,,
1-z-Oz2
z2+z+l
12. Expand . . . to five terms.
(z + 1) (z2 + 1)
z2+z+l zt+z+l
(z + 1) (z2 + 1) = zª + z2 + z + 1
z2+z+l Á B C D E F
ABSume - + - + - + _ + _ + _ + ...
z 8 +z2 +z+l z z2 z8 z• z'> z6
Multiply by zª + zl + z + 1,
z2 + z + 1 = Az2 + (B + A)z + (C + i1 +A)+ (D + C + B + A)!
1 1 z
+ (E + D + O + B)- + (F + E+ D + C) - + , , .
z2 zl
.·. A=l; B+A=1, c+n+A=l, D+C+B+A=O,
E+D+C+B=~F+E+D+C=~
G+F+E+D=~H+G+F+E=~
l+H+G+F=~J+I+H+G=~
K + J + I + H = O, L + K + J + I = O, , , , ;
whence A=l, B=O, C=O, D=-1, E=l, F'=O, G=O,
H = - 1, I = 1, J = O, K = O, L = - 1, · , ·
z2+z+l =!_!.+.!._.!.+.!.- ...
(z+t)(z2+1) z zt z6 z8 z9
18. Expand ~ to four terms.
ABBume v'i-+ 2 a= A+ Ba + ca2 + Daª + Ea4 + ...
Square,
1 + 2a = At + 2ABa + (2AC + B2)a2 + (2AD + 2BC)aª
+ (2AE + 2BD + C2)a4 + .. .
.·. .A.2 = 1, 2AB = 2, 2AC + B2 =0, 2AD+ 2BC =0,
2AE+ 2BD+ 02= O,. , ,;
wbence A = 1, B = 1, C = - !, D = !, E= - t, · · ·
.·. Yl+l!a=l+a--!a2 +!a8 - · ·
H. Expand ~ to four terms.

Assume Yl - 2 a = A + Ba + Ca2 + Daª + Ea4 + ...
Square,
1 - 2 a= At + 2ABa + (2AC + B2)a2 + (2AD + 2BC)aª
+ (2AE + 2BD + C2)a4 + .. ·.
.·. A2=1,2AB=-2,2AC+B2=0,2AD+2BC=0,
2 AE + 2 BD + Cl = O, ... ;
whence A = 1, B =-
1, C =-
!, D =-
l, E= - ¡, , · ·
.·. Yl-2a=l-a-la2-¡as- ...
16. Expand Y4 - 3 a to four terms.

Assume Y 4 - 3 a = A + Ba + Ca2 + Da• + Ea4 + , · ,
Square,
4...:.. 3a = A2 + 2ABa + (2AC + B2)a2 + (2AD + 2BC)a•
+ (2AE + 2BD + Cl)a4 +, ..
.·. At = 4, 2AB =- 3, 2AC + B2 = O, 2AD + 2BC = O,
2AE + 2BD + Cl =O, ... ;
whence A =
2, B =-
!, C =- =-
..:"r, D N 1 , E= - rUh, · · ·
v'4 - 8 a = 2 - l a - -r,9, a2 - ..¡1:7,¡ as - .. ,
16. Expand ~ to four terms.

Assume Yl + z =A+ Bx + Cz2 + nzs + Ez4 + ...
Square,
1 + x = A2 + 2ABx + (2AC + B1)x2 + (2AD + 2BC)x8
+ (2AE + 2BD + Cl)z4 + ...
.·. A2=1,2AB=l,2AC+B2=0,2AD+2BC=0,
2AE+2BD+C2=0,···;
whence A= 1, B = }, C = - i, D = r'~, E= - rh, · · ·
re
.·. Vl+x = 1 + 1X - i z2 + x8 - .. ,
17. Expand -VI - x + xz to fonr terms .

.A.ssume
Square,
1- x + :z:2 = A2 + 2A& + (2.AC + B'):z:2 + (2AD + 2BC)x•
+ (2 AE + 2 BD + C"J) xf + · · .
.·. A 2= 1, 2AB =-1, 2AC + l:J2= 1, 2AD+ 2BC= o.
=
2 AE + 2 BD + az O, ... ;
whence A = 1, B = - i, C = f, D = ../r,, E= Th, · '. ·
.·. Yl-z+x'= 1- !x + ¡:z:2 + y\zª + ...
18. Expand {/1 - x + :z:2 to four terms.

ASBume {/1 - x + :z:2 =A+ Bx + Cx2 + Dx8 + Exf + ...
Raise to the third power,
=
1 - x + :z:2 AB + 3A2Bx + (3A2C + 3AB2):z:2
+ (3A2D + 6 ABC + B8)x8
+ (3A2E + 3AC"l + 3BJC + 6ABD)xf + · · ·
.·.Aª= 1, 3A2B =-1, 3A2C + 3AB8 = 1,
3A2D + 6ABC + B8 = O,
3A2E + 3AC2 + 3B8C + 6ABD =O,···;
whence A = 1, B =- =
!, C i, D = H, E= 1 h, · · ·
.·. {/1-x+x2=1-!x+Jx2 +Hx8+· · ·
Exerolae 135. Page 366
l.Resolve 2x+l.mto part1a "lfraet 1ons.

"
x2 +x-30
2x + 1 2x+ 1
=-----
:z:2 + x - 30 (x + 6) (x - 6)
ASBume 2x+l = ~ + ~ -
x'+x-30 x+6 x-6
Clear of fractions, 2x + 1 = Ax - 6A + Bx + flB.
2x + 1 =(A+ B)x + (-6A + 6B) .
.·. A+B=2,and -6A+6B=1;
whence A = 1, and B = 1.
.·. ~±..!__=_1_+_1__
:z:2+:z:-30 x+6 x-6
l . Resolve ~ into partial fractions.

z•-1
2z 2z
--=-----
z•-1 (z+I)(z-1)
2z A B
Assume --
z2-1
=-- + --·
z+l z-1
Clear of fractions, 2z =
Az - A + Bz + B.
2z =(A+ B)z + (-A+ B) .
.·. A+B=2,and .-A+B=0;
whence A =
1, and B 1. =
2z 1 1
.·. - - = - - + - - ·
z'-1 z+l z-1
8. Resolve 9 ac into partial fractions.

aª-27c 8
9ac
-
ªª --27-c8 = - - -- 9ac -----
(a - 3c) (a-l + 3ac + 9cl)
AIISUme 9 ac = _A_ + Ba + Ce .
a 8 -27c3 a-3c at+3ac+9c2
Clear.of fractions, 9 ac = Aa2 + 3 Aac + 9 Act + Ba' - 3 Bac
+ Cae - 8Cc•.
9ac =(A+ B)a2 + (3A - 8B + C)ac
+ (9A - 8C)c2.
=
.·. A + B = o, 3 A - 3B + C = 9, 9 A - 3 C o;
whence A =
1, B = - 1, C 3. =
9ac 1 -a+8c
.·. =--+-----
aª-27c8 a-3c at+3ac+oc2
1 a- 3c
=
a-Se - a'+3ac+9cl
2a•
t . Resolve into partial fractions.
1 + at +.a•
2aª 2aª
----=--------
¡ + a2 + a• (1 + a + a2) (1 - a + a2)
2 a• Aa +B Ca + D
Aesume ----= - --+ .
1+-+- l+a+- 1-a+-
Clear of fractiona, 2 al = Aa - Aa' + Aa• + B - Ba + JJaS + Ca
+ Ca'+ Ca1 +D+Da+Da2.
2 a• =(.A + C) a
8 + (- .A + B + C + D) at
+ (.A - B + e + D) a + (B + D)•
.·. A + C = 2, - .A + B + C + D = o,
.A - B + C + D = O, B + D = O;
wbence =
.A= 1, B 1, C = 1, D 1. =-
__2_a_ª-= a+l + a-1
1+-+~ l+a+~ 1-a+al
6. Reaolve 2 lnto partial fractioDS.

:i:ª + 3z2 + 2:i:
2 2 2
----= :i:(:i:' + 3:t + 2) =-----
:ti+ 3z2 + 2:t :i:(:i: + 1)(:i: + 2)
2 A B C
Assume =-+--+--·
:i:8+3:i:2 +2:i: z :i:+1 :i:+2
Clear of fractlons, 2 = Azt + 3 A:i: + 2 A + &'+ 2 & + Cz?. + Cz.
2 =(A+B+C):i:~+(3.A+2B+C):i:+2A .
=
.·. A+ B + C O, 3A + 2 B + C o, 2A 2; = =
wbence A 1, B = =-
2, C 1. =
2 1 2 1
.·. =----+--·
:i:8+3:i:'+2:i: :i: z+l :i:+2
8. Resolve 2- d into partial fractioDS.

d(d2 - 1)
2-d 2-d
---=-----
d(d2 -1) d(d + l)(d -1)
2-d A B C
A88ume =-+--+--·
d(d2 - 1) d d+ 1 d- 1
2 - d .Ad2 - A + &P - Bd + Cd2 + Cd.
2 - d =(A+ B + C)d2 +(-
B + C)d-.A .
=
.·. A + B + C O, - B + C =-
1, - .A 2 ; =
wbence A =-
2, B = !, O = l·
•·. 2 - d = - 2 + _t_ + _i_
d(d2- l) d d+1 d- 1
3 1 2
=
2(d + 1) + 2(d-1) -¡¡·
7. Resolve z2 + 2 z + 6 into partial fractions.

z8 -1
z'+2z+6 z 2 +2z+6
----=------
z8 - 1 (z - l)(z2 + z + 1)
z2+2z+6 A
A.ssume - -- --
zS-1
+ Bz+O .
z-1 zt+z+l
=- -
Clear of fractions,
=
z2 + 2 z + 6 Az2 + Az + A Bzt - & + Cz - O. +
=
z2 + 2 z + 6 (A + B) z2 + (A - B + C) z + (A - C) .
.·. A+ B = 1, A - B + C = 2, A - O= 6;
whence A = 3, B = - 2, O = - 3.
z'+2z+6 3 -2z-3 3 2z+3
----=--+ =
zª-1 z-1 zt+z+l z-1 z2+z+l
4z - 3z2 - 8
8. Resolve into partial fractions.
z• + 1
4z-3z2-8 4z-3z2-8
-----
:r,8 + 1
=-------
(z + 1) (z2 - z + 1)
4z - 3z2 - 8 A & +C
Assume -----=--+ .
z8+1 z+l z2-z+l
Clea.r of fractions,
4 z - 3 z2 - 8 = Az2 - Az + A + Bzt + & + Oz + a.
=
- 3 z2 + 4 z - 8 (A + B)z2 + ( - A + B + O)z + (A + C).
.·. A + B =-
3, - A + B + O= 4, A + O= - 8;
whence A = - 6, B = 2, O = - 3.
4z-3z2-8 -6 2z-3 2z-3 6
-----=--+ = ---·
zª+l z+l z2-z+l z2-z+l z+l
9 . R esolve 7z - 19 mto
º • l f raetiona.
part1a
z 2 -6z+9
7z -19 7z -19
z2 - 6Z + 9 = (X - 3) 2 •
h-19
Assume = -A- + - -B - ·
z2 - 6 z + 9 z - 3 (z - 3)2
Clearoffractions, 7z-19 = Az - 3A + B .
.-. A= 7, and - 3 A + B =- 19;
when~ A =1, and B = 2.
,-. 7z-19 =-7-+ __ 2 __
z2 - 6 z + 9 z - 3 (z - 3)2
10. Beaolve 7 zl - 44 z + 32 into part.ial fractio111:1.

zl-Szt+ 16z
7zl-44z+32 7zl-44z+32 zt-44z+32
zl-8zt+J6z z(z'-8z+I6) = z(z-4)'
7z'-44z+32 A. B C
Al!Bome
za - Szt + I6z
=- z
+- - + ---·
z - 4 (z - 4)'
Clear of fractio11.1,
=
7 zl - 44 z + 32 Az2 - 8 Az + 16 A. + &• - 4 & + Cz.
7zt - 44z + 32 =(A.+ B)zt+(-8A.-4B+C)z+ 16A.
=
,', A + B 7, - 8 A - 4 .B + C =-
44, 16 A 82 ; =
whence A = 2, B = 6, C = - 8 .
.·. 7z1 -44z+s2=~+-6_ _ _s__
za-Sz'+16z z z-4 (z-4)'
6za -11 zt + Sz - 6 .
11. Resolve mto partia1 fractions.
z4 - 2zª + 4 z - 4
Now z4 - 2za + h - 4 = (:i:4 - 4) - (2zª - h)
= (xi + 2) (zt - 2) - 2 z (z1 - 2)
= (zl - 2 X + 2) (zll - 2).
6za-llz'+8z-6 6za-Ih'+8z-6
-------= -------
4x - 2 za + 4z - 4 (x' - 2x + 2)(xll - 2)
Al!Bume
6xª-llxt+Sx-6 Ax+B C:i:+D
-------=
z4-2za+4x-4 xt-2:i:+2 +x2-2
--·
Clear of fractions,
6 xª - 11 x• + 8 x - 6 = Aza - 2 Ax + &• - 2 B + Cxª - 2 czs
+ 2 Cx + In,t - 2 IXt + 2 D:
6:i:8-llxt + Sz-6 =(A+ C):i:8 +(B-2C+ D)x2
+(- 2A+2C-2D):i:+(-2B+2D) .
.·. A+ C = 6, B - 2 C + D = - 11,
-2A+2C-2D=8, -2B+2D=-6;
whence A = 3, B =-
2, C = 2, D = - 6.
6xª-llxt+S:i:-6 3x-2 2x-6
------:-----=
zt-2x8 +4x-4
+--·
xª-2:i:+~ zt-2
TEACIIERS' El>ITION 803
19. Resolve - 4zt .

- mto part1'al f ractíons.
.
1-:i:4
4zll 4z2 4z2
= =-------
1-:i:4 (l-z2)(l+z2) (l-z)(l+z)(1+z2¡
4z2 A B Cx+D
Assume --=--+--+---·
1-:r.4 1-z l+x l+xt
Clear of fractions, 4z2 =A+ Az + A:r,2 +Axª+ B - Bx + B.i:2
- Bx3 + Cz - Czª + D.- D:r,2.
4z2 = (A - B- C)v +(A+ B- D)x2
+ (A - B + C)z +(A+ B + D) .
.·. A - B - C = o, A + B - D = 4, A - B + C = O,
A+B+D=O;
whence A = l, B = 1, C = O, D = - 2.
4:r,:1 1 1 2
.·. - - = - - + - - - - - ·
1-:i:4 1-z l+x l+z2
6:r.ª-13:r.2-4:r.+36. . .
18. Resol ve mto partía) fract1ons.
z2(:r,2 - 6:r. + 7)
ABBUme
6:i:3-13:r.2-4:r.+36 A B Cx+D
- - - - - - - = - + - + - - --
:r,2(:r,2-6:r.+7) z z2 z2-6z+7
Clear of fractions,
6 z3 - 13 :r,2 - 4 z + 36 = Az3 - 6 A:r,2 + 7 Az + Bx2 - 6 & +7B
+ Cx' + D:r,t.
5:r,s - 13 z2 - 4 x + 36 = (A + C) :r,B + ( - 6 A + B + D) z2
+ (7 A - 6 B) z + 7 B .
.·. A + C = 6, - 6 A + B + D = - 18,
7 A - 6 B = - 4, 7 B = 36 ;
whence A = 8, B = 6, C = 2, D = - 3.
6z3 - 1az2 - 4z + 36 3 6 2z - 3
-------=-+-+----
z2(z2-6z+7) :e z2 z2-6z+7
" R esolve
1-s. zª + 1 mto
. part1·a1 f ractlons.
.
x(z -1) 8
zB+l A B C D
Assume · =-+--+ - -- + ----- ·
z(z-1) 8 z z-1 (x-1)2 (z-1)ª
=
Clear of fractions, z8 + 1 Azª - 3 Az2 + 3 Ax - A + Bzª - 2 B:r,2
+ & + Cx2 - Cz + Dx.
zª + 1 = (A + B) z3 + ( - 3 A - 2 B + C) z2
+(3A+B-C+D)z+(-A).
804 ELEMENTAR.Y ALGEBRA
.·. A+ B =1, -3.A - 2B + C O, =

3A +B =
- C + lJ O, - A = 1;
whence A = - 1, B = 2, O = l, D = 2.
z• + 1 -1 2 1 2
.·. =-+--+--+--
z(z-1)8 z z-1 (z-1)2 (z-1)ª
2 1 2 1
=-+--+----·
z - 1 (z - 1)2 (z - l)ª z
3z8 - 7z2 - 35z + 6

16. Resolve into partial fractions.
zt - 2zª - 3z2 + 4z + 4
Now zt-2zª-3z2+4z+4
= z2 (z2 - 2 z - 3) + 4 (z + 1)
= z2(z + l)(z-3)+4(z + 1)
= (z + 1) (zª - 3z2-+ 4)
= (z + 1) (zª + z2 - 4 z2 + 4)
= (z + 1) [z2(z + 1) - 4(z2 -1))
= (z + 1) [z2(z + 1)- 4(z + l)(z -1)]
= (z + 1) (z + l)(z2 - 4z + 4)
= (z + 1)2(z - 2)2.
Assume
3zª - 7z2 - 35z + 6 A · B O D
= -- + -- - +-- +- · -·
zt-2zª-3z2+4z+4 z+l (z+1) 2 z-2 (z-2)2
Clear of fractions,
3z8 - 7 z2 - 35z + 6 = A (z + 1) (z - 2)2 + B{z - 2)2
+ O(z + 1)2(z - 2) + D(z + 1)2.
3 zª - 7 z2 - 3ó z + 6 = Azª - 3 Aa:2 + 4 .A + Bz2 - 4 Bz + 4 B
+ Czª - 3 Cz - 2 O+ I>z2 + 2 I>z + D.
3 z• - 7z2 - 35 z + 6 = (.A + C) z8 + ( - 3 .A + B + D) z2
+ (- 4 B - 3 C + 2 D) z
+(4A +4B-2C+D) .
.·. .A+ O= 3, - 3.A + B + D =- 7,
-4B-30+ 2D=-3ó, 4A + 4B-20 +D= 6;
whence A = H, B = ,¡, O= H, D = - !!/ .
. 3zª-7z2-35z+6
· · z'-2zª-3z2+4z+4
2~ V
= -- + - - + - - + - -2
H V-
z+l (z+1)2 z-2 (z-2)
26 31 55 68
= + + -
27(z+l) 9(z+1) 2 27(z-2) 9(z-2)1
.
TKACHERS' EDITION 805
3zª-2lz2-6z+ól . . .
16. Resolve mto part1al fract1ons.
z4 - 6z3 + 3z2 + 8z - 6
Now z4 - 6z8 + 3z2 + 8z - 6
= (z -1) (z3 - óz2 - 2z + 6) § 147
= (z - l)(z - 1) (z2 - 4z - 6) § 147
= (z -1)2(z2 - 4z - 6).
Ai;sume
3z8-21z2-6z+ól = ~ + - B - + Cz+D
z4-6z8+3zt+Sz-6 z-1 (z-1) 2 z 2 -4z-6
Clear of fractions,
3zª -2lzS-6z + ól =A(z-l)(z2-4z-6) + B(z2 -4z-6)
+ (Cz + D) (z - 1)2.
3 zª - 21 zt - 6 z + ól = Azª - ó Az2 - 2 Az + 6 A + Bz2
- 4&- 6B + Cz8 - 2Cz2 + Cz
+ .Dx2 - 2.Dz + D .
3zª - 21 z2 - 6z + ól = (A + C)z8 + (- óA + B - 2 e+ D)z2
+(-2A-4B+C-2D)z
+(6A-6B+D) .
.·. A + C = 3, - ó A + B - 2 C + D = - 21,
-2A -4B+ C- 2D=-6, 6A-6B+ D=ól;
wbence A = ó, B = - 3, C = - 2, D = 3.
3z8-21z2-6z+ól ó -3 -2z+3
- -- - - - - - = - - + - - + - - - -
z4 - 6 zª + 3 zt + 8 z - 6 z - 1 (z - 1¡2 z2 - 4 z - 6
5 3- 2z-3
= Z - 1 - (Z - ) )2 - z2 - 4 Z - 6

l . What is the logarithm of 24 if 24 = 1ouso2?
If 24 = 101.aeoo, the logarithm of 24 Is 1.3802.
l. What is tbe logarithm of r\ ?

Now 'ÍIJ = 10-1.
Therefore, log t'rJ =- l.
3. What is tbe logarithm of 10ª x 104?
Now 108 X 104 = 1012,
Therefore, log(lOS x 104) = 12.
4. Wbat iB the logarithm of 8 to the baae 2 ?

Now 8=2ª.
Tberefore, log1 8 = 3.
6. May 1 be taken as tbe baae of a syat.em of logarithms? Wby?
No. Because no number except 1 may be represented as a power of l.
8. Wbat is tbe logaritbm of - 27 to the baae - 3 ?

Now -27 = (-3)•.
Tberefore, Jog_ 3( - 27) = 3.
'I . May a negative number be used as tbe baae of a complete sys-
tem of logaritbms? Why ?
No. Because even integral powers of a negative number are posi-
tive numbers, and odd integral powers of a negative number are nega-
tive numbers, and such powers do not represent ali numbers.
8. Write tbe common logarithm of each of the following: 1000,

0.001, 108, VIO, -e'102, 101 + 101.
1000 =103; =
.·. log 1000 3.
0.001 = 10-3; .·. log0.001=- 3.
108 = 108; =
.·. log 108 8.
VIO =10•; =
.·. tog VIO ¡.
{lioi = 101 ; =
.·. log {lioi J.
101 + 101 = 10- n; .·. log (IOI + lOf) = - "fi·
9. If tbe logaritbm of 4.94 is 0.6937, what is the logaritbm of 49f?

of 0.494?
=
4.94 I00-8!1'r..
= =
494 100 X 4.94 102 X l()0.69Sl" 102-8118..=
=
.·. log494 2.6937.
= = =
0.494 Tllf Of 4.94 10-1 X 1()0.6111S7 101.69117.
=
.·. log0.494 1.6937.
1O. If the logarithm of 2 is 0.3010, find the logarithm of 2'; of v'2;

of {/'2.
=
If log2 = 0.3010, then 2 100.3010.
= =
26 (}()0.3010)6 101.8000.
= =
Y2 (100-3010)1 1()0-ll!Oll.
= =
{f'2 (}()0.3010)l 1()0-1003.
Therefore, log 26 = 1.8060; log Y2 = 0.1506; log {r'2 = 0. 1003.

