1

ixhq;a; ksldhd.; n%dyauK ixhq;a;h ms<n

s | uQ,sl wOHhkhla
^wryka; j._h weiqfrka&
úfoHdoh msßfjfKa wdpdhH_" fn!oaO yd md,s úYajúoHd,fha ndysr lÓldpdhH_" rdclSh mKaä;"
Ydia;%m;s fndaod.u iqukfcda;s ysñ
nqÿrcdkka jykafia úiska ta ta mqoa.,hka fyda O¾u uq,a fldgf.K foaYkd lrK ,o iQ;%
iuqodh ixhq;a; ksldfhys we;=<;a fõ' ixhq;a; hkq tlg fhÿKq fyj;a tlg neÿKq hk wF:–
h f.Kfokakls' th ix ¬ √hqÊ Od;=fjka ksmka mohls' ta wkqj nqoaOfoaYs; ioaOu–h ksldh
jYfhka fnod oelajQ uydldYHm uyry;ka jykafia m%uqL i`Ù.S;sldrl uyry;ka jykafia,d
úiska §>ksldh yd uÊCêuksldhg wk;=rej ixhq;a; ksldh fnod olajk ,È' i.d:lj.a."
ksodkj.a." LkaOj.a." i<dh;kj.a." uydj.a. hehs j._ 05 lska iukaú; ixhq;a; ksldfhys
iQ;% 7762 la we;=<;a fõ'1 m%udKd;aul jYfhka úYd, fkdjk iQ;% fuys we;=<;a jk w;r u
fndfyda iQ;%hkays ksodkh yd ixjdo;a" ta yd neÿKq we;eï Ou–lreKq;a .oHfhka bÈßm;a jk
w;r Ou–uh m%ldYk moHfhka bÈßm;a fjhs' tksid .oH-moH ñY% foaYkd ixhq;a; ksldhd.;
foaYkdjkays fndfyda fihska oel.; yelsh'
ixhq;a; ksldhg wh;a m%:u j._h i.d:lj.a.h hs' th —foj;dixhq;a;h" fojmq;a;ixhq;a;h"
fldi,ixhq;a;h" udrixhq;a;h" NslaLqksixhq;a;h" n%yauixhq;a;h" n%dyauKixhq;a;h"
j`Ù.Siixhq;a;h" jkixhq;a;h" hlaLixhq;a;h" ilalixhq;a;h˜ hkqfjka ixhq;a; tfld<ilska
iukaú; h' bka i;ajekak n%dyauK ixhq;a;h hs' tys nuqKka uq,a fldg.;a foaYkd iuQyhla
we;=<;a jk fyhska n%dyauK ixhq;a;h hehs kï fldg ;sfnk w;r iQ;% 22 la wka;._; fõ'
bka m<uq iQ;% 10 wryka; j._fhys o fiiq iQ;% 12 Wmdil j._fhys o olakd ,efí' iïnqoaO
foaYkdj Y%jKh fldg meye§ meúÈ ù W;=ï wy_;aFjhg m;a nuqKkag jod< iQ;% iuQyh wryka;
j._h kñkq;a iïnqoaO foaYkdj Y%jKh fldg meye§ Wmdil Ndjhg m;a nuqKkag jod< iQ;%
iuQyh Wmdil j._h kñkq;a kï fldg we;'
nqoaOld,Sk iudc miqìu ;=< nuqKkag ysñjQfha by< ms<s.ekSuls' fõoh uq,afldg.;a wd.ñl
b.ekaùu iudc.; l< Tjqka úiska iudch fufyhjk ,oafoa o tys tk b.ekaùïj,g wkql+,
jk mßÈ h' n%dyauK b.ekaùïys oelafjk wdldrhg ñksid we;=¿ iuia; úYajh u ksu–dKh
lrK ,oafoa uydn%yauhd úisks' Tyq ish,a, olakd neúka ij–o¾YS h¦ iEu ;ekays u me;sr mj;akd
fyhska ij–jHdmS h¦ iEu w;ska u hym;a fyhska ij–f;daNø h¦ úYajfha l;_Djrhd jk fyhska
úYajiH l;_D fyj;a úYajl;_D h¦ úYajfha wiydh uejqïlrejd jk fyhska úYajudml h' fufia
uydn%yauhd ish,a,g u by<ska Tijd ;nkakg nuqKq oyu lghq;= fldg ;sfí'
ish,a, ksu–dKh lrK ,o uydn%yauhd úiska u fõoh ksu–dKh lrK ,È hk b.ekaùu
iudc.; l< n%yauK msßi iudcfha by< jrm%ido ;uka i;= lr.;a w;r u foúhka iy
ñksiqka iïnkaO lrK mQclhka jYfhka o rcqkaf.a wkqYdilhka jYfhka o l%shdl<y'
ñksidf.a Wmf;a isg úm; f;la ta ta wjia:djkays isÿl< hq;= hehs iïu; úúO mqomQcd
meje;aùu Tjqka i;= ldhH_hla jYfhka mejÍ ;snQ ksid Tjqkag iudch ;=< ysñ ù ;snQ n,h
iq¿mgq fkdfõ' tksid u n%dyauKhka ye¢kaùu i|yd N+iqr" n%yaunkaOq" oaúc" úmam" n%yau"
fNdjdÈ" n%dyauK" fid;aÓh" Pkaoi hk kï rdYshla Ndú; ù ;sfí'2
mQcl ^n%dyauK&" id`Ù.%dñl ^CI;%sh&" .%dñl ^ffjYH&" odi ^Y=ø&3 hkqfjka iuia; iudch m%Odk
l=, i;rlg fnod n%dyauK jxYslhka tys by<ska u ;enQ nuqfKda ;uka u Wiia jk njg oeä
udkakhlska hqla; jQy' n%dyauK jxYsl jQ jdYsIaG" Ndroajdc hk fofok nqÿiiqfka meúÈ jQ

1
idrF:mamldiskS kdu ixhq;a;ksldhÜGl:d" ^2007& fyajdú;drK uqøKh" 2 msgqj'
2
Oïudkkao ysñ" ;,,af,a" ^1993&" ;%smsglfhys idxialD;sl ,CIK" chfYaLrdrduia: Y%S iqpß;dlr iñ;sh" 92-93
msgq'
3
nIdñ" ^1995&" wisßu;a bkaÈhdj" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd;_fïka;=j" 43 msgqj'
 2

