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Lectures
Lectures
Lectures
Lectures
Introduction to Electrical
Engineering (ECR 101)
&
Electrical Circuit – I (EEE 131)
Spring 2017
Faculty
Tahsin Ferdous Ara Nayna
2A -2 A
T1 T2
≡ T1 T2
T1 T1
+ –
2V ≡ -2 V
– +
T2 T2
Circuits
• A circuit is composed of elements
(sources, resistors, capacitors, inductors)
and conductors (wires).
• Elements are lumped.
• Conductors are perfect.
Resistors
• A resistor is a circuit element that
dissipates electrical energy (usually as
heat).
• Real-world devices that are modeled by
resistors: incandescent light bulb, heating
elements (stoves, heaters, etc.), long
wires
ρL
R=
A
Ohm’s Law
• Linear circuit
• Constant Temperature
V=IR I=V.1/R Slope=1/R
V
Series Resistance
Two elements are in series if the current that flows
through one must also flow through the other.
R1
R2 Req
R3
Req = R1 + R2 + R3
Parallel Resistance
Two elements are in parallel if they are connected
between the same two nodes.
R1 R2 R3 Req
R1 R2 R3
Req =
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
Short Circuit
R=0
i(t)
The +
Rest of v(t)=0
the
Circuit -
Open Circuit
• R=∞
i(t)=0
The +
Rest of v(t)
the
Circuit -
Circuits with Series and Parallel
Combinations
• The combination of series and parallel
resistances can be used to find voltages and
currents in circuits
• Simplification
– Resistances are combined to create a simple
circuit (usually one source and one resistance),
from which a voltage or current can be found. Start
from the furthest branch from the source.
• Backtracking
– Once the voltage or current is found, KCL and
KVL, Ohm’s Law, Voltage and Current Dividers
are used to work back through the network to find
voltages and currents.
Resistance
What is the net resistance of the circuit connected to the
battery? Each resistance has R = 3 kΩ
1&2 in series ⇒ 6kΩ 2
3 in parallel with 1&2 ⇒ 2kΩ
4 in series ⇒ 5kΩ
3
5 in parallel ⇒ 15/8kΩ = 1.875kΩ
1 4
6 in series ⇒ 4.875kΩ
5
6
R1
R3 R2
R4
FIRST WE PRACTICE COMBINING RESISTORS
3k
SERIES
6k||3k
(10K,2K)SERIES
6k || 12k = 4k
5kΩ
12k
3k
EXAMPLES COMBINATION SERIES-
SERIES-PARALLEL
9k
AN EXAMPLE WITHOUT REDRAWING
6k || ( 4k + 2k )
12k || 12k = 6k
3k || 6k = 2k
18k || 9k = 6k
Rab = Ra + Rb
∆ →Y
R2 ( R1 + R3 ) R R Ra R1
= ⇒ =
Rb R1 Rb R2
=
RR
⇒ R2 = b 1
Ra + Rb = Ra = 1 2 R3
R1 + R2 + R3 R1 + R2 + R3 Rb R3 Ra Rc R1 Rc
R2 R3 REPLACE IN THE THIRD AND SOLVE FOR R1
R ( R + R2 ) Rb =
Rb + Rc = 3 1 R1 + R2 + R3 =
Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra
R1 + R2 + R3 R 1
Rb
R3 R1
Rc =
R1 + R2 + R3 R R + Rb Rc + Rc Ra
R1 ( R2 + R3 ) R2 = a b
Rc + Ra = ∆ →Y Rc
R1 + R2 + R3 R R + Rb Rc + Rc Ra
R3 = a b
SUBTRACT THE FIRST TWO THEN ADD Ra
TO THE THIRD TO GET Ra Y −∆
LEARNING EXAMPLE: APPLICATION OF WYE-
WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMATION
c
COMPUTE IS c DELTA CONNECTION
R1 12k × 6k
R3 =
12k + 6k + 18k
a R2 b
R1 R2 a b
Ra =
R1 + R2 + R3
R2 R3
Rb =
R1 + R2 + R3
REQ = 6k + (3k + 9k ) || (2k + 6k ) = 10k
R3 R1
Rc = 12V
R1 + R2 + R3 IS = = 1.2mA
12k
∆ →Y
− I 3 R1 − I 2 R2 − E2 − I 3 R1 + E2 = 0
2 1
− I1 R1 − E1 − I1 R1 + E2 + I 2 R2 = 0
PROBLEM SOLVING TIP: KVL IS USEFUL
TO DETERMINE A VOLTAGE - FIND A LOOP
INCLUDING THE UNKNOWN VOLTAGE
THE LOOP DOES NOT HAVE TO BE PHYSICAL
+
Vbe
−
− VS + VR + VR + VR = 0
1 2 3
1 3
LOOP abcdefa
Kirchhoff’s rules
Determine the magnitudes and directions of the currents
through R1 and R2 in the figure below.