=
Given log 2 0.3010; log 3 = 6. 7.ó = 8 X 6 X 6 X 0.1.
0.4771; log 6 = 0.6990; log 7 =
0.8461.
log 8 = 0.4771
log 6 = 0.6900
Find the logarithms of the fol- log 6 = 0.6990
iowing n:ombers by resolving the log 0.1 = 9.0000 - 10
numbers into factora and taking .·. log 7.6 = 0.8761
tbe sum of tbe logarithms of the
factora: T. 0.021 =3 x 7 x 0.001.
l. 6= 2 X 3. log 3 = 0.4771
log 7 = 0.8461
=
log 2 0.3010 log 0.001 = 7.0000 - 10
=
log 3 0.4771 .·. log 0.021 = 8.3222 -10
.·. log 6 = O. 7781
8. 0.36 = 6 x 7 x O.OJ.
ll. 16 = 3 X 6. log 6 = 0.6900
log 3 = 0.4771 log 7 = 0.8461
log 6 = 0.6990 log 0.01 = 8.0000 -10
•·. log 16 = 1.1761 .·. log 0.36 = 9.ó441 - 10
8. 21 =8 X 7. 9. 0.0036 = 6 X 7 X 0.0001.
log 3 0.4771= log 6 = 0.6990
l.og 7 = 0.8461 log 7 = 0.8461
.·. log 21 = 1.8222 =
log 0.0001 6.0000 - 10
=
.·. log 0.0036 7.6441 - 10
4. 49 = 7 X 7. 10. 12.6 = 68 X 0.1.
log 7 = 0.84ól
log 6ª = 2.0970
log 7 = 0.8461
log 0.1 = 9.0000 - JO
.·. log 49 = 1.6002 .·. log 12.6 = 1.0970
6. 60 = 2 X 2 X 3 X 6. 11. 420 = 29 X 3X Ó X 7.
log 2 = 0.3010 =
log 22 0.6020
log 2 = 0.8010. =
log 8 0.4771
log 3 = 0.4771 =
log 6 0.6990
log 6 = 0.6990 =
log 7 0.84ó1
.·. log 60 = l. 7781 •·. log 420 = 2. 6232
808 ELE.&IENTARY ALGEBRA
11. 0.004 = 22 X 0.001. 19. 8 X 9 = 28 X 31.

log 22 = O.OO'lO log 2• = 0.9030
log 0.001 = 7 .0000 - 10 log SS= 0.9642
.·. log 0.004 = 7.60'..30 - 10 log (8 X 9) = 1.8672
=
18. 0.63 32 X 7 X 0.01.
90. 26 X 32 = ó2 X 2'.
log 32 = O. 9642
log 7 = 0.8461 log ó2 = 1.3980
log 0.01 = 8.0000 - 10 log 2' = 1.6060
.·: log 0.63 = 9. 7093 - 10 :. )og(26 X 32) = 2.9030
14. 106=3 X 6 X 7. 11. Find log 6, knowing that

log 3 = 0.4771 log 2 = 0.3010 and log 10 l. =
log 6 = 0.6990 6 = J./-.
log 7 = 0.8461 .·. log 6 = log 10-log 2 •
.·. log 106 = 2.0212
log 10 1.0000 =
16. 0.0106 = 3 x 6 x 7 x 0.0001. log 2 = 0.3010
:. log 6 = 0.6990
log 3 = 0.4771
log 6 = 0.6990
log 7 = 0.8461
11. Find the logaritbm of f.
log 0.0001 = 6.0000 - 10 log 2 = 0.3010
.·. log 0.0106 = 8.0212 - 10 log 6 = 0.6990
.-. log f = 1.6020
16. 0.06 = 6 x 0.01.
log 6 = 0.6990 18. Find the logari~ of J.
log 0.01 = 8.0000 - 10
log 3 = 0.4771
.·. log 0.06 = 8.6990 - 10
log 7 = 0.8461
11. 1.06 = 3 X 6 X 7 X 0.01. .·. log f = 1.6320
log 3 = 0.4771
log 6 = 0.6990 H. Find the logarithm of J.
log 7 = 0.8461 log 7 =0.8461
log 0.01 = 8.0000 - 10 log 6 =0.6990
:. log 1.06 = 0.0212 .·. log ! = 0.1461
18. 0.066 = 28 X 7 X 0.001.
96. Find the logaritbm of f.
log 2ª = 0.9030
log 7 = 0.8461 log 3 = 0.4771
log 0.001 = 7.0000 -10 log ó = 0.6990
.·. log 0.066 = 8. 7481 - 10 .·. log J = 1.7781
H. Find the loga1ithm of _!_. 31." Findthelogarithoiof 0 ·02 .

0.6 0.006
log 7 = 0.8461 =
log 0.02 8.3010 - 10
log 0.6 = 1.6990 =
log 0.006 7.6990 -10
7
.·• log-
0.6
= 1.1461 l 0.02
=
.·. og - - 0.6020
O.OOó
1'1. Find the logarithm of º·~6 . H. Find the logarithm of ~.

10
log 0.06 = 2.6990 21 = 3•.
log 3 = 0.4771 log 3ª = 1.4313
0.06
.·. log 3 = -2.2219 =
log 10 1.0000
27
=
.·. log 10 0.4313
18. Findthelogarithmof 0·0007 ·

0.2
33. Find the logarithm of lOO .
log 0.0007 = 4.8461 0.5
=
log 0.2 i.3010 =
log 100 2.0000
0.0007 - log 0.6 = i.6990
=
.·: log - - 3.6441 100
0.2 .·. log -
0.6
=2.3010
99. Find the logarithm of 0·~3 .

H . Find the logarithm of ~.
log 0.003 = 8.4771 25
=
log 7 0.8451 =
84 22 X 3 X 7; 26 62. =
0.003 -
.·. log - 7 - =
4.6320 log 22 = 0.6020
=
log 3 0.4771
=
log 7 0.8461
30. Flnd the logarithm of 420 . .·. log 84 = 1.9242
125 log ó2 = 1.3980
=
420 22 X 3 X 6 X 7; 126 68. = 84
.·. log 26 = 0.6262
log 22 = 0.6020
=
log 3 0.4771
=
log 6 0.6990 36. Find the lo~ithm of 0·06 .
=
log 7 º .845! O.i
.•. log 420;::: 2.6232 log 0.06 = 2.6990
log 6ª = 2.0970 =
log O. 7 i.8461
420 0.06 -
=
•·. log 126 0.6262 •·. log -
0.7
= 2.Só39
log 28 = 0.9030
88. Find tbe logaritbm of 6 x 7 .
ÓXÓ log 6 = 0.6990
6 X 7 =2 X 3 X 7 j Ó X 6 = 61. log 0.01 = 8.0000 - 10
••. log(0.8x0.ó) = 9.6020- 10
log 2 = 0.3010
log 3 = 0.4771 log (0. 7 X 0.9) = 9. 7993 - 10
log 7 = 0.8461 )og (0.8 X 0.6) = 9.6020 - 10
.·. Jog (6 X 7) = 1.6232 .. lo 0.
• g7 -X-0•-9--01973
•
log 52 = 1.3980 0.8 x O.ó
6x7
.·. log - - = 0.2262
ÓXÓ
19. Flnd tbe logarithm of
0.07 X l .ó
0.002
87. Flnd the logarithm of 7 x 9 . 0.07 X l.ó =7 X 3 X Ó X 0.001.
8xó
=
7 X 9 7 X 32 j 8 X Ó = 23 X Ó. log 7 = O.S4ól
log 3 = 0.4 771
log 7 = O.S4ól
log ó = 0.6990
log 32 = O. 9642
log 0.001 = 7.0000 - 10
.·. Jog (7 X 9) = 1.7993
.·. )og(0.07 X 1.ó)= 9.0212 - 10
log 2• = 0.9030 log 0.002 = 7.3010 - 10
log ó = 0.6990
·. )og 0.07 X l.ó = l. 7202
.·. log (8 X ó) = 1.6020 0.002
Jog (7 X 9) = l. 7993
log (8 X ó) = 1.6020 40. Find tbe logaritbm of
7x9 --
.·. log-- = 0.1973 0.1 X 0.7 X 0.2
8xó
Ó X 0.03
log 0.1 = 9.0000-10

=
log O. 7 9.8461-10
88. Find tbe logaritbm of log 0.2 = 9.3010-10
0.7 X 0.9 .·. Jog (0.1 X 0.7 X 0.2)= 8.1461-10
0.8 X 0.ó
log ó = 0.6990
0.7 X 0.9 = 7 X 32 X 0.01; log 0.03 = 8.4771-10
0.8 xO.ó = 28 X ó X 0.01. .·. log(óx0.03)=9.1761-10
log 7 = 0.84ól )og (0.1 X 0. 7 X 0.2) = 8.1461-10

log 32 = 0.9642 )og (ó X 0.03) = 9.1761-10
· log 0.01 = 8.0000 - 10 . 1 0.1 x0.7 x0.2 _ 8 9700 _ 10
.. og Ó X 0.03 - •
.·. log(0.7x0.9) = 9.79!13-10
U. Find tbe logarithm of 47. Find the logarithm of Y7.

0.02 X 0.006 Y7 = 7i,
0.07 X 0.03 log 7 = 0.8461.
log 0.02 = 8.3010-10 log Y7 = l of 0.8451 = 0.4226.
log 0.006 = 7.6900-10 48. Find the logaritbm of al.
. ·. log (0.02 X 0.006) = 6.0000-10 Jog 3 = 0.4771
log 0.07 = S-.8461-10 2
=
log 0.03 8.4771-10 6)0.9642
.·. ]og (0.07 X 0.03) = 7.3222-10 .·. log 31 = 0.1008
]og (0.02 X 0.006) = 6.0000-10
49. Find the logarithm of ah.
Jog (0.07 X 0.03) = 7.3222-10
0.02 X 0.006 log 3 = 0.4771
.·. Jog 0.07 X 0.03 = 8.6778-10 9
11 )4.21J30
49. Find the Iogaritbm of 2•.
=
.·. logai', 0.3004
log 2 = 0.3010 60. Find the logarithm of ~ .

3 {/35 = 351 = (ó X 7)(
.·. log 28 = 0.0030 log 6 = 0.61190
log 7 = 0.8451
H. Find the logarltbm of 7•. 3 2}.6441
log 7 = 0.8461 .·.logWó=0.5147
4 61. Find the logarithm of v'4.2.
.·. log 74 = 3.3804
Y4.2 = 4.21 =(2 X 3 X 7 X 0.1)(
H. Find the logarithm of fi,&,

=
log2 0.3010
=
log3 0.4771
log 6 = 0.6990 =
log 7 0.8461
5 log0.1 = 9.0000 - 10
.·. log 66 = 3.4950 2)0.6232
=
.·. log Y4.2 0.3116
46. Find the logaritbm of 21.
69. Find tbe logarithm of 2.1 i
log 2 = 0.3010. 2.11 = (!3 X 7 X 0.1)1.
log 21 = l of 0.3010 = 0.0763. log 3 = 0.4 771
log 7 = 0.8461
48. Find the logarithm of 3i,
logO. l = 9.0000 -10
log 3 = 0.4771. 3)0.3222
i--
log3i = t of 0.4771 = 0.1600. log2.l = 0.1074
812 ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA.
63. Find tbe logaritbm of 7Y.. log3 = 0.4771

=
log7 0.8451 2
7 9)0.9542
11) 5.9157 =
.·. log 31 0.1060
=
.·. log7.Y 0.6378 =
log71 0.6071
=
.•. }og (71 X 31) 0.6131
H. Find tbe logarithm of 10.51.
68. Find tbe Jogaritbm of
10.ól = (3 X 6 X 7 X 0.1)1•
l.8l X 2.71•
=
log3 0.'1771
1.8l = (2 x 31 X 0.1)1;
log5 = 0.6000
2. 71 = (31 X 0.1)ª.
log7 = 0.8451
logO. l= 9.0000-10 =
log2 0.3010
=
.·. logl0.5 1.0212 =
IogS2 0.9642
3 logO.l = 9.0000 - 10
.·. logl0.ó8 = 3.0636 3)0.2552
=
: . logl.8l 0.0861
66. Find tbe logaritbm of 1.2i. Jog 31 = 1.4313
l.2i = (22 X 3 X 0.1)1_ JogO.l = 9.0000 - 10
0.4313
Jog22 = 0.6020
3
=
Jog3 0.4771
: . log 2. 71 = 1.2939
JogO.l = 9.0000 - 10
2 )0.0791 Iog 1.81 = 0.0861
=
.·. Jog 1.2i 0.0396 Iog2.7 = 1.2939
8
: . log(l.8l X 2.7ª) = 1.3700

66. Find tbe logarithm of
G8 X 62. 69. Find the logaritbm of
61 X 62 = 21 X 31 X ó2. 31 X 4l X ÓJ.
=
Jog 21 0.9000 =
4l (22)1 = 21.
=
Jog38 1.4313 log31 = l of 0.4771 = 0.238(1
log 62 = 1.3980 log21 = i of 0.3010 = 0.200i
:. }og (61 X 62) = 3. 7323 Jog6l = ! of 0.6900 = O.li47
.•. )og(3i X 4l X 51) 0.6140 =
6't. Find the Jogaritbm of
7f X 31. 60. Find tbe Jogarithmof0.021.
=
log 7 0.8451 Iog 0.02 = 8.3010 -
10
3 20. - 20
5)2.5.%3 3)28.3010 -30
.•. log71 = 0.6071 :. Iogo.02! = 9.4337 - 10
TEACHERS' EDITION 813 ·
61. Fiud tbe logaritbm of l.Oóf X 0.031 X 0.02ª.
l.Oóf =(3 X ó X 7 X 0.01)1.
=
l~g 3 0.4771
=
log ó 0.6990
=
log 7 0.8461
log0.01 = 8.0000 - 10
=
log 1.0ó 0.0212
2
ó )0.0424
.·. log 1.0ól = O.OQ8ó
log0.03 = 8.4771 -
10
10. - lO
2) 18.4771 --20
=
.·. log0.031 9.2386 -10
log0.02 = 8.3010-..10
3
.·. logo.02 = 4.9030 - 10
1
log 1.061 = 0.0086

=
log o.oai 9.2386 - 10
log0.02ª = 4.9030 - 10
=
.·• Iog (1.0óf x o.os• x o.02ª) 4.1601 ~ 10
Find from tbe table tbe com- =

74. log0.8770 9.9430 - 10.
mon logaritbm of : =
76. log 0.0667 8. 7636 - 10.
=
61. log 67 1. 7'669. =
'18. log 1.006 0.0026.
=
63. log 109 2.0374. =
7'1 . log 8. 778 O. 9434.
=
64. log8ó7 2.9330. =
'18 . log 73.896 1.8686.
=
66. log9901 3.9967. =
'19. log 0.07069 8.8493 - 10.
=
66. log 6406 3. 7329. =
80. log0.008974 7.9630- 10.
=
6'1. log4662 3.6682. =
81 . log 3.1416 0.4971.
=
68. log 6433 3. 7360.
=
69. log00871 4.9686. Find tbe antilogaritbms of tbe
'º· log 10007 = 4.0003. following common logaritbms :
=log662.
'11 . log 10070 = 4.0030. 82. 2.8142
=
TI. log ó6.27 1.7603. 83. 3.6064 = log 4040.
=
'13. log 12.16 1.0860. 84. ó.2696 = log 186,000.
16. 1.7760 = log69.67. =

H. 8.6830-10 Jog0.0429á.
86. =
3.8941 log 7836. 96. 2.6310 - 10
87. =
2.1662 log 143.3. • = log0.00000003396.
88. =
1.2982 log 19.87. =
98. 9.9486 - 10 log 0.8884.
89. =
l. 7903 log 0.617. =
97. 1.9730 Jog93.98.
90. =
3.6233 log 0.004201. =
98. 9.8800- 10 JogO. 7686.
91. =
4.1647 log 0.0001428. =
99. 0.2788 log 1.9.
=
99. 0.4382 Jog 2. 743. =
100. 8.0060 - 10 log 0.01014.
91. 4.2488 - 10 =
101. 7.0216 -10 Jog0.001061.
= log 0.000001773. 109. 8.6á82 -10 = log0.04óó2.
108. Flnd tbe cologaritbm corresponding to tbe logaritbm 0.6990.
Tbe requlred cologaritbm is 9.3010 - 10.
10t. Find tbe cologaritbm corresponding to tbe logaritbm 2.4843.
Tbe requlred cologaritbru is 7.6167 - 10.
106. Find tbe cologarltbm corresponding to the logaritbm l.9'274.
Tbe required cologaritbm is 0.0726.
108. Find the cologarithm correeponding to tbe logaritbm 0.3010.
The required cologaritbm is 9.6900 - 10.
107. Find tbe cologaritb m correspondlng to tbe Jogaritbm 9. 7404 - 1O.
The required cologaritbm is 0.2696.
108. Find the cologaritbm corresponding to tbe logarithm 2.8779 - 1r.
The required cologarithm is 7.1221.
109. Find tbe cologarithm corresponding to the logaritbm 9.6ó42 - 1~.
110. Find tbe cologaritbm corresponding totbe Jogaritbm 7.1673 - 10.
111. Find tbe cologarithm corresponding to the Jogaritbm 3. 7669.
The required cologarithm is 6.2441 - 10.
111. Find tbe cologaritbm corresponding to the Jogaritbm 11.4263.
The required cologarithm is 8.6737 - 20.
118. Find the cologarithm corresponding to the logaritbm 6.0414 - 10.
Tbe required cologaritbm is 4.9686.
114. Find the cologarithm corresponding to tbe logarithm 3.8260 - 10.
The required cologarithm is 6.1740.
T.F!ACHERS' EDITIOÑ Slb
116. Find the cologarithm of 193. Find the cologarithm of
863. 43.256.
=
log 363 2.6599. log 43.256 =1.6361.
=
.·. colog863 7.4401 -10.
.·. colog 43.256 = 8.3639 - 10.
118. Find the cologarlthm of

792. lH. Find the cologarithm of
=
log792 2.8987. 15.7643.
.·• colog 792 = 7.1018 -10. log 15. 7648 = 1.1977 •
=
.·. colog 16. 7648 8.8028 - 10.
117. Find the cologarithm of
8652.
log 8652 = 3. 9371. 116. Find the cologarithm of
=
•·. colog 86ó2 6.0629 - 10. 0.02634.
log 0.02634 = 8.4206 - 10.
118. Find the cologarithm of .·. colog0.02634 = 1.6794.
178,000.
log 178000 = 5.2504.
=
.•. colog 178000 4.7496 - 10.
2,716,000.

=
log 2716000 6.4340.
4820.
=
.·. colog2716000 3.5660 - 10.
log 4820 = 3.6830.
.·. colog4820 = 6.3170 - 10.
0.0003827.
8.104.
log0.0003827 = 6.6829 - 10.
=
log8.104 0.9087. .·. colog0.0003827 = 3.4171.
=
••• colog8.104 9.0113 - 10.
111. Find the cologarithm of 0.046826.
14.28.
=
log 14.28 1.1541.
=
log 0.045826 8.6611 - 10.
.·. colog0.045826 = 1.3389.
=
••. colog 14.26 8.8459 - 10.
112. Find the cologarithm of 199. Find the cologarithm of

0.0248. 0.002835.
=
log 0.0243 8.3856 - 10. =
log0.002835 7.4526 - 10.
=
.·. colog 0.0243 1.6144. =
.·. colog0.002835 2.5474.
816 ELEMENTARY ALGEBR.A

Flnd by logarithms the vaJue of :
1. 662.8 X 0. 7864. 6. 820.25 X 2.6854.
log 662.3 = 2. 7499 log 820.25 = 2.9139

log0.7864 = 9.8951 -10 log 2.6854 = 0.4209
2.M50 8.3348
= log441.6. = log2162.
Therefore, the required value Therefore, the required value
is 441.6. is 2162.
2. 22.87 X 0.06826. 8. 0.00857 X 0.00693,

log22.87 = 1.3502 log0.00857 = 7.9330 -10
log0.05826 =~-!.6~ - 10 log0.00693 = 7.8407 - 10
0.1246 5.7737 -10
= logl.332. = log0.00005939.
is 1.332. is 0.00005939.
3. 0.81416 X 282.4. '1. - 46.82 X 94.37.

log0.81410 = 9.4071 - 10 log46.82 = 1.670411.
log282.4 = 2.4/i08 log94.37 = 1.9749
1.9479 8.6453n
= log88.7. =log4419.
is 88.7. is - 4419.
4. 5985 X 4268. 8. 5280 X ( - 68.42).

log 5985 = 8. 7771 log 5280 = 8. 7226
log 4268 = 3.6802 log68.42 = 1.8022 n
7.4078 5.5248n
= log 25560000. = log 334800.
is 25,550,000. is - 334,800.
9. - 62,762 X ( - 0.0046). 14. (38.42 X 63.96) + 428.3.
=
log 62762 4. 7977 n log 88.42 = 1.6846
log0.0046 = 7.6628 - 10 n log63.96 1.8069=
2.41:105 =
colog428.3 7.3683 - 10
=
log288.7. 0.7687
Therefore, the required value = logó.737.
is 288.7. Therefore, the required value
is 6. 737.
10. 28.46 + 7.423.
log28.46 = 1.4542
colog7.423 = 9. 1294 -10
0.6836 16. 263 X (- 612) + 1728.
= log3.834. log263 = 2.4200
Therefore, the required value log 512 = 2. 7093 n
is 3.834. =
colog 1728 6. 7626 - 10
1.8918n
11 . 26,250 + 832.6. =
log77.95.
=
log26250 4.4102 Therefore, the required value
=
colog832.6 7.0700 - 10 is - 77.96.
1.4088
= log31.54.
Therefore, the required value
16. 6.8404 + 0.003764.
is 31.54.
log6.8404 = 0.7664
19. 0.04287 + 0.66876. colog0.003764 = 2.4244
log 0.04287 = 8.6á22 - 10 3.1908
colog0.66876 = 0.2461 = log1662.
8.8773 -10 Therefore, the required value
= log0.07638. is 1552.
is 0.07638.
18. 0.003626 + 0.000987. 17. 48. 702 + H8. 79.

