INDUS UNIVERSITY

Design and development of Archimedes

Screw Water Turbine

A THESIS SUBMITED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY.

Syed Abdul Moiz (958-2020)

Shahzar Khan (1038-2020)
Kassam Saeed (1143-2020)
Muhammmad Bilal (932-2020)
Syed Hussain Ali (1914-2020)
Zakir Sherwani (2303-2020)

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, (FEST)

INDUS UNIVERSITY, KARACH
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the final year project, “Archimedes’ Screw Water Turbine” of BSc
Mechanical Technology Batch 20B is carried out by the following students and submitted to
the Department of Science and Technology, FEST Indus University Karachi, in the partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering
Technology.

Syed Abdul Moiz (958-2020)

Shahzar Khan (1038-2020)
Kassam Saeed (1143-2020)
Muhammmad Bilal (932-2020)
Syed Hussain Ali (1914-2020)
Zakir Sherwani (2303-2020)

SUPERVISOR COORDINATOR

Engr. Haider Ali Engr. Sadar Raziq

Lecturer Department of Lecturer/FYP Coordinator
Science and Technology, Department of Science and
FEST sTechnology, FEST
Indus University, Karachi. Indus University, Karachi.

CHAIRPERSON

Dr. Engr. Zahid Ali

Department of Science
and Technology, FEST
Indus University. Karachi.
 DEDICATION

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all those who gave me the possibility
to complete this report. Special thanks is due to my supervisor ENGR. HAIDER ALI and our
coordinator ENGR. SADAR RAZIQ whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement
helped me in all time of processes and in writing this report. It is also dedicated to my family
for always believing in me, inspiring me, and encourage me, as that you are the group leader
so you can make it to reach higher in order to achieve my goals and make it convenient to my
group members.

We offer our gratitude and appreciation to our supervisor ENGR. HAIDER ALI, our coordinator
ENGR. SADAR RAZIQ for the deft ways in which he lovingly challenged and supported us
throughout the whole of this work knowing when to push and when to let up. It is also dedicated
to Indus University, and our Department Science and Technology.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of ALLAH, the most compassionate, the most merciful. First, we would like to
express our gratitude to ALMIGHTY ALLAH who gave us the power of knowing. Secondly, we
are deeply indebted to our guide, our supervisor ENGR. HAIDER ALI, lecturer of the Department
Science and Technology and our coordinator ENGR. SADAR RAZIQ. The rich fund of
knowledge and experience of our supervisor has been of immense use in this researchwork. In
all phases of the study, he has willingly and patiently guided us and enabled us to complete the
study.

We honestly appreciate the help, encouragement, moral support and personal sacrifice
Extended by our parents, friends and all our familymembers and all those who co-
operatedwith us in conducting this research study.

A word of thanks to will certainly not convey our deep sense of appreciation for their goodness,
help and co-operation of DR. ENGR. ZAHID ALI the Chairperson of department of Science and
Technology education and all lecturers of department for their help and cooperation.

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 ABSTRACT

The rapid global need for sustainable and distributed energy solutions has led to
a reassessment of hydropower technologies, especially in regions with abundant water resources. This
study investigates the potential of Archimedean screw turbines as a promising alternative for small-scale, low-
pressure hydropower generation. The Archimedean screw, based on ancient design principles, is a viable option for
harnessing the energy of rivers and streams with a limited vertical drop. This study examines the
design, performance and environmental impact of Archimedean screw turbines, emphasizing their adaptability to
variable flow conditions and low maintenance requirements. The research also addresses fish-friendly aspects and
makes them environmentally friendly. Through a comprehensive review of the existing literature and case studies,
we assess the historical significance and contemporary applications of Archimedean screw
turbines. The study includes a detailed analysis of their performance in various environments, from rural
communities to ecologically sensitive areas. Factors such as turbine efficiency, debris tolerance and
community acceptance are considered, shedding light on the turbine and its suitability for local off-grid power
generation. The northern regions of Pakistan face ongoing energy challenges, with frequent load
shedding affecting daily life and hindering socio-economic development. In light of these questions, this study
investigates the feasibility and efficiency of Archimedean screw water turbines as a local and sustainable power
generation.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Introduction 01

