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IEEE Standard For Learning
IEEE Standard For Learning
IEEE Standard For Learning
STANDARDS
Object Metadata
Developed by the
Learning Technology Standards Committee
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IEEE Std 1484.12.1™-2020
(Revision of IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2002)
Developed by the
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Abstract: A conceptual data schema that defines the structure of a metadata instance for a
learning object is specified in this standard. For this standard, a learning object is defined as any
entity, digital or non-digital, that is used for learning, education, or training; a metadata instance for
a learning object describes relevant characteristics of the learning object to which it applies. Such
characteristics can be regrouped in general, life cycle, meta-metadata, educational, technical,
educational, rights, relation, annotation, and classification categories. The conceptual data schema
defined in this standard specifies the data elements of which a metadata instance for a learning
object is composed and allows for linguistic diversity of both learning objects and the metadata
instances that describe them. It is intended that this standard will be referenced by other standards
that will define the implementation descriptions of the data schema, so that a metadata instance
for a learning object can be used by a learning technology system to manage, locate, evaluate, or
exchange learning objects.
Keywords: data elements, data schema, datatypes, data types, IEEE 1484.12.1™, learning
objects, learning object metadata, LOM, metadata, schema, vocabulary
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Acknowledgements
The IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee (LTSC) P1484.12 Learning Object Metadata (LOM)
working group wishes to thank Erik Duval, Tom Watson, and Wayne Hodgins for their tireless efforts and
commitment to developing a high quality solution and document. This document has its origins in both the
ARIADNE and IMS Projects, without which this document could not have been created. This document also
builds on metadata work done by the Dublin Core group.
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Participants
At the time this IEEE standard was completed, the Renewing SCORM Standards Working Group had the
following membership:
At the time the previous standard was completed and the SCORM Standards Working Group sought to renew,
the working group had the following membership:
The following members of the individual Standards Association balloting group voted on this standard.
Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.
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When the IEEE SA Standards Board approved this standard on 24 September 2020, it had the following
membership:
*Member Emeritus
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Introduction
This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020, IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata.
Metadata is information about an object, be it physical or digital. As the number of objects grows exponentially
and our needs for learning expand equally dramatically, the lack of information or metadata about objects
places a critical and fundamental constraint on the ability to discover, manage, and use objects.
This standard addresses this problem by defining a structure for interoperable descriptions of learning objects.
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Contents
1. Overview��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
1.1 Scope�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
1.2 Purpose����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
1.3 Word usage����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12
2. Normative references�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12
3. Definitions������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
5. Conformance��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
6. Base schema���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
7. LangString������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
8. DateTime��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
9. Duration���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
10. Vocabulary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
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IEEE Standard for Learning
Object Metadata
1. Overview
1.1 Scope
This standard specifies a conceptual data schema that defines the structure of a metadata instance for a learning
object. For this standard, a learning object is defined as any entity, digital or non-digital, that is used for
learning, education or training.
For this standard, a metadata instance for a learning object describes relevant characteristics of the learning
object to which it applies. Such characteristics can be regrouped in general, life cycle, meta-metadata,
educational, technical, educational, rights, relation, annotation, and classification categories.
The conceptual data schema specified in this standard will allow for linguistic diversity of learning objects and
the metadata instances that describe them.
The conceptual data schema defined in this standard specifies the data elements of which a metadata instance
for a learning object is composed.
This standard will be referenced by other standards that will define the implementation descriptions of the
data schema so that a metadata instance for a learning object can be used by a learning technology system to
manage, locate, evaluate, or exchange learning objects.
This standard does not define how a learning technology system will represent or use a metadata instance for
a learning object.
1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this standard is to facilitate search, evaluation, acquisition, and use of learning objects, for
instance, by learners, instructors, or automated software processes. The purpose is also to facilitate the sharing
and exchange of learning objects by enabling the development of catalogs and inventories while taking into
account the diversity of cultural and lingual contexts in which the learning objects and their metadata will be
exploited.