l,ays Tjqkag nuqKkaf.a úúO .y_djkag ,laùug isÿ ù we;' w.a.[a[ iQ;%fhys oelafjk
wdldrhg —n%dyauK jK_h u fY%aIaG h" wkH jK_fhda my;a y' n%dyauKjxYh u Y=la,jK_ h"
b;sß ;=ka jxYfhda u lDIaKjK_ y' n%dyauKfhda u Y=oaO fj;a' n%dyauK fkdjQfjda Y=oaO
fkdfj;a' n%dyauKfhda u nUyqf.a uqúka ìys jQ" nUyq f.ka Wmka" nUyq úiska ujk ,o" ^fõo
fõod`Ù.dÈ& nUyqf.a oEjeoaog Wreulre jQ" nUyqf.a T!ri mq;%fhda h' ta f;ms fY%aIaG jK_h
yeroud" .eyeú jQ l¨ jQ udrmdCIsl jQ" nUyqf.a mhska Wmka uq`vq uyKqka jQ ySk jK_hlg
ngqfjda jyq' fYa%IaG jK_h ye/,d .eyeú jQ l¨ jQ udrmdCIsl jQ nUyqf.a mhska Wmka uq`vquyKqka
jQ ySk jK_hlg meñKshyq h hk hfula weoao" th fkd uekj" th fkd iqÿiq h'˜ 4 hkqfjka
;u jK_fhys Wiia nj yqjd olajd we;'
R.afõofha 10 jeks uKav,fha 90 jk mqreI iQla;fha oelafjk wdldrhg nuqfKda
uydn%yauhdf.a uqúka Wmkay' CI;%shfhda ndyqfjka my< jQy' ffjYHfhda l,fjka Wmkay'
Y=øfhda fom;=<ska my< jQy' tfia u ukqiauD;sfhys oelafjk wdldrhg n%yauhdf.a uqLfhka
Wmokd neúkq;a" n%yaui`ÙLHd; fõoh yodrK neúkq;a" f,dalhg ^fõo& Ou–fhka wkqYdikd
lrK neúkq;a n%dyauKhd u fY%aIaG fjhs' l=,jdoh mokï fldg.;a fulS .j–h nuqKka ;=<
flf;la ÿrg mej;sfha o hkak n%dyauK ixhq;a;fhys fmrg u oelafjk iQ;%hkaf.ka o ukdj
mila lr.; yelsh' tfia u fõoh yeoEÍu yd hd.-fydau lsÍu nuqKkaf.a m%Odk ldhH_h jqj
o f.dú;eka l< nuqKka" kj lu–dka; l< nuqKka" ms`vq is`.Su l< nuqKka" úúO Ôjk
jD;a;Skays ksr; jQ nuqKka hkd§ka ms<sn| f;dr;=re ;%smsgld.; foaYkdjka ;=<ska oel.;
yelsh' tys§ n%dyauK ixhq;a;fhys we;=<;a iQ;%hkag m%uqLia:dkhla ysñ fõ'
n%dyauK ixhq;a;hg wh;a m<uq j._h jkafka wryka; j._h hs' tys —Ok[acdkS iQ;h % "
wlafldil iQ;%h" wiqßkaol iQ;%h" ì,`Ù.sl iQ;h % " wysxil iQ;%h" cgd iQ;%h" iqoaêl iQ;%h"
w.a.sl iQ;h% " iqkaoßl iQ;%h" nyqë;= iQ;%h˜ hehs iQ;% 10 la wka;._; fõ' fuu j._hg wh;a
nuqKka ish¨ fokd u nqoaOfoaYkh Y%jKh fldg meúÈ ù W;=ï wy_;aFjhg m;a jQ fyhska fuu
j._h wryka; j._h hehs kï fldg we;' tfia u foaYkdjkag iïnkaO nuqKka oi fokd u
Ndroajdc f.da;%hg ^Ndroajdcf.d;af;d n%dyaufKd" wlafldiNdroajdfcd n%dyaufKd"
wiqßJolNdroajdfcd n%dyaufKd" ì,`Ù.slNdroajdfcd n%dyaufKd" wysxilNdroajdfcd n%dyaufKd"
cgdNdroajdfcd n%dyaufKd" iqoaêlNdroajdfcd n%dyaufKd" w.a.slNdroajdfcd n%dyaufKd"
iqkaoßlNdroajdfcd n%dyaufKd" Ndroajdcf.d;af;d n%dyaufKd& wh;a jk w;r rdc.y" idj;aÓ"
fldi, hk ia:dkhkays § fuu foaYkdjka mj;ajd ;sfí' Ndroajdc hk kug uq,ska fh§ we;s
we;eï úfYaIK kdu fhdod ;sfnkafka i`Ù.S;sldrl uyry;ka jykafia,d úisks'
Ndroajdcf.da;%hg wh;a nuqfKl= meúÈ ùu lrK fldgf.K fldamhg m;a jQ nuqfKl= .d:d
mkaishhlska nqÿka jykafiag wdfldaY lrñka meñKs fyhska tu nuqKdj wlafldiNdroajdc
kñka kï fldg ;sfí'5 lsisjla ñY% fkdl< ldä fydÈ idod wf,ú lrjñka Okhla /ia l<
neúka ì,`Ù.slNdroajdc hk ku fhdod we;'6 wysxil m%Yakh úuiQ ksid wysxilNdroajdc hehs
kï fldg ;sfnk w;r cgd m%Yakh úuiQ ksid cgdNdroajdc hehs kï fldg ;sfí' 7 tfia u
iqoaêl m%Yakh úuiQ fyhska iqoaêlNdroajdc hehs o" .sks weiqre lsÍï ksid w.a.slNdroajdc hehs
o" iqkaoßld k§ ;Srfhys .sks ms§fuys ksr; j isá neúka iqkaoßlNdroajdc hehs o kï fldg

4
§'ks' »»»" mdÀl j._h" w.a.[a[ iQ;%h" nq'c';%s'uq'" 138 msgqj'
5
—wlafldiNdroajdfcd;s NdroajdfcdZj fid" m[apu;af;ys mk .d:dif;ys ;:d.;x wlafldikaf;d wd.f;d;s
wlafldiNdroajdfcd;siai i`Ù.S;sldfrys kdux .ys;x'˜
idrF:mamldiskS kdu ixhq;a;ksldhÜGl:d" ^2007& fyajdú;drK uqøKh" 177 msgqj'
6
—ì,`Ù.slNdroajdfcd;s Ndroajdfcdj fid" kdkmamldrx mk iqoaO[ap iïNdrhq;a;[ap l[a ðlx ldfr;ajd
úlalsKdfmkaf;d nyqx Okx ixLÍ;s ì,`Ù.slNdroajdfcd;siai i`Ù.S;sldfrys kdux .ys;x'˜
tu" 178-179 msgq'
7
—wysxilNdroajdfcd;s Ndroajdfcdfji" wysxilm[ayx mk mqÉý' f;kiafi;x i`Ù.S;sldfrys kdux .ys;x'˜
—cgdNdroajdfcd;s Ndroajdfcdj fid" cgdm[ayiai mk mqÉý;;a;d i`Ù.S;sldfrys tjx jq;af;d'˜
tu" 179 msgqj'
 3