1.2 Introduction to Archimedes Screw Water Turbine 01

CHAPTER 2 Methodology

2.1 Design of Base Structure 02

2.2 Design of Screw 03

CHAPTER 3 04
Problem Statement & Objectives
05
3.1
Problem Statement

CHAPTER 4 COMPARISONS

4.1 Why we choose an Archimedes Screw Water Turbine? 06

4.2 Comparison Between Archimedes Screw Water Turbine and 07
Francis Turbine

CHAPTER 5 LITERATURE REVIEW

5.1 Research Paper No. 1 08

5.2 Research Paper No. 2 08

Research Paper No. 2 09

5.3
09
5.4 Research Paper No. 2

CHAPTER 6 COMPONENTS

6.1 Bearing 10

6.2 Shaft 10

6.3 Bevel Gears 10

6.4 Neodymium Magnet 11

11
6.5 Pancake motors
12
6.6 Base Structure

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 CHAPTER 7 BLOCK DIAGRAM 13

CHAPTER 8 TESTING OF PROJECT

Power Generation 14
8.1

CHAPTER 9 RESULT & CONCLUSION 15

16
17
CHAPTER 10 SAFETY & PRECAUTIONS

CHAPTER 11 ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS 18

19
20

COST ESTIMATION 21
CHAPTER 12

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 ......................................................................................................................................4
Figure 2 ......................................................................................................................................4
Figure 3 ......................................................................................................................................6
Figure 4 ......................................................................................................................................6
Figure 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 6 ......................................................................................................................................7
Figure 7 ....................................................................................................................................10
Figure 8 ....................................................................................................................................10
Figure 9 ....................................................................................................................................10
Figure 10 ..................................................................................................................................11
Figure 11 ..................................................................................................................................11
Figure 12 ..................................................................................................................................12
Figure 13 ..................................................................................................................................14
Figure 14 ..................................................................................................................................14

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Introduction

Historical Background: Born in ancient Greece, Archimedes left an indelible mark on the world of science
and engineering. His contributions to mathematics, physics, and mechanics are legendary, and
Archimedes' screw is one of his lasting legacies. This simple but ingenious device is mentioned in
Archimedes' works such as On the Method of Mechanical Theorems. Working principle: Archimedean
screw turbine works on the principle of a helical screw surrounded by a hollow tube. As the screw rotates,
it captures water at the bottom, lifts it along the spiral surface to the top, and discharges it.

1.2 Introduction of Archimedes Screw Water Turbine

The Archimedean screw hydraulic turbine is a testament to the timeless brilliance of ancient engineering,
with its roots in the innovative spirit of Archimedes of Syracuse in the 3rd century BC.Archimedes, a
renowned mathematician and inventor, demonstrated a deep understanding of fluid mechanics, viewing
the screw water wheel as a solution to pumping water efficiently for various purposes. As the screw
rotates, it captures water at the bottom, lifts it along the spiral surface to the top, and discharges it.This
mechanism demonstrates Archimedes' keen understanding of the screw as a versatile tool for moving
fluids against gravity. Their ability to pump water efficiently makes them invaluable in drainage systems,
aqueducts, and agricultural irrigation. Uses: Originally developed for irrigation purposes, the Archimedes
screw has been applied in a variety of fields for centuries. In modern times, Archimedean screws have
also been applied to the production of renewable energy, serving as water turbines in hydroelectric power
plants. Adaptation to modern times: Archimedes' screw water turbine has been improved to meet the
requirements of modern technology. It is currently used in small-scale hydropower projects, providing a
sustainable and environmentally friendly way to harness energy from running water. Its versatility and
simplicity make it an attractive option for distributed generation in rivers and areas with river access.