By specifying a common conceptual data schema, this standard helps to ensure that bindings of Learning
Object Metadata (LOM) will likely have a high degree of semantic interoperability. As a result, transformations
between bindings will be straightforward.
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IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020
IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata
The intent of this standard is to specify a base schema, which can be used to build on as practice develops, for
instance in order to facilitate automatic, adaptive scheduling of learning objects by software agents.
The word should indicates that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable,
without mentioning or excluding others; or that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily
required (should equals is recommended that).
The word may is used to indicate a course of action permissible within the limits of the standard (may equals
is permitted to).
The word can is used for statements of possibility and capability, whether material, physical, or causal (can
equals is able to).
2. Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must
be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is
explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies.
ISO/IEC 646:1991 Information technology—ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange.
ISO 3166-1:1997, Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions—Part 1: Country
codes.
IETF RFC 2048:1996, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Four: Registration Procedures,
1996-11, available at https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2048.txt.
1
The use of the word must is deprecated and cannot be used when stating mandatory requirements, must is used only to describe
unavoidable situations.
2
The use of will is deprecated and cannot be used when stating mandatory requirements, will is only used in statements of fact.
3
ISO publications are available from the International Organization for Standardization (https://www.iso.org/) and the American
National Standards Institute (https://www.ansi.org/).
4
IEC publications are available from the International Electrotechnical Commission (http://www.iec.ch) and the American National
Standards Institute (https://www.ansi.org/).
5
Document available at https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2425.txt.
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IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020
IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata
3. Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards Dictionary
Online should be consulted for terms not defined in this clause. 7
datatype: A property of distinct values, indicating common features of those values and operations on those
values.
extended data element: An element of a data structure that is defined outside a standard and is permitted
within an instance of the data structure.
LangString: A datatype that represents one or more character strings. A LangString value allows multiple
semantically equivalent character strings, such as translations or alternative descriptions. See also: datatype.
learning object: For this standard, a learning object is defined as any entity, digital or non-digital, that is used
for learning, education or training.
learning object metadata (LOM) data element: A data element for which the name, explanation, size,
ordering, value space, and datatype are defined in this standard.
smallest permitted maximum: For implementation-defined values, the smallest permitted maximum value
(see 4.5).
value space: The set of values for a given datatype (ISO/IEC 11404:1996).8
NOTE—In LOM, a value space is typically enumerated outright, or defined by reference to another standard or
specification.9
a) The General category groups the general information that describes the learning object as a whole.
b) The Lifecycle category groups the features related to the history and current state of this learning
object and those who have affected this learning object during its evolution.
c) The Meta-Metadata category groups information about the metadata instance itself (rather than the
learning object that the metadata instance describes).
6
Document available at https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2426.txt.
7
IEEE Standards Dictionary Online is available at: http://dictionary.ieee.org. An IEEE Account is required for access to the dictionary,
and one can be created at no charge on the dictionary sign-in page.
8
Information on references can be found in Clause 2.
9
Notes in text, tables, and figures of a standard are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to implement this
standard.
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IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020
IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata
d) The Technical category groups the technical requirements and technical characteristics of the learning
object.
e) The Educational category groups the educational and pedagogic characteristics of the learning object.
f) The Rights category groups the intellectual property rights and conditions of use for the learning
object.
g) The Relation category groups features that define the relationship between the learning object and
other related learning objects.
h) The Annotation category provides comments on the educational use of the learning object and
provides information on when and by whom the comments were created.
i) The Classification category describes this learning object in relation to a particular classification
system.
Collectively, these categories form the LOMv1.0 Base Schema. The classification category is used to provide
certain types of extensions to the LOMv1.0 Base Schema, as any classification system can be referenced.
For simple data elements, the LOMv1.0 Base Schema also defines the following:
— Value space: the set of allowed values for the data element—typically in the form of a vocabulary or a
reference to another standard.