Use I1 = I2 + I3
+6 − 15 I 3 = 0
I2
2 −22 I 2 + 9 + 15 I 3 = 0
I3
1 I 3 = 6 /15 = 0.40
I 2 = 15/ 22 = 0.68
I1
I1 = I 2 + I 3 = 1.08
LINEARITY
• Linearity is a mathematical property of circuits
that makes very powerful analysis techniques
possible.
• Linearity leads to many useful properties of
circuits:
– Superposition: the effect of each source can
be considered separately.
– Equivalent circuits: Any linear network can
be represented by an equivalent source and
resistance (Thevenin’s and Norton’s
theorems)
SUPERPOSITION
• Superposition is a direct consequence of
linearity
• It states that “in any linear circuit containing
multiple independent sources, the current or
voltage at any point in the circuit may be
calculated as the algebraic sum of the
individual contributions of each source acting
alone.”
How to Apply Superposition?
• To find the contribution due to an individual
independent source, zero out the other
independent sources in the circuit.
– Voltage source ⇒ short circuit.
– Current source ⇒ open circuit.
• Solve the resulting circuit using your favorite
technique(s).
Example
12V
2kΩ 4mA
- +
2kΩ
I’0 = -4/3 mA
4mA Source
2kΩ 4mA
1kΩ 2kΩ
I’’0
I’’0 = 0
12V Source
12V
2kΩ
- +
1kΩ 2kΩ
I’’’0
I’’’0 = -4 mA
example (cont’d)
12V
2kΩ 4mA
- +
R1 R3
R4 R
E
RTh B
A
ETH R
B
Find the Thevenen’s Equivalent
120Ω 120.24Ω
+ - +
10V
-
R
120Ω 120Ω
120Ω 120.24Ω
+ - +
10V V1 Voc V2
-
120Ω 120Ω RTh
A
ETH
120Ω R
V1 = 10V = 5V
120Ω + 120Ω B
120Ω
V2 = 10V = 4.995V
120Ω + 120.24Ω
VTH = V2 − V1 = −0.005V RTH = 120 120 + 120 120.24
Norton’s Theorem
R2 A
R1 R3
R4 R
E
B
SC
ISC RTh
Nodal Analysis
1. Choose a reference node.
2. Assign node voltages to the other
nodes.
3. Apply KCL to each node other than the
reference-express currents in terms of
node voltages.
4. Solve the resulting system of linear
equations.
Nodes, Branches , Loops
NODE: point where two, or more, elements are joined (e.g., big
node 1)
LOOP: A closed path that never goes twice over a node (e.g., the
blue line)
The red path is NOT a loop
500Ω 500Ω
+
I1 V 1kΩ 500Ω I2
500Ω
-
V1 500Ω V2 500Ω V3
1 2 3
I1 1kΩ 500Ω I2
500Ω
V1 500Ω V2
I1 V1 − V2 V1
500Ω − I1 + + =0
500Ω 500Ω
KCL at Node 2
V1 500Ω V2 500Ω V3
1kΩ
V2 − V1 V2 V2 − V3
+ + =0
500Ω 1kΩ 500Ω
KCL at Node 3
V2 500Ω V3
V3 − V2 V3
500Ω I2 + − I2 = 0
500Ω 500Ω
Nodal Analysis (cont’d)
1. Choose a reference node.
2. Assign node voltages to the other
nodes.