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 CHAPTER 2

Methodology

Designed to produce 5 volts per minute, the Archimedean screw water turbine methodology includes a
systematic approach to efficiently use hydroelectric power. This result received from the testing on Hydrant
System Karachi. First, it is important to choose a suitable location with a stable and reliable water source.
The Archimedes screw, a helical pumping mechanism, is carefully designed and manufactured to suit the
specific water flow conditions of the selected location. Installation begins by firmly securing the turbine base
to the water bed to ensure stability and efficiency. Proper alignment of the screw and water flow is important
for optimal performance. The size and pitch of the screw is determined by the required power and allows the
kinetic energy of the flowing water to be effectively converted into rotational motion. To improve energy
conversion, the Archimedes screw is connected to a generator via a shaft. The generator is selected
depending on the power required, in this case 5 volts per minute. Electrical components such as cables and
connectors are carefully selected and constructed to minimize energy loss during the conversion process.
Regular maintenance logs are created to ensure long-term functionality of the system. This includes
monitoring for debris that could affect propeller rotation, inspecting generators for wear, and immediately
fixing potential problems. Testing monitor’s voltage output over time under various water flow conditions
to evaluate turbine performance. Screw pitch and other parameters can be adjusted to optimize energy
production. The overall efficiency and reliability of Archimedean screw turbines is evaluated through
rigorous testing and data analysis, the Archimedean screw turbine methodology includes careful site
selection, accurate design and manufacture of the turbine, careful installation, selection of appropriate
electrical components, and ongoing monitoring and maintenance.

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2.1 Design of Archimedes Screws
Archimedes Screw Design the Archimedes screw itself is the central component of an Archimedes screw hydroelectric power
plant. Figure shows a typical Archimedes screw configured as a hydropower plant and the key dimensions and parameters needed
to define the Archimedes screw.

Di: Inner diameter

DO: Outer diameter
L: Total length of the screw
β: Inclination Angle of the Screw
N: Number of helical planed surfaces
S: Screw pitch (Distance along the screw axis for one complete helical plane turn)
f: Fill Height of the bucket
Gw: The gap between the trough and screw

The shape of the Archimedes screw is determined by external parameters (DO, L, β) and internal
parameters (Di , N, S).External parameters are typically determined based on screw position and flow
rate. Internal parameters can be selected to optimize the performance of the screw usually the screw
manufacturer needs to be involved in the detailed design of her. The following process helps with the
initial planning and preliminary design of your AST site. First, determine the overall size and screw angle.
The slope angle should be determined based on the slope of the terrain. If there are minimal constraints on
angle (and installation space), a value of β = 35°, Inner diameter Di=2”, Do=15”, L=4ft,N=8.for the flow
rate calculations the formula is Q=V/t.
Q = Flow rate measured in liters
V = Volume of Fluid (liter or gallon)
T = Time (in seconds)

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2.1 Design of Base Structure:
Archimedes' screw turbine is an excellent hydraulic device designed to harness the power of flowing water
to produce energy.The basic structure of this turbine has been carefully crafted with careful consideration
of Imperial systems for accuracy and compatibility.The design shown in the accompanying diagram
embodies the principles of the ancient Greek mathematician and engineer Archimedes.Inspired by
Archimedes' original concept, helical rotors are strategically placed within the structure to efficiently lift
and propel water through the turbine. Computer aided Design is used for making the drawing of AST and
use of Imperial systems ensures standardized and precise construction, allowing seamless integration into
existing infrastructure and facilitating widespread adoption.

Fig: 01
2.2 Design of Screw:
The spiral screw of the Archimedes screw water turbine was carefully created using Imperial Systems,
using SolidWorks as the primary design tool. Using the Imperial system during the design process ensured
accuracy and compatibility with existing standards. SolidWorks, a robust computer-aided design (CAD)
software, facilitated the creation of a detailed and accurate model of a spiral screw that takes into account
the parameters essential to optimal performance of an Archimedean screw hydro turbine. The combination
of this design method and advanced software contributed to the efficient and reliable production of spiral
screws, improving the functionality and effectiveness of the entire water turbine system.

Fig: 02

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 CHAPTER 3

Problem Statement

1. The northern parts of Pakistan continue to struggle with electricity supplies, as frequent blackouts
disrupt daily life and impede socioeconomic growth. The energy infrastructure in these places is
frequently insufficient to meet the rising demand, particularly in the isolated and locations. There is
an immediate need for sustainable local energy generation options to meet this problem. Using
Archimedean screw water turbines, which capture the energy potential of flowing water to generate
electricity, is a viable approach. Numerous rivers and other bodies of water in Pakistan's northern
area can be exploited to produce renewable energy. Energy constraint is being made worse,
meanwhile, by the current absence of effective, mountable hydropower systems designed for these
locations' unique topography. The goal of this project is to create, build, and install an Archimedean
screw hydraulic turbine as a cost-efficient and eco-friendly way to lessen load shedding in Pakistan's
north. The project will take into account community acceptance and environmental sustainability
while addressing technical issues with turbine performance, cost-effectiveness, and adaption to the
local topography. This study's primary goals are to optimize Archimedean screw turbine designs for
various water flow scenarios, assess the implementation's economic viability, and assess the
environmental impact on the surrounding ecosystem. It is incorporated. The study will also take into
account community involvement tactics to guarantee that the suggested hydropower option is
accepted and supported.