— Datatype: indicates whether the values are LangString (Clause 7), DateTime (Clause 8), Duration
(Clause 9), Vocabulary (Clause 10), CharacterString, or Undefined.
Both the size and datatype information allow inclusion of smallest permitted maximum values.
Extensions to the LOMv1.0 Base Schema shall retain the value space and datatype of data elements from the
LOMv1.0 Base Schema. Extensions shall not define datatypes or value spaces for aggregate data elements in
the LOMv1.0 Base Schema.
The numbering schema of the data elements represents an aggregation hierarchy of data elements and
their components. As an example, the aggregate data element 7:2:Relation.Resource has two components:
7.2.1:Relation.Resource.Identifier and 7.2.2:Relation.Resource.Description. The former data element is in
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IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020
IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata
All data elements are optional: this means that a conforming LOM instance includes values for any number
of data elements defined in Clause 6. As the LOMv1.0 Base Schema in Clause 6 imposes an aggregation
relationship, components can by definition only be present in a LOM instance as a component of the aggregate
element to which they belong. As an example, 7.2.1:Relation.Resource.Identifier appears by definition as a
component of 7.2:Relation.Resource. In that sense, the presence of the component implies automatically the
presence of the aggregate element to which the component belongs.
— Ordered: The order of the values in the list is significant. For example, in a list of authors of a
publication, the first author is often considered the more important one. As another example, in a
hierarchical classification structure, the order is from more general to more specific.
— Unordered: The order of the values in the list bears no meaning. For example, if the description of
a simulation includes three short texts that describe the intended educational use in three different
languages, then the order of these texts is not significant.
If an aggregate data element contains a list of values, then each of these values shall be a tuple of component
elements. For example, the LOMv1.0 Base Schema specifies that the data element 1.1:General.Identifier
contains an unordered list of values. This means that the value of the data element 1.1:General.Identifier is an
unordered list of (1.1.1:General.Identifier.Catalog, 1.1.2:General.Identifier.Entry) tuples. In this case, for each
individual 1.1:General.Identifier value, 1.1.1:General.Identifier.Catalog determines the catalog from which
the corresponding 1.1.2:General.Identifier.Entry originates.
4.4 Vocabularies
Vocabularies are defined for some data elements. A vocabulary is a recommended list of appropriate values.
Other values, not present in the list, are allowed. However, metadata that rely on the recommended values will
have the highest degree of semantic interoperability, i.e., the likelihood that such metadata will be understood
by other end users is highest.
The value of data elements with associated vocabularies shall be represented as a (source, value) pair, as
detailed in Clause 10. If the source is “LOMv1.0,” then the value space is described by this edition of this
standard.
NOTE—If the source is not “LOMv1.0,” then users and implementers are encouraged to create vocabularies that do not
conflict with this standard.
If a vocabulary is used that intersects with the LOMv1.0 vocabulary, then only the values not included in this
standard should have a source that is not “LOMv1.0.” This will increase semantic interoperability for the
values that are included in this standard.
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IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020
IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata
Example: As an illustration, the following examples of the different cases for the data element 5.2:Educational.
LearningResourceType are given:
— If the value is just contained in the vocabulary, for instance “Questionnaire,” then this would be
represented as (“LOMv1.0”, “Questionnaire”). This option is preferred if the values in the vocabulary
can adequately express the intended meaning.
— If the user wants to assign a value that is not part of the list given for 5.2:Educational.
LearningResourceType, then the user designates the value as, for instance, (“http://www.vocabularies
.org/LearningResourceType”, “MotivatingExample”). This option provides more flexibility to
the indexer of learning objects, at the expense of semantic interoperability. Values defined in one
community of users, or by an individual end user, will not be used consistently throughout a larger
community. In the example URI above, a URI was used to indicate the source of the vocabulary, but
using a URI is not a requirement.