=
log0.003626 7.óó93 - 10 log48. 792 = 1.6883
colog0.000987 = 3.0057 cologl48.79 = 7.8274 -10
0.6650 9.6167 -10
=log 3.673. = log 0.3279.
is 3.673. is 0.3279.
11. 31.68 + 0.00078ó4. ll. 84.296 X 48.75 •

log31.68 = 1.4994 7._862 X ( - 6.827)
colog0.00078ó4 = 3.1049 log84.296 = 1.9268
4.6043 log48.76 = 1.6880
= log40210. colog7.862 = 9.1046- 10
Therefore, the required value colog6.827 = 9.1668 - 10n
is 40,210. 1.8841 n
= log76.68.
is - 76.68.
ll. 862 X 978 X 662

718 X 1266 X 243 II. 87.67 X 495 X 0.823 •
log 862 =2. 9366 3.1416 X 0.046 X 8662
log 978 =2.9003 log87.67 = 1.9424
log 662 =2. 7497 log496 = 2.6946
colog718 = 7.1439-10 log0.823 = 9.9164 - 10
colog 1255 =6.9013 - 10 colog3.1416 = 9.5029 -10
colog243 = 7.6144 -10 colog0.046 = 1.3468
0.3351 colog8662 = 6.0624 -10
= Iog2.163. 1.4646
Therefore, the required value = log29.14.
is 2.163. Therefore, the required value
is 29.14..
l8. 0.007864 X 0.09868 •

IO. 62.634 X ( - 36.875). 363 X 98.47 X 106.8
- 162.6 X ( - 87.65) log0.007864 = 7.8951 -10
log 52.634 = l . 7213 log0.09863 = 8.9940 -10
1.6667 n
log 36.876 = colog363 = 7.4401 -10
colog 162.6 =
7.8166 - lOn colog98.47 = 8.0067 -10
colog87.66 =8.0672 - lOn colog 106.8 = 7.9714 - 10
9.1617 - 10n 0.3073 -10
=0.1451. = log0.0000000002029.
Therefore, the required value Therefore, tbe required value
is - 0.1461. is 0.0000000002029.
89. 76 X 98.64 X 26.6ll H. 81.481.
H. 0.006862 x 0.8271 =
log81.48 1.9111.
log89. 76 = 1.9631 2)1.9111
log98.64 = 1.9936 =
0.96óó log 9.026.
log 26.63 = 1.4264 Tberefore, tbe required value
colog0.006862 = 2.2320 is 9.026.
colog0.8271 = 0.0824
7.686ó 99. 16,3271.
= log 48690000. =
log 16327 4.2129.
Tberefore, tbe required value 3)4.2129
is 48,600,000. =
1.4043 log26.87.
Tberefore, the required value
is 26.37.
96. 8.141612.
log3.1416 = 0.4971 ªº· 26.87••
12
6.9662
=
log 26.87 1.4293.
6) 1.4293
=
log 923000. =
0.2869 log 1.931.
Tberefore, tbe required value Tberefore, the required value
is923,~. is L931.
81. -V0.00462.
98. 862.76• log0.00462 =7.6661 -10
log862.7 = 2.9369 40. -40
6 6)47.6661 - óO
14.6796 9.6310 -10
= log478100000000000. =
log 0.8300.
Tberefore, tbe required value Tberefore, the required value
is 478,100,000,000,000. is 0.3396.
at. {'o.8761.
9'7. 47.68•. log0.8761 =9.9421 - 10
log47.ó8 = 1.6774 80. -30
3 4)39.9421 -40
6.0322 9.9866 -10
=
log 107700. =
log0.0072.
Tberefore, the required value Tberefore, tbe required value
is 107,700. is 0.0072.
11. 802.68l. .. .. 0.26767•

=
log 802. 68 2. 0046. log0.2676 = 9.4273 - 10
4) 2.0046 7
=
O. 7261 log 6.328. 6.9911 -10
= log 0.00009798.
is 6.323.
ia 0.00009798.
84. 2.8617. 19. 0.18189.
log2.861 = 0.4660 log0.1818 = 9.2600 -10
7 9
3.1860 3.3364-10
=
log1681. =
log0.000000217.
is 1631. is 0.000000217.
40. 0.02862i.
811. <rnn. log 0.02862 =
8.4661 - 10
log 61 =
l. 7076 40.-40
colog43 = 8.3666 -10 6) 48.4óól - 60
20) 0.0741 9.6910 -10
0.0037 =
log 0.4909.
= logl.009. Therefore, the required value
Therefore, the required value is 0.4909.
is 1.009.
41. 0.072261.
. -+ = ---·
38. 0.00893 1 log 0.07226 = 8.8688 - 10
· 0.00893. 60. -60
colog0.00893 = 2.0491. 6)68.8688 - tiO
7) 2.0491 9.8098-10
0.29"J7 = log 1.002. =
log0.6463.
Therefore, the required va.lue Therefore, the required value
is 1.962. is 0.6468.
41. 0.03687+.
37. 0.61376.
log0.6137 = 9.7107 -10 log0.03687 =
8.6666 -10
60.-60
6 7)68.6666 - 70
8.6636 -10 9.7962 ~ 10
=
log0.03677. = log0.6240.
Therefore, the required va.lue Therefore, the required value
is 0.03677. is 0.624.
{lo.0047
48. - - -
v'0.00872
! log 0.0047 = ! (7.6721 - 10) = 9.2240 - 10
l colog 0.00872 = ! (2.0ó9ó) = O.ól49
9.7389 - 10 = log0.ó48I.
H. 4 x (O.ó326)i .
(-41.7ó2)1
log4 = 0.6021 = 0.6021
! log O.ó326 = !(9. 7264 - 10) = 9.8368 - 10 .
f colog 41. 7ó2 = j (8.3793 - 10) = 8.9196 - 10
9.3674 - 10 = log0.2277.
46. (- 0.04663)1.
(- 0.6678).
t log0.04663 = t(S.6603 -10) = 8.9274 -10
1colog 0.6678 =
~ (0.1819) = 0.1039
9.0313-10 = log0.1076.
Therefore, the required value is 0. 1076.
ff. 6086 X 0.00087698 •

9802 X 0.0019844
log 6086 =
3. 7064 = 3. 7064
3 log 0.0008769 = 3 (6.9430 - 10) = 0.8290 -10
colog 9802 =
6.0087 - 10 = 6.0087 - 10
4 colog 0.001984 = 4 (2. 7024) = 10.8000
=
1.3637 log 22.68.
47. 8094x~.
6408 X v'0.017
log8094 = 3.0081 = 3.0081
! log0.031 = ! (8.4914 -10) = 9.6983 -10
colog 6408 = 6.2670 - 10 = 6.2670 - 10
¡colog0.017 = 1(1.7696) = 0.2949
0.1683 = log 1.473.
Tberefore, the required value is 1.473.
822 ELEl\IENTARY ALGEBRA
41. 109 • /7628.

716"9317
log 7628 = 3.8824
colog 9317 = 6.0807 - 10
9.9131 - 10
40. -40
6)49.9131 - 60
9.9826 -10
log 109 = 2.0374
colog716= 7.1461-10
9.1661 - 10 = log 0.1462.
Therefore, the required v&lue is 0.1462.
49. ~ 2.687
348. 71 x 2.686l x 3.082 .
l
X 0.082161 8000
X
21og348.7 =2(2.6424) =6.0848

t log 2.686 = t(0.4290) = 0.1430
log 3.082 = 0.4889 = 0.4889
t
colog 2.687 =
i (9. 6707 - 10) = 9.9141 - 10
t colog 0.08216 = t(l.08ó3) = 0.2713
colog 8000 = 6.0969 - 10 = 6.0969 - 10
4) 1.9990
0.4998 = log 3.161.
Therefore, tbe required value is 3.161.
0.0024621 X 86.478 X 128. 72 •

60. ~
6280 x 0.071162 x 62.47
i- log0.002462 = ! (7.3896 - 10) = 9.3474 -10
3 log86.47 = 3 (1.9369) = 6.8107
logl28.72 = 2.1096 = 2.1096
colog62SO = 6.2774 -10 = 6.2774 -10
2 colog0.07116 = 2 (l.1478) = 2.2966
colog62.47 = 8.2043-10 = 8.2043 -10
6~
0.8090 = log6.441.
Therefore, the required v&lue is 6.441.
61. '\J 4.3821

1
128600
X IWJ.164 x 0.008191.
X 42.91 X 72.663l
¡ log4.382 = i(0.6417) = 0.3Só0
4log36.16 = 4(1.óóSl) = 6.2324
f log0.00819 = !(7.9133 -10) = 8.6089 -10
colog 128600 = 4.8908 - 10 = 4.8908 - 10
l colog42.9 = !(8.3676 - 10) = 9.6736 - 10
tcolog72.663 = 1(8.1388 -10) = 9.6347 -10
9.3263-10
óO. -óO
6)69.3263-60
9.8876 - 10 = log O. 772.
Therefore, the required value Is O. 772.
37421 X 0.0066438 X 22.634

H. ~ .
62.78l x 0.0008167. x 46181
2log3742 =2(3.6731) =7.1462

3 log0.006643 = 3 (7.8168 - 10) = 3.4474 -10
4 log22.63 = 4(1.3647) = 6.4188
tcolog62.78 = !(8.2776-10) = 9.6694 -10
l colog 0.0008167 = !(3.0884) = 1.0296
f colog 4618 = f (6.3366 - 10) = 7.óó71 - 10
7~
0.69óó = log3.94.
Therefore, the required value Is 3. 94.
61. Find :r: from the equation 8" = 86.

=
8" 86.
log(SZ) = log36.
:r: log8 = log36.
.•. :r: = log86 = 1.6441 = 1. 7098.
log8 0.9031
Therefore, :r: = l. 7098.
824 ELEMENTA.RY ALGEBRA
H. Find z from the equation 1~ = 7.

12"' = 7.
log(l2"')= log7.
zlogl2 = log7 .
.·. z = log7 = 0.8461 = 0_7831 _
log 12 1.0792
Therefore, z = O. 7831.
66. Find z from the equation I.6'<+3 = 32.

1.6'<+3 = 32.
log(l.6'<+3) = log32.
(z +. 3) log 1.6 = log 32.
_ log32 _ 1.6061 _ ,,.
z+ 3 - log 1.6 - 0.1761 - 8 ·""'68.
=
.·. z ó.6468.
Therefore, z = 6.6468.
68. Find z from the equation 2.ooz-s = 12.

2.00,:-6 12. =
log(2.00Z-6) = logl2.
(z - 6) log 2.66 = log 12.
z _ 6 =
log 12 = 1.0792 = 2_6399_
log2.66 0.4249
.•. Z= 7.6399.
1
61. Find z from the equation 32.&x = 8.
1
32.&x = 8.
32.6 = 8"'.
log(SZ) = log32.ó.
z log 8 = log 32.ó.
. •. X= Jog32.6 = 1.6119 = 1.674 1.
log8 0.9031
1
H. Find z from the equation 4.02x-t = 2.37.
1
4.02>:-4 = 2.37.
4.02 = 2.37>:-4.
log(2.37"'-•) = log4.02.
(z - 4)log2.37 = log4.02.
z _ 4 = log4.02 = 0.0042 = 1. 6126.
log2.37 0.3747
.·. z = 5.6125.
Therefore, z ~ 5.6125.
· 69. Express in logarithmic form tbe following:

a2 . r - e 4
-v3; ,rr2; v's(s-a)(s-b)(s-c); - ; -'ll'r8.
4 2 ,r 3
Let z= ~va.
4
logz = log(~ va).
. ·. log z = 2 log a + colog 4 + +log 3.
Let z = ,rr2•
logz = log(,rr2) .
.·. logz = log,r + 2logr.
Let z=Ys(s-a)(s-b)(s-c).
logz = logYs(s - a)<s~--b)(s - e) .
.·. logz = ! [logs+ log(s-a)+ log(s-b)+ log(s-c)].
e
Let z=-·
2 ,r
logz = log(/~}
.·. logz = logc + 2 colog,r.
Let X= f ,r,.S.
=
logz log(t ,rrl) .
=
.·. logz log4 + colog3 + log,r + 3 logr.
826 ELEMEN'fARY ALGEBRA
80. The indicated area of a triangle is v'l63 x 62 x 61 x 60. Find

the value by meana of logarithma.
log 163 = 2.184 7
log 62 = l. 7160
log 61 = l. 7076
log60 = 1.6900
2)7.3073
3.6637 = log4606.
Therefore, tbe area of the triangle is 4606.
81. The formula for the number of terma in a geometrical series,

in terma of l , a, and r, is r•-t = .!.. Put this equation in logarithmic
form and solve for n. ª
r•-1 = i .
a l
log(r--1) = log(¡¡}-
(n - l)logr = logl + cologa.
n _ 1 = log l + colog a .
logr
.·. n = 1 + logZ + cologa
logr
logr + logZ + cologa
= logr •
Therefore, n = logr + log l + cologa
logr
·
81. Find the logarithm of S to the hase 2.

Let z = log,S.
Then 2"'=3.
z log2 = logS.
.·. z = log3 = 0.4771 = l.ó860.
log2 0.3010
Therefore, log1 3 = 1.6860.
88. Find the logarithm of 100 to the base 12.

Let z = log1, 100.
Then 12:r = 100.
z log 12 = log 100.
.·. ~ = log 100 = _2_ = 1_8682•
log 12 1.0792
Therefore, log12 l 00 = 1.8532.
84. Find the logarithm of 10 to the base 12.

Let z = log11 lO.
Then 12:r = 10.
z log 12 = log 10•
.·. a:= log 10 = _1_ = 0.0266•
log 12 1.0792
Therefore, log19 10 = 0.9266.
86. Find the logarithm of 0.1 to the base 12.

Let z = log11 0.1.
Then 12:r = O. l .
z log 12 = logO.l.
.·. z = logO. l =---=-!._ = -(0.9266).
log 12 1.079'2
.·. loguO,l = - (0.9266).
88. Solve for n the equation Z(s - Z)n-1 - a(s - a)n-1 = O.

l(s - l)•-1 - a(a - a)n-1 = O.
l(s - l)•-1 = a(s - a)•-1.
logl + (n - l)log(s - l) = loga + (n - l)log(s - a).
(n-l)log(s-l)-(n-l)log(s- a)= loga- logl.
(n -1) [log(s- l) - log(s - a)]= loga - logl.
n_ 1 = log tt - log l .
log(a - l) - log(a - a)
. _ log a - Jog l
.. n - 1 + - -- - -- - -
log(s - l) - log(s - a)
=1+ loga + cologl
log(s - Z) + colog(s - a)
87. Filld V2, ~. {'¡, {'¡, Va, V7, -Va, -Vii, Wo.
log 2 = 0.3010.
log V2 = l of 0.3010 = O.lúOó = log I.4J4 .
.·. V2 = 1.414.
logS = 0.4771.
log ~ = l of 0.4771 = 0.1600 = log 1.442 .
=
.·. {'3 1.442.
log4 = 0.6021.
log v'4 = ~ of 0.6021 = 0.1606 = log 1.414.
.·. y'¡= 1.414.
log o = 0.6990.
log Vó = ! of 0.6990 = 0.1398 = log 1.380.
.·. V6= 1.380.
log6 = 0.7782.
log {'ij = 1 of 0.7782 = 0.1297 = log 1.348 .
.·. Vff = 1.348.
log 7 = 0.8461.
=
log V7 = l of 0.8461 = 0.1207 log 1.320.
... V7 = Í.320.
log8 = 0.9031.
= =
log Vs = l of 0.9031 0.1129 log 1.297 .
.·. Va= 1.297.
log9 = 0.9642.
log V9 = ¡ of 0.9642 = 0.1060 = log 1.276.
.·. {'9 = 1.276.
log 10 = 1.0000.
log 'Vio = lo of 1.0000 = 0.1000 = log 1.269.
... 'C'io = 1.2ó9.
Tlierefore, Y2 = 1.414; ~ = 1.442 ¡ {!¡ = 1.414 ¡ {'5 = 1.380;
{li; = 1.348; {/¡ = 1.320; Va = 1.297 ; {'o = 1.276; 'Vio = 1.269.
81. Show that log Y a~ - b2 = ! [log (a + b) + log_ (a - b)] .

Now va2- 1,2 =Y(a + b)(a - b) .
.·. logvat - 1,2 = log Y(a + b)(a - b)
= log(Ya + b x v'i.i"'=b)
= \ log(a + b) + ! log(a - b) .
•. logYa' - b9 = l[log(a + b) + log(a - b)] .
1. Find the amount of '6326 in 26 years at 4 per cent compound

interest, the interest being compounded annually.
A= Pll".
Here P = 6326, R = 1.04, n = 26.
.·. A= 6326 x 1.()416.
log6326 = 3.8011
=
log 1.0416 0.4260
log A = 4.2261
:. A= 16830.
Tfierefore, the required amount is f16,830.
l. Find the amount of '6326 in 25 years at 4 per cent compound

iuterest, the interest being compounded semiannually.
A= Pll".
Here P = 6326, R = 1.02, n = óO.
:. A= 6326 x 1.()2IO.
log 6326 = 8. 8011
=
log 1.0260 0.4800
log A = 4.2811
.
: . A= 17080.
Therefore, the required amount is $17,080.
8. Find the amount of $142.60 in 3 years 8 months at 6 per cent

compound interest.
A= PR-.
Here P =
142.60, R = 1.06, n = 3f ly-. =
:. A= 142.60 X 1.06\l,
log 142. 60 = 2.1688
log 1.05'r = 0.0777
log A = 2.2815
: • .A = 170.4.
Tberefore, the required amount is $170.40.
4. What aum wlll amount to $6000 in 22 yeara if put at compound

interest at 3! per cent ?
.A= PIP.
.A
.·. P= ¡pº
Here .A = 6000, B = 1.036, n = 22.
.·. P= 6000 .
l.08óª
=
log 6000 3.6000
=
colog 1.()3611 9.6722 - 10
log P = 3.3712
.·. P= 2361.
Therefore, the r.iquired sum is 82361.
6. In bow many years will '2600 amount to $10,000 at 4 per cent

compound interest ?
.A= PIP.
Here = =
.A 10000, P 2600, B 1.04. =
=
.·. 10000 2óOO X 1.04".
= =
.·. 1.04" 'Ir.VI- 4.
=
.·. n x log 1.04 log 4 .
.·. n = lo_g4 =0.6021 = 86.077.
log 1.04 0.0170
36.4177 years = 86 years 6 months.
Tberefore, the required time is 36 years 6 montbs.
8. At wbat rate per cent will $1600 amount in 16 years to '2717.06

at compound interest, compounded semiannually?
.A= PIP.
Rn=~-
p
.·. B = ~-
Here .A = 2717.06, P = 1600, n =30.
.·. B = ~2717.06.
1600
log 2717.06 = 3.4341
=
colog 1600 6.8239 - 10
30~
=
log B 0.0086
.·. B= 1.02.
r = B - 1 = 1.0'.& - 1 = 0.02.
Therefore, the required rate is 2 per cent semiannually; that is,
4 per cent per annum.
'7. If a corporation sets aside each year for 20 years t6000 as a

sinking fund and puts it at compound interest at•3! per cent, what
will be the amount of the sinking fund ?
A=S(R"-1)_
r
Here 8 = 6000, R = 1. 036, n = 20, r O. 036.=
.·. A= 6000(1.03620 -1).
0.03ó
log 1.03ó = 0.0149
20
0.2980 :e log 1.986.
... A = óOOO x o. 986 .
0.036
log 6000 = 3.6900
log O.986 = 9. 9939 - 10
colog0.036 = 1.4669
log A = ó.1488
.·. A= 140900.
Therefore, the amount of the sinking fund will be $140,900.
l. A city has a funded debt of $600,000 due in 18 years. What

sum must be ae.t apart ea.ch year, as a sinking fund, to cancel the
debt, provided money ia worth 4 per cent?
A= S(Bn -1).
r
.·. S= _A_r_ .
R- -1
Here A = 600000, r = 0.04, R = 1.04, n = 18.

.·. B = 600000 X 0.04 .
).0418 - 1
log 1.04 = 0.0170
18
0.3060 = log 2.023•
. ·. S = 600000 X 0.04.
1.023
log600000 = 6.6900
Jog 0.04 = 8.6021 - 10
colog 1.02.'l = 9.0001 - 10
log S = 4.2912
.·. 8 = 19660.
Therefore, the sum that must be set apart each year is $19,660.
•
9. Fiml the present worth of an annuity of $1200 for 10 years at
3t per cent interest.
S Rn-1
P=-x--.
Rn .R -1
Here 8 = 1200, R = 1.035, ·n = 10.
.·. p = ~ 0- X 1.03516 - 1'
l. 03510 l. 03ó - 1
Jog 1.035 = 0.0149
10
0.14110 = Jog l. 409.
.·. p =: 1200 X 0.409,

l.03610 0.036
=
log 1200 3.0792
colog 1.0351! = !l.8510 - 10
=
log0.409 9.6117 -10
=
colog0.036 l.4fi59
=
log P 3. 9978
.·. P = 9950.
Therefore, the present worth of the annuity is $9960.
10. A man buys an annuity of 3900 for 16 years. If money is
worth 4} per cent, what should he pay for the annuity l'
P=!_XR"-l_
Rn R-1
Here 8 = 000, R = l.046, n = ló.
.·. p = 000 X l.04616 - 1 •
l.04616 l.046 - 1
log 1.046 = 0.0191
16
0.2866 = log l.934.
= 000 X 0.934.
.·. p
l.04616 0.046
log 900 = 2.9642
colog l.04616 = 9. 7186 - 10
log 0.934 = 9.9708 - 10
colog 0.046 = 1.8468
log P = 8. 9848
.·. P = 9656.
Therefore, the man should pay $9666 for the annuity.
11 . An annuity of $600 was unpaid for 10 years. What was the
amount due, ü interest is reckoned at 8! per cent?
A= S(R"-1).
r
Here 8 = 600, R = 1.0876, n = 10, r = 0.0876.
.·. A= 600(1.087610 -1).
0.0375
log 1.0375 = 0.0100
10
= logl.446 .
0.1600
.·. A = 600 X 0.446.
0.0875
log 600 = 2.6900
log 0.445 = 9.6484 - 10
colog0.0.'376 = 1.4260
=
log A 8.7734
.·. A= 6934.
Tberefore, the amount due is f:;6934.
834 ELEMENTARY .ALGEBRA
11. A man 69 yeara old is expected to Uve jUBt 16 years. He has

$20,000 with which w buy a life annuity. If money is worth 4J per
cent, how large an aonuity may he expect?
S=Prx~ -
R--1
Here P = 20000, •r = 0.0426, R = 1.0426, n = 16. 1.042516
.·. 8= 20000 X 0.0426 X - - --
1.042ól6 -1
log 1.0426 = 0.0181
16
0.2716 = log 1.869.
.•. 8= 20000 X 0.0426 X 1.0425111 •
0.869
log 20000 = 4.3010
log 0.0426 = 8.6284 - 10
log 1.042616 = 0.2716
colog 0.869 = 0.0610
log 8 = 3.2619
.·. S = 1827.
Therefore, the man may expect ao annuity of 81827.
13. A man 36 years old is expected to live just 31 years. He has

$18,626 with which to buy alife anouity. lf money is worth 31 per
cent, how large an annuity may he expect?
S=Prx~-
R•-1
Here P = 18626, r = 0.0326, R = 1.0326, n = 31 .
.·. 8 = 18626 X 0.0326 X _!_:_03_~ 1- - •
1.032&'1 - 1
log 1.0326 = 0.0130
31
0.4300 = log 2.697 .
.•. 8 = )8625 X 0.0326 X 1.01.697
32581 ·
log 18625 = 4.2701

log0.0325 = 8.6119 -10
log 1.032681 = 0.4309
colog 1.697 = 9.7703 - 10
logS = 2.11832
.·. S = 962.
Therefore, the man may expect an anouity of $062.
H. What interest 011 bis investment will a. purchaser receive if he
buys at 108 Boston & Maine 4} per cent bonds due in 30 years with
se~ia.nnual coupous, ü money is worth 4 per cent ?
1
1+z = [Sq + Sr(~; q)n - Sr];¡.
Here S = 100, P = 108, q = 0.02, r = O.O'i26, n = 78.
[
2 + 2.26 X 1.0278 - 2.26] y\¡
.·. l+z= ·
108 X 0.02
log2.26 = 0.3622
log 1.0278 = 0.6708
1.0230 = log 10.64.
l + z = [2 + 10.64 - 2.26] h
108 X 0.02
= [ 108 X 0.02
10.29 J .l.
°
log 10.29 = 1.0124

colog 108 = 7. 9666 - 10
colog0.02 = 1.61!00
78) 0.6780
=
log(l + z) 0.0087
1 + z = 1.020.
.·. z = 0.020.
2:t = 0.040.
Therefore, the purchaser will receive 4 per cent on bis investment.
111. What interest on his investment will a. purchaser receive if he

buys a.t 103 West End 4 per cent bonds due in 12 yea.rs with semi-
a.nnual coupoll8, if money is worth 3! per cent?
l + z = [Sq + Sr(~; q)• - Srr.

1
Here 8 = 100, P = 103, q = 0.0176, r = 0.02, n = 24 .

.·. l Z = [1.76 + 2 X 1.017624 - 2],h·
+ 103 X 0.0176
log 2 = 0.3010 .
logl.017624 = 0.1800
0.4810 = log 3.027.
•·• 1 z = [1.76 + 3.001 - 2]n

+ 103 X 0.0176
2.777 ]"
= [ 103 X 0.0176 •
log2.777 = 0."86
colog 103 = 7.9872 - 18
colog0.0176 = l. 7ó70
24BD..fu
=
log 1 + z 0.0078
•·. 1 + z = 1.018.
•·. z = 0.018.
2z= 0.036.
Therefore, the purchaser will receive 3.6 per cent on bis investment.
18. At what price must Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 4 per cent
bonds due in 90 years with semiannual coupofl.8 be bought in order to
uet the purohaser 41 per cent on bis investment, ü money is worth 3f
per cent?
1+z = [Sq + Sr(~; sry.q)" -
1
(l + z)• = 8q + Sr (1 + q)• - Sr.