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 CHAPTER 4

COMPARISON

4.11. Cost-effectiveness for small-scale projects:

Archimedean screw turbines can be a cost-effective solution for small-scale projects, especially
compared to larger hydro turbines. This affordability makes them attractive for community-
based initiatives and micro-water facilities Adaptable.

Design:
Archimedean screw turbines can be a cost-effective solution for small-scale projects, especially
compared to larger hydro turbines. This affordability makes them attractive for community-
based initiatives and micro-water facilities Adaptable.

Fig: 04
Fig: 03

Simplicity and low maintenance:

Archimedes screw turbines are relatively simple in design, consisting of a helical screw inside a
tube. This simplicity often means lower maintenance requirements and ease of use, making
them suitable for projects in remote or hard-to-reach areas.

Fish Friendly Design:

Archimedes screw turbines are considered more fish friendly compared to some other types of
turbines. The slow rotation speed and open design of the screw allows fish to pass through with
minimal disturbance, which solves environmental problems associated with aquatic life.

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4.2 Comparison Francis/ Archimedes
Head Range:

Archimedes Screw: Ideal for low head applications, typically 1-10m

.
Francis Turbine: Suitable for medium to high applications with operating ranges typically over 10
meters.

Fig: 05 Fig: 06

Archimedes Screw Water Turbine:

This turbine works on the principle of spiral screw known as Archimedes screw. It consists of a rotating
screw in a tube, and when water flows through the screw, it turns a turbine and generates
electricity. Archimedes screw turbines are generally suitable for low head applications where the water flow
is relatively slow.

Francis Water Turbine:

The Francis turbine is a reaction turbine that operates on both radial and axial flow. Water enters the turbine
under pressure and flows through the curved blades, causing the turbine to spin. Francis turbines are suitable
for medium to high applications and are more commonly used in larger hydroelectric plants.

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 CHAPTER 5

LITERATURE REVIEW
5.1 Archimedean screws are being used for power generation for more than one decade. Compared to other
turbines, this new, ultra-low head technology is still a niche product. The presented work includes a site
inquiry, an operator survey, comprehensive field measurements, and extensive laboratory tests. It assesses
the prevalence of the turbine, its application, operational experiences as well as design alternatives and
design guidelines. Specific investment costs range from 0.5 to 2 € /kwh and operating costs are
comparatively low due to a wide screen spacing and the general robust structure. Mean plant efficiencies
were 69% and the six top-performing plants achieved peak efficiencies above 75%. The concept of the
rotary screw turbine was evaluated. In the main experimental tests of seven different screw designs
efficiencies of up to 94% were recorded. Alois Lashofer, Werner Hawle, Irina Kampel, Florian
Kaltenberger, Bernhard Pelikan Institute of Water Management, Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU)

5.2 Production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force and flowing water or electricity
generated by power derived from the potential energy and running water is called hydroelectricity. The
subject study is conducted to identify the potential parameters and desirable design for Archimedes Screw
Turbine that potentially generate the highest power efficiency. The study focused on varying two design
parameters which are the number of helix turns and the blades of the turbine. Thus, to simulate the best
turbine design based on these two parameters, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods with constant
boundaries condition such as steady state flow condition, isentropic flow and isothermal temperature were
applied. The simulation of water streamlines in the screw turbine were obtained to determine the turbine
efficiency numerically and theoretically. Overall, decreasing the number of helix turns will enhance the
turbine efficiency where results showed that the highest turbine efficiency that can be obtained numerically
is 81% with 3 helix turns and 3 blades. However, this study is considered as preliminary parametric study
where in the future the number of helix turns and blades should be varied in a larger range to elicit the trend
in terms of turbine efficiency. Potentially, varying the other design parameters such as length and slope of
the screw runner blade should also be considered to obtain the highest turbine efficiency. Also, further
investigation is needed as the turbine is assumed to be in steady state condition instead of in rotating motion
as it is more practical and realistic. C. Zafirah Rosly, Ummu K. Jamaludin, N. Suraya Azahari, M. Ammar
Nik Mu’tasim, A. Nurye Oumer and N. T. Rao