we;'8 fuu iQ;% w;=frka uq,ska oelafjk iQ;% y;r foaYkd ù ;sfnkafka tla isÿùulg wod< j
nuqKka úiska m%;spdr oelajQ iajrEm wkqidrfhks' tu isjqfokd fidfydhqfrda fj;s'
wryka; j._hg wh;a m<uq iQ;h % Ok[acdkS iQ;%h9 hs' fmdÿfõ .;a l, nuqKq iudch úiska
nqÿka jykafia yd nqÿoyu ms<sn| olajk ,o wdl,amh úuiSfï § fuka u ienE
nqoaOY%djlfhl=f.a fyda Y%dúldjlf.a Ôjk m%;smodj flfia jkakla oehs úuiSfï § fuu iQ;%h
jeo.;a fõ' wd.ñl úYajdi follg wh;a iajdñNdhH_djreka Ôj;a jk ksjil we;s úh yels
iajNdjh o fuys uekúka úoyd oelafõ' fuu iQ;%h kï fldg ;sfnkafka iQ;% ksodkfhys
yuqjk Ok[acdkS kï neñKshf.a kduh wkqidrfhks' Ok[acdkS hkq ;;ald,Sk iudcfhys
mej;s b;du;a Wiia n%dyauK f.da;%hls' fiiq nuqKka uydn%yauhdf.a uqúka Wmka kuq;a
Ok[acdkS f.da;%hg wh;a nuqKka uydn%yauhdf.a uia;lh ì| kslauqKq njg ms<sf.K we;' 10
Ok[acdkS neñKsh fidajdka M,hg m;a wdhH_Y%dúldjls¦ idïm%odhsl n%dyauK úYajdih mfil
,d f;rejk ms<sn| wp, Y%oaOdjlska lghq;= l< ;eke;a;shls' ^wNsmamikakd fyd;s nqoafO p
Oïfu p i`Ùf> p& iemf;a § muKla fkdj úmf;a § o nqÿ.=Kh iurK isß;la wE ;=< úh'
ta jkdys W;=ï jQ .=Khls' oukh l< is; iem f.K fok nj nqoaOdkqYdikh hs' f;rejk
ms<sn| ieoeyefhka lghq;= lrK ;eke;a;dg ish is; rd.fhka" oafõIfhka yd fudayfhka
uqojd .eKSug b;du;a myiq fõ' tfia we;s l,ays rd. jYfhka ne£ug ksis fyda oafõI jYfhka
.eàug ksis wruqKla ielfikafka ke;'
wgqjdfjys oelafjk wdldrhg f;rejk ms<sn| b;du;a wm%idofhka lghq;= l< nuqKd úiska
Ok[acdkS neñKsh oka fok l,ays ksjiska neyer f.dia ;sfnk w;r ;u reÑl;ajh mßÈ
nuqKkag oka msßkud ;sfí' ksrka;rfhka nqÿ.=K isysm;a lrñka nqÿka jykafiag kuialdr
lsÍu reÑ fkdl< nuqKd úiska mjik ,oafoa ;u odkh ms<s.eKSug nuqKka meñKs l,ays nqÿka
jykafiaj isysm;a fkdlrK f,i hs' ;u wNsreÑh mßÈ wE l%shd fkdl< fyhska w;sYhska
lsmqKq nuqKd ish NdhH_djg ji, jdofhka ^whx ji,S& wduka;%Kh l< w;r nqÿka jykafiaj
o uq`vquyK ^uqKavliai iuKiai& f,iska ye¢kaùh¦ bka fkdkej;S nqÿka jykafiag jdok.k
nj o mejiSh' nqÿ.=Kh oeäj úYajdi l< neñKsh úiska mjik ,oafoa tfia l< yels lsisfjl=;a
foúhka" ureka" nUqka iys; f,dalfhys fkdue;s nj hs¦ tfia o jqj;a nqÿka jykafia fj; f.dia
th oek.kakd f,i hs'
fuu isÿùu foi wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § nqÿka jykafia ms<sn| ;;ald,Sk n%dyauK iudcfhys
mej;s wdÑK_.; i`Ùl,amh y÷kd.; yelsh' Y%uK iïm%odhg wdfõKsl ,CIKhla jQ ysi uq`vq
lsÍfï pdß;%h foi Tjqka úiska n,k ,oafoa my;a ye`.Sulska hq;= j h' tfia u Wm;ska ;ukag
ysñ jQ nuqKq oyu yeroud nqÿka irK hEu b;du my;a fldg ie,l+ whqre Wm;ska b;du;a
Wiia nuqKq l=,hlg wh;a jQ neñKshg ji, jdofhka wduka;%Kh lsÍfuka fmkS hhs' mqoa.,
Ôú;hkays fndfyda fihska .eg¨ we;sjkafka tlsfkldf.a .;sisß;a" weoySï yd úYajdihka
ms<sn| fkdreiakd iajNdjfhka n,kd l,ays h' tfia we;s l,ays fldamh" fkdi;=gq nj we;sùu
iajNdjhls' .;dkq.;sl nuqKq oyfuys oeäj msygs d lghq;= l< tu nuqKd flfrka o fuu
iajNdjh oeäj úoHudk úh' tksid nqÿka jykafia lrd t<ôfha oeä fldamhlsks¦ fkdi;=gq
is;lsks' ^l=msf;d wk;a;ufkd&
nqÿka jykafiag wmydi lsÍfï wOHdYfhka —lsxiq CO;ajd hk .d:djg ms<s;=re jYfhka wiqj,a
jOh leue;af;uehs nqÿka jykafia ms<s;=re ÿkfyd;a f,dal jOhg fufyhjk Tn jykafiaf.a

8
—iqoaêlNdroajfcd;s whïms NdroajfcdZj" iqoaêlm[ayiai mk mqÉý;;a;d i`Ù.S;sldfrys tjx jq;af;d'˜
—w.a.slNdroajdfcd;s whïms NdroajdfcdZj" w.a.smßprKjfik mkiai i`Ù.S;sldfrys t;x kdux .ys;x'˜
—iqkaoßlNdroajdfcd;s iqkaoßldh kÈhd ;Sfr w.a.scqyfKk tjx ,oaOkdfud'˜
tu" 179 - 181 msgq'
9
ix'ks' »" n%dyauK ixhq;a;h" wryka; j._h" Ok[acdkS iQ;%h" nq'c';%s'uq'" 286 - 288 msgq'
10
—Odk[acdkS;s Odk[acdks f.d;a;d" WlalÜGf.d;a;d lsfrid¦ fiin%dyauKd lsr n%yauqfkd uqLf;d cd;d"
Odk[acdkSf.d;a;d uF:lx NsJÈFjd kslaLka;d;s f;ix ,oaê'˜
idrF:mamldiskS kdu ixhq;a;ksldhÜGl:d" ^2007& fyajdú;drK uqøKh" 175 msgqj'
 4