Pq
Pq(l + z)• = 8q + Sr(l + q)" - Sr .
.·. p = 8q + Br(l + q)• - Sr.
q(l+z)•
Here 8 = 100, q = 0.01876, r = 0.02, z = 0.02126, n =180.
.·. p = 1.876 + 2 X 1.018761111 - 2•
0.01876 X 1.001261811
log2 = 0.3010
=
log 1.018761811 1.4680
1.7690 = log67.41.
.·. p = 1.876 + 67.41- 2
0.01876 X 1.02126180
67.286
=-------
0.01876 X 1.021261!!0
log67.286 = 1.7681
colog0.01876 = 1.7270
colog 1.02125180 = 8.8620 - 10
log P = 1.8471
.·. P = 70.32.
Therefore, the purcbase price must be 70.32.
lT . At what price must Old Colony 4 per cent bonds due in 33

years with semiannual coupons be bought in order to net the pur-
chaser 8} per cent 011 his investment, if money is worth 4! per cent?
By Example 16, P = Sq + Sr (l + q)" -
Sr .
q(l+ Z)"
Here S = 100, q = = =
0.0226, r 0.02, z 0.0176, n 66. =
... p = 2.26 + 2 X 1.022600 - 2.
0.0226 X 1.017666
• =
log2 0.3010
log 1.022666 = 0.6402
0.9412 = log8.734 .
.·. P= 2.26 + 8.734 - 2
0.0226 X 1.017666
8.984
=------
0.0226 X 1.017666
log8.984 = 0.9636
colog0.0226 = 1.6478
colog 1.017666 =9.6060 - 10
log P = 2.1063
.·. P= 127.7.
Therefore, the purchase price must be 127.7.

1. In how many ways may a girl and a boy be chosen from a school
that consists of 18 girls and 24 boys?
One girl may be chosen from 18 girls in 18 ways; and one boy may
be chosen from 24 boys in 24 ways.
Therefore, one girl and one boy may be chosen from a school that
coneieta of 18 girls and 24 boys in 18 x 24, or 432 1 ways,
l. 0n a lhelf are a aet of 6 Engliah boob, a eet of 8 French books,

and a set of 10 German booka. In how many ways can three book.s
be chosen so that there shall be one from each set ?
One English book may be chosen from 6 English book.s in 6 ways ;
one French book may be chosen from 8 French book.s in 8 ways ; one
German book may be choaen from 10 German books in 10 ways.
Therefore, one Engliah book, one French book, and one German
book may be chosen from 6 English books, 8 French books, and 10
German book.s in 6 x 8 x 10, or 480, ways.
l. A boy has 6 different routes to bis school building. In how many

· ways may he go and retum by a different route P
The boy may go to the school in any one of the 6 ways ; in
returning, he may take any one of the 4 remaining ways.
Therefore, the boy may go to school and return by a ditferent route
in 6 x 4, or 20, ways.
4. In how many ways can a vowel and a consonant be chosen from

the alphabet of 6 vowels and 20 consonants?
One vowel may be choaen from 6 vowels in 6 ways ; and one con-
sonant may be chosen from 20 consonants in 20 ways.
Therefore, one vowel and one consonant can be chosen from 6 vowels
and 20 consonants in 6 x 20, or 120, ways.
6. After a particular vowel and a particular consonant have been

chosen, in how many ways can a two-lettered word be made ? In
how many different ways can a two-lettered word be made, if it is
to consist of a vowel and a consonant?
After a particular vowel and a particular consonant have been
chosen, a two-lettered word can be made in 2 ways. For the vowel
can be placed first and the consonant second, or the con11onant can
be placed first and the vowel second.
A two-lettered word can be made in 120 x 2, or 240, way11. For
each of the 120 ways of selecting a vowel and a consonant from the
alphabet (Example 4), there are 2 ways of arranging theae letters.
That is, there a.re 120 x 2, or 240, ways in ali.

10 ! 12 ! 8 1 16 1
l. FindthevalueqJ6!; o f - ; o f - x - x - ,
6! 8! 7! 16!
6!=6x4x8x2x1=120.
10! 10x9x8x7x6x6x4x8x2xl
61 = 6x6x4x8x2xl
= 10 X 9 X 8 X 7 = 6040.
12 ! 8 ! ló ! 12 X 11 X 10 X 9 X 8 X 7 X 6 X Ó X 4 X 8 X 2 X 1
3! X 7! X 16 ! = 8 X 2 X1
8x7x6x6x4x3x2xl
x-----------
7x0xóx4x3x2xl
16 X 14 X 18 X 12 X 11 X 10 X 9 X 8 X 7 X 6 X 6 X 4 X 8 X 2 X 1
X 16 X ló X 14 X 18 X 12 X 11 X 10 X 9 X 8 X 7 X 6 X 6 X 4 X 3 X 2 X 1
= 12 X 11 X 10 X 9 X 8 X 7 X 6 X 6 X 4 X 8 X t'Í
= 89,916,800.
l. Find the value of P 9,a ; of P,o, 1; of PB, 6 ; of (P4, 4)S.
91
P9,6 = - = 9x 8 x 7 x 6 x 6 = 16,120.
41
20!
P,o, 1 = - = 20.
19!
PB, 6 = 6 ! = 6 X 6 X 4 X 8 X 2 X 1 = 720.
(P4, 4)2 = (4 !)i = (4 X 8 X 2 X l)i = 242 = 676.
a. Fiud the value of each in Example 2 when repetitions are

allowed.
When repetitions are allowed,
Pu.a= 96 = 69,049; -
P,o, 1 = 201 = 20 ;
P&.e = 08 = 46,6ó6; •
(P4, 4)i = (44)2 = 4s = 6ó,686.
4 . In how many ways can a clase of ten pupils be arranged at a
blackboard ?
Tbe number of ways is 10 ! = 8,628,800.
6. How many changes can be rung with a peal of 6 bella?

The number of changes is ll ! =720.
8. How many changes can be rutig with a peal of 7 bells, a particular

one always being flrst?
The number of changes ia 1 x 61 = 6 ! = 720.
T. If P11, r = 1680, flnd the value of r.
8!
P11,,=---·
(8 - r)!
.·. -~=1680.
(8 - r)!
(8 _ r) ! = __!!_ = 8 X 7 X 6 X 6 X 4 ! = 4 !.
1680 8 X 7 X 6 X 6
.·. 8-r=4.
.·. r=4.
8. If P.,,.= 362,880, find the value of n.

P ..... =n! .
.·. n 1 = 362880 =1 X 2 X 3 X 4 X Ó X 6 X 7X 8 X 9 = t) !.
.·. n=9.
9. If P., t =110, flnd the value of n.

n!
P,.,2= (n-2)!.
n!
.·. ---=110.
(n - 2)!
n(n - 1) (n - 2)1 =
llO.
(n - 2)!
=
n(n - 1) 110.
n' - n =110.
n' - n - 110 O. =
(n - 11) (n + 10) O. =
• =
.·. n 11, or - 10.
10. In how many ways can the members of a baseball nine be

arranged in the fleld, if the same two must always pitch and catch ?
The position of catcher can be filled in only 1 way ; the position of
pitcher can be filled in only 1 way ; and the other positions can be
fllled in 7 ! ways.
Therefore, the nine can be arranged in 1 x 1 x 7 1 =7 1= 6040 ways.
11. How many numbers of four figures each can be made with the
digits 1, 2, 3, 4, ó, 6, 7, 8, 9, repetitions not being allowed? How
many if repetitions are allowed ?
The first place .can be fllled in 9 ways; the second in 8 ways; the
third in 7 ways ; and the fourth in 6 ways.
Therefore, the whole number of numbers is 9 x 8 x 7 x 6 3024. =
=
If repetitions are allowed, the number of numbers is 9' 6661.
U . In how many ways can eight guests be seated along one side of
a table?
=
The number of ways is 81 40,320.
13. In how many ways can eight guests be seated at a round table
relativa to the eight places at the table? relativa to each other?
The flrst place can be fllled in 8 ways, then the second place in 7
ways, then the third place in 6 ways, and so on.
Therefore, relativa to the eigbt places at the table, eight guests can
be seated in 81 = 40,320 ways.
The number of ways the eight guests can be seated relative to each
other may be determined by placing any one particular guest in a
seat and then seating the other seven guest.s in different ways with
respect to him. This can be done in 7 1 = 6040 different ways.
Therefore, relative to each other, eight guests can be seated at a
round table in 6040 ways.
H . In how many ways can the letters of the word combine be.
arranged, if b is always to be the middle letter?
If b is always to be the middle letter, the fourth place can be fllled
in 1 way, then the first place in 6 ways, then the second place in·ó
wa.ys, then the third place in 4 ways, then the flfth place in 3 ways,
then the sixth place in 2 ways, then the seventh pla.ce in 1 way.
= =
Therefore, the whole number of wa.ys is 1 x 61 61 720.
16. How many different signals ca.n be given with 6 differently

colored flags, if 3 are displayed on a staff each time? How ma.ny,
if a.ny number of flags are displa.yed ea.ch time ?
If 8 flags are displa.yed a.t a. time, the number of arrangements is
61
_: = 6 X Ó X 4 = 120.
31
If auy nnmber of ftags are displayed at a time, the number of

arrangementa ia
61 6! 61 61 61 61
Í!+íi+ai+¡-¡+6!+61
=6x6x4x3x2+6x6x4x3+6x6x4+6x6+6+l
= 720 + 360 + 120 + 30 + 6 + 1
= 1237.
EzerciM l.42. Page 397

l . Find the value of C9.4; of C,o, 1 ; of Ca, 8 •
C =~=9x8x7x6=126.
9, 6 41 Ó 1 4 X 3 X 2 X 1
20!
= . -- -=
c!IO' • 19111 20.
61
Ca,6
61
= -- =
l.
9 . Show tb at O..,. -_n(n-l)(n-2)··

rl
· (n-r+l)
.
By§487, P.,,=C•. ,xrl.
.·. C..,,= P.., r = _n_l_ + r 1 = n1
rl (n-r)I (n-r)lrl
_ n(n - 1) (n - 2) · · ·(n - r + 1)
rl
l . Show that the number of combinations of 9 thinga, taken 6 ata

time, is the aame 118 the number of combinationa taken 4 at a time.
The number of combinations of 9 thinga, taken 6 ata time, i s ~ ;
4161
the number of combinations of 9 thinga, taken 4 ata tlme, is_!!_ .
6141
Therefore, the number of combinations of 9 thinga, taken 6 at a
time, is the same 118 the number of combinations taken 4 ata time.
4. What is the number of corubinations of 100 things taken 98 ata

time?
The number of combinations is lOO 1 = lOO x 99 = 4960.
21981 2xl
6. In an examination paper there are 10 questions, from which 8
are to be selected by the pupil.
In how many ways can he do this?
The number of ways requ1re
. d 18
• JO 1
21 8 1 = 2xl
10 X 9 = 46.
8. How many ways are there of electing ti.ve members of a board of

education from eight candidates ?
. dº
Th e num be r of ways reqmre 81 8x7x6 66
18 - - = = .
8161 3x2xl
T. If Co;r = 20, find the value of r.

e _ 61
6, r - (6 - r)! rl
61 =20.
(6 - r)t rl
6x5x4x3x2xI= 20.
(6-r)! rl
6 X 3 X 2 X 1 =l.
(6-r)!r!
3! X íl! - l
(6 - r) ! r ! - ·
.·. rf =31.
.·. r=S.
8. If 24 C.,r = P..,r, find the value of r.

n! ni
C,. r = , and P.., r =---·
'(n-r)!rt (n-r)t
24 x ni ni
(n-r)!r! = (n-r)l 0
. 'd e by - -n!- ) ,
D IVI ~=l.
(n - r 1 rl
•·. rl = 24.
r1 =1 X 2 X 3 X 4.
rf =41
.·. r=4.
844 ELEMEXTARY ALGEBRA
l. There are 9 coina of different denominations on the table. How

muy different auma of money can be made up by taking 4 coinll each
time?
The number of different auma of money is
___!_!_ = 9 X 8 X 7 X 6 = 1.26.
6!41 4x3x2xl
10. Expa.nd (z + vi' ud abow t.bat it is equal to

z6 + Cr,.1:rJI + Cr,.1zlvS + Cr,.:sz2.,,. + Cr..•ZJ/4 + C¡,s7/5.
By multiplication,
(z + v)' = z6 + óz'y + IOzY + IOztr,a + óZJ/4 + 7/5.
ó!
Now 01,1 = - - = ó;
4111
ó! Ó X 4
C¡,t = 3121 = 2 x 1 = IO;
ól
Cs. 3 = --
2! 3!
= 10·'
61
Cs.4=--=6·
114! '
ól
and c. . ~= 61 l. =
11. In how many ways can a committee of three be choeen from a

council of eight members?
The number of ways in which the committee can be chosen is
___!_!_ = 8 X 7 X 6 = ó6.
6131 3x2xl
19. If one of the committee of Example 11 is to be chairman, one

secretary, and one treasurer, In how many ways may the committee
be organized? ·
When any particular committee has been chosen, it can be organized
in 3 !, or 6, ways.
Theretore, the whole number of ways in which the committee can
be organized is 66 x 6 = 336.
18. If C1e,, = C1e,,+1, flud the value of r.
By § 488, r + r + 2 16. =
2r 14' . =
.·. r=7.
H . Show tbat C., 1 = P., 1, but that C,.,, -:;t; P.,, unlesa r = l.
n!
c•. = (n -1)! 1 ! = n.
1
p _ _n_l__ n.
"· 1 -(n-l)!-
C.,1 = P.;1.
Again, e - n! n!
•. , - (n-r)!r!'andP.,,= (n-r)! 0
Therefore, C11, , -:;t; P "•, unless r 1 = 1; that is, un leas r = l.

15. Make up a problem of your own in combinations or permuta-
tions and then solve it.
EzerciM 1<13. Page ..03
l. Expand (a - 3b)6.
(a - 31>)6 = a' - 6 a•(3 I>) + 10 aª(3 b)2 - 10 a2(8 b)ª + 6a(31>)4 - (31>)'
= a' - 16 a•b + 90 a81>2 - 270 a21>3 + 406 a.lJf - 243 /1>.
l. Expand (2 z - 6 y)'.
(2z-6t,)'= (2:t)6- 6(2:t)6(6t,)+ ló(2z)•(6y)2-20(2:t)ª(6t,)ª
+ 16 (2:t)2 (6 71)• - 6 (2 z) (6 y)5 + (6 71)'
= 64z6 - 960z6y + 6000:i:fy'l - 20,000z3y8 + 37,600z2yf
- 37,600 z,r + 16,626 716.
4. Expand (8 - 2z2)7.
(3 - 2z2) 7 =8 7 - 7(3)ª(2z9) + 21 (3)6(2z2)•
- 36 (3) 4 (2 z2)ª + 3ó (3) 8 (2 z2)'
- 21 (3)2 (2 z2)ó + 7 (3)(2 z2)& - (2z2)T
= 2187 - 10,206 z2 + 20,412 z4 - 22,680 z8
+ 15,120z8 - 6048zlO + 1344z12 -128z14.
6. E:xpand(l+2·a)ª.
(1 + 2 a) 8 =18 + 8 (1) 7(2 a)+ 28 (1)ª (2 a)2 + 66(1)6 (2 a)ª
+ 70(1)4(2a)'+ ó6(I)8(2a)6 +28(1)2(2a)ª
+ 8 (1)(2 a)T + (2 a)ª
=1 + 16a + 112 a + 448aª + 1120a4 + 1792a6
2
+ 1792 a8 + 1024 a7 + 256 as.
7. Expand (2 z + 3 y)9.
(2 z + 3 y)D = (2 z)D + 9 (2 z) 8 (3 y)+ 36 (2 z)7 (311)2
+ 84 (:.! z)º (3 y)s + 126 (2 z)6(311)'
+ 126 (2 z) 4 (3 y) 6 + 84 (2 z) 8 (3 y)ª
+ 36 (2 z)2 (3 y)7 + 9 (2 x) (311)ª + (3 y)9
=
ól2z9 + 6912xªy + 41,472z7y2 + I4ó,1ó2z6yB
+ 326,592 z6y4 + 489,888 z4yó + 489,888 x 8v8
+ 3I4,928z2y7 + 118,098zyB + 19,6831/9.
8. Expand (4z + y)lo.

(4z + y)lO = (4z)1º + 10(4z)9y + 4ó(4z)8¡,2 + 120(4z)7yª
+ 210 (4 z)6¡¡4 + 262 (4 z)6y6 + ' 210 (4 z)•y&
+ 120(4:i:)8¡¡7 +4ó(4z)iy&+ I0(4z)yt+yio
= l,048,ó76zlo + 2,621,440z9y + j,il49,120z8y2
+ 1,966,080 z1ys + 860, rno zey4
+ 268,048 z6y6 + ó8, 760,z•y&- + 7680 zBy7
+ 720ziy& + 40zy9 + y10~·
9. E:r:pand (Sz - }!_ )'.

2a 4b
( Sz _ .JL.)'
2a 4b
= (ªz)'
2a
_ o(ªz)&(!L.) + ló(ªz)4(!L.)'
2a · 4b 2a 4b
_ 20 (3z)ª(.JL.)\ ló(Sz)'(.!L.)4
2a 4b 2a 4b
-6<!:)(:br + (f,J
729ze 729z6y 12lóz4y2 13ózªuª
= 64 a6 - 64 a6b + 2ó6 afb',l - 128 a8bª
lSóz~ 9zy6 y6 .
+ 1024 a'b4 - 1024 alP + 4096 btl •
848 ELEMENTARY AI.GEBRA
11. Expand (1 - 2z - 3zt)•.

(1-2:1:-3:t-1)4
=[(1- 2z)- Sz2]'
= (1 - 2z)4 - 4(1 - 2:i:)1(3:tt) + 6(1- h:)•(Szl)'
- 4 (1 - 2z) (3:t-1)' + (3z1 )'
=[l' -4(1)8(2z) +6(1)'(9z)ll-4(1 )(2z)I+ (2:z:)']
- 4 [11 - 3(1)1(2 Z) + 8 (1) (2:z:)I - (2:z:)1](3~
+ 6(1' -2"(1)(2:z:) + (h)2] (9z')
- 4 ({ - llz) (27 r) + 81:z:B
= 1 - St + Hz• - 32:t• + 16z'
- 4(1 - h + 111:i:4 - Bitª) (8:i:2)
+ 6(1- h + 4zt}(9z')-108zl+ 216z' + 81:tC
= 1 - 8:t + 24:t• - fflh:• + lflz' -12:i:2 + 72:z:I
- 1«zt + 96r + Mzt- 216:z:6 + 216r
-108x8 + 2]6:tT + 81 z1
= 1 - 8:z: + 12:z:1 + 40~ - 74z' -120:z:6
+ tos:ie + 216z' + s1z1.
TEACIIERS' ED1'l'i0N 849
11. Expand (a' - 24'b + 3ab' - 461)1.

(a'- 2a'b + 3ab'- 461)ª
= (4'(4 -26) + f>l(3a -46))ª
= (4'(a - 26)]ª + 3({at(a - 26)} 1 {1Jl(3a - 46)}]
+ 3({a'(a - 26)} {f>l(3a - 46)}'] + (IJl(3a - 46)]•
= a&(a - 26)ª + 8trbl(4 - 26)1 (311 - 46)
+ 3 4'bf (a - 2 6)(3 a - 46)' + b6 (3 4 - 46)ª
= a' ( a.• - 3 (a)1 (2 6) + 3 (4)(2 6)' - (2 6)']
+ 3trf>l(a' - 2(4)(26) + (26)1)(34 - 46)
+ 3atbl(4 - 26).((34)' - 2 (34)(46) + (46)')
+ l,1((34)ª - 3(3a)'(46) + 3(34)(46)' -(46)']
= a&(a'-6a'b+ 12ab'-81,1) +3atbl(a1 -4ab+41,1)(3a-4b)
+ 3 a'b'(4 -16) (D4t - 2.f ab + 161,1)
+ b6(27a• -108416 + 144ab' -641,1)
= 49 - 611116 + 12 a11,1 - 8 a'b' + 9 471,I - 48 a'6I
+ 84 a6b' - 48 tri/> + 27 aibl - 126 a4U>
+ 192 a31,& - 00 4261 + 27 4iy,tl -108 a'b1 + 144 ab8 - 64 b'
= a• - 64116 + 214•6' - f>Oa'bl + 111 a6bl -174a4U>
+ 219albl - 204a'b1 + 144abl - 641,11.
18. Find the third term of (2 z - i 11)•.

Here n=8,andr=2.
The third term of (2z - h)8 = ~-!(2z)'(h)

1X 2
= 448z&yl.
1
1'1. Find the sixteenth term of (3 z - 2 v)u.

The coeflicient of the sixteenth term, or fonrth terrn from the end,
is the same as the coeflicient of the fourth term.
The.sixteenth term of (3z - 211)1•
=- 181·2-3
. l7 • 16 (3 z)ª(2 ll)l6 =- 721,944,676 z8r,U.
11. Find the thirty-eecond term of (3z - t11)1T.

The thirty-second ~rm of (3 z - ! 11)81
= _ 8i · 36 · 8ó · 34. 83 · 32 (3z)'(i 11)11 =_ !_74D28 z&yll.
1-2·8·4·ó·6 3fl
19. Find the middle term of (3a - 2b)l2.

In this case the middle term is the seventh term.
The middle term of (3 a - 2 b)l2
= 121·-112-3· 10- 4· 9- 5-6

· 8 · 7 (3 a)6(2 b)' = 924. 36 . 26a6b6.
20. Find the flfth term of (X+ 21:ef

The flfth term of ( :e+ -1)º = 9-8-7·6 (1)4 = 63
:rf> - -:e.
2:e 1-2-3-4 2:e 8
21. Find the eighth term of ( x - - 1 )11.

4x2
The eighth term of ( x - ___!__ ) 11

4:e2
11 . 10 · 9. 8 · 7 · 6. ó ( 1 )7 165
=- 1 • 2 • 3 · 4 · Ó • 6 • 7 :¡:f 4z2 =- 218 zlO •
22. Find the (r + l)th term of ( 43:e - ~y 6

•
The (r + l)th term of ( - -

3 4f)z2
-
15
4X 2
= ± 15 · _14 · 13 . 12 . ,. (16 -
1.2 .3 . 4 ... ,
r) (~)l5-r( /~)r
4x
s
"2
= ± ló · 14 · 13 · 12 · · · (16 -
r!
r) (~)! -r(~)r
22 :e
5
2!
2r
ló-14·13 · 12···(16-r) 315-r x3
=± r! . 200-2,:¡;15-r r
2ª
ló. 14 -13. 12 ... (16 - r) -~~ -:JO 5 ~-15
=± .315 - r . 2 a z3 .
r!
The sign of the (r + l)th term iR positive or negative according as

r is even or odd.
852 EU:MENTARY ALGEBRA
11. Find the two mlddle terms of ( ~ - __!!__) 21 •

Yz {'y
The two middle tenns are tbe eleventh and tbe twelfth.
The coefflcienta of t.hese terma are
21 · 20 · 1D · 18 · 17 · 16 · ló . 14 · 18. 12
1-2·3·4·ó-6•7·8·9-10
Uence the terma required are
21 · 20. }!_· 18 · 17 · 16 · ló · H -18. 12(~)n(~)n
1·2·3·4·6·6·7·8-9-10 {/y vz
and _ 21 · 20 .19 -18 · 17 -16. }ó -14. ]3 -12(~)1º(~)11
1 . 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 {/y ' vz
alllJlO alflbll
or 362,716 x'ly'I and - 362,716 ziy'f.
H. Expand (al + b!)'.