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5.3 Archimedes was the inventor of the screw. The Archimedes screw was first employed as the Archimedes
water pump.Blades arranged in a helix on a cylindrical shaft make up the screw that Archimedes pumps.
A closed or semi-closed cylinder encloses the screw in the Archimedes pump. Brada [used an Archimedes
screw to produce power in 1999. Researchers in the field of hydropower were drawn to investigate the
Archimedes screw as a turbine after seeing how similar the Brada Archimedes screw turbine (AST) was to
the test results of the Archimedes pump (as reported by Müller and Senior). The test findings demonstrate
the many benefits of Archimedes screw turbines, including their ability to operate on low head and relatively
high efficiency of 55% to 80% and is capable of operating on high discharges [17–18]. The link between
efficiency, screw shape, and conversion energy is still not explained by any theory, though. The primary
function of the Archimedes screw is to convert water energy, making it an ecologically favorable power
plant for development. Thus, the purpose of this study is to outline the necessary future research for the
AST in order to identify the fundamental ideas and empirical theories. Nowadays, access to electricity is
essential for enhancing the standard of living and economic growth of isolated or rural communities. The
presence of power in isolated or rural locations prolongs the hours of light, which boosts productivity and
encourages the growth of local businesses. Electricity is therefore a means of encouraging greater economic
production in rural and isolated locations. Dewi Puspita Sari1 ,M. A, Imam Syofii1.

5.4 The Archimedean screw is an old device that dates back to the third century BC and is typically credited to
Archimedes of Syracuse. Its primary modern use was water pumping, especially in wastewater treatment
facilities, until recently. Nonetheless, the notion of using the Archimedean screw for energy production is
not entirely novel. Moersher applied for a patent in 1916 for a screw-powered "water power plant or
apparatus," which was approved in 1922 [1]. However, the concept of reexamining and really gaining
traction for the Archimedean screw as a turbine for energy generation did not begin to take shape until the
early 1990s. Consequently, a growing number of screw turbines were put into service. Reconsidered and
gaining significant momentum was the proposal to use the Archimedean screw as a turbine to generate
power. Because of this, a growing number of screw turbines have been put into service in recent decades.
Carried out a life cycle assessment (LCA) to compare the environmental effects of traditional hydropower
and screw turbines. It was discovered that screw turbines left less of an ecological legacy, especially when
it came to upsetting aquatic ecosystems. Kim and colleagues (2022)

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 CHAPTER 6
COMPONENTS
6.1 Ball bearing
A ball bearing is a device consisting of two rings separated by a freely rotating metal ball.
This is intended to allow the moving parts of the machine to roll over each other instead of sliding
Minimizes friction between rotating axes of machine tools, improves machine performance and
achieves smooth movement.

Fig: 07

Shaft:
6.2 In mechanical engineering, a shaft is a rotating mechanical element, usually with a circular cross
section, used to transmit power from one part to another, or from a machine that produces power
to a machine that absorbs power.

6.3 Bevel Gear:

A bevel gear is a toothed rotating mechanical element used to transmit mechanical energy or
shaft power between vertically or diagonally intersecting shafts. This changes the axis of
rotation of the shaft power. Apart from this function, bevel gears can also increase or decrease
torque while having an opposite effect on angular velocity.

Fig: 08 Fig: 09

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6.4 Neodymium Magnets:
Rare earth magnets are permanent magnets that produce very strong magnetic fields.
The magnetic field generated by rare earth magnets exceeds Tesla. Neodymium magnets
and samarium cobalt magnets are his two types of rare earth magnets.

Fig: 10

6.5 Pancake Motor:

"Pancake motor" refers to a flat or pancake-shaped electric motor. Electric motors come in
a variety of shapes and sizes, and disc rotor motors typically have a compact, flat design.
These motors are often used in applications where space is limited and a low profile motor
is required.

Fig: 11

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6.6 Base Structure:
The statement "The basic structure of a screw turbine is made of SHS iron" suggests that
the basic structure of a screw turbine is made of SHS (Square Hollow Section) iron. SHS
steel refers to a type of square-section structural steel commonly used in construction due
to its strength and versatility.