Y%uK Ndjfhka we;s M,h l=ula oehs ks.%y lrkafkñ' lsisjla keiSu reÑ fkd flfrñ hehs
lshkafka kï rd.d§kaf.a keiSu o fkdms<s.kakd Tnjykafia yqfola Y%uKfhla ù l=ula
fyhska tys fuys weúÈkafkys oehs ks.%y lrkafkñ˜11 hehs WNf;dafldaálm%Yakhla úuiQ nj
wgqjdfõ i|yka fõ' .d:djlska úuiQ m%Yakhg nqÿka jykafia o .d:djlska u ms<s;=re ÿkay'
fuu m%YakjdÖ .d:dj yd ms<s;=re .d:dj u ixhq;a; ksldhd.; foaj;d ixhq;a;fhys CO;ajd
j._hg wh;a CO;ajd iQ;%fhys o" fojmq;a;ixhq;a;fhys iqßh j._hg wh;a ud> iQ;%fhys o" ilal
ixhq;a;fhys ilalm[aplhg wh;a CO;ajd iQ;%fhys o we;=<;a fõ'12 tl u fjki kï ms<s;=re
.d:dfjys wduka;%KjdÖ mofhys fjki hs' ta wkqj foaj;d ixhq;a;fhys we;=<;a foaYkdj
foúfhl= úiska úuik ,o ksid —fojf;˜ hkqfjka o" ud> iQ;%h Yl% foafõJøhd úiska úuik
,o ksid —j;%N+˜ hkqfjka o" ilal ixhq;a;fhys we;=<;a iQ;%fhys —jdij˜ hkqfjka o
wduka;%Kh fldg we;'
wlafldail iQ;%h13" wiqßkaol iQ;%h14 yd ì,`Ù.sl iQ;%h15 ms<sfj<ska wryka; j._hg wh;a
fojeks" f;jeks yd isõjeks iQ;% hs' Ok[acdkS iQ;%h we;=¿ fuu iQ;% y;r foaYkd lsÍug uq,a
jQ nuqKka isõfokd fidfydhqrka jk nj ixhq;a;ksldhÜGl:dfjys fuka u
OïumoÜGl:dfjys o i|yka fõ' fuu nuqKka isõfokd u nqÿka jykafia fj; t<fUk ,oafoa
fl%daOfhka lsmS" fodïkiska yd fkdi;=gq is;k s s' mqoa.,hdf.a fof,dj Ôú;h mßydkshg
m;alrjk w;sYh Nhdkl ufkdaNdjhla jk fl%daOfhys iajNdj yd wd§kjh wjOdrKh
flfrK fuu foaYkdjkays Ou–uh w.h buy;a h' ;u isf;ys ke.=Kq fl%daOh m%ldY lsÍfï
m%fõY i;rla nuqKka isõfokd úiska Ndú; fldg we;' m<uq nuqKdf.a woyi jQfha nqÿka
jykafiaf.a foaYkhg wkqj tys fodia olajñka ks.%y lsÍu hs' fojekakd nqÿka jykafiaj ;uka
fj; le|jd wiNH jQ MreI jpkfhka nqÿka jykafiag wdfl%daI lf<ah' f;jekakd nqÿka
jykafia fj; t<U wiNH jQ MreI jpkfhka wdfl%daI lf<ah' isõjekakd ;u fldamh
m<lsÍug ksis lsisjla jpkfhka fkdlSj o fl%dO a is;ska nqÿka wNshi /§ isáfhah' fuu wjia:d
i;r mqoa., Ôú;hla yd iïnkaO fldg ne,Sfï § ´kEu mqoa.,fhl=g uqyK q §ug isÿúh yels
wjia:d i;rls' wm fj;ska wvqmdvq isÿfjk f;la n,disg wjia:dj t<ô ieKska oafõIfhka
m%;spdr oelaùug fuka u wmjdo lsÍug n,disák msßia fndfyda fj;s' tfia u ;ukaj Tjqka
fj; le|jd fuka u ;uka fj; meñK o oafõIfhka neKjÈk wh o ´kE;rï fj;s'
jpkfhka ;ukag lsisjla fkdlSj o is;ska neK jÈk" oafõI lrK wh fj;s' tksid kskaod"
wmjdo" oafõI iy.; m%ldYkhkag ,laùu idudkH isÿùuls' tys§ jeo.;a jkafka wm tajd
uekúka l<ukdlrKh lr.eKSug iu;a o hkak ms<sn| ieuúg u nqoaêu;a j úuid ne,Su
hs'
fuu wjia:d ish,a, nqÿka jykafia úiska l<ukdlrKh lrK ,o wdldrh b;du;a m%Yia: h'
wfkldf.a fodia olskq ßisfhka oafõI iy.; j miq jQ nuqKdg ;ud ;=< mj;ak d ifodia nj
u jgyd.eKSug ksis foaYkhla nqÿka jykafia isÿ l<y' iemh leue;a;d fl%daOh keish hq;=
nj;a W;=uka fl%daOh keiSu w.hk nj;a wjOdrKh jQ l,ays ;uka úiskq;a fl%daOh kid
lghq;= l< hq;= nj wjfndaO lr.kakg tu nuqKd iu;a úh' wlafldai nuqKd úiska ;uka
fj; nqÿka jykafiaj le|jd mßNj l< l,ays ;ukag wod< fkdjk lsisjl=;a ;Èka je<|f.K
oafõIfhka w.;shg fkdhd hq;= nj wdoY_fhka u nqÿka jykafia fmkajd ÿkay' wlafldai
iQ;%fhys nqÿka jykafia yd nuqKd w;r isÿjk ixjdoh jQ l,s idoY_j;a jQjls' fkdbjik
ñksiqka w;r bjid lghq;= lrK ñksid fl;rï Yla;s iïmkakfhla oehs bka wjOdrKh
flf¾' ienE úch.%yKh jkqfha MreI jpkfhka neK je§u fkdj lreKq oek bjid lghq;=

11
tu" 177 msgqj'
12
ix'ks' »" foj;d ixhq;a;h" CO;ajd j._h" CO;ajd iQ;%h" nq'c';%s'uq'" 76-78 msgq $ fojmq;a;ixhq;a;h" iqßh j._h"
ud>iQ;%h" 88 msgqj $ ilalixhq;a;h" ilalm[aplx" CO;ajd iQ;%h" 422 msgqj'
13
ix'ks' »" n%dyauK ixhq;a;h" wryka; j._h" wlafldi iQ;%h" nq'c';%s'uq'" 288 - 290 msgq'
14
tu" wiqßkaol iQ;%h" 292 msgqj'
15
tu" ì,`Ù.sl iQ;%h" 292 - 294 msgq'
 5

lsÍu nj wiqßJol iQ;%fhys fmkajd fokq ,efí' tfia u ì,`Ù.sl iQ;%fhys o fmkajd fokafka
oafõI fkdlrK hym;a W;=udg oafõI lrkakd yg u uy;a wd§kj ú¢kakg isÿjk nj hs'
rd.S prKh yd úrd.S prKh fln÷ oehs úuid ne,Sfï § fuu iQ;% y;r b;du;a jeo.;a jk
w;r wlafldai iQ;%fhys we;=<;a ixjdoh iqúi,a w.hlska hqla; h' wdl,am iïm;a;sfhka
fkdjevqKq ;eke;a;d ish,a, ;u reÑl;ajh mßÈ yiqrejkakg W;aiql jk w;r th tfia
fkdjk l,ays oafõIfhka lghq;= lrhs' tys,d wkq.ukh lrK tla l%uhla jkafka oafõI
iy.; j wiNH MreI jpkfhka neK je§u hs' lshkakd flfia lSj;a wikakd isys nqoaêfhka
weish hq;= nj idudkH jHjydrfhys mjd mj;skakls' fï iïnkaOfhka nqÿka jykafiaf.a tla
b.ekaùula jkqfha —wfkldf.a oreKq ys;a ßojk jpkh fyda l< fkdl< foh ms<sn| fyda
úuid fkdne,sh hq;= nj;a" ;uka úiska l< fkdl< foh u úuish hq;= nj;a h'˜16 wlafldail
nuqKd ;uka jykafiag neK jÈoa§ bjiSfuka lghq;= l< nqÿka jykafia th m%dfhda.sl j u
fmkajd ÿkay' mqoa., uki úksúo oelSfï Wiia {dkfm!reI;ajhlska hqla; jQ nqÿka jykafia
úiska ixjdod;aul m%fõYhla ;=< wka;¾mqoa., in|;d Wiia ;,hlg f.K hEug ksis
udf._damfoaYhla fuys imhd we;' weúf,k .skakg msÿre oukakd fia fl%daOfhka miqjkakdf.a
tu fl%daOh oeäùug ksis whqßka lghq;= lrKq fjkqjg tu mqoa.,hd wh:dF:–j;a oelafuka uqod
iuHlaoDIaáhg meñKùug ksis whqßka lghq;= l< hq;= fõ' flfkl=f.a is; ßoùug Ndú;
flfrK jpkh u ;j flfkl=f.a hym; msKsi Wmfhda.S lr.eKSu m%{djka;hdf.a iajNdjh
hs' tfia we;s l,ays ;ud muKla fkdj wfkaldj o úm;ska uqojd .eKSfï wjldY ie,fia'
fuu iQ;% foaYkd y;frys fl%daO lrkakdf.ka iudchg jk ydksh fuka u fl%daO
fkdlrkakdf.ka iudchg isÿjk hym; o fl%dO a h ch.; hq;= wdldrh o uekúka újrKh
fõ' tys,d Wmfhda.S fldg.; yels m%fõY lsysmhla fufia fmkajd § we;'