(al+ bl)6
= (al)6 + ó(ai)•(b!) + lO(ai)ª(b!)2 + lO(ai)'(b!)•
+ ó (al) (bl)t + (~)6
=al+ óa2bl + lOaibl + 10ab + óaibl + bl.
26. Expand (z-2 - y-&)6.

(r-2 -y-8)6
= (z-2)6 - 6(z-2)5(y-8) + ló(:r2)•(y-1)2 - 20(z-2)8(y--ª)ª
+ ló(x-2)2(y-a)t _ fl(z-2) (Y-ª)6 + (y-8)6
= z-12 _ 6z-1oy-a + lóz-By-& _ 20:i:-ey-u + lóz-ty--H
_ 6z-lly-I6 + y-18.
26. Expand (m-i - n2)'.

(m-l _ nll)5
= (m-1)5 -
6(m-•)•(n2) + 10(m-•)ª(n2)!1-10(m-•)2 (n')ª
+ ó (m-l) (n2)t _
(n2)•
=m-1- óm-2n2 + 1om-~n• - lOm-ln&+ óm-lns -n10.
1'1. Expand (a-•+ b-1)6,

(a-•+b-l)a
= (a-ª)'+ ó(a-')'(b-1) + lO(a-ª)ª(b-1)'+ lO(a-l)ll(b-1)•
+ o(a-ª)(b-1)•+ (b-1)6
=a-u+ óa-ltb-1 + lOa-ub-1 + 10a-6frl
+ &a-ab-1 + b-Y.
98. Expand (8a-t + 2lrl)T.

(8a-l + 2lrª)7
=~r~+7~r~~lr')+U~r~~lr~
+ 8ó (8 a-')' (2 b-8)8 + 8ó (8 a-')ª (2 lr ª)'
+ 21 (8a-')'(2b-ª)6 + 7 (8a-')(2lr•)& + (2lrª)T
= 2187 a-H + I0,206a-Itb-a + 20,412a-101r&
+ 22,680a-8fr9 + ló,120a-6lrlt + 6048a-•lru
+ 1844a-tb-18 + 128lr'I.
19. Expand (x-f - y-1)&.

(z-l - y-1)&
::::: (z- f)e - 6 (z- i)6 (y- !) + ló (z- f)• (7,.-1)1 - 20 (x-l)a (y- f) 1
+ ló(x-i)'(y-!)• - 6(x-f) (y-1)6 + (y-1)&
= z-l - az-'ly-1 + lóz-ay-t - 2oz-ly-1
+ lóz-ly-1 - 6x-fy-'J' + y-•.
30. Expand (2z-l + 871-l)s.

(2x-• + 8y-1)8
=~C~+B~C~~,~+~~C~~'~
+M~C~~'~+ro~,~~'~
+M~C~~'~+~~,~~,~
+ 8 (2 z-l) (8 y-1)7 + (8 y- l¡s
= 2Mx-• + 8072:i:-iy-! + 16,128z-ay-:-t + 48,884.z-ly-t
+ 90,720.z-ty-l + 108,864:i:-ly-'i + 81,648x-•y-•
+ 84,992:i:-ly-Y + 6Ml y- 'I,
EI.EllENT ARY ALGEBRA
81. Expaod (2z-'11l -11 Vz)41 •

(2z-t11I - 11 vi)•
=(2:r:-111l - :z:lv)•
=(2z-111l)& - 6(2z-1.,A)6(:z:l11) + 15(2z-!11l)'(:z:l11)2
- 20 (2z-1 vl)ª<:z:'v>• + 1s (2 r-' 11l)2(.zl11),
- 6 (2 :z:- 1 v'> (:z:111)' + (:z:iv)•
=64z-lty1 -192:z:-Y 111 + 240z-1,' -160:z:-1 111
+ 60.r 2 fl' -12:z:l11't' + zlfl6.
81. Expand (3% vC°J + 211 vC°J)'.

(3:z: vC°J + 2 !f vC°t)'
= (Y-1 (3% + 211))6
= (vC°t)6 (3:z: + 2y)'
= vC°J ((3 :z:)' + 6(3 :z:)'(211) + 10 (3:z:)'(211)2 + 10(3:z:)2(2 y)3
+ 6 (3 :z:) (211)' + (2 y)']
= vC"t (243:z:6 + 810:z:'11 + 1080:z:Y + 720zlyl + 240z,'
+ 32y').
aa. Expand (ia vC"t- ibvC°t)•.
(ia v=t- ib vC°J)s
= cv=t (ia - lb)] 8
= ( vC°J)s(i a - i b)8
= (ia - tb)8
= (i a)8 - 8 (i a)7(lb) + 28(ia)6 (ib) 2 - 66 (ia) 6 (ib)1
+ 70(ia)4 (iW- 66(ia) 8(ib)6 + 28(ta)2(ib)1
- B(ia) (iW + (ib) 8
= 1h ª 8- is a7b + Th a8b2 - Th a6b' + -M a'b' - 1h a'b6
+ ,ha2b8- m,ab + i/nb8.
1

l. Expand (1 + z)l to four terms.
(l+z)l=i+!z+ Hi-.2).z2 + Hi-1)(i-2)zl+· ··

2 1.2 1.2.3
=l+!z-}z2 +nzª-· · ·
2 . Expand (1 + z)-2 to four terme.
(1 + z)-2 = 1 + (- 2)z + (- 2>(- 2 - l) zt

1.2
+ (- 2)(- 2 - 1)(- 2 - 2) :z:8 + ...
1 . 2.3
=
1- 2:z: + 3.z2 - 4:i;I + ...
8. Expand (1 + z)-l to four terms.

(1 + :1TI = 1 + ( - !)z + (- t) (- t -1) zt
2 l •2
+ (- t) (- t - 1) (- t - 2) :z:8 + ...
1. 2 · 3
=1 - l z + i zll - /-,; zª + ...
4. Expand (l.- z)-a to four terms.
(1 - z)-8 = 1 - (- 3)z + (- 3)(- 3 - l) zt

1,2
_ ( - 3) ( - 3 - 1) ( - 3 - 2) z8 + ...
1 · 2 ·.3
=1+3z+6z2+10zª+···
6. Expand (1 - z)-1 to four terms.
(1 - z)-1 = 1- ( - ~)x
2
+ (- O (- i -
l ·2
l) z11
_ ( - !) ( - ! - 1) ( - ! - 2) :i;8 + .. .
1,2,3
= 1 + fz + It :z:11 + Uz8 +: . .
6. Expand (1- 3:z:)! to four terms.
(l - 3z)i = 1-!(3z) + H! - l) (3z)2- H } -l)(! - 2\3:z:)ª + ...

3 1·2 1.2.3
= 1- z - z 2 - Jz8 - • ••
T. Expand (a - bz)-1 to four terme.
(a - bz)-1 = (a)-'-( - ~)(a)-l(bz)+ - I · ~ 1(a)-!(bz)2

3 1.2
- - ¡·-
1 · 2·3
*· -
! (a)-Y.(bz) 3 + . ..
= a-1 + ! a- lbz + i a- lb2z1 + H a- "lb8z• + ...
9. Expand (8zl + 2y)- I to four terma.

(3:1:' + 2 v)-1
= (Szl)-1 +(- 2~)(8z')-l(2 y)+ -
l·I
f . -1 (Sz')-1(2 y)ll
+ - l · -~·-i(8z')-1(2y)ª+· · ·
1.2 . 3
= a-Ir• - 3-lz-&y + 6 . 3-I z-1'11'- 86. a-1 z-y + .. .
2 2
10. Expand (ali - 4 zl)I to four terma.
(at - 4 z')I = (a')' - ~ (a')-1 (4 z') + t · - ! (a2)-l(4 zl)'
4 1·2
_ t · - l · - t (a11)-l(4z11)• + . ..
1 ·2 ·8
= al - aa-lzt - 4a-lz4 - i a-Iza - . ..
11 . Expand v's - 2z to four terma.
v's - 2z = (8 - 2z)l
= (8)1 - !(Wf(2z) + l · -
4 ¡. 2
f (8)-l(2z)II
_ l · - f. - t (8)-...,_(2z)• + ...
1-2·8
1 1 7
=si--z- -z'---zl-···
2. si s . al 16 . a\l'
al sl 7.31
=8l--z--z2 --z•- ···
6 24 432
11. Expand {/¡ + 4 a to four terma.

{/1 + 4 a = (1 + 4 a)l
= 1 + ! (4 a) + 1· - J (4 a)• + i · - ~ · - ! (4 a)' + . ·.
6 1·2 1 · 2·8
= 1 + ta - ff al+ fff a' - · · ·
18. Expand {/3 - 6 b to four terms.
{/3 - ó b ::¡: (8 - 6 b)i
=si-!(s)-1(6b)+ i· -l(s¡-.Y.(6b)2
6 1, 2
- i · -l · -
1,2,8
\\s)-'i(lib)ª + ...
= 3i __6 _ b - ~ b 2 - 6876 b8- .. .
6 . s• 72 . sV- 1200. sV-
= 81 _ li. s• b _ 126. si b2 _ 6876. si b8 _ ...
18 648 34992
· H. Expand {/5 a2 + 7 b' to four terma.

{/5a1+ 7 b8 = (6 at + 7 b')'
= (óa2)l + 4!(61111)-1(7b8)+ L=J(6a2)-l(7~)2
1·2
+ ! · - t · - i (óa')-\l(7bl)ª + ...
1,2,3
.1 l
=ooa 7
+- a-1b l - -
147 -1 2401 -U...
- a b6+--a •o-- .. ,
4.51 82,6' 128,6\l
7 , 5l 147 . 5l 2401 . 6l
= 61al + - a-lb•---a-llJ8+--a-"lfP- ...
20 800 16000
16. Expand (2a - 6b)-' to tour terma.

(2a - 6b)-'
=
(2 a)-' - (- 4) (2 a)-6(6b) + (- 4)(- 6\2 a)-6 (ób)2
1·2
- (- 4)(- 6) (- 6) (2 a)-7 (6 b)ª + ...
1 -2 , 8 ·
= 2-'a-' + 4. 2-•a-6. 6b + 10, 2-ªa-' · 26b2
+ 20, 2-Ta-7, 126b8 + .. •
=,ha-'+ ta-'b + 'Na- erfl + Wa-7b8 + ...
18. Expand (h + 411)-• to four terma.
(3z+411)-•
= (Sz)-• + (- 3)(3z)-'(411)+ (-S)(- 4) (Sz)-6(411)2
1 ·2
+ (- 3) ( - 4) (- 6) (8 z}-e (411)• + ...
1·2 · 3
= 3-lz-• - 3 . 3-'z-'. 4 y+ 6. S-6z-6 · 16 y2
- 10 . s-az- 6 ·6411• + ·· ·
= ¡.,z-• - '!.\ z-'11 + H z-67P - HQr-ºY' + ...
17. Expand (2 al - 3 bl)f to four terma.

(2 a• - 3bl)I
= (2a')f -(t)(2a')-l(3bl) + f · -l (2a')-1(3b8)'
1 ·2
-
i·-! ·-! (2a')-•(3bl)ª+···
•
1-2·3
= 2faf - ! . rla-l. 3bl - ¡\. 2-ta-l. 9b&
- rh .r,a-1. 27b9- ...
9 · 21 _ 27 . 2f _ 136 . 21 _
=2fa1- - a ib3 _ - - a l1J8 _ - - a lb9 _ ...
8 128 1024
18. Expand (2a-~ - 3b-8)-f to four terms.

(2 a-2 - 3 b-ª)-1
= (2a-2)-I- (- i)(2a-2)-l(3b-8)
+ - l · - ¡ (2 a-')-'1(3b-ª)'
1-2
- - ! ·- ! ·- ·\\2a-')-.Y(3b-ª)ª + ..•
1.2.a
= rlai +J. 2-tal. 3b-s +H. r'laV. 91,-s
+ r7l!. r"la'f. 27 ¡,-, + ...
2l 9. 21 . 189. 21 . 2079 · 2l
= - ai + -
2 16
al1ra + - -·a"lb-• + -~aYb-• + . . .
266 2048
a 2ml)i
90. Expand ( - + - to four terma.
3b z
(~ 2ml)i
8b + z
= (~ )¡ + !(~)-f(2ml) +t . - f(~)-l(2ml)1
3b 4 3b z l •2 3b z
+t. - ¡ . -!(~)-Y-(2ml)a + ...
1,2,3 3b z
al 1 3fbt 2ml 3 311,1 4ml
- 3ibl + ¡ · ---;.;r · 7 - 32 ·7 ·x2
7 3\'b'r 8m
+ 128 . ª"' .x8 - ...
31 al 31 ¡¡f ml 3\l bl mi 7 . 3\l b1r m
=3bl- +2alz
- - -8aiz2
-- +16a1rza
---
3a 2a2)-f
!U . Expand ( b - x
to four terma.
( 3a _ 2a')-f
b X -
= <\ªr· -< -nc:r' et)

+ - f . - ! (3ª)-'r (~~)2
l •2 b X
-
- l. ·1-· 2l·. ·3- V., -(3ª)-'f(2a
b
2
z )ª + ...
bl 2 bi 2a' 7 b~ 4a4
=-+
3fal
- ·- - ·- + 26
6 :Jlal z
- · 3Ya~
- - · zt
-
28 b'i- · 8ae
+ -- ·--·-+"·
126 3'.' a'i- z8
3ibf 4 . 31 ai b¡ 28 . 31 al b~ 224 . 31 a'w' b'I
= 3al + 45z + - 675x:I - + 10125z8 + ...
4z ªª)-1
11. Expand ( lS 11 - 4 b to four terma.
( 4z _ ªª)-1
811 4b
=("z)-t -(- ~)("z)-1(3ª)+ - t· - {(4:i:)-'1(3ª)'
811 4 sr .o 1. 2 sr 4b
_ -t·-i·-\1(4:i:)-J/(3ª)ª+···
1.2.3 3t, 4b
st,t s s1,1 sa 21 s1r11Y. 9a'
--+ ·-·-+-·--·-
- 21:i;f ¡ 2'2:l 4b 32 <fizJ/ 16bl
77 s"l-.,/1 27 a•
+-·--·-+···
128 2'lz"I- 64 bl
21. slyf 27 . 21. al ayl 1701 . 21 . sf at,Y.
=- -+
4zl 266bzl
+ 32768bl:e'_.
66138 · 21 . 3f a'u"I-
+ - - - - -- - + · ··
2097162
blz'I
9t. Find tbe sixth term of (1- 8z)l.
=
Here n !, and r ó. =
The sixtb term of (1 - 8z)l
=- ! · - i · - t · - i · - -V (Sz)' =- ~:i:6.
1,2,8,4,ó .8
26. Find the tenth term of (2a - 8b)-I.

Here n =-t, and r 9. =
The tenth term of (2 a - 8 b)- t
= _ -!·-¡.-V-· - -1.5 · _ _1l-· -"!-· -Z/-· -V· -"-l (2a)-\"(8b)U
1,2-8 - 4 - ó , 6,7,8-9
5. 7 , 11 , 19 , 28 , 81 , 81º · 21 -\"b9
= 286 a .
96. Find the eighth term of (a'+ 4z-s)-I.

Here n=-~,andr=7.
The eighth term of (a2 + 4:i:-2)-1
_1,l
= _.5-,-'.f,-~.-l,,J,-V,-15,
'Z e :o ,-~ -
•
_
•
n
(a2)--..- (22z-2)7
1-2-8 , 4 , ó,6-7 ·
=- 2ª. 8. ó. 11 . 18. 17 a-19z-H.
H. Find the aixth root of 66 to aix decimal placea.

=
66 = 64 + 2 64(1 + h) = 26(1 + -,',) •
.·. {loo =2(1 + l!>'
=2[1 !(-.!..) + l·-i(-.!..)
+6 32 1 · 2 32 +
9
l·-t ·-\1(_!_)ª
1.2 . 3 32
+ 1· - i · - ·V· - il(-.!..)4 + .. ·]
1.2.3.4 32
= 2(1 + rh - -uh-,+ ,Hli\n - -,mUh1TI + · · ·)
= 2 (1 + 0.006208.'3.'J - 0.00006782 + 0.00000130
- 0.00000003 + · · ·)
= 2(1.00614178)
= 2.01028356.
Therefore, to six decimal places the sixtb root of 66 is 2.010284.
H. Find the flfth root of 239 to seven decimal places.
=
239 = 243 - 4 = 243(1 - ,h) 36(1 - ih>·
.·. -lf230 = 3(1 - 2 h>'
= [ )( 4) l·-'( )t !·-~2.·-1!( )ª
4
3 1 ó 243 + ., 1 . 2 ., 243 4
1 . 3 .• 243
+c.\~/~- \t(2!3Y-··· -J
= 3 (1- rks· - Hilin - ~nHhn - n-n-H Hnn - · ·-)
= 3(1 - 0.003202181 - 0.000021677 - 0.000000214
- 0.000000002 - . · ·)
= 3(0.900686926)
= 2.990067778.
Therefore, to seven decimal places the flfth root of 239 is 2. 9900578.
E%erciae 145. Page 407
1. Reduce 2 z4 ±..
3_x~ ±_~-:t2 ±_~ =-~ to lowest terms.
8x4 - 2xª + 1ox2 - Ox +3
2x• + 3xª + óx2 + 9x - 3 3z4 - 2xª + lOxt - Oz + 3
2
- ----------;
Oz4- 4zª+2oz2-12z+ 03
6z4+ 9zª+lóz2+27z- 9
-1)-13zª + 6z2 - 39z + ló
13x, - óz2 + 39z - ló
=
z2(13z - ó) + 3 (13z - 6)
= (z2 + 3)(13z - ó).
It is evident tbat 13 z - 5 Is not a common factor.
=
2z4 + 3z8 + 5z2 + 9z - 3 (zt + 3)(2zl + 8z -1).
=
. Szt - 2zª + IOz' - Oz + 8 (z' + 3)(3zl - 2z + 1) .
. 2z4 + 8z8 + 5z2 + 9z - 3 _ (z' + 3)(2:i:' + 3z -1)
· · 3z4-2z8+10z2 -6z+3- (z~+3)(3z2-2z+l)
2z2 +3z-1
=
3z'-2z+l
11. Reduce z8 + z4y + zlyl + z2yª + zyt + y6 to loweat terma.
z8 - zty + z8y-J - z2y8 + zyt - y6
z8 + zty + z8y' + :i:27,3 + zy4 + y6
z8 - zt11 + z8y2 - ztya + zyt - 116
z4 (z + 11) + z'?,2(z + 11) + y4 (z + y)
= - - - - - - - ~- ~~
z4 (z - 11) + z21/2 (z - 11) + y4(z - ti)
(zt + z2y2 + y4) (z + y) z + ti
= =
(zt + :i:21/1 + 'Y4) (z - 11) z - 11 •
8. Reduce z4 - z8y - z2yl + zy8 to lowest terma.

z6 - z•11 - zyt + y6
z4 - z8y - z2y2 + zy8
z8 - z411 - zyt + y6
- z (zª - z211 - zy2 + 118)
- (z6 - zy4)- (z4y - y6)
z [(z8 + 11ª) - (:i:21/ + :i:112)]
= z (z4 -114) -11(z• -114)
_ z ((z + y)(z2 - zy + 112) - z11 (z + 11))
- (z - y) (z4 - 11•)
_ z(z + 11)(z'- 2:i:y + y2) _ z(z + 11)(:i: -11)' z
- (z -11)(z' - 112)(z2 + 1/2) - (z + 11)(:i: -y)'(z' + yi) = z2 + y2·
4. Reduce (z + 1l)6 - z6 - 116 to loweat terms.
(z + 11)• + z4 + 'Y4
(z + 11)6 - z6 - y6
(z + 11)• + z4 + yt
óz•11 + 10z8y2 + lOz'yª + ózy4
=----------
(z + 11)• - z'y2 + (z2 + 112)2 _ z2112
ó zy (zª + 11ª + 2 z'11 + 2 zy')
= --=-----'-- - - - -
[(z + 11)'+ zy] [(z + 11)2- zy] + (z2 + 11' + z11)(z' + 112 - z11)
= ózy ((z + 11) (z' - zy +y')+ 2zy(z + _11-.c.).:...]_ __
(z' + 8z11 + 112)(z2 + z11 +y')+ (z2 + zy + 11')(z' - z11 + 111)
= 62:11(2: + y)(zl - zy + yl + 2Z11)

(zl + Z1/ + t12) (z2 + 3 zt1 + t12 + zl _ Z1/ + yt)
= 6 Z1/ (z + ti) (:i:2 + zy + t12) _ 62:y (z + ti) (z2 + a:11 + 11')
(z•+ Z1I + t/21(2:i:'+ 2Z1/ + 2t1') - 2(z2 + Z1/ + 712)2
_ 6:i:t1 (z + 11)
- 2 (z2 + Z1/ + t/2)
.. l+a 4a
11. S1mpbfy - - + - - + -8a- - --·
1-a
1-a 1+a' l+a4 l+a
1+a 1-a 1+2a+a'-1+2a-at 4a
1-a-l+a= l-a2 =1-a1·
~ + ~ = 4a(l + a2 + 1 - ~ = ~ -
1 - a2 l+at 1-af 1-a•
-~~ + ~ = 8a(l+a'+l-a4) = ~ -
1-af l+a4 1-- 1--
1+a 4a 8a 1- a 16 a
.·. - - + - - - + - - - - - = - -·
1-a l+a' l+a4 t+a 1-aª
6 8. rf a a- 9 a+l a- 8
• • imp I y a - 2 + a-__: -;¡ - a - 1 - a - 6·
By division,
a a-9 a+l a-8
-a---2 + -a---7 - -a---1 - -a---6
2 2 2 2
=1+--+1----1----1+--
a-j a-1 a-1 a-6
=-2- _ _2___2_+_2_
a-2 a-1 a-1 a-6
2(a-6)+2(a-2) 2(a-1)+2(a-7)
= ~-~0-~ - ~-D~-n
_ 2(2a - 8) 2(2a - 8)
- (a - 2) (a - 6) (a - 1) (a - 7)
_ 4(a- 4)(a2 - 8a + 7 - a2 + 8a-12)
- (a-l)(a-2)(a-6)(a-7)
= 4(a-4)(-6)
(a- l)(a - 2)(a - 6)(a -7)
= 20(4-a)
(a-l)(a- 2)(a -6)(a-7)
TEACHJms· EDITION 866
'l. Simplify ~ b + ~b-abab J.9 + s abab.

a+ a- -v- a+
a b ab ab a b a b
-+----+--=-+---+-
a+b a-b ab-b' a'+ab a+b a-b a-b a+b
a+b b-a
=--
+ - - 1 - 1 o.
a+b a-b
= =
i·r p11 y -4 - - - -9 + - - -:i:-- -1- -

. m
8 . S1
2:i: + 2 :i: + 2 2 (:i: + 3) (:i: + 2) (:i: + 3)
1 4 9 :i:-1
-----+-------
2:i: + 2 :i: + 2 2 (:i: + 3) (x + 2)(:i: + 3)
1 4 9 :i:-1
=-----+---- .
2 (:i: + 1) · :i: + 2 2 (x + 3) (:i: + 2) (x + 3)
1 4 _:i:+2-8:i:-8_ -7:i:-6
2(:t + 1) - z + 2 - 2(z + 1) (z + 2) - 2(z + l){z+ 2)
9 :i:-1 9:i:+18-2:i:+2 7:i:+20
---
2 (:i: + 3) (:i: + 2) (:i: + 3)
= 2 (:i: + 2) (:i: + 3)
=----
2 (x + 2)(:i: + 3)
-7:i:-6 7:i:+20 -7:i:2-27:i:-18+7:i:2+27:i:+20
- ---+
2(:i: + 1)(:i:+ 2) 2(:i:+2)(x + 3)
=---------
2 (x + 1) (x + 2) (:i: + 3)
2 1
=--------=------
2 (:i: + 1) (:i: + 2) (:i: + 3) (:i: + 1)(x + 2) (:i: + 3)
. . aª+ a2b + ab' + b8 (a+ b)2 - 3ah (a - b\3 - aª+ bª