Fig: 12

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 CHAPTER 07
BLOCK DIAGRAM

River Upstream

Archimedes Screw

Downstream River

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 CHAPTER 08
TESTING OF PROJECT

8.1 We performed testing our project at university road water hydrant system a tanker filled 500
liter of water.

Fig: 13

Fig: 14

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 CHAPTER 09
RESULT & CONCLUSION

Flowrate lit/s
9

0
10 Watt 12 Watt 13.6 Watt 15.8 Watt 16.9 Watt

Power in (w)

Based on the test results of the Archimedes screw water turbine, the turbine was observed to produce 10
watts of power at a speed of 90 revolutions per minute (rpm).

Several conclusions can be drawn from these findings:

Power Output:
The turbine’s power output (10 watts) indicates the turbine’s ability to convert the energy of the water flow
into electricity. This serves as a starting point for assessing the efficiency and applications of the turbine.

Rotational speed:
The turbine’s rotational speed (90 rpm) indicates that the turbine is capable of operating within a range that
is suitable for power generation. Additional investigation into the optimum speed for power efficiency may
be required to maximize the output of the turbine.

Time Duration:
The test duration (1 minute) provides an overview of the immediate performance of the turbine. It is possible
to extend the test duration or run tests under different conditions to gain insight into the durability and
reliability of the turbine over time.

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Efficiency:
The efficiency of the turbine is determined by the ratio of the power generated by the
Turbine to the energy of the available kinetic flow in the water. Calculating the efficiency
Of the turbine and comparing it with theoretical values or industrial standards will help
To evaluate its effectiveness.

Potential Applications:
The measured power output of the turbine serves as a reference for evaluating the suitability of the
Turbine for a particular application. Further optimization or scaling of the turbine may be required to
Meet the energy requirements of the application.

Further testing and optimization:

To improve performance and reliability, further testing under different conditions (e.g.
different water flow rates, different turbine configurations) may be advantageous.
Optimization efforts may be focused on increasing efficiency and increasing the turbine’s
operational range.

Conclusion:
Archimedes Screws Turbines (AST) are a new form of turbine for small hydroelectric power
stations that can also be used in low-lying areas. ASTs are a clean and renewable source of
energy. They are safer for wild animals and especially fish. The low rotation speed of ASTs
reduces the negative impact on aquatic organisms and fish. It is important to note that ASTs
are not a one-size-fits-all global solution for all energy production needs. ASTs, like any
other technology, have their drawbacks: the use of Archimedean screws as generators is a
relatively new technology, and compared to other hydropower
technologies, has many unknowns about ASTs. There are currently no standards for the design
of ASTs, and AST hydropower projects are highly dependent on the experience of the
engineer designing them. At very high flow rates or water velocities, a single screw may
not utilize the full potential of the
due to material, design, technical and physical limitations. However, the growing interest
in AST, new advances and ideas such as multiple AST power plants offer some solutions
to expand the usability of AST. ASTs offer a number of practical advantages in locations
suitable for power generation ASTs provide economic, social and environmental benefits to
support sustainable development. Considering the flexibility and advantages of AST, they
could be considered one of the most practical options for
for more sustainable power generation.

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 CHAPTER 10
SAFETY & PRECAUTIONS

When testing and operating Archimedes screw water turbines, it is important to prioritize safety to prevent
accidents and ensure the health of those involved.

Below are safety precautions to keep in mind.

1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

Wear appropriate PPE, such as safety glasses or goggles, to protect your eyes from water splash and dirt.
Wear protective gloves to protect your hands from sharp edges and abrasions.

2. Secure the testing area:

Ensure that the testing area is well marked and only available to authorized personnel. Clearly indicate
potential hazards and establish a safety zone around operating equipment.

3. Emergency Procedures
Establish and communicate emergency procedures, including emergency stopping locations and
evacuation routes. Please have a first aid kit and emergency contact information available.

4. Equipment Inspection:
Periodically inspect your Archimedean screw water turbine for signs of wear, damage, or failure.

5. Water Safety:
Be careful with your water source and ensure the turbine is located in an area free of pollutants and
contaminants. Pay attention to water depth and current to avoid accidents, especially when performing tests
in natural waterways.