The meaning associated with a vocabulary value is defined by the corresponding term in the Oxford English
Dictionary, 2nd Ed., 1989, unless explicitly defined in the LOMv1.0 Base Schema.
— Aggregate data elements: All applications that process LOM instances shall process at least that
number of entries. In other words: an application imposes a maximum on the number of entries it
processes for the value of that data element, but that maximum shall not be lower than the smallest
permitted maximum value.
— Data elements with datatype CharacterString or LangString: All applications that process LOM
instances shall process at least that length for the CharacterString value (either directly or contained
in the LangString) of that data element. In other words: an application imposes a maximum on the
number of characters it processes for the CharacterString value of that data element, but that maximum
shall not be lower than the smallest permitted maximum value for the datatype of the data element.
NOTE 1—The intent is for the smallest permitted maximum values to cover most cases.
NOTE 2—What “processing” means in the above depends on the nature of the application.
4.7 Representation
For each data element, the specification includes the datatype (e.g., LangString, DateTime, etc.) of its values.
This standard does not define tokens for element names or vocabulary values. It is expected that such tokens
will be defined in bindings of this standard.
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IEEE Std 1484.12.1-2020
IEEE Standard for Learning Object Metadata
Within the LOMv1.0 Base Schema, the ordering of the categories and the data elements within the categories
and subcategories is informational. An instance of the LOMv1.0 Base Schema shall preserve the nesting of
categories and subcategories, but the instance need not order the categories or the subitems within a category
or subcategory. For example, category 5:Educational is allowed to appear before category 1:General, and
within category General, Item 1.3:General.Language is allowed to appear before item 1.2:General.Title.
5. Conformance
There are multiple levels of conformance defined in this specification.
— A strictly conforming LOM metadata instance shall consist solely of LOM data elements.
— A conforming LOM metadata instance may contain extended data elements.
— A LOM instance that contains no value for any of the LOM data elements is a conforming instance.
In order to increase semantic interoperability, extended data elements should not replace data elements in the
LOM structure. This means that an organization should not introduce new data elements of its own that replace
LOM data elements. As an example, an organization should not introduce a new data element “name” that
would replace 1.2:General.Title.
NOTE—In order to increase semantic interoperability, users of this standard are encouraged to carefully map their
metadata information to the data elements of this standard. For example, the user should not map an element to describe the
fonts used in the document to the data element 1.2:General.Title.
6. Base schema
Table 1 defines the LOMv1.0 Base Schema structure.
7. LangString
Table 2 defines the structure of a LangString item.
8. DateTime
Table 3 defines the structure of a DateTime item.
9. Duration
Table 4 defines the structure of a duration item.
10. Vocabulary
Table 5 defines the structure of a vocabulary item.
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Table 1—LOMv1.0 Base Schema
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value space Datatype Example
1 General This category groups the general 1 Unspecified
information that describes this — — —
learning object as a whole.
1.1 Identifier A globally unique label that Smallest Unspecified
identifies this learning object. permitted
— — —
maximum:
10 items
1.1.1 Catalog The name or designator of the 1 Unspecified Repertoire of ISO/ CharacterString “ISBN”, “ARIADNE”, “URI”
identification or cataloging scheme IEC 10646-1:2000 (smallest
for this entry. A namespace scheme. permitted
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identification or cataloging scheme that IEC 10646-1:2000 (smallest “https://www.ieee.org/
designates or identifies this learning permitted documents/1234”
object. A namespace specific string. maximum:
©(UNED).
1000 char)
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1.2 Title Name given to this learning object. 1 Unspecified LangString (“en”, “The life and works
(smallest of Leonardo da Vinci”)
— permitted
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Language concerns the language NOTE 4—
of the metadata instance. This value space
is also defined by
©(UNED).
RFC1766:1995 and
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is harmonized with
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that of the xml:lang
attribute.
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NOTE 5—
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Greek and Latin.