3. Apply KCL to each node other than the
reference-express currents in terms of
node voltages.
4. Solve the resulting system of linear
equations.
System of Equations
• Node 1:
1 1 V2
V1 + − = I1
500Ω 500Ω 500Ω
• Node 2:
V1 1 1 1 V3
− + V2 + + − =0
500Ω 500Ω 1kΩ 500Ω 500Ω
• Node 3:
V2 1 1
− + V3 + = I 2
500 Ω 500 Ω 500 Ω
Equations
• These equations can be written by
inspection-the left side:
– The node voltage is multiplied by the sum
of conductances of all resistors connected
to the node.
– Other node voltages are multiplied by the
conductance of the resistor(s) connecting
to the node and subtracted.
• The right side of the equation:
– The right side of the equation is the sum of
currents from sources entering the node.
Matrix Notation
• The three equations can be combined
into a single matrix/vector equation.
V1 500Ω V2 500Ω V3
1 2 3
I1 1kΩ 500Ω I2
500Ω
1 1 1
+
500Ω 500Ω − 0 V
500Ω 1 I1
V2 = 0
1 1 1 1 1
− + + −
500Ω 500Ω 1kΩ 500Ω 500Ω
1 1 1 V3 I 2
0 − +
500Ω 500Ω 500Ω
Loop (Mesh) Analysis
1. Identify mesh (loops).
2. Assign a current to each mesh.
3. Apply KVL around each loop to get an
equation in terms of the loop currents.
4. Solve the resulting system of linear
equations.
Identifying the Meshes
1kΩ 1kΩ
+ +
V1 V2
Mesh 1 Mesh 2
- -
1kΩ
Mesh: A special kind of loop that doesn’t contain any loops within it.
Mesh Analysis (cont’d)
+ 1kΩ +
V1 V2
I1 I2
- -
I1 I1
VR = I1 R VR = (I1 - I2 ) R
KVL Around Mesh 1
1kΩ 1kΩ
+ 1kΩ +
V1 V2
I1 I2
- -
+ 1kΩ +
V1 V2
I1 I2
- -
R5 R4
− V1 + I1 R1 + ( I1 − I 2 ) R2 + I1 R5 = 0
V2 + I 2 R3 + I 2 R4 + ( I 2 − I1 ) R2 = 0
What if there are current
sources?
• The current sources in this circuit will have
whatever voltage is necessary to make the
current correct.
• We can’t use KVL around the loop because we
don’t know the voltage.
Advantages of Nodal Analysis
• Solves directly for node voltages.
• Current sources are easy.
• Voltage sources are either very easy or
somewhat difficult.
• Works best for circuits with few nodes.
• Works for any circuit.
Advantages of Loop Analysis
• Solves directly for some currents.
• Voltage sources are easy.
• Current sources are either very easy or
somewhat difficult.
• Works best for circuits with few loops.
General Test
1Ω 1Ω
V2
V1
1V 1V
Prob-2
1Ω 1Ω
A2
A1
1V 1V
a b
R B
V
A
VAB = ?
5V
B
Ω
1Ω
Ω
1Ω
A
VAB = ?
Ω
2Ω
5V
B
Ω
1Ω
I
Ω
1Ω Ω
1Ω
2V I=?
Ω
1Ω
Ω
1Ω
I
Ω
1Ω Ω
1Ω
2V
5V
(a) VAB=?
Ω
1Ω
A B
I1
2V
5V
R I2
Ω
1Ω Ω
2Ω
2V Ω
1Ω
A B
I
Ω
1Ω Ω
1Ω Ω
1Ω
RT =?
RT
0.5 Ω
0.5 Ω
R R
E
If E= 4 V and R= 1 Ω, find I
i) 4A ii) 1A iii) 8A iv) 16A
Prob-12
Prob-13
Linear circuit means:
i) I ∞V ii) I∞ R iii) I ∞1/ R iv) V ∞ IR
Prob-14
Ω
1Ω Ω
2Ω
Ω
2Ω I=?
3V
I
Ω
1Ω Ω
2Ω
Ω
2Ω
4V V
Ω
1Ω