6. Electrical Safety:
If the turbine is connected to an electrical system, ensure that all cables are properly insulated and
grounded. Follow electrical safety guidelines to avoid electric shock.

7. Training and Supervision:

Ensure that all personnel involved in the audit receive appropriate training in operational and safety
procedures. Have a designated proctor oversee the process.

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 CHAPTER 11
ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS

ADVANTAGES:
An Archimedean screw water turbine, also known as an Archimedean screw or water
screw, is a device that uses the energy of flowing water to generate electricity. Here
are some of the advantages of using Archimedean screw turbines:

1. Low environmental Impact:

Unlike traditional dam designs, Archimedean screw turbines have
minimal environmental impact. They do not require large dams or significant changes to
water bodies, which minimizes disturbance to aquatic ecosystems.

2. Fish Friendly Design:

Archimedes screw turbines are considered more fish friendly compared to
other hydraulic systems. Their slow rotation speed and open spiral design allow the fish
to move forward unhindered, thus reducing the impact on aquatic life.

3. Low maintenance requirements:

These turbines have a relatively simple design and fewer moving parts compared to
some other hydroelectric systems. This simplicity means lower maintenance
requirements and costs over time.

4. Suitability for low places:

Archimedes screw turbines are suitable for low places where the water is not particularly
fast or steep. This flexibility makes it possible to use a wide variety of water sources to
generate electricity.

5. Scalability:
These turbines can be easily scaled to meet the power requirements of different
applications. They are suitable for small-scale decentralized power generation
and larger grid-connected installations.

6. Efficient at low flows:

Archimedean screw turbines can produce energy efficiently even at low flows, so they
are suitable for applications where water flow varies or is intermittent.
Robust design: The simple and robust design of Archimedes screw turbines increases their
durability. They are resistant to debris and sediments in the water, reducing the risk of
damage to the turbine.

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7. Local Power Generation:
These turbines can be installed in various locations, including rural or remote areas, and
provide local power generation. Such decentralization can promote energy resilience and
reduce the need for extensive electrical distribution infrastructure.

8. Area Considerations:
Compared to large dams or other industrial-scale hydroelectric plants, Archimedean
screw turbines are often considered more aesthetically pleasing and can be integrated
into the natural landscape with less visual impact renewable energy source.

Archimedean screw turbines using natural water flow use a renewable energy source
that promotes sustainable and environmentally friendly power generation.
Although Archimedes screw turbines have several advantages, it is important to consider
site-specific factors and to assess the overall feasibility of their application
at a given location.

APPLICATIONS:
The Archimedean screw water turbine can find valuable applications in both urban and
northern areas of Pakistan, meeting specific energy needs and
environmental concerns. Here are some possible applications:
1. Small-scale urban power generation:
In urban areas, especially areas with rivers or waterways, Archimedean screw
turbines can be installed for small-scale distributed power generation. This
can promote local energy supply and reduce dependence on centralized power
grids, improving energy resilience.

2. Sewage treatment plants:

Archimedes screw turbines can be integrated in municipal
sewage treatment plants. Since the screws can generate energy from the flow of treated
water, they offer a sustainable solution to partially offset the energy demand of
the cleaning process. This app helps make water treatment more energy efficiency.

3. Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems:

In northern areas of Pakistan where rivers and streams are common, Archimedes screw turbines can
be integrated into hybrid renewable energy systems. Combining these turbines with other
renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power can create a sustainable and
continuous electricity supply to meet the energy needs of remote communities.

4. Micro grids for Peripheral Areas:

Northern areas of Pakistan often face network connectivity problems. Archimedes screw turbines can
be used to build micro grids in remote areas, providing a reliable source of clean energy. This
can greatly improve the quality of life in communities that may be off the grid.

Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology (FEST) Page | 19

5. Agricultural Irrigation Systems:
In both cities and northern agricultural areas, Archimedes screw turbines can be connected ``
irrigation systems. Using the flow of water from canals or rivers used for irrigation, these turbines can
generate electricity to support agricultural activities, promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
Mountainous Terrain and Low-lying Areas: The adaptability of Archimedes screw turbines makes
them suitable for mountainous terrain and low-lying areas common in Northern Pakistan. Their ability
to operate efficiently in areas with slow water or moderate elevation changes makes them ideal
for power applications in challenging topographies.