• w;a;dkqjdodÈ isjq wdldrfha ìfhka w;ñ§ iqjfia lghq;= lrKq jia fl%daOfhys wd§kj
fufkys lrñka fl%daO fkdlrK is;ska hq;= j jdih l< hq;= h'
• fldam jQ ;eke;a;dg fmr<d fkdlsfmkakd u ÈkSug ÿIalr jQ fl%dO a i`Ù.%duh
ch.kakd nj ie,lsh hq;= h'
• ;ud yd wfkld hk fofokdg u hym; ie,iSu i|yd wfkald fldam jQ nj oek isys
we;sj bjish hq;= h'
• ;ud yd wfkld hk fofokdg u hym; msKsi bjid lghq;= lrkakd fudavfhl= hehs
is;kafka O¾uh ms<sn| lsis÷ wjfndaOhla ke;s ysia ñksiqka úiska nj wjfndaO
fldgf.K lghq;= l< hq;= h'
• ksy`v nj /lsh hq;= ;ek ksy`v j lghq;= l< hq;= h'
• wfkldf.a udkisl iajNdjh" reÑ wreÑlï wdÈh ms<sn| oekqïj;a ù lghq;= l< hq;=
h'
• fkdlsmsh hq;a;d flfrys lsmSu iifrys oeä wd§kj msKsi uq,a jk nj Ou–dkql+, j
f;areï f.K lghq;= l< hq;= h'
• úúOdldrfhka Y%jKud;% jYfhka meñfKk furudf.a jpk Pkaofhka fyda
oafõIfhka fkdf.K kqjKska úuid n,d lghq;= l< hq;= h'
fï wdldrhg wfkal mhH_dfhka fl%daOfhys wd§kj yd bjiSfuys wdksixi fmkajd § ;sfnk
fuu iQ;% y;r wOHhkh lsÍu fkd.egqKq is;la ilid.eKSfuys ,d b;du;a jeo.;a fõ'

16
—k mfrix úf,dudks - k mfrix l;dl;x"
w;a;fkdZj wfjlafLhH - l;dks wl;dks p'˜
Lq'ks' »" Oïumomd<s" mqmaMj.af.d" nq'c';%s'uq'" 36 msgqj'
 6

wryka; j._hg wh;a miajeks iQ;%h wysxil iQ;%h17 hs' nqÿka jykafia fj; meñKqkq nuqfKl=
úiska ;ukaj wysxil hehs y÷kajd §u mokï fldgf.K nqÿoyug wkqj wysxil hk jpkh
ks¾jpkh lr.; hq;af;a flfia o" ienúka u wysxil kï jkqfha ljfrl= oehs fmkajd§ï
jYfhka fuu iQ;%h foaYkd ù ;sfí' wdrEV kduh wkajF:– kduhla lr.eKSug ksis Ôjk
m%;smodj fuys újrKh fõ' jHdlrKdkql+,j úuid ne¨j fyd;a wysxil hkq k ¬ ysxil hk
mo fol tla j iEÿKq k ksmd; mqínmo lïuOdrh iudi mohls' ta wkqj ysxid fkdlrkakd
hk wF:–h f.K foa' kduh hï fia o" bÈka tfia jkafka kï kqU wysxil u fjys hkqfjka
wjOdrKh lrK nqÿka jykafia hfula lhska o jpkfhka o ukiska o ysxid fkdflf¾ o"
hfula wkHhka fkdfjfyid o" fyf;u taldka;fhka wysxilfhla jk nj nqÿka jykafia
fmkajd ÿkay' fï ;=<ska ish Ôjk m%;m s odj ilid.; hq;af;a ljr m%;sm;a;shl msysgd oehs
ukdj jgyd.; yelsh'
wk;=rej olakg ,efnkafka cgd iQ;%h18 hs' —wkaf;d cgd nys cgd˜ hkdÈ .d:d we;=<;a jk
ksid fuu foaYkh cgd iQ;%h hkqfjka kï fldg we;' fuu foaYkdj u we;=<;a cgd kñka
u bÈßm;a jk iQ;%hla ixhq;a; ksldfha i;a;s j._fha we;=<;a fõ' 19 tu foaYkdj b;du;a m%lg
jQjla jk w;r úiqoaêu.a. kï udye`.s lD;sh iïmdokh ù ;sfnkafka tys we;=<;a —iSf,
m;sÜGdh kfrd im[af[d˜ hk .d:dj mdol fldg.ksñks'20 tlS foj;d ixhq;a;hd.; iQ;%h
foúfhl= úiska úuik ,ÿj foaYkd lrK ,oaola jk w;r fuu cgd iQ;%h foaYkd ù
;sfnkafka cgdNdroajdc kï nuqKd úiska úuik ,o m%Yakh lrKfldg h' fuys cgd hkq
cd,skS kï ;Kaydjg ;j;a kuls'21 ta fï ;Kaydj ;ud i;= foaj,a" wkqka i;= foj,a flfrys
o" ;udf.a wd;auNdjh wkqkaf.a wd;auNdjh hk fudjqka flfrys o" wdOHd;añl wdh;k ndysr
wdh;k hk fudjqka flfrys o Wmokd fyhska wkaf;d cgd nys cgd hhs lshkq ,efí'
flf,ia jY`.hg m;a ñksia Ôú; .;jkafka fndfyda ÿla mSvdÈh iys; j h' ;Kaydj kï
oef,ys meg¨Kq ñksid ta fya;=fjka wfkalúO wd§kjhkag uqyqK fohs' fuu iajNdjh oek
oel y÷kdf.K bka w;ñfokq leue;s mqoa.,hd úiska wkq.ukh l< hq;= m%;smodj l=ula oehs
cgd iQ;%fhys újrKh fõ' ta wkqj lu–c ;%sfya;=l m%;sikaêm%{d we;s flf,ia ;jk ùhH_h
we;s mdßydßh kqjK we;s iir ms<sn| ìh olakdiq¨ mqoa.,hd úiska iS,fhys msysgd iudêh yd
úoY_kd m%{dj o jvñka fï ;DIaKdj kï wjq, ,syd ouk nj oelafõ' iS," iudê" m%{d
i`ÙLHd; ;%sYsCIdj mQrKh lrK l,ays rd." fodaI" fuday fuka u kduh o rEmh o má>h o
rEmi[a[dj o ksreoaO jk l,ays fï ;DIaKd wjq, isf|k nj tys ;jÿrg;a oelafõ' ksùfï
u. l=ula oehs oek y÷kdf.K lghq;= lrKq leue;a;d yg ta i|yd ukd u.fmkaùula
isÿflfrK b;du;a jeo.;a iQ;% foaYkdjla f,i fuu cgd iQ;%h y÷kd.; yelsh'
wryka; j._hg wh;a y;ajeks iQ;%h iqoaêl iQ;%h22 hs' iqoaêl kï nuqfKl= úiska nqÿka jykafia
fj; t<U lrK ,o m%ldYkhlg ms<s;=re jYfhka jod< foaYkhla fuys we;=<;a fõ' tys§
nuqKd úiska nqÿka jykafiag mjik ,oafoa f,dalfhys lsis nuqfKla is,aj;alñka yd ;miska
muKla msßisÿ fkdjk nj;a ;%sfõofhka yd f.da;% prKfhka hq;a f;aúÊcd nuqKd u msßisÿ
jk nj;a wkHhka tfia fkdjk nj;a h' fuu m%ldYkhg ijka ÿka nqÿka jykafia ienE
iqoaêh cd;sh mokï fldgf.K fkdj l%shdj lrKfldgf.K ysñjkakla nj fmkajd foñka
fndfyda m%,dm l:dlrK" we;=<; flf,ia liáka l=Kq jQ l=ykdfjka hq;a ;eke;a;d cd;s
ud;%fhka nuqfKla fkdjk nj;a" mgka .kakd ,o ùhH_h we;s ksjka msKsi fufyh jQ is;a