9. S1mphfy X X -- •
aª - a2b - ab' + b8 (a - b)2 + 3ab (a+ b)·' - a·• - b''
aª + a•b + ab' + bl x (a + b)' - 8 ab x (a - b)ª - aª + b8
aª - alb- ab' + b8 (a - b)2 + 3ab (a+ b)ª - aª - b8
=a2~+ij+b2~+ijxa2+2ab+b2-~ab
-~-ij-b'~-ij a2-2ab+b2+3ab
aª - 8 a2b + 8 abl - b8 - a• + b3
x a•+3a2b+3ab2+b8-aª-b8
=(a+b)(a'+b2) xª'-ab+b'x -3a2b+3ab2
(a-b)(a2- b2) as+ ab+ b2 3a2b + 3ab2
(a+b)(a'+b2) a'-ab+bl -8ab(a-b)
= (a - b)'(a + b)
X
a•+ ab + b2
X--~--'-
8ab(a + b)
(a'+ b2)(a' - ab +.b2)
=- -~--'-'-----'--
(a - b) (a + b) (a'+ ab + 112)
866 ELEMEXTARY ALGEBRA
. 2 -a(11-b)- bv
. a' +ab+ac+bc x a1 -az+a11-zv + a--'-----'---'-
10. S1mplify
iu-a11-z:1+q a 1 +ac+iu+c.e :i:1 -z(r,-a)-av
-+ab+ac+bcx--az+q-q_~-a~-~-~
~+~--~
az-q--+q -+ac+az+~~--z~-aj~~
= a(a+ b) + c(a +b) x a(a-z) +11(a -z) + (u-y)(a + b)
a(z -11) - z(z - JI) a(a +e)+ z(~+ e) (a:+ a)(z - y)
~+~~+~ X ~-~~+~ X
= ~-zj~-~ a+y
=--·
~+zj~+tj ~-~~+ij a-11
ll . Simplify az - 1111 + bz - bv +a+ b x a' - b2 - ac +be.

az-q-bz+bv+a-b ab+ac+b'--
az-q+bz-bv+ a+ b x a'-bl-ac+bc
az - a11- bz + bv + a - b ab + ac + bl.- et
= (az + bz) - (a11 + bv) + (a + b) x (a' - bl) - (ac - be)
~-~-~-~+~-~ ~+~+~-~
= z(a_±~)-11(a + b) +(a+ b) x (a+ b)(a - b)- c(a - b)
z~-ij-11~-ij+~-ij a~+tj+~+tj~-tj
= (a + b) (z - y + 1) x (a - b) (a+ b - e) =a+ b.
(a - b)(z - 11 + 1) (b + c)(a + b - e) b + e
11. Sim lify a6 - a4b + a'b2 - a'b' + ab' - ~ + ª' -

2 ab + bl .
p a6 + a4b + a'b2 + a'IJI + ab' + U> a' + 2 ab + b2
a' - a4b + a'-1>2 - a'b• + ab' - b' a' - 2ab + bl
- - - - - - - - - - + - - --
a' + a4b + aªffl + a b8 + ali' + U, a' + 2 ab + b2
2
a'~-4+b2)-IJl~-ab+~ ~-~
= a•(a' + ab + b2) + b'(a' + ab + b2) + (a+ b)'
= (aª - IJI) (a' - ab + b2) x (a + b)'
(a1 + b8) (a'+ ab + b2) (a - b)'
= (a - b)(a' + ab + b2) (a' - ab + b2) x (a+ b)' = a + b.
(a + b) (a' - ab + b2) (a' + ab + b2) (a - b)1 a - b
8:i:+6 7:t-3 4z+6

18. Solve --+--=--·
14 6z+2 7
8z + 6 4z +6 3 - 7z
Transpoae, ¡¡---7-=az+2·
1 3-7z
Simplify the left number,
- i = 6z +2 ·
-3z-1=3-7z.
4z = 4.
.•• z:;:: l.
14. Solve 132:i: + 1 + Bz + 6 = 62.

3z+l z-1
43 13
By division, 44 - - - + 8 +-- = 62.
3z + 1 X -1
_E_-~=º·
z-1 3z+l
39 z + 13 - 43 z + 43 :::: o.
-4:i::::: - 66.
.•. z:::: 14.
3 1 4
16. Solve -z-7
- + -z-9
- =--·
z-8
Clear of fractions,
3z2 - 61:i: + 216 + :i:2 -16z + ó6 = 4z2 - 64:i: + 262.
- 2:i:::::-20.
.·. z = 10.
az-2a az-2b
16. Solve
az - 2b = az +2a ·
Clear of fractions, a2z2 - 4a2 = a2x2 - 4 abz + 4b2.
4 abx = 4 a2 + 4 b2.
a2 + b2
... z :;:: --;;;¡;-.
a-z b-z c-z
l'7. Solve - - + - - + -- ::::0.
be ac ab
Clear of fracUon.s,
at - az + b2 - ba: + et - ex = O.
az + bz + ex == a2 + b2 + et.
. - a2 + b2 + c2
.. Z - -- --
a+b+c
11. Solve
+e a
az2 - ba:
=- ·
nz + p m
m:i:2 -
Clear of fractione, amz2 - bmz + cm == amz2 - anz + ap.
anz - bmz == ap - cm .
.·. z = ap - cm .
an-bm
868 ELEMENTARY ALGRB1U
b-z c-z a(c-2z)

19. Solve --+--= .
a+z a -z a2-z2
Clcar of fractlons,
=
(a - z)(b - z) +(a+ z)(c - z) a(c - 2z).
ab-~-az+-+~-az+cz--=~-2~
~-cx=ab.
ab
.·. z = - - ·
b-c
z-a z-b z-c
SO. Solve - - + - - + - - = 3.
b+c a+c b+a
Transpose,
z-a z-b z-c
- - - 1 + - - - l =o.
-- - 1+
b+c a+c b+a
z - a-b-c z-b-a-c z-c-b-a
-----+ +-- - - =0.
b+c a+c b+a
~=(a_:t-_b~l + z-(a+b+c) + z- (a +b +e)= O.
b+c a+c b+a
Thls equation issatisfied if z - (a+ b + e)= O.
:. z=a+b+c.
lU . Solve 2z+a + 3z-a = 2 ~.

3(z-a) 2(z+a) '
4 z2 + 6 az + 2 a2 + Ozt - 12 az + 3 a' 13
6(z - a)(z + a) =6
=
_13_z_2_-_6_az_+_ó_n_2 13_
(z - a)(z + a)
13zl - 6az + óa2 = 13z2 -13a2.
- 6az = - 18a2.
,', Z=3a.
a ex e az
H . Solve ¡;+ az-b=a+ cx-b ·
ac be ca ab
By dlvision, -+ - + =-+-+ .
e a a(az-b) a -e c(cz-b)
be ab
---=---
a(az - b) c(cz - b)
e a
- - --=---
a(ax - b) c(cz - b)
TEACIIERS' EIHTION 869
c8:I: - bc2 = a8z - ato.
c8z - a8z = bc2 - a2b.
(c 3 - a 1)z = b(c' - a2).
=
(e - a)(c2 +ca+ a2)z b(c - a) (e+ a) .
=
.·. z b(c + a) .
c2+ca+a2
18. The sum of '2.37 is divided among A, B, and C. lf B is giveu
20 per cent more than A and 25 per cent more than C, bow much does
each receive?
Let z = the number of cents C receives.
Then
4
=
5 z the number of cents B receives,
and ~ of z =
5 25 z = the number of cents A receives.
6 4 24
26z 5z
.·. -+-+z=237.
24 4
25z + 30z + 24 z = 6688.
=
79z 6688 .
.·. z= 72.
5z
Then -=90,
4
and 25z =75_

24
Therefore, A receives 7ó cents ; B, 90 cents ; and C, 72 cents.
H. A man bought two pairs of sboes, and one pair cost óO cents
more than the other pair. lf he had paid óO cents less for each pair,
he would have paid four fifths of what he did pay. How much did
each pair cost ?
Let =
z the number of cents be paid for the cbeaper pair.
=
Tben z + óO the number of cents he paid for the dearer pair.
.·. (z - 50) + (z + 50 - 50) = Hz + z + 50).
z - 50 + z = !(2 z + 50).
2z-50=!(2z+ó0).
lOz - 250 = 8z + 200.
2z = 450.
.·.z=225.
Tben z + 50 = 275.
Therefore, the sboes cost him $2.25 and $2. 7ó per pair.
H. A sum of money is divided between A and B. A receives $72

more than B, and A receives seven twelftbs of the whole. What is
the sum divided 1'
Let :z: = the number of dollars B receives.
Then :z: + 72 = the number of dollars A receives,
=
and 2 :z: + 72 tbe number of dollars divided .
. ·. :z: + 72 = -iz (2:z: + 72).
6 :z: + 432 = 7 :z: + 262.
. ·. :z: = 180.
'fhen 2 :z: + 72 = 432.
'fherefore, the sum divided is $432.
16. A farmer bought some pigs at $2.60 each. He sold 40 of the111
at $2.60 each and the rest at i;S.00 each. If his total gain was 10 per
cent, bow many pigs did he huy ?
Let :z: = the number of pigs tbe farmer bought.
=
Then 2fi0:z: the number of cents he paid,
and 276:e = the nuruber of ceuts he received .
260 + (:z: - 40)300 276:z:.
. •. 40 X =
Divide by 26, 416 + 12:z: - 480 11:z:. =
. ·. :z:=64.
Therefore, the.farmer bought 64 pigs.
17. A boat that travels 10} miles an hour downstream requin>s
three times as long to travel a certain distance up the river as dow11
the river. Find the rate of the current.
Let x = the number of miles per hour the current flow>-.
=
Then 10 l - 2 :z: the num her of miles per hour the boat can tra n-1
upstream,
=
....!.... tbe number of hours required to travel 1 mile
lO! down,
and 1
10! - 2x
= the number of hours required to travel 1 mile up.
3 1
. . 10} - 10} - ~:z:
2 2
7 = 21 - 4:z: .
.·. 7=21-4:z:.
4x 14 . =
.·. X= 31.
Therefore, the rate of the curreut is 3! miles per hour.
TE.AC..:HERS' EDITION 871
· 18. From the contenta of a keg a man draws 1 gallon less than two
fifths of the con~nts, and from the remainder he draws 1 gallon less
than three fourths of what is left. He flnds that the keg then con-
tains 1 gallon more than one sixth of the original contenta. Find the
original contenta.
Let =
z the numher of gallons in the keg at flrst.
Then 2 z - 1 = the number of gallons drawn the flrst time,
6
z - ( 2z
5 - 1
) =Sz
- + 1 = the nu~ber of gallons left after the first
· 6 drawmg,
~(Sz + 1 )-1 = the
number of gallons drawn the second
4 6 time,
and Sz
6 +1- [ª(Sz
4 6 +1 ) -1 = 63z +1- 9zJ 1 Sz ó
20 + 4 = 20 + 4
,;,, the number of gallons left in the keg.
3z ó z
·º· 20+¡=¡¡+1.
9z+7ó=I0z+60.
. ·. Z= ló.
Therefore, the original contenta was ló gallons.
se. Solve X+ 4y = 37} (1)

2z+óy=óS (2)
Multiply (1) by 2, 2z+8y=74. (3)
Subtract (2) from (3), 8y = 21 .
.·. y=7.
Substitute the value of y in (1), X+ 28 37,=
.·. z= 9.
80. "Solve Sz-lóy::::-30} (1)
2z + Sy =ló ,2)
Multiply (2) by 4, 8:t + 12y 60. = (3)
Subtract (1) from (S), 27 y= 90.
.·. y=St.
Substitute the value of 11 in (2), 2z + 10 ló. =
2z=ó.
.·. z = 21.
Therefore, z = 2!, and 11 = S!.
872 ELKMENTARf .ALGEBRA
11. Sol~ 6:l:+7v= 11} ())

7z-óv= 9 (2)
Multiply (1) by 7, 36z + 49v = 119. (3)
Multiply (2) by ó, S6z - 2611 = 46. (4)
Subtract (4) from (3), 7411 = 74•
.·.V= l.
Subltitut.e the value of JI in (2), 7z-6=9.
7z = 14 .
. ·. z=2.
Therefore, z = 2, and v = l.
11. Solve lOz +7v =-4} (1)

6z+6ll=-2 (2)
Multiply (1) by 3, 30:i: + 21ll =-12. (3)
Multiply (2) by 6, 30:i: + 26t,t = - 10. (4)
Subtract (3) from (4), 411 = 2.
.•. 'V=¡.
Subltitut.e the value of y in (2), 6z+2l=-2.
6z =- 4l .
.·. Z=-f.
Tberefore, z = -t, and 'V= l·
88. Solve fz+Jy=17} (1)
¡z+iJ1=19 (2)
Multiply (1) by ló, 10:i: + 9ll = 266. (3)
Multiply (2) by 12, 9z+8y=228. (4)
Subtract (4) from (3), z+y=27. (6)
Multiply (6) by 8, Sz + Sy = 216. (6)
Subtract (6) from (4), z= 12.
Subltitute the value of z in (6), 12 +y= 27.
.·. 'V= ló.
Therefore, z = 12, and JI = 16.
84. Solve az+br=

mx+nll=P
e} (1)
(2)
Multiply (1) by m, amz + bmy = .cm. (3)
Multiply (2) by a, amz + any = ap. (4)
Subtract (3) from (4), anll + bmy = ap - cm.
.·. 'V=ap-cm.
an-bm
Multiply (1) by n, an:t + lmy = en. (ó)

Multiply (2) by b, bmz + lmy = bp. (6)
Subtract (6) from (ó), an:t - b,ra = en - bp.
en- bp
.·.x=an-bm·
cn-bp ap-cm
Therefore, x =- - -, and y= -
an-bm
--.
an-bm
86. Solve 3x-y=2(a+b)'} (1)
3y-x= 2(a-b)2 (2)
Add (1) and (2), 2x + 2 y= 4 a2 + 4 b2.
X + y = 2 al + 2 lfl. (3)
Add (1) and (3), 4 x = 4 a2 + 4 ab + 4 b2.
•·• X = a2 + ab + 112.
.Add (2) and (3), =
4 y 4 a2 - 4 ab + 4112.
.·. y = a2 - ab + b2.
Therefore, x = a2 + ab + bl, and y = a2 - ab + 112.
86. Solve óx-2y=3(a+7c)} (1)
óy-2x=3(a+7b) (2)
Add (1) and (2), 3 X + 3 y = 6 a + 21 b + 21 e. (3)
Multiply (3) by j, 2x + 2 y= 4 a+ 14 b + 14 e. (4)
Add (1) and (4), 7x=7a+14b+3óe.
=
.·. z a + 2 b + ó c.
Add (2) and (4), 7 y = 7 a+ 35 b + 14 e.
.·. y = a + ó b + 2 e.
Therefore, x =a+ 2b + óc, and y= a+ ób + 2c.
8'7. Solve ax+be=by+ae} (1)
x+y=c (2)
From (1), ax - by = ac - be. (3)
Multiply (2) by b, bx +by= be. (4)
Add (3) and (4), ax+ bx = ac.
ac
.·. z = - - ·
a+b
Multiply (2) by a, ax+ ay= ac. (ó)
Subtract (3) from (6), ay+ by= be.
be
.·.y=--·
a+b
ac be
Therefore, z = --
a.+ b
, and y = a+
--. b ·
18. Solve (4 + b) :i: + (a + e) 11 =4 + b} (1)

(4 + c):i: + (4 + b) 11 = 4 + e (2)
Add (1) and (2),
Divide by 2a + b + e, :i: + 11 =l. (3)

Subtract (2) from (1 ), (b - c)z + (e - b)y b.:... c. =
Divide by b - e, z -11 l . = (4)
Add (3) and (4), 2:i:=2•
.·. z=l.
211 o•
.·. 11=0.
Therefore, z = 1, and fl = O.
89. A market woman apent /U.SO for apples, some ata cent each,
and the remainder at three for two cents. She sold the apples for
$2.10, thereby gaining half a cent on each apple. How many at each
price did she buy ?
Let z = the number of apples bought at a cent each,
and y = the number of apples bought at three for two cents.
2y
.·. z + 3 =130. (1)
Then z + ~ = the number of cents received for the firat kind,

2
and 2Y + '!!. = the number of cents received for the second ki~d.
3 2
z 271 y
.·. z + 2 + 3 + 2 = 210. (2)
· From (1), 3:i: + 271 =390. (3)
From (2), 6:i: + 3:i: + 411 + 871= 1260.
9z + 7y = 1260. (4)
Multiply (3) by 3, 9:i: + 6y = 1170. (ó)
Subtract (ó) from (4), 11 = OO.
Substitute the value of f1 in (1), z + 60 = 130.
.·. z = 70.
Therefore, the woman bought 70 apples at a cent each and 90
apples at three for two cents.
40. A power boat can travel ló miles an hour downatream. It is

found that the boat can cover a certain distance in 4ó minutes in still
water and the same distance in 1 bour against the current. Find tbe
distance, tbe rate of tbe boat in still water, and the rate of tbe
current.
Let z = the number of miles per hour the boat can go in still water,
=
and y the number of mile.s per bour the current flows .
.·. z +'V= ló, (1)
and =
tz z - y. (2)
From (2), 3z=4z-4y.
z 4y. = (3)
Substitute tbe value of z in (1), 4 f/ +y= ló.
óy ló. =
.·. y=3.
Substitute the ,·alue of y in (3), z = 12.
Tben z-y= 9.
Therefore, the distance is 9 miles, the rate of the boat in still water
is 12 miles an bour, and the rate of the current is 8 miles an hour.
41. Tbere are two numbers whose sum is 8; and tbe quotient of
the first by the second is also 8. Find the numbers.
and f1 = the smaller number .
•·.z+y=8, (1)
and == 8.
11
(2)
From (1), z =8 - fl. (3)

From (2), z = 8y. (4)
Equate the values of z, =
Sy 8 - fl.
=
411 8.
••• 11 = l•
Substitute the value of 11 in (4), z= 2f.
Therefore, the numbers are 2f and f.
49. A man has a certain sum of money invested at a certain per
cent. If he bad $1000 more invested at a per cent } less, the interest
would be $.'ló less; but if he had $500 lesa invested at a per cent !
higher, the interest would be
rate per cent.
,w
more. Find the capital and the
Let z = the number of dollars in the sum invested,

and 11 = t.he rate per cent.
.·. ( z + 1000 )( 111;/) =: - 35, (1)
and (z - 600) ( 11 + \)
100 • 100
=
Z7/ + 60. (2)
(.e + 1000) (2 71 - 1) 2 Z11 - 7000.
2zy + 200011 - Z - 1000 ::: 2 Zl/ - 7000.
z - 200011 6000. = (3)
(z - 600) (211 + 1) 2 z11 + 10000.
=
2 Zl/ - 100011 + Z - 600 2 Z7/ + 10000.
z - 1000 y= 10600. (4)
Subtract (3) from (4), 100071 = 4600.
••. 11 4!,=
Substitute the value of y in (3), z - 9000 = 6000.
=
.·. z 16000.
Therefore, the capital is e16,000, and the rate per cent is 4¡.
48. A and B working together can build a wall in 12 days. U A

works 2 days and B works 3 days, they will build a fifth ~f the wall.
How long will it take each alone ?
Let. =
z the number of days it would take A alone,
and y = the number of days it would take B alone.
1 1 1
.·. z-+-=-,
y 12
(1)
2 3 1
and - + -y = -·
z ó
(2)
2 2 1
Multiply (1) by 2, - + 11- = 6-·
z
(3)
1 1
Subtract (3) from (2), ;;= 30·
.·. y:::30.
11 1
Substitute the value of y in (1), z
+ 80 = 12·
1 1
;=20·
.·. z=20.
Therefore, it would take A alone 20 days, and B alone 30 days.
H. Solve z2 - 17 z + 60 =O.
Factor, (z - ó) (z - 12) = O•
.·. z = ó, or 12.
46. Solve f :i:1 + 10 = 7z.
6zt + 60 = 35:i:.
tl z2 - 35 z = - 50.
144:i:• - () + 1225 = 25.
12:i: - 36 = ± 6.
12z = 40, or 30.
.·. z = 8!, or 21,
'8. Solve 20:i:2 + 159 = 136:i:.
20z' -136:i: = -159.
lOOzl - 680:i: + 1166 =
361.
10:i: - 34 = ± 19.
10:i: = 63, or 16•
.·. z = 6!o-, or ll,
4'1. Solve _7_ + _6_ = 12.

2:i: - 3 z -1 .
7 z - 7 + 10 z - 16 = 24 z2 - 60 z + 86.
24 z2 - 77 z = - 68.
4 X 241z2 - ( ) + 6929 = 361.
48 z - 77 ± 19.=
48:i: = 96, or 68.
=
.·. z 2, or 1/~·
41. Solve z + 5 -V37 - z = 48.
5-V37 - z = 43°-z.
Square, 926 - 26 z = 1849 - 86 z + z2,
z' - 61 z + 924 = o.
(z - 28)(z - 33) = O.
.·. z = 28, or 33
49. Solve Yz+I +-v'z - 4 =-V2z + 9
Square. z + 1 + s -v'zt - 3z - 4 + z - 4 = 2z + 9.
2 -v'zt - 3 z - 4 = 12.
-Vz2 - 3z - 4 = 6.
z 1 - 3:i: - 4 36. =
z'-3z-40 = O.
(z - 8) (z + 5) = O•
.·.:i:=8,or-ó.
But the value z =- 6 does not aatisfy tbe given equation.
,', Z=8.
H. 8cllllll 8s-4v'z -7= 2(z+ 2).