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used for characteristics that can be 10 items maximum:
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described by other data elements. 1000 char)
1.6 Coverage The time, culture, geography or region to smallest Unordered LangString (“en”, “16th century France”)
©(UNED).
which this learning object applies. permitted (smallest NOTE 8— A learning object could
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The extent or scope of the content of the maximum: permitted be about farming in 16th century
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learning object. Coverage will typically 10 items maximum: France: in that case, its subject can
include spatial location (a place name 1000 char) be described with 1.5:General.
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best practice is to select a value from
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relationships can be
represented by a tree
structure.
©(UNED).
linear: a set of
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objects that are fully
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ordered. Example:
A set of objects
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by “previous” and
“next” relationships.
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a set of courses that are intended to be viewed linearly
lead to a certificate. and 1.8:General.AggregationLevel
NOTE 10— = 3.
©(UNED).
Level 4 objects If the learning object is a collection
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can contain level of lessons from different sources,
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3 objects, or can 1.7:General.Structure = Collection
recursively contain and 1.8:General:AggregationLevel
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Mona Lisa, 1.7:General.Structure
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NOTE 12—
—
When the status
is “unavailable”
©(UNED).
it means that the
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learning object itself
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is not available.
2.3 Contribute Those entities (i.e., people, smallest Ordered
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script writer
instructional
designer
©(UNED).
subject matter
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expert
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NOTE 16—
“terminator” is the
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3.1.1 Catalog The name or designator of the 1 Unspecified Repertoire of ISO/ CharacterString “Ariadne”, “URI”
identification or cataloging scheme IEC 10646-1:2000 (smallest
for this entry. A namespace scheme. permitted
©(UNED).
maximum:
25
1000 char)
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3.1.2 Entry The value of the identifier within the 1 Unspecified Repertoire of ISO/ CharacterString “KUL532”, “https://www.ieee
identification or cataloging scheme that IEC 10646-1:2000 (smallest .org/descriptions/1234”
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©(UNED).
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Language, as the
learning object
itself could be
©(UNED).
in no particular
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human language.
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For example, a
picture of the Mona
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for 1.3:General.
Language. If its
description (i.e.,
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is in Swedish,
then 3.4:Meta-
Metadata.Language
has value “sv.”
4 Technical This category describes the technical 1 Unspecified
requirements and characteristics — — —
of this learning object.
4.1 Format Technical datatype(s) of (all the Smallest Unordered MIME types CharacterString “video/mpeg”,
components of) this learning object. permitted based on IANA (smallest “application/x-toolbook”,
This data element shall be used maximum: registration (IETF permitted “text/html”
to identify the software needed 40 items RFC 2048:1996) maximum:
to access the learning object. or “non-digital” 500 char)
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location (e.g., Universal Resource maximum: permitted
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Locator), or a method that resolves to 10 items maximum:
a location (e.g., Universal Resource 1000 char)
Identifier).
©(UNED).
The first element of this list shall be the
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preferable location.
NOTE 21— This is where the learning
object described by this metadata
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If there are multiple requirements, maximum: — — —
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opera
amaya
4.4.1.3 Minimum Lowest possible version of the required 1 Unspecified Repertoire of ISO/ CharacterString “4.2”
©(UNED).
Version technology to use this learning object. IEC 10646-1:2000 (smallest
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permitted
maximum:
30 char)
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4.4.1.4 Maximum Highest possible version of the required 1 Unspecified Repertoire of ISO/ CharacterString “6.2”
Version technology to use this learning object. IEC 10646-1:2000 (smallest
permitted
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maximum:
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30 char)
4.5 Installation Description of how to install 1 Unspecified LangString (“en”, “Unzip the zip file and launch
Remarks this learning object. (smallest index.html in your web browser.”)
— permitted
maximum:
1000 char)
4.6 Other Information about other software and 1 Unspecified LangString (“en”,”sound card”),
Platform hardware requirements. (smallest (“en”,”runtime X”)
Requirements NOTE 24— This element is intended permitted
—
for descriptions of requirements that maximum:
cannot be expressed by data element 1000 char)
4.4:Technical.Requirement.