17
ix'ks' »" n%dyauK ixhq;a;h" wryka; j._h" wysxil iQ;%h" nq'c';%s'uq'" 294 msgqj'
18
tu" cgd iQ;%h" 294 - 296 msgq'
19
ix'ks' »" foj;d ixhq;a;h" i;a;s j._h" cgd iQ;%h" nq'c';%s'uq'" 26 msgqj'
20
úiqoaêu.af.d" ksodkdÈl:d" ^2006&" fyajdú;drK uqøKh" 01 msgqj'
21
—cgd;s ;Kaydh cd,skshd t;x wêjpkx˜
tu" 01 msgqj $ idrF:mamldiskS kdu ixhq;a;ksldhÜGl:d" i;a;s j.a." ^2007& fyajdú;drK uqøKh" 39 msgqj'
22
ix'ks' »" n%dyauK ixhq;a;h" wryka; j._h" iqoaêl iQ;%h" nq'c';%s'uq'" 296 msgqj'
 7

we;s ksrka;rfhka oeä mrdl%ufhka hq;a ;eke;a;d cd;sfhka CI;%sh" n%dyauK" ffjYH" Y=ø"
pKavd, fyda mqlal=i fõjd fyf;u W;a;u iqoaê i`ÙLHd; ksjkg m;ajk nj jod<y'
cd;sh mokï fldgf.K fndfyda nuqKka ;=< mej;s udkakh fuu iQ;%fhys iqoaêl nuqKdf.a
m%ldYfhka o ukdj olakg ,efí' wdpdrYS,s Èúmeje;aul jákdlu w.hkq fjkqjg ;u cd;sh
u Wiia jk nj yqjdoelaùug nuqKka úiska W;aiql ù ;sfí' tksid is,aj;a nj fyda ;mialï
lsÍu cd;sfhka Wiia ùu yd ;rug W;=ï fkdjk nj l,amkd l< Tjqka úiska mqoa.,
iodpdrhkag ,nd§ ;sfnkafka wvq ms<s.eKSuls' nuqKq u;h tfia jqj;a mqoa., l%shdldrlï u;
mqoa.,hdf.a Wiia my;a nj w.hk nqÿiuh fmkajd fokafka ;u Ôú;hg jákdlu tl;=
lr.; hq;af;a W;aidyfhka Wkkaÿfjka ùhH_fhka lghq;= lsÍfuka nj hs' tksid ;uka
iudc.; u;hg wkqj cd;sfhka ySk hehs is; is;d miqneiSug" miq;eùug fyda Wlg,S ùug
fyda wjYH fkdjk w;r msßisÿ ldhlu–" jÖlu– yd ufkdalu–hkaf.a hqla; j iudêh yd m%{dj
ÈhqKq lr.eKSug ùhH_jka; j lghq;= lsÍu ;=< iqoaêhg m;aùfï wjldY iEu mqoa.,fhl= u
i;= jk nj;a" tu mqoa.,hd u ienE iqoaêh w;am;a lr.;a ;eke;a;d jk nj;a fuu iQ;%
foaYkdfjka ukdj mila lr.; yelsh'
w.a.slNdroajdc nuqKd uq,afldgf.K foaYs; w.a.sl iQ;%h23 wk;=rej olakd ,efí' Tyq úiska
w.a.sfydauh lrkafkñhs .sf;,ska uqiq lsßn;la ms<sfh, l< l,ays ms`vq msKsi jeä nqÿka
jykafia t;ekg t<ô nj oel —hï nuqfKla ;%sfõofhka iukaú; o y;ajk óuq;= mrïmrdj
f;la mú;% cd;s we;af;a o fndfyda .%ka:hka yodf<a fõ o" ;%sfõo i`ÙLHd; úoHdfhka yd f.da;%
i`ÙLHd; prKfhka hqla; o" ta f;aúÊc nuqKd u fï mdhdih j<|kafkah' Tn n÷
;eke;af;l=g fuh kqiqÿiq hehs˜ mjik ,È' n%dyauK úYajdih ;=< ;Èka msysgd lghq;= l<
Tyqf.a woyi jQfha o Wm;ska nuqfKl= jQ u nuqKq oyug wkqj lghq;= lrkafkl= u ;u
wdydrh ms<s.eKSug iqÿiq jk nj hs' Tyq ;=< mej;s tu woyfiys idjoH;dj fmkajd fok
nqÿka jykafia flfkl=f.a Wiia nj cd;sh u; r|d fkdmj;sk nj;a" flf,ia liáka hq;a
;eke;a;d W;=ï fkdjk nj;a" ienE f;úÊc W;=ud flfia úh hq;= o hkak;a fmkajd foñka
fufia jod<y' —fndfyda fldg m%,dm lshk" we;=<; flf,ia liáka l=Kq jQ ls,sá jQ
l=ykdfjka hq;a ;eke;a;d cd;sud;%fhka nuqfKla fkdfjhs' hfula mqífíksjdidkqiai;s
[dKfhka fmr úiQ l|ms<sfj< okS o" Èjeiska iaj._h yd wmdh;a olS o" cd;sh CIh lsÍï
i`ÙLHd; ksjkg m;ajQfha o" ud._{dkfhka p;=iai;Hh oek ksujk ,o fidf<dia lD;H
we;af;a o" ldhdÈ fu!k.=K hqla; o" fulS mqífíksjdidkqiai;s [dKh" ÈínplaLq [dKh"
wdijlaLh [dKh i`ÙLHd; ;%súoHdfjka hqla; jQ nuqKd u f;úÊc fjhs' úoHdfhka yd prK
Ou–fhka hqla; Tyq u fï mdhdih je<£ug iqÿiq h'˜
fuu m%ldYkhg ijka § fuf;la ;ud .%yKh fldgf.K isá woyfiys idjoH;dj mila
fldg.;a nuqKd wùÑfha isg Njd.%h f;la nqÿka jykafia yd iudk cd;s iïmkak CISKdi%j
n%dyauKfhl= ke;ehs jgyd.;af;ah' tksid u hd. fldg hd.øjH fYaIh nuqfKl=g ms<s.kajkq
ßisfhka miq jQ nuqKd nqÿka jykafiag tu mdhdih ms<s.kajkq leue;s úh' tfia o jqj;a .d:d
.dhkdfjka ,o fNdackhla ksid th je<£u wF:–h;a Ou–h;a o;a iïnqÿjrekaf.a isß; fkdfõ
hehs o" Ou–fhka ,o foa u je<¢h hq;= hhs o nuqKdg Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia jod<y¦ fuhska wkH
jQ msÈh hq;= wdydrfhka o mdkfhka o .=Kiïmkak ry;a W;=ukag Wmia:dk lrK f,i;a"
mska leue;a;jqkag th fl;la nj;a fmkajd ÿkay'
iqkaoßl iQ;%h24 wryka; j._hg wh;a kujeks iQ;h % hs' w.aksfydauh isÿl< iqkaoßlNdroajdc
kï nuqKd yqkiafkka ke.sg ljfrl=g hd.øjH fYaIh msßkukafka oehs yd;ami úuid neÆ
l,ays ysi jgd fmdfrdjd jev yqka nqÿka jykafia oel Wkajykafia fj; t<U uq`vq uyfKl=
hehs is;d uq`vq uyKqka w;r n%dyauK jxYslhka o isáh yels nj l,amkd fldg nqÿka