3z-4v'z-7= 2z + 4.
z -4 = 4v'z-7.
zl - 8z + 16 = 16:c - 112.
zl-Mz+128=0.
(z - 8) (z - 16) = O.
.·. z=8,orl6.
H . Sohe 111 - =
zl (a - z)(b + e - z).
(al - zl) - (a - z) (b +e- z) = O.
~-zj~+zj-~-zj~+e-zj=a
(a - z) (a +z - b - e + z) =O.
(a - z)(2 z +a- b - e) = o.
.·.z=a,or b+e-a
2
H. Solve
2a+b 2a-b 2a
a+z - a-z =--¡;-·
~a+~~-zj-~a-~~+zj 2a
a'-z2 = ,;·
2ab-4az 2a
a'-zt = ,;·
b-2:c 1
Divide by 2 a,
at-z2=,; ·
b2 - 2 bz = ª' - zl.
zt - 2 bz + b2 =a2.
z-b=±a.
.-. z=b+a,orb-a.
68. Solve ~+v':c-b=~-
a- z + 2 v'(a - z )(z - b) + z - b =a - b.
2 v' (a - z)(z - b) = O.
v'(a - z) (z - b) = O.
(a - z) (z - b¡ = O•
.-. z=a,orb.
64. A man drives a certain distance in 6 hours. If he had driven
three quarters of it ata rate l! miles an hour faster, he could have
driven tbe remaioder at a rate 3 miles an hour slower and finished
in the same time. Find the distauce and the rate of driving.
TEACIIERS' EDI'flOX 879
Let z = the number of miles per hour tbe man drives.
Then 6z = tbe number of miles he drives.
.·. f (Oz) + !(6z) = 6 _
z + l! z- 8
~ + ~ = 6.
2z+8 2z-6
3z z
--+--=2.
2z+3 2:i:-6
=
6z2 -18z + 2:i:2 + 3z 8z2-12z - 86.
3z 36 • =
. ·. Z=l2.
Then 6z = 72.
Therefore, the distance is 72 miles, and the rate of driving is 12
miles per hour.
116. Two friends, A and B, are 221 miles apart and set out on bicycles
to meet. A travels 10 miles an bour and B travels 6 miles less per hour
than tbe number of hours each travels. How many miles does eacb
travel before they meet?
Let =
z tbe numbet of hours each travels.
Then =
lOz the number of miles A travels,
and =
z (z - 6) tbe number of miles B travels.
=
.·. z(z - 6) + lOz 221.
z2 - 6z + 10:i: = 221.
z2 + 4z = 221.
=
z2 + 4z + 4 226.
z + 2 = ± ló.
=
.·. z 13, or - 17.
Tben =
lOz 130,
and =
z(:i: - 6) 91.
Therefore, A travels 130 miles, and B, 91 miles.
IS6. Tbe sum of a certain number a.nd its square root is 72. Find
tbe number.
Let =
zt tbe number.
.·. zt+ z 72. =
zt + z -72 O. =
(z - 8) (z + 9) = O.
.·. z = 8, or -9.
Then =
z2 64, or 81.
Tberefore, tbe required number is 64, or 81.
6'1. A man divides 120 nuta among 9 children, giving half to tbe
boye and .half to the glrle. If each glrl receivee 3 more nuta than
each boy, how many boye and how many girle are there l'
Let =
z the number of boye.
Then =
9 - z the num ber of girle.
.-.~-~=3.
9-z z
~-~=l.
9-z z
20z -180 + 20z 9z - z2. =
z2 + 31 z - 180 = O.
(z - ó) (z + 36) = O•
.·. z=ó,or-36.
Then 9 - z 4, or 4ó.=
Therefore, there are ó boys and 4 girls.
IS8. The denominator of a certain fraction is greater than the numer-
ator by 3. If 2 is added to each term, the new fraction ie ¡-1 greater
than the given fraction. Find the fraction.
Let z = the numerator.
Then =
z + 3 the denominator,
and _z_ = the fraction.
z+3
z +2 z 2
.·. z + ó = z + 3 + 21 .
z +2 z 2
z + ó - z + 3 = 21.
;¡:2 + ÓZ + 6 - z2 - ÓZ 2
(z + ó) (z + 3) = 21 ·
6 ·2
;¡:2 + 8 :e + 16 = 21 .
126 = 2z2 + 16z + 30.
=
63 z2 + Sz + ló.
;¡:2 + 8 z - 48 o. =
(z - 4) (z + 12) = O•
.·. z = 4, or -12.
Then z + 3 = 7, or - 9,
z 4
and
z+ 3 7' =
Therefore, the fraction required is t-
69. A tourist who has finished a journey of ó40 miles would have
required 2 da.ys more if he had gone each day 3 miles leas. How
many days was he on bis journey, and how many miles did he travel
each day?
Let z = the number of miles per da.y he traveled.
640
Then -z = tbe number of days he traveled.
... 540 _ 640 = 2.
z-3 z
270 _ 270 = l.
z -3 z
270:i: - 270:i: + 810 = z2 - 3z.
z2 - 3 z - 810 = O.
(z - 30) (z + 27) =O•
.·. z = 30, or - 27.
Then 540
z
= 18.
Therefore, the tourist was 18 days on bis journey, and traveled
30 miles a da.y.
60. A body of troops was marching in solid column with 14 more

men in depth tha.n in front. When the front was increased by 828
men there were ó full lines. Find the number of ruen.
Let z = the number of men in front.
Then z + 14 = the number of roen in depth,
and x (z + 14) = the whole number of men.
.·. z(z + 14) = ó(z + 828).
z2 + 14:i: = 5z + 4140.
z2 + 9z = 4140.
4z2 + () + 81 = 16641.
2:i: + 9 = ± 129.
2:i: = 120, or - 138.
.·. z = 60, or - 69.
Then z + 14 = 74,
and x(z + 14) = 4440.
Therefore, the numb_e r of men waa 4440.
81. Solve = 22}

611? + 2712 (1)
=7
3:z:2 - óy2 (2)
Multiply (1) by 3, ló:z:2 + 6712 = 66. (3)
Multiply (2) by 6, 16:z:2 - 26 712 = 36. (4)
Subtract (4) from (3), 31712 = 31.
712 = l.
.•• 11 =±l.
Substitute tbe value of y in (2), =
8 :z:2 - 6 7.
=
8:z:2 12.
z'= 4.
.·. :Z:=±2,
z = 2, and y = - 1;
z = - 2, and y = 1;
or z = - 2, and y =- l.
62. Solve z + xy = 46} (1)
11 + xy = 48 (2)
Subtract (2) from (l ), x- y = - 3.
. ·. X= y-3. (3)
iubetitute the value of x in (2), y + y 2 - 3 y = 48.
712 - 2 y - 48 = o.
(y - 8) (y + 6) = o.
.·.y= 8, or -6.
Substitute the value of y in (3), z = 5, or - 9.
Tberefore, x = 6, and y = 8¡
or x = - 9, and y = - 6.
88. Solve z2 + 712 = 130} (1)

z+y=8 (2)
z-y
From (2), z +y= 8z - 871.
971 1x. =
7z
.·. 11=0 · (3)
Substitute the value of y in (1), z2 + 4 :t = 130.

81 z2 + 49z2 = 130 x 81.
180z2 := 180 X 81.
z2 81. =
.·. z=±9,
Substituta the value of z in (8), y=± 7.
or z=-9,andu=-7,
84. Solve z2 + y2= axy} (1)

z+y=bzy (2)
Square (2), z2 + 2 zy + y2 = 1,2z2y2. (3)
Subtract (1) from (8), 2 zy = 112z2y2 - axy.
b"z2y2 - (a+ 2)zy O. =
zy [b"xy - (a+ 2)) O. =
a+2
.·. zv = O, or -¡¡- · (4)
Substituta the value ofzy in (1), z2 + y2 = o, or a(a + 2). (ó)

b2
Substitute the value of zy in (2), z + y = O, or ª t 2. (6)
Multiply (4) by 2, 2zy = O, or 2 (a + 2 ). (7)

b2
as - 4
Subtract (7) from (ó), z2 - 2 zy + y2 = o, or - -.
b2.
.
Extract the root, z- y = O, or ± 1
b
~
- v a2 - 4. (8)
Add (6) and (8), 2z = O, or ~(a+ 2 ± va2 - 4).
.·. z=O,or..!..(a+2±Ya2-4).
2b
Subtract (8) from (6), 2J( = O, or ~ (a +2 'f va2 - 4).
1
.·. y=0,or-(a+2'fYa2-4).
2b
=
Therefore, z = O, and JI O;
1 -~ 1
z= -(a+ 2 + va2 -4), andy= - (a + 2 -Ya2 - 4);
2b 2b
or z =..!..(a+ 2 -Ya2 - 4), andy = _!_(a+ 2+ va2 -4).
2b 2b
z=••~-,,. (1)
•=·~-,,¡ f.!)
.=.-
•=•·
.·.a=•-
6
e:,
~....llamme s•ua.a oh iD . ~ • = •(-Z- + ..) .
•=;+..-.
.. =.y + ,,..,,_
1.-S-r ~.,S-•= o..
, :,,.s -r ~., - 61 = o..
6
.·. •=0,or--.
. .+.
as+•
z=O,or-•-.
Themore, z = o. a.ad !I = 1) ;
.. b
or z = -- . andJ=--·
a!-rl;- a::+lfl
H. Soll"e &Y = . Y i (1)
Frr,m
From (2)
11)
a-s=6 - JJ
•=±•-
.·. Z=±b•
z
..
= • - b + y.
(!)
(3)
(4)
Equa&e die nlnes of z, ± "11 = 11 - b + J.
6
±q = ab-bl+ ...
±q-f».=ab-bl.
=
(± a - b)v b(a - b).
b(6-11)
.·. v=b,or---·
11+6
b(b- a)
Subáitnte the value of 1f in (4), z = a- b + b, ora - a+
b + --b-·
a(a - b)
.·. z = a , o r ~ -
=
Therefore, z a, and r, b ; =
or z =ª(a - bl, and r, = b(b - a).
a+b a+b
87. Solve !z + !y =!3 . } (1)

=
zt + y' 160 (2)
From (1), 811 + 3z = xy.
2:i:11 = 6z + 6y. (3)
Add (2) and (3), =
zt + 2 xy + 11' 6 z + 611 + 160.
=
(z + 11)2 6 (z + 11) + 160.
(z + 11)' - 6 (z + 11) - 160 O.=
Factor, (z + 11 - 16) (z + 11 + 10) = O.
=
.·. z + 11 16, or - 10. (4)
=
Substitute the value of z + 11 in (3), 2 x11 96, or - 60. (6)
Subtract (6) from (2), zt - 2:i:11 +y'= 64, or 220.
· z - 11 = ± 8, or ± 2 V55. (6)
Add (4) and (6), =
2z 24,8, or -10 ±2V55.
.·. z = 12, 4, or - 6 ± V55.
Subtract (6) from (4), 211 = 8, 24, or-10 :¡: 2V55.
••• 11 = 4, 12, or - 6 :¡: V55.
z ·= 4, and 11 = .1 2;
x =- 6 + V55, and y =- 5 - v'ó6;
or z = - 6 - V55, and 11 = - 5 + V55.
88. Solve z(y + 1) = lO(y-1)} (1)
2y(z+l)= 9(:i:-1) (2)
From (1), zy + z =
10 y - 10. (3)
From (2), 2 zy + 2 y =
9 z - 9. (4)
Multiply (3) by 2, 2 xy + 2 z = 20 y - 20. (6)
Subtract (4) from (6), 11 z - 22 y= - 11.
x-2Y=-l.
.·.x=2y-l. (6)
2yt - y+ 2 y - 1 = lOy -10.
2y2 - 9y = - 9.
161/2 - () + 81 = 9.
4y-9=±3.
=
4 y 12, or 6.
.·. y= 3, or ll.
Substitute the value of y in (6), z= 6, or2.
Tberefore, z = 6, and y = 8 ;
or = =
z 2, and ti 1}.
886 ELEl\lENT ARY ALGEBRA
89. lf the aum of the aquarea of two numben iB divided by the

ftnt number, tbe quotient iB 14 and tbe remainder 4; if divided by
the BeCODd number, the quotient iB 10 and the remainder 4. Find
the numben.
Let z = the ftnt number,
and 11 = tbe BOOOnd number.
z1 +1/2 4
.·. - z - =14+¡• (1)
and zS + 1/2 = 10 + ~. (2)

11 11
From (1), zl + yt = 14 z + 4. (3)
From (2), zS + 111 = 1011 + 4. (4)
Subtract (4) from (8), 0=14:a:-lOy.
14:z: = 101(.
611
.·.z=-;¡-· (6)
SubBtitutethevalueof zin (4), 26 1/2 +

49
v' = 1011 +· 4.
25 y 2 + 491/2 = 40011 + 196.
74 y 2 - 40011 =196.
741112 - () + 2451 = 74629.
7411- 245 = ± 273.
7411 = 618, or - 28•
.·. y= 1, or - H·
Subatitute tbe value of y in (6), z= 6, or -H·
Tberefore, the numbera required are 6 and 7.
70. The diagonal of a rectangle iB 85 feet. lf each dimenaion is

increaaed by 2 feet, the area iB increaaed by 230 aquare feet. Find
the dimensiona of the rectangle.
Let x = the number of feet In one dimension,
and 11 = the number of feet in the other dimension.
.·. z + 11 = 86
1 2 1, (1)
and (z + 2)(y + 2) = XI/ + 280. (2)
From (2), zy + 2z + 2 y+ 4 = xy + 280.
+ 2 y= 226.
2x
+ 11 = 113.
X (3)
Square (3), z2 + 2xy + 112 = 12700. (4)
Subtract (1) from (4), 2zy = 6644. (6)
Subtract (6) from (1), zt - 2zy + 712 = 1681.
z -11 ± 41.= (6)
Add (3) and (6), =
2z ló4, or 72.
=
.·. z 77, or 36.
11 36, or 77.
Therefore, the dimensiona of the rectangle are 77 feet and 36 feet.
71 . The sum of two numbel'8 is 24, and tbe eum of the fourtb powel'B
of the numbel'B is 86,922. Find tbe numbel'8.
Let z = one number,
and 11 = tbe other number.
:. z + 11 = 24, (1)
and z4 + 71' = 86922. (2)
Raise (1) to tbe 4th power,
z4 + 4z8y + 6ziyt + 4z11ª + 71' = 331776. (3)
4 z&y + 6 ziy2 + 4 xy3 = 246864.
2zªy + 3xiy2 + 2xy8 = 122927.
zy(2z' + 3zy + 2y2) = 122927. (4)
Square (1), z2 + 2zy + 712 676.= (6)
=
z2 + 11' 676 - 2zy.
. 2x2 + 2711 = 1162 - 4z71.
Subetitute tbe value of 2 zt + 2 712 in (4),
xy (1162 - 4 zy + 3 zy) = 122927.
zy (1162 - zy) = 122927.
1162:1:71 - ziy2 = 122927.
ziy2 -1162:1:71 = -122927.
ziy2 - ( ) + 6762 = 208849.
zy - 676 == ± 467.
zy = 1033, or 119.
4zy = 4132, or 476. (6)
Subtract (6) from (6), z 2 - 2zy + 712 = - 3666, or 100.
=
z - y ± 2 -./ - 889, or ± 10. (7)
Add (1) and (7), 2 z = 24 ± 2 -./ - 880, 34 or 14.
.·. z=12±-./-880, 17,or7.
Substitute the value of z in (1), 11 = 12 ::¡:-./ - 889, 7, or 17.
Therefore, the numbere required are 7 and 17, or 12 + v - 880 ancl
12 - -./ - 889.
TI. A garriaon is aupplied with bread for 11 da.ya. U there were

200 men more, eacb man would receive eacb day i of a pound less
bread¡ if tbe garriaon waa 300 men amaller, eacb man would receive
eacb day t of a pound more bread. How large was the garrison and
bow large waa the daily ration of bread ?
Let =
z tbe number of men in the garriaon,
and =
71 the number of pounds of bread in the da.ily ration of
each man .
••. (z + 200) (11 - i) Z7/, = (l)
and (z - 300)(71 + t) = z71. (2\
. z
From (1), Z1/ + 20071 - 4- 60 = z71.
~- 20071 = - 60.
4
z - 80071 = - 200. (3)
From (2), Z1J +~- 300 71 - 160 =z71.
2
~ - 30071 = 160.
2
z - 60011 = 300. (4)
Subtract (3) from (4), 20071 = 600.
.·. 11=2t.
Substitute the value of y in (4), z - 1600 = 300.
.·. z = 1800.
Therefore, there are 1800 men in the garrison, and the daily ration
of bread is 2t pounds per man.
TS. Afore wheel of a carriage turna 132 times more than a hind
wheel while the carriage goes 1 mile. lf tbe circumference of each
was 2 feet greater, a fore wheel would tum only 88 times more.
Find the circumference of eacb wbeel.
Let z = tbe number of feet in tbe circumference of a fore wheel,
and 11 = the number of feet in the circumference of a bind wbeel.
=
1 mile 6280 feet.
.·. 6280 _ 6280 = 132, (1)
z y
and 6280 _ 6280 = 88. (2)
z+2 11+2
Divide (1) by 182, ~
z
- ~=l.
y
4071- 40z =
Z1/· (3)
Divide (2) by 88, ~ - ~ = l.

x+2 y+2
60y + 120 - 60:i: -120 = xy + 2x + 2y + 4.
ó8y-62z=zy+4. (4)
Subtract (4) from (3), 22 x - 18y = - 4.
llz-9y=-2.
llz= 9y-2 .
. ·• X= 9 y - 2• (ó)
11
40 _ 40(9y - 2) = (9y - 2)Y.
y 11 11
440y - 360y + 80 = 9y2 - 2y.
9y2 - 82y = 80.
81 y2 - ( ) + 1681 = 2401.
9y-41=±49.
9 y = 90, or - 8 .
.·. y= 10, or - ~.
Substitute the value of y in (5), x = 8, or - 11·
Therefore, the circumference of a fore wheel is 8 feet, and the
circumference of a hind wheel is 10 feet.
74. The third digit of a number is the sum of the other two digits.
The product of ttie first and third digits exceeds the square of the
second by ó. If 396 is added to the number, the order of the digits is
reversed. Flnd the number.
Let X = the first digit,
=
y the second digit,
and =
z the third digit.
Then 100:i: + IOy + z = the number,
and 100 z + 10 y + x = the number with the order of the digits
reversed .
. ·. Z =X+ Y, (1)
xz - y2 = ó, (2)
and 100:i: + lOy + z + 396 = lOOz + lOy + x. (3)
From (3), 99:i: - 99z =- 396.
X - Z=-4.
.·• X= Z - 4. (4)
Substitute the value of x in (1), z = z - 4 + y.
.·. y=4.
Substitute the valuea of z and 11 in (2),

zS - 4 % - 16 6. =
zl-h-21= o.
(z - 7)(z -t 3) O• =
.•• z = 7, or -3.
Substltute the value of z in (4), z = 3, or - 7.
The negative valuee do not apply.
Then 100:i: + 1071 + z 847.=
Therefore, the number requlred ia 347.
76. An expreu traln travels a miles in b hours with one stop of 6

minutes. An accommodation traln covers the same distance in e
hours, making 15 stops of average length of 2 minutes. How many
miles will each traln travel in one hour, if each moves ata uniform
rate between stations? Compare the ratea of tbe two trains.
Let z = the number of miles per hour in the rate of the express
train between stations,
and 71 = the number of miles per hour in the rate of the accommo-
dation train between stations.
6 minutes = nhour;
16 x 2 minutes= SO minutes= i hour.
Then z=-ª-=~,
b-n
12b-1
a 2a
and 11=--=--·
c-i 2c-1 .
12a 2a 6 1
.·. z:11=-- : - - = - - :--=12c-6:12b-1.
12b-l 2c-1 12b-1 2c-1
Therefore, the rate of the express train is ~ miles per hour ;
12b-1
that of the accommodation traln is ~ miles per hour ; and the
2c -1
ratio of the ratee is 12 e - 6: 12 b - l.
76. Find two numbers in the ratio It: 2l such that when each is
increased by 16 they shall be in the ratio of li: 2t.
Let z = the first number,
and 71 = the second number.
.·. z:11=1t:2i, (1)
and z + 16: 1/ + 16 = li: 2t. • (2)
From (1), z: y= 9 : 16.
=
9y 16z.
. _ 16z
. . 'V-9' (8)
From (2), z + 16: y + 16 = 10: 16.
z+l6 : y+l6=2:3.
3 z + 4ó = 2 y + 30.
3 z = 2 y :- 16. (4)
Substitute in (4) the value of y from (3), 3 z = 3~ z - 16.
27z = 32z -136.
- 6z =-136•
••• Z= 27.
Substitute the value of z in (3), Y=48.
Therefore, the numbera required are 27 and 48.
77. Two companies of a regiment went into a battle in strength as

9 to 11. After tbe battle the rela.tive etrength was as 6 to 8. Of the
men in tbe two companies 36 per cent were dieabled, and 30 of these
belonged to tbe eecond company. Find the strength of each company
at flrat.
Let z = the number of men in the flrat company,
and y = the number of men in the aecond company.
.·. z: y = 9: 11. (1)
Now =
Nrs (z + ti) the number of men mÍBBing,
80 = the number miBBing from thesecond company,
and y'-¡fr¡ (z + ti) - 80 = tbe number mÍ88ing from the flrat company.
. •• Z - [-t/r¡(Z + ti) - 30): 'V - 30 = 6: 8. (2)
From (2), z - ~~ - 36 =
'V + 30: ti - 30 5: 8.
100 100
13z - 7 Y+ 30 : ti - 30 = 6 : 8.
20 20
26z _ 14t1 + 240 = 6y-160.
ó ó
26z _ 89y =_
390 _
ó 6
2z _ 3t1 =_
30.
6 6
2z - 3 y =-
160. (8)
892 ELE.M.ENTARY ALGEBRA
From (1), lh: = 911•