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managers, authors, and learners.
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learning) occurs when the learner’s job audio material (listens, rewinds,
mainly consists of absorbing the content starts, stops).
exposed to him (generally through text, mixed document:
©(UNED).
images or sound). An expositive learning hypermedia document with
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object displays information but does not embedded simulation applet.
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prompt the learner for any semantically
meaningful input. Expositive documents
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lecture
5.3 Interactivity The degree of interactivity characterizing 1 Unspecified very low Vocabulary NOTE 30— Learning objects with
Level this learning object. Interactivity in this low (Enumerated) 5.1:Educational.InteractivityType
©(UNED).
context refers to the degree to which medium = “active” may have a high
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the learner can influence the aspect or high interactivity level (e.g., a simulation
behavior of the learning object. very high environment endowed with many
NOTE 29— Inherently, this scale controls) or a low interactivity level
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Medium difficulty text document
Medium semantic density: “The
class of Marsupial animals
©(UNED).
comprises a number of relatively
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primitive mammals. They are
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endowed with a short placentation,
after which they give birth to a
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superset of φ.
very high semantic density: The
symbolic representation (formula)
©(UNED).
of the theorem (∀φ ∃ψ: ψ ⊃ φ)
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5.5 Intended End Principal user(s) for which this learning Smallest teacher Vocabulary An authoring tool that produces
User Role object was designed, most dominant first. permitted author (State) pedagogical material is a typical
NOTE 32— A learner works with maximum: learner example of a learning object whose
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Range This data element shall refer to permitted (smallest “0-5”,
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developmental age, if that would be maximum: permitted “15”,
different from chronological age. 5 items maximum: “18-”,
NOTE 35— The age of the learner is 1000 char) (“en”,”suitable for children over 7”),
©(UNED).
important for finding learning objects, (“en”,”adults only”)
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especially for school age learners and
their teachers.
When applicable, the string should be
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5.7:Educational.TypicalAgeRange.
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5.10 Description Comments on how this learning smallest Unspecified LangString (“en”, “Teacher guidelines that
object is to be used. permitted (smallest come with a textbook.”)
©(UNED).
maximum: — permitted
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10 items maximum:
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1000 char)
5.11 Language The human language used by the typical smallest Unordered See 1.3:General. CharacterString “en”,
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intended user of this learning object. permitted Language (smallest “en-GB”,
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Restrictions
6.3 Description Comments on the conditions of 1 Unspecified — LangString (“en”, “Use of this learning
use of this learning object. (smallest object is only permitted after
©(UNED).
permitted a donation has been made to
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maximum: Amnesty International.”)
1000 char)
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7 Relation This category defines the relationship Smallest Unordered
between this learning object and other permitted
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isreferencedby: is
referenced by
isbasedon: is based
©(UNED).
on
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isbasisfor: is basis
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for
requires: requires
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isrequiredby: is
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required by
7.2 Resource The target learning object that 1 Unspecified
— — —
this relationship references.
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the comments were created. 30 items — — —
This category enables educators to
share their assessments of learning
©(UNED).
objects, suggestions for use, etc.
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8.1 Entity Entity (i.e., people, organization) 1 Unspecified vCard, as defined CharacterString “BEGIN:VCARD\nFN:Joe Friday\
that created this annotation. by IMC vCard (smallest nTEL:+1-919-555-7878\nTITLE:
3.0 (RFC 2425, permitted Area Administrator\, Assistant\n
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8.3 Description The content of this annotation. 1 Unspecified LangString (“en”, “I have used this video clip
(smallest with my students. They really
permitted enjoy being able to zoom in on
maximum: specific features of the painting.
—
1000 char) Make sure they have a broadband
connection or the experience
becomes too cumbersome to be
educationally interesting.”)
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skill level
security level
competency
©(UNED).