23
tu" w.a.sl iQ;%h" 296 - 298 msgq'
24
tu" iqkaoßl iQ;%h" 298 - 302 msgq'
 8

jykafiaf.ka cd;sh l=ula oehs úuiSh' ^lsx cÉfpd Njx& tys§ nqÿka jykafia úiska mjik
,oafoa udf.ka cd;sh fkdúuij' YS,dÈ prKh u úuij' or lene,af,ka taldka;fhka .sks
yg.kakdla fuka my;a l=,fha Wmkafka o" Wiia l=,fha Wmkafka o ùhH_j;a jQfha lreKq
fkdlreKq okafka ,Êcdfjka mõ j<ld isáfha o fyf;u CISKdi%j uqksjrfhla fjhs' mrudF:–
i;Hfhka oukhg m;a" bJøsh oukfhka hq;a" p;=u–d._ i`ÙLHd; fõofhys mrf;rg .sh" jei
ksu jQ nUir we;s" oCIsKdy_ W;=ud flfrys hd. lsÍu fyj;a oka mQcd lsÍu W;=ï jk nj hs'
ta wkqj meyeÿKq nuqKd nqÿka jykafiag tu hd. fYaIh msßKeóug iQodkï jqj o .d:d
.dhkfhka ,o fNdackh nqÿka jykafia m%;sfCIam l<y' nqÿka jykafiaf.a Wmfoia wkqj tu
hd. fYaIh Èfhys oeuQ l< isÿ jQ wdYaphH_h oel ixfõ.hg m;a nuqKd kej; nqÿka jykafia
fj; t<UqfKah' tys§ nqÿka jykafia W;=ï Ou–hla tu nuqKdg foaYkd l<y'
wdOHd;añl úuqla;h s yd iqjh wNHka;rh ;=<ska u;=lr.; hq;a;la úkd ndysr l%shdldrlï
;=<ska muKla we;s lr.; yelalla fkdjk nj fmkajd ÿka nqÿka jykafia úiska nuqKq oyfï
b.ekafjk wkF:–ldÍ m%;smodjkays wF:–Y+kHnj o uekúka fmkajd foñka mjik ,oafoa or
ojñka Y=oaêhla wfmaCId fkdl< hq;= nj hs' bÈka tfia or oeùfuka Y=oaêh jkafka kï u<
ñkS ojk ñksiqka fndfyda fihska or ojk fyhska m<uq fldg Tjqka msßisÿ úh hq;= h' tfy;a
tnkaola isÿ fkdjk ksid ndysr oej oeùulska msßisÿ njla mekúh fkdyelsh' tksid .skak
oe,aúh hq;af;a ndysrfha fkdj wNHka;rfha h' tkï {dkd.aksh hs' ta nj wjOdrKh lrñka
;uka jykafia úiska or oeùu w;ayer iajika;dkfhys u {dkd.aksh o,ajk ,o nj;a ta
lrKfldgf.K ks;s ixh; is;ska jik nj;a nuqKdg fmkajd fok ,È' ñksidf.a Ñ;a;
ika;dkhkays mj;akd wfkalúO laf,aY Ou–hka {dkh kue;s .skafkka fkdojd
ksrka;rfhka mj;akd ixh; njla wfmaCId l< fkdyelsh' hï úfgl fuu i;Hh ;uka
;=<ska u u;= lr.kakg iu;a fõ kï th úY=oaêhg u. újrfldg§ug iu;a fõ'
nqÿoyug wkqj ienE hd.h wF:–j;a lr.; hq;af;a flfia oehs fmkajd fok nqÿka jykafia hï
fia ;jqia msßlr Wrysfika Wiq<kq ,nkafka by< ;snqfKa jqj;a md tijQ ;ekays fmd<j iu.
.efgkakdla fuka cd;s f.da;% l=, wdÈ udk jia;= ksid by<g Tijkq ,enQ udkh o ta ta
;ekaj, B¾IHdj we;s lrjñka i;r wmdfha fy<k ksid ;uka ;=< mj;akd oeä udkakh ;jqia
msßlrnr f,i o {dkh kue;s .skak ls,sá lrjk ksid fl%daOh ÿu f,i o" hï fia w¿j,ska
jeiqKq .skak fkd nn<d o tn÷ fyhska uqidjdoh w¿ f,i o olakd f,i;a hï fia Tnf.a rka
ߧ f,day ueá wdÈ Ndckj, uyd hd.hla meje;aùu msKsi lsishï yekaola fõ o" tfia u udf.a
Ou– hd.h meje;aùu msKi s uy;a Èj keue;s yekao ;sfnk nj;a hï fia Tnf.a .sks oe,afjk
;ek .x f;r fõ o" tfia u udf.a Ou–hd.h mj;ajk ia:dkh hk wF:–fhka i;aFjhkaf.a
yoj; oe,afjk ia:dkh jk nj;a mqreIhdf.a uekúka oukh jQ is; .skak jk nj;a jod<y¦
tfia u hï fia Tn .sks mQcd mj;ajd ÿï" w¿" oyäh wdÈfhka ls,sá jQ YÍrh we;s j iqkaoßld
kÈhg nei iakdkh lrys o" ;uka jykafiag iqkaoßld iudk ndysr ú,lska m%fhdackhla ke;s
nj;a wIagd`Ù.sl ud._ Ou–h u ú, jk nj;a" f,dõ;=re ioaOu–h kue;s úf,ys bjqr p;=mdßY=oaê
YS,h nj;a" hï fia Tnf.a iqkaoßld kÈh y;rmia fofkl= tla j kdk úg je,a, by< my<
le,f;hs o" ioaOu– ;vd.h tfia fkdjk nj;a" fkdfhla oyia fokd nei kdk úg mjd th
fkd le,ö m%ikakj mj;sk nj;a fmkajd ÿkay¦ tfia u wdhH_ ud._ ;vd.fha w`Ù. Wmqgd
olajñka jdla i;Hh ^iÉpx&" iïud ÈÜÀ - i`Ùlmam - jdhdu - i;s - iudê ^Oïfud&" iïud
jdpd - lïuka; - wdÔj ^ixhfud& hk fï wg nUir nj;a Ydiaj; jdoh yd WÉfþo jdoh
w;yer ueo weiqre lrK ,o ;eke;a;d oyïys yeisfrkakelehs jodrK nj o foaYkd l<y'
fï ;=<ska wdhH_Ou–h ;=< ienE hd.h wF:–j;a lr.; hq;af;a flfia oehs uekúka wjfndaO
lr.; yelsh'
wryka; j._hg wh;a wjika iQ;%h nyqë;= iQ;%h25 hs' fuu iQ;% foaYkh i|yd miqìï jQ lreKq
fiiq iQ;% foaYkdjkag jvd fjkia jQjls' .sys Ôú;fha wfkalúO lïlfgd¨j,g uqyqK ÿka