••• X= 911. (4)
11
8ubstitute tbe value of x In (3), 1811 - 311 = - 160.
11
1811- 3311 = -1660.
-1611 =-1660•
=
••• 11 110.
Subatitute tbe value of 11 in (4), :i: = 90.
Therefore, tbe streogth of tbe companies at first was 90 men and
110 men.
'18. Show that the product of the least and tbe greatest of any four
cooaecutive numbers is less by 2 than tbe product of the two interme-
diate numbers.
Let n = any poeltive integer.
Then n + 1, n + 2, n + 3 = the next three largar positiva integers.
=
To prove n(n + 3) + 2 (n + l)(n + 2).
Now =
n' + 3 n + 2 n' + 3 n + 2.
=
.·. n(n + 3) + 2 (n + l)(n + 2).
'19. Show that if 1 is added to the product of any four consecutive
numbers, the sum is a perfect square.
Let n, n + 1, n + 2, n + 3 be any four consecutiva numbers.
=
Now n(n + 1) (n + 2)(n + 3) + 1 (n' + n)(n1 + 6n + 6) + 1
=nt + 6 nª + 11 n2 + 6 n + 1
=(n2 + 8n + 1)'.
x•+a:i:2 -b:i:+c x2 +ax-b b
80. If -- - - - - -- -= ,showthatx=-·
:i:ª-a:i:2+1>:i:+c xi-ax+b a
x3+ax'-bx+c x2 +ax-b
:i: 8 - az2 + bx + e = z2 - ax + b
xª+a:i:2 -b:i:+c zª-ax2 +bi:i:+c
By alternation,
x2+ax-b
= x'-ax+b
Divide each numerator by its denominator,
x+ e =x+ e .
x2+ax-b xt-ax+b
.·. x'+ax-b=x2-ax+b.
2ax = 2b.
b
••• X=-·
a
81. z4 + zl - 16:z:2 - 4 z + 48 roa.y be resolved into two factora of
the form :z:2 + mz + 6 a.nd z2 + nz + 8. Find the factora.
z4 + z8 -16:z:2 - 4:z: + 48
= (z2 + mz + 6) (z2 + nz + 8)
=z4 + (m + n)zll + (14 + mn)zl + (8m + 6n)z + 48.
=
.·. m + n 1, 14 + mn =- 16, 8 m + 6 n =-
4;
whence m=- =
6, a.nd n 6.
.·. z4 + z8 - 16:z:2 - 4z + 48 = (z2 - 6z + 6)(:z:2 + 6:z: + 8).
81. A man who has deposited $600 a.t compound interest ea.ch yea.r
a.t 6 pel' cent finds that at the age of 64 he owns $33,260. At what
age did he begin to deposit his money?
By §476, A = S(R" - l),
r
Here A = 33260, S = 600, R = 1.06, r = 0.06 .
.·. 33260 = 600(1.06• - 1).
0.06
33260 = 10000(1.06• - 1).
1.06.. - 1 = 33260.
10000
1.06" = 3.3260 + l.
=
1.06" 4.326.
=
log (1.0511 ) log 4.326.
n log 1.05 = log 4.326.
.·. n = log 4.326 =
0.6860 30. =
log 1.05 0.0212
Hence, the man began to deposit bis money 30 years before he wa.s
64 years old.
Therefore, the'man began to deposit bis money a.t the age of 24 years.
88. December 31, 1895, a. man deposited $1200 in a savings bank
that pays 3 per cent compound interest. lf he deposited $300 on the
last day of December of ea.ch year; wha.t will be the amount of bis
deposit December 31, 1905?
The amount of the deposit, December 31, 1906, is the compound
a.mQunt of $1200 for 10 years a.t 3 per cent a.dded to the amount of
$300 put at interest ea.ch yea.r for 10 years at 3 per cent.
(i) By §471, A= PR-.
Here = =
P 1200, R 1.03, n = 10.
=
,', A= 1200 x 1,0310 1611.
894 ELEMENT.ARY ALGEBRA
=
log 1200 3.079'2
log 1.0310 = 0.1280
3.2072 =log 1611.
(ii) By §476, .A= S(R- - l) ·
r
Here 8 = 300, B = 1.03, n = 10, r = 0.03.
.•. .A= 300(1.031º - 1) 10000(1.()310 - 1).
0.03
= =
log 1.0310 0.1280 log 1.343.
=
.·. .A= 10000(1.343 - 1) 10000 X 0.343 3430. =
fl611 + f:3430 = f6Ml.
Therefore, the amount of the depoait December 31, 1906, is '6041.
H. A man borrows fI0,000 at 4 per cent interest, and pays each

year 12! per cent of that sum. In how many yeara will the debt be
paid?
The amount due at the end of the nth year is equal to the com-
pound amount of tbe principal for n years less tbe sum of tbe com-
pound amounts of the payments eacb for its own proper number of
years.
.· . .A = PR• - (SR--t + SR--t + SR--•+ .. . + SR + 8).
= = =
The parenthesis is a geometrical series in wbicb a 8, r R, n n.
By§ 416,
, = a(,. - I) = S(R- -1) = SR- - S.
r-1 R-1 R-1
.•• .A = PR- _ SR- - S.
R-1
Now .A = O, and P = 8 S.
.·. O= 8 SRn - SR- - S .
B-1
0=8Rn-R--l .
B-1
8Rn=R--l .
R-1
8R-+1-8Rn=R--1.
9Rn-8Jln+l=I.
R- (9 - 8 R) = l.
Now R = 1.04 .
••• 1.04" (9 - 8.32) = l.
1.04" X 0.68 l.=
1.04" = 0.68
- 1- .
log(l.04") = log( - !_)·
0.68
=
n log 1.04 colog 0.68.
= =
:. n colog ~~ 0.1675 9 _85. =
logl.04 0.0170
Hence, it will require 9.85 years.
Since the last payment is not ma.de until the end of the year, lt will
take 10 years for the debt to be paid, and the last payment will be
somewhat lees than 12t per cent of iur,ooo.
Ezerclae H6. Page 413

l. Forces of 5 pounds and 12 pounds act on a point. Find their
resultant if the forces act in the same direction ; if they act in op-
posite directione ; if they act at right anglee.
=
(i) The reeultant 5 pounde + 12 pounde
= 17 poun<ls.
(ii) The reeultant = 12 pounde - 5 pounds
= 7 pounds, acting in the direction of the force
of 12 pounds.
(üi) The reeultant = ~ pounds
= v'144 + 25 pounde
= v'i69 pounds
= 13 pounds.
l . Two forces of 25 pounde act on a point at right anglee. Find
the reeultant, and the angle it forme with each force.
The reeultant = v'2r,2 + 252 pounds
= v'12w pounds
= 35.36 pounds.
Since the forces are equal and act at right anglee, the resultant
makes an angle of 45° with each force.
3. The resultant of two concurrent forces acting at right angles is
10 pounds. One of the forces is 8 pounds. Find the other force.
Let z = the number of pounds in the requil"ed force .
= = =
.·. z v'102 - 82 v'100 - _64 v'36 6. =
Therefore, the required force is 6 pounde.
t. Resolve a force of 7ó pounds into two perpendicular componentB

that make equal angles with the given force.
Since the two perpendicular components make equal angles with
the given force, the two components are equal.
Let x = the number of pounds in each component.
.·. -vxs + x2 = 76.
=
2:z:2 6626.
:z:2 = 2812.6.
.·.X= 53.03.
Therefore, each component ia 63.03 pounds.
6. Resolve a force of 40 pounds into two perpendicular components
one of which is three times as great as the other.
· Let x = the number of pounds in the smaller component.
=
Then 3 x the number of pounds in tbe larger componen t .
.·. vz2 + (3x¡2 = 40.
vÍOx2 = 40.
1ox2 = 1600.
x2 = 100.
.·. X= 12.65.
Then =3x 37.95.
Therefore, the components required are 12.65 pounds and 37.95
pounds.
8. What force parallel to a smooth inclinad plane 18 feet long and
12 feet high will support on the plane a body weighing 76 pounds?
A weight W is supported on a smooth
inclined plane by another weight P,
which is connected with W by means
of a cord and fixed pulley, as shown
in the figure.
Represent W by a line AB drawn
from A, where the en tire weight of W
may be considereu to act.
Construct the rectangle A CBD by
drawing AC and DB parallel to the
length HF of the inclined plane, and w
.AD and CB perpendicular to HF. r~
1 ------------l
.. 0
The components of W are repre-
sentad by AC and .AD. The component AC pulls the body down
the plane and is balanced by P, and t.herefore P = AG. AD pushes

the body directly against the plane, and is balanced by the reaction
R of the plane.
The triangltis ABC and IIFG are mutually equiangular, and are
therefore similar.
AC GH BC AD GF
.·. -- -- = - ,and-= - - - = - ·
AB FH AB AB FH
P
Therefore, -- = height
- of plane
W length of plane
'
R base of plane
and
W length of plana
P 12
Here
u= is"
p 2
76 = a·
=
8P 160.
. ·. P= 60.
Therefore, the required force is 60 pounds.
7. The base of a smooth inclined plane is 80 inches and the height

is 89 inches. What force acting parallel to the plane will support on
it a. weight of 178 pounds ?
The length of the inclined plane = v'so2 + 392 inches
= v'6400 + 1521 inches
=-v'7921 inches
= 89 inches.
P 39
By Exa.mple 6,
11s = so·
89 P = 39 X 178.
.·. P=78.
Therefore, the required force is 78 pounds.
8. Resolve a force of 260 pounds acting northeast into two forces,

one acting north a.nd the other east.
The two components, since one acta north and one east, make right
a.ngles with ea.ch other.
The force acta northeast, and therefore makes an angle of 46° with
each component.
Therefore, the components are equal.
Let x = the number of pounds in each component.
=
.·. v'x2 + z2 260.
2z2 = 62600.
z2 = 31260.
.·. z = 176.78.
Therefore, each required force is 176. 78 pounds.
9 . Two forces in the ratio of 3 to ó act at right angles upon a

point and produce a resultant force of 136 pounds. Find the value of
the forces.
Let =
3 z the number of pounds in the smaller force.
Then 6z = the number of pounds in the Jarger force.
=
v'(3z)2 + (6z)2 136.
=
9z2 + 2óz2 136 x 136.
34z2 = 136 X 136.
z2 = 4 X 136.
=
z2 644 .
=
.·. z 23.324.
Then =
3x 69.97,
and 6z = 116.62.
Therefore, the forces required are 69.97 pounds and 116.62 pounds.
10. A body moves east with a constant velocity of 26 feet per

second, and south with a constant velocity of 30 feet per second.
Find the actual rate of motion in a straight Jine.
Let x = the number of feet the body moves per second in a straight
line .
= = =
.·. z v'252 + 302 v'626 + 900 v'ló26 39.0ó.=
Therefore, the body moves 39.06 feet per second in a straight line.
11. A man rows a boat at right angles to the course of a river three
times as fast as the river flows, and reaches the opposite bank half a
mile below the starting point. What is the width of the river ?
=
1 : 3 t mile: width of river .
.·. width of river = 3 x t mile = 1i miles.
Therefore, tbe width of the river is lt miles.
lll. A boy sita on his sled on the side of a hill that rises 1 foot in
every 6 feet. If the weight of the boy and sled is 100 pounds, what
force acting parallel to the ground will keep the sled from sliding
down the hill l'
p 1
. By Example 6,
100 = ti'
6P = 100.
.·. P = 16f .
Therefore, the required force is 16f pounds.
13. A stone weighing lóO pounds resta on an inclined plane 8 feet

long and 3 feet high. What múst be the force of friction that will
keep the stone from sliding down the plane ?
p 3
By Example 6,
100-s'
8P=460 .
.·. P=ó!Ji.
Therefore, the required force is 56!- pounds.
H . Find the tension on the rope if a masa of lóO pounds is

suspended from the middle of a rope
16 feet long fastened to each end of a D
horizontal beam 12 feet long. ,},
Let .A.B represent the beam, .A.OB the // 1 \
/ 1 \
rope, and W the weight. / 1 \
/ 1 \
Complete the parallelogram .A.CBD. ,/' ; '\
.A.O= 8, and AE = 6. / 11 '\
=
CE= v'82 - 62 v'64 - 36 B, ,E '..&
= =
-v'28 ó.29.
CD = 2 x ó.29 = 10.58.
CD W
Then
Ad = tension ·
10.58 160
=
-8- tension · o
10.óStension= 8 X 160 .
. ·. tension = 8 x 160 = 113.42. W'
10.58
Therefore, the tension required is 113.42 pounds.
11. Tbree concurrent balanced forces act, one toward the north,
one toward the eaat, and one toward the aouthwest. If the third force
is 26 pounds, ftnd the otber two forces.
The force that acta toward the soutbwest is equal to and opposit.e
in direction to tbe resultant of the forces that act towa.rd the north
and east. The opposite of southwest is northeast, and northeast
makes equal angles with north and with east. Therefore, the forces
that act toward the north and toward the east are equal, and their
resultant is 26 pounds.
=
Let z the number of pounds in either the north or east force.
v:i:2 =
+ z2 26.
2:i:' = 626.
z2 = 312.6 .
.·. z = 17.68.
Therefore, the force toward the north is 17.68 pounds, and the force
toward the east is 17 .68 pounds.
18 . A ladder 24 feet long welghs 36 pounds and resta with one end
against a wall and the other end on the ground 6 feet from the wall.
The centre of gravity of the ladder is llt feet from the base. Find
the horizontal preseure against the wall.
Let AB rep1-esent the ladder, AC the wall, and BC the ground. Let
E be the centre of gravity of the ladder.
AB = 24 feet, EB = llt feet, AE = 12t feet, ...t
BC = 6 feet, and W = 36 pounds.
AC = ..¡242 - 62 = v676 - 36 = V640 = 23.24 feet.
In the similar triangles A CB and EFB,
AB: CB=EB : FB,
or 24 : 6=llt:FB.
E
6 X llt 23
:. F B = ~ = s = 2 i feet.
Let z = the horizontal pressure against the wall.
z FB
w=Ac ·
z _ 2¡
36 - 23.24.
36 X 2¡ w
.·. z = 23.24 = 4.46.
Therefore, the horizontal preasure against the wall is 4.46 pounds.
17. lf 200 pounds is supported in front of a wall by a horizontal
rod and a brace making an augle of 46° with the rod at its end, find
the pull of the rod and the push of the brace.
Let IIK represent the wall, AR the horizontal rod, and A O the brace
ruaking the angle A CB = 45° with IIK.
D H
The forces acting at A are 200 pounds
downward, the pull of the rod in thc " ' ', Á G
direction .AB, and the push of the brace
in the direction AD. Take .A.E to repre-
sent 200 pounds, and complete the par- 1
allelogram AEFG (here a square) . 1
The push of the brace is just equal E----- F
to and opposite to AF, the resultant of
the weight, 200 pounds, and the tension w
in the horizontal rod AB. (}
These two forces make equal angles
with this resultant.
K
Hence, these two forces are equal;
that is, the tension in the horizontal rod is equal to 200 pounds .
= = =
.·. .AF V200' + 200' pounds 200v'2 pounds 282.8 pounds.
Therefore, the pull of the rod is 200 pounds, and the push of tbe brace
is 282.8 pounds.
1. Find the volume of 1 pound of cast iron, specific gravity 7.2.
What does the iron weigh under water ?
1 cubic foot of water weighs 62.4 pounds.
1 cubic foot of cast iron weighs 7.2 x 62.4 pounds.
Therefore, 7.2 x 62.4 pounds of cast iron occupy 1 cubic foot, or
1728 cubic inches.
Hence, 1 pound of cast iron occupies 1728 cubic inches,
or 3.846 cubic inches of space. 7 .2 x 62.4
Now 3.846 cubic inches of water weigh
= 0.139 pound.
~~s;: of 62.4 pounds
Hence, the iron weighs under water 1 pound - O.I39pound 0.861 =

poun d ; or t h e .,ron we1g
. hs un d er water -
7.2-1
- poun d = 6.2
-7.2 poun d
7.2
= O.861 pound .
Therefore, the volume of 1 pound of cast !ron is 3.846 cubic inches ;
and the iron weighs 0.861 pound under water.
l. A bloc~ of wood, placed in a ve1111el full of water, floats 0.6 sub-

merged. Sixty cubic centimeters of water runs out. Find the weight,
volume, and specific gravity of the wood.
Slnce 60 cubic centlmeters of water nms out, the weight of the
block is 60 grama. 60
Since the block is 0.6 submerged, the volume is - , or 100, cubic
centimeters. 0.6
Since the block 1loats 0.6 submerged, the specific gravity of the
wood is 0.6.
Therefore, the weight of the wood is 60 grams, the volume is 100
cubic centimeters, and the specific gravity is 0.6.
8. A piece of wood weighs 160 grama in air, and a piece of lead

weighs 40 grams in water, They together weigh 30 grame in water.
Find the specific gravity of the wood.
The buoyant force of the water on the wood supports the wood and
takes away 40 - 30, or 10, grame from the weight of the lead.
Hence, the buoyant force upon the wood, or the weight of an equal
bulk of water, is 160 + 10, or 160, grama.
Therefore, the specific gravity of the wood is fü, or 0.9376.
<&. A stone weighs 20.4 grams in air, 14.4 grama in water, and 14.94
grams in linseed oil. Find the specific gravity of the stone and of the
oil, and the volume of the stone.
The stone loses 20.4 -14.4, or 6, grame when weighed in water.
Hence, the volume of the water displaced by the stone, that is, the
volume of the stone, is 6 cubic centimeters.
The weight of the stone is 20.4 grame, and the weight of an equal
bulk of water is 6 grame. 20 4
Hence, the epecific gravity of the etone is-i"- = 3.4.
The etone loses 20.4 - 14.94, or 6.46, grams when weighed in linseed
oíl. Therefore, 6.46 grams and 6 grams are the weights of equal bulke
of linseed oll and water. 6 46
Hence, the epecific gravity of Jineeed oil is-¡¡--= 0.91.
Therefore, the specific gravity of the etone is 3.4; the epecific
gravity of linseed oil is 0.91; and the volume of the etone is 6 cubic
centimeters.
6. A block of wood weighing 42 grams in air floats in water with
0.8 of its volume submerged. How many grams must be placed upon
the block of wood to submerge it? .
Since the block of wood floats with 0.8 of its volume submerged, the
speciflc gravity of the wood is 0.8, and the volume is 42 , or ó2.5, cubic
centimeters. 0.8
When the wood is submerged, it displaces ó2.5 cubic centimeters, or
ó2.5 grams, of water.
Therefore, there must be placed upon the wood to submerge it, ó2.ó
grams - 42 grams, or 10.ó grama.
8. A block of wood floats in kerosene, speciflc gravity O. 79, with

three fourths of its volume submerged. How much of the wood will
be submerged in sea water, specific gravity 1.026?
Let the volume of the wood be a cubic centimeters. Then ! a, or
O. 75 a, cubic centimeters of wood are submerged in the kerosene.
Therefore, a cubic centimeters of the wood weigh the same as O. 75 a
cubic centimeters of kerosene. Since 1 cubic centimeter of kerosene
weighs O. 79 gram, a cublc centimeters of the wood weigh O. 76 a x O. 79
grams. Since 1 cubic centimeter of sea water weighs 1.026 grams, it
w1·n tak e 0.76ax0.79
1. 026 , or 06776
. a, cu bº1c centlmeters
. of sea water to
weigh O. 76 a x O. 79 grama.
Therefore, 0 · 6776 ª, or 0.6776, of the wood will be submerged in

sea water. a
7. How many grama of lead, specific gravity 11.4, must be fastened

to a cubic centimeter of cork, specific gravity 0.24, that it may just
float in sulphuric acid, specific gravity 1.84?
1 cubic centimeter of cork weighs 0.24 gram, and 1 cubic centimeter
of sulphuric acid weighs 1.84 grama.
When 1 cubic centimeter of cork is wholly immersed in sul-
phuric acid, the buoyant force of the sulphuric acid on the cork is
(1.84 - 0.24) grams.
1 cubic centimeter of lead weighs 11.4 grame, and when immersed
in sulphuric acid weighs (11.4 - 1.84) grams.
Tberefore, the volume of lead required to overcome the buoyant

force of the sulphuric acid on the cork is 1. 84 - 0 ·24 , or -~ , cubic
centimeter. 11.4 - 1.84 239
,h\ cubic centimeter of lead weighs 2"5°-g x 11.4 grama = UI08 grama.
'fherefore, 1.908 grama of lead will be required.
8. A block of lead weighs 236.6 grama. Find the specific gravity

of a Jiquid in which the lead weighs 200.3 grama.
When the block of lead is weighed in the given liquid, the losa in
weight is 286.ó - 206.3, or 80.2, grams.
286. 6 grama o f 1ead occupy 236
l 1. ·45 cu bº1c centímeters
· of space.
Hence, the weight of 286· 6 cubic centimeters of the given liquid is

30.2-grams. ll.4
Therefore, the speciflc gravity of the liquld is 80.2 + 286 · 6 = 1.466.
11.4
9. The speciflc gravity of pure milk is 1.03. A sample has been
adulterated with water and has a specific gravity of 1.0275. Wbat per
cent of the sample is water?
Let z = the number of cubic centimeters of water in 1 cubic
centimeter of the sample.
Then z = the number of grama of water in 1 cubic centimeter
of the sample,
=
1- z the number of cubic centimeters of milk in 1 cubic
centimeter of the sample,
=
1.03(1 - z) the numbel" of grama of milk in 1 cubic centimeter of
the sample,
and 1.0276 = the number of grame 1 cubic centimeter of tbe sa.mple
weighs .
.·. z + 1.03(1 - z) = 1.0276.
z + 1:03 - 1.03 z = 1.0276.
0.03 z = 0.0026.
.·. z = o.os¡.
Therefore, 8! per cent of tbe sample is water.
10. A bar of gold contains sorne copper, and welghs 862.6 grama in
a.ir and 332.3 grams in water. Find the number of cubic centimeters
of gold and of copper in the bar. The speciflc gravity of gold is 19.3,
that of copper 8.9.
Let z = the number of cubic centimeters of gold
in the bar.
Then 862.6 - 332.3 = 20.3 = the number of grama the bar loses
when weighed in water,
20.3 = the number of cubic centimeters in the bar,
20.3 - x = the number of cubic centimeters of copper
in the bar,
=
19.3:i: the number of grama of gold in the bar,
and 8.9(20.3 - x) = the number of grams of copper in the bar.
.·. 19.3:e + 8.9(20.3 - z) 352.6. =
19.3:i: + 180.67 - 8.9x 352.6. =
10.4x = 171.93.
. ·. X= 16.532.
Then 20.3 - X = 3. 768.
Therefore, the bar contains 16.532 cubic centimeters of gold, and
3. 768 cubic centimeters of copper.
11. A piece of lead weighing 45 grams and a piece of copper are

fai;tened to the ends of a string passing overa pulley, and are in equi-
librium when immersed in water. Fi11d the weight of the copper if
the specific gravity otle~ is 11.4, and that of copper is 8.9.
Let =
z the number of grama in the weight of the copper.
Then I0.4 x 45
11.4
= the number of grama the lead weighs in water,
and 7· 9 z
8.9
= the number of grams the copper weighs in water.
,'. 7.9 z = 10.4 X 45.
8.9 11.4
,', Z = l0.4 X 45 X 8·9
11.4 7.9
= 46.25.
Therefore, the weight of the copper is 46.25 grams.
•
To avoid fine, this boolc should be returned on
--- or before the date last atamped below
J
1
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/
11:
.
/ t.
J
1
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' .

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Slle •uun«um tires•

If a = 1, b = 2, e = 8, d = 4, z = 6, y = 6, z = O, find the numerical

lf a= l, b =2, e= 8, d =4, e= ó, /=O, flnd the numerical value of :

10. e<+,,.= 51 + 2 = 126 + 2 = 127.

If a = 2, b = 10, z = 3, y = 6, find the numerical value of :

18. (6b-811)+(211 X b) + 2b = (6 X 10-8 X ó)+(2 X 6 X 10)+2 X 10

If a = 8, b = 6, e = 6, d = 3, find the value of:

Perform t.be indicated operations, and find the nnmerical value of

Find the value of z and verify the answer:

B. 2z+ ó = 11. 4. ÓZ + 2 = 17.

8. 2Iz - 4 = 14:i: + 17. 11. X - 3 =15 - 2 z.

18. 6x-6=8+4x. 14. x-2=2x-7.

15. 42 - 21x + ló - ÓX = 68 - 11 - 4z.

Ve,;flcation. 9(13 - 1) - 4 x 1 = ó(21 - 2 x 1) + O x l.

BO. 199 + lóz - (2z - ó) = 17(z + 17) -13z - 22.

18. 864 - ló(lóz - 7) - 8(18 - 2z) + 8 = 6(z - 2).

8'7. 2(16-z)+8(6z- 4)=12(8+z)-2(12-z).

Ve,;flcation. 2(16- 8) + 3(5 x 8 - 4) = 12(3 + 8) - 2(12 - 8).

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H. George is a years old 88. A cubical box is a incbes

26. Frankisayearsold to-day. 29. A galloncontains 231 cubic

8. The ditlerence between two numbere is 12 and their sum is 76.

4. Three times a certain number Is equal to the number increased

('¡ 8. Find three consecutive numbers whose sum is 30.

Therefore, the required number is 14.

~ - Find a number such that when 9 is added to three times the

18. A man sold a quantity of wood for $49, half of it at $3 a cord

18. Divide $21 among A, B, and C so that A and B shall each

19. A, B, and C buy a summer cottage for $3000. B paya twice

92. A man is fonr times as old as bis son ; in 18 years he will be

.·. lOz = 8(z + 5).

41 . A man has 12 houra for an excursion. Ilow far into the

H. If 6 'times a certain number is diminished by 3 and the remainder

47. A farmer bought 16 sheep. If he had bought 4 sheep more for

H. At an election there were 2 caudidates and 1280 votes were

68. Three times the excess of a certain number over 8 is equal to

H . A man has 866 in ten-dollar bilis and one-dollar bilis. He has

Let z = tite number of ten-dollar bills.

66. Nine times a certain number exceeds 66 by as ruuch as five

69. A river ftows at the rate of 3 miles an hour. A man rows

Let z = the number of miles he can row in 1 hour in

60. A man finds that it takes bis naphtha launch 2 hours to go 24

:z: = the number of dollars in the value of the dollars,

Perform mentally the iodicated addition :

13. 14. 111. 16. 11. 18.

19. 10. 11. H. 13. H.

Ezerciae 10. Page 38

Perform mentally the indicated addition :

Ezerciae 11. Page 39

9. Find the algebraic sum of -'- 4 a2b, - 7 atb, 16 a2b, - 8 a'b.

30. Express in one term 16 abcx - 11 abcx - 2 abcx + 3 abcx + 4 abcz.

Ezerclae 12. Page 41

Perform mentally the indicated subtraction:

7. . 8. 9. 10. 11. 11.

Ezerclae 13. Page •1

Perform mentally the indicated subtraction :

11. If a = 6, b = - 8, e = - 2, find tbe value of a + ( - b) + c.