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9.2 Taxon Path A taxonomic path in a specific Smallest Unordered
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classification system. Each succeeding permitted
level is a refinement in the definition of maximum:
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9.2.1 Source The name of the classification system. 1 Unspecified Repertoire of ISO/ LangString (“en”,”ACM”), (“en”,”MESH”),
NOTE 41— An indexation, IEC 10646-1:2000 (smallest (“en”,”ARIADNE”)
cataloging or query tool could permitted
provide the top-level entries of a maximum:
well-established classification, 1000 char)
such as the Library of Congress
Classification (LOC), Universal
Decimal Classification (UDC), Dewey
Decimal Classification (DDC), etc.
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A taxon is a node that has a defined permitted [“23”,(“en”,”Acoustics”)],
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label or term. A taxon may also have an maximum: [“34”,(“en”,”Instruments”)],
alphanumeric designation or identifier 15 items [“45”,(“en”,”Stethoscope”)]}
for standardized reference. The label A 2nd taxon path for the same
©(UNED).
and/or the entry may be used to designate learning object could be:
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a particular taxon. {[“56”,(“en”,”Medicine”)],
An ordered list of taxons creates a [“67”,(“en”,”Diagnostics”)],
taxonomic path, i.e., “taxonomic [“34”,(“en”,”Instruments”)],
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9.2.2.1 Id The identifier of the taxon, such as a 1 Unspecified Repertoire of ISO/ CharacterString “320”,
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©(UNED).
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the NUL-character (UCS character U00000000) picture of
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the Mona
Lisa”
©(UNED).
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of the DateTime are included, the character literals “-”, “T”,
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“:”, and “.” are part of the character lexical representation for
the datetime.
If the time portion is present, but the time zone designator is
©(UNED).
not present, the time zone is interpreted as being UTC.
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NOTE 1—This value space is based on ISO8601:2000.a
NOTE 2—The date portion only represents dates in the
Common Era (CE). The date portion follows the Gregorian
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appear if the corresponding nonzero value is present.
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If the value of years, months, days, hours, minutes or seconds is zero, the value
and corresponding designation (e.g., “M”) may be omitted, but at least one
designator and value must always be present. The designator “P” is always
©(UNED).
present. The designator “T” shall be omitted if all of the time (hours/minutes/
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seconds) are zero. Negative durations are not supported.
NOTE 1— This value space is based on ISO8601:2000.a
NOTE 2— The value is designated in the Gregorian calendar.
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NOTE 3— The ordering of durations may be indeterminate (e.g., 1 month may
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Example
(“en”, “Fall
Semester
1999”)
Datatype
LangString
maximum:
1000 char)
permitted
(smallest
Table 4—Duration (continued)
Value space
—
Unspecified
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Table 5—Vocabulary
Nr Name Explanation Size Order Value Datatype Example
space
1 Source “LOMv1.0”, or an indication of the source of the 1 Unspecified CharacterString “LOMv1.0”
value, for instance through a URI (see 4.4). — (smallest permitted “http://www.vocabularies.org/OSList”
maximum: 1000 char)
2 Value The actual value. 1 Unspecified CharacterString “MacOS”
If the source is “LOMv1.0”, then the value shall come from (smallest permitted
the list defined in the LOMv1.0 Base Schema for the data maximum: 1000 char)
element. —
In ISO 11404:1996 terminology, when there is implied
ordering in the value list, then the values are “enumerated”;
when there is no implied ordering, then they are “state.”
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Annex A
(informative)
NOTE 1—The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative is also developing data element qualifiers to further refine the semantics of
the Dublin Core data elements.10 A further refinement of the mapping in Table A.1 can be based on these qualifiers.
NOTE 2—The LOM working group is committed to working with the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) to develop
interoperable metadata, as outlined in the Memorandum of Understanding between the IEEE LTSC LOM WG and the
DCMI.11
10
http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmes-qualifiers/
11
https://standards.ieee.org/announcements/metaarch.html
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