25
tu" nyqë;= iQ;%h" 302 - 306 msgq'
 9

Ndroajdcf.da;%h wh;a tla;rd nuqfKl= uq,afldgf.K fuu iQ;%h foaYkd fldg we;' ;u
ke;s jQ .jhka fidhñka jkfha ießierE tu nuqKd Ydka; iajrEmfhka jkfha jevyqka nqÿka
jykafia oel Wkajykafiaf.a yd ;ukaf.a Ôú;h ii|ñka ;ukag Ôú;fhys uqyqK§ug isÿ ù
we;s lror" ndOl" lïlfgd¨j,g nqÿka jykafiag uqyqK§ug isÿ ù fkdue;s ksid fï
Y%uKhka jykafia iem we;af;lehs .d:d 07 lska m%ldY lrhs' nuqKdf.a tu m%ldYh wkqu;
lrñka tlS lreKq ;uka jykafia ;=< úoHudk fkdjk fyhska iqj fia jik nj nqÿka
jykafia wjOdrKh lr;s' m%ldYk .d:djkays yd ms<s;=re .d:djkays fjkia ù we;af;a —
kQksuiai iuKiai˜ fjkqjg —uhayx n%dyauK˜ yd —f;kdhx iufKd iqǘ fjkqjg —f;kdyx
n%dyaufKd iqǘ hkak muKs'
we;s nj yd ke;s nj w;r we;s iem fyda ÿl idfmaCIlj jgyd.; hq;a;ls' iemh msKsi ;sìh
hq;= foa fuka u fkdue;s úh hq;= foaj,a o fjhs' fuys oelafjk nuqKdg i;=g msKsi úh hq;=
lsisjla fkdjQ w;r jQfha u ÿl msKsi" fjfyi msKsi mj;sk foa u h' ta wkqj ;u wd¾Ólh
Yla;su;a l< .jhka w;=reoyka ùu" f.dú;eka md¿ ùu" wgq fldgq ysia ùu muKla fkdj
óhkaf.ka lror we;s ùu" ksokakg we;s tl u ;K we;sßfha ul=Kka fndaù lror we;s ùu"
orejka iys;j jekaoUq jQ ÈhKsjre isàu" NdhH_djf.a lrorj,g uqyqK§ug isÿ ùu yd Kh
ysñhkaf.a fpdaokdjkag yd .y_djg ,laùug isÿ ùu wdÈ wfkalúO mSvdjkag uqyqK§ug Tyqg
isÿ úh' ;u reÑl;ajh mßÈ iïmdokh jQ fN!;sl iïm;a fyda udkj iïm;a lsisjla Tyq yg
fkdùh' fN!;sl ÈhqKj q miqmi yUd fkdhñka wdOHd;añl ÈhqKqj flfrys fjfyiSu fl;rï
iekis,sodhl oehs ñka ukdj mila fõ' nqÿka jykafia úiska foaYkd lrK ,oafoa È<s÷lu
jkdys ÿlla nj hs'26 ta fya;=fldgf.K fndfyda .eg¨ ñksia Ôú;j, ksu–dKh fjhs' tfia
we;s l,ays iekiqu wysñ ù hk w;r u tlsfkld ;=< mj;akd iqyo;dj mjd ke;s ù hhs' uq¿
Ôú;h u uy;a fjfyila f,i oefkkakg mgka .kS' nuqKd úiska Ôú;fha fjfyilr nj
ms<sn| mjik by; .d:djka ;=<ska ta ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhla ,eìh yelsh'
f,!lsl;ajhg nr jQ ñksid fndfyda oe ;uka i;= lr.ksñka i;=g ,x lr.ekSug W;aiql jqj
o ù;rd.S W;=ukag kvka;= lsÍug isÿjk lsisjla ;uka i;= fkdjk nj fuka u M,iuj;g
keUqre jQ yqfol,dj W;=ï iqjhla f.kfokakls' nqÿoyu u.fmkajkqfha o ta i|yd u h' ;uka
jykafiaf.a Ôú;h ;=<ska u ta i|yd ukd ksoY_k imhk nqÿka jykafia ÿlaùug" fjfyiSug
ksis lsisjl=;a ;uka flfrys fkdue;s ksidfjka u ;uka jykafia b;du;a iqjfia jik nj
wjOdrKh lr;s' inqoaêl ñksiqkag ;u Ôú;dl,am ilid .eKSu i|yd fuka u ish Ôú;h
yiqrejd.; hq;= wdldrh jgyd .eKSu i|yd o ta ;=<ska uy;a msgqn,hla ie,fia' úfYaIfhka
u w.dßl Ôú;fhka ñ§ wk.dßl Èúhg m;a NsCIQka jykafia,dg f,!lsl wdYajdoh miq mi
yUd f.dia fndfyda ÿla ksu–dKh lr.kq fjkqjg wdOHd;añl .=K fmdaIKh i|yd keUqre jQ
yqfol,d Ôú;hl we;s ñysr" iqjh jgyd .eKSfuys ,d fuu nyqë;= iQ;%fhka ,eìh yels
ms<sirK buy;a h'
wryka; j._fha we;=<;a by; iQ;% foaYkd oyh Y%jKh l< nuqfKda oi fokd u iïnqoaO
foaYkh flfrys wNsmam%ikak j iïnqÿ iiqfka meúoao ,enQy' ta ms<sn| úia;r l:dj iEu
iQ;%hl u bÈßm;a ù ;sfnkafka tldldrfhks' W;=ï ksjk wruqKq fldg.;a tu W;=uka oi
fokd u meúoao yd Wmiïmodj ,en msßfika fjka j fkdmudj flf,ia ;jk ùhH_fhka hqla;
j ksjka msKsi fufyhjk ,o is;e;s j jdih lrñka W;=ï wy_;ajhg m;a jQy' úúO wruqKq"
wfmaCId yd udkisl iajNdjhkaf.ka hqla; j ;uka jykafia lrd meñKs ta ish¨ fokdg u
wd;audjfndaOh ÈhqKq lr.eKSug ksis oyula nqÿka jykafia foaYkd l<y' iS,fhka" .=Kfhka
yd wd;audjfndaOfhka msßmqka ksflf,ia W;=ukag iudcfha hym; msKsi l< yels foa
fldf;la o hkak tu.ska ukdj mila lr.; yelsh' tksid iqúi,a Ou–uh w.hlska hq;a iQ;%
foaYkdjkaf.a tl;=jla f,i wryka; j._h w.h l< yelsh'

26
—b;s fLd NslaLfj" od<soaÈhïms ÿlaLx f,dliañx ldufNd.sfkd'
wx'ks' »¼" Plal ksmd;h" Oïñl j._h" bK iQ;%h" nq'c';%s'uq'" 118 msgqj'