6. Tourism and aesthetic integration:

In areas with tourism potential, the aesthetic design of Archimedean screw turbines can be used to
create visually appealing installations. This is in line with the promotion of sustainable tourism and
can be an educational tool to raise awareness of clean energy practices.

7. Water supply infrastructure:

In cities and northern regions where water supply infrastructure is critical, Archimedes screw
turbines can be integrated into water supply systems. These turbines can generate electricity from the
flow of water in pipes or water pipes, which contributes to the energy efficiency of water distribution
networks.

In northern regions where temperatures can be low, Archimedean screw turbines can
operate efficiently without being hindered by freezing conditions. Their robust design and adaptability
make them suitable for harsh climates and ensure continuous power generation even in cold
conditions. Strategic deployment of
Archimedean screw water turbines in urban areas as well as in northern areas of Pakistan can
sustainably meet energy needs, improve sustainability and promote environmental protection..

Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology (FEST) Page | 20

 CHAPTER 12
COST ESTIMATION

Material Quantity Rate Amount

Galvanized Sheet 24 Sq/ft 550 13,200

Bevel Gears 1 Set 2000 2000

M.S Sheet Screws 15 Sq/ft 350 5,250

SHS Square Hollow Section 5m 2800 14,000

Neodymium 8 8000 8000

Shaft 2ft 1000 1000

Center Pipe 3 inch by 4 ft 4000 4000

Motor 1 20,000 20,000

Bearing 2 2 450

Work from outside - 20,000 20,000

Transportation & Testing - 40,00 40,00

Total - - Rs:91,900

Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology (FEST) Page | 21

 REFERENCES

[1] Institute Bisnis dan Ekonomi Kerakyatan J I C A. Manual Pembangunan PLTMH (Jakarta). 2003.

[2] Khattak, M. A., NS Mohd Ali, NH Zainal Abidin, N. S. Azhar, and M. H. Omar. "Common Type of Turbines in
Power Plant: A Review." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 3, no. 1
(2016): 77- 100.

[3] Thomas, Brian. "Pico-hydropower franchising in rural Honduras." International Journal for Service Learning in
Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship 6, no. 1 (2011): 46-63.
https://doi.org/10.24908/ijsle.v6i1.3213

[4] Adhikari, Pradhumna, Umesh Budhathoki, Shiva Raj Timilsina, Saurav Manandhar, and Tri Ratna Bajracharya. "A
study on developing pico propeller turbine for low head micro hydropower plants in Nepal." Journal of the Institute of
Engineering 9, no. 1 (2013): 36-53. https://doi.org/10.3126/jie.v9i1.10669

[5] Nagel G 1968 Archimedean Screw Pump Handbook (Schwäbisch Gmünd: RITZ-Pumpenfabrik OHG

[6] Febriansyah, Dwijaya, and Dendy Adanta. "The effect of wheel and nozzle diameter ratio on the performance of a
Turgo turbine with pico scale." Energy Reports 6 (2020): 601-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.11.125

[7] Thoma, P., & Probst, O. (2015). Fish-friendly Archimedes screw turbines: State of the art and new developments.
Water, 7(4), 1362-1375.

[8] Dellinger, Guilhem, Scott Simmons, William David Lubitz, Pierre-André Garambois, and Nicolas Dellinger.
"Effect of slope and number of blades on Archimedes screw generator power output." Renewable Energy 136 (2019):
896- 908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.060

[9] Febriansyah, Dwijaya, and Dendy Adanta. "The effect of wheel and nozzle diameter ratio on the performance of a
Turgo turbine with pico scale." Energy Reports 6 (2020): 601-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.11.125

[10] Nuernbergk, Dirk M., and Chris Rorres. "Analytical model for water inflow of an Archimedes screw used in
hydropower generation." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 139, no. 2 (2013): 213-220.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000661

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PO-9
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writing, on complex engineering
activities with the engineering
PO-10 Communication community and with society at large,
such as being able to comprehend and
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documentation, and give and receive
Clear instructions.
An ability to demonstrate knowledge
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Project these to one’s own work, as a member

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Finance projects and in multidisciplinary
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such as risk and change management,
And understand their limitations.

An ability to recognize importance of,

Lifelong and pursue lifelong learning in the
PO-12
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Technological developments.

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