PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
MIDTERMS REVIEWER
LESSON 4: Communication and Globalization
“One day there will be no borders, no boundaries, no
flags, and no countries and the only passport will be
the heart.” - Carlos Santana
There is one whose rash words are like sword thrusts,
but the tongue of the wise brings healing.
Proverbs 12:18
Kind words, kind looks, kind acts and warm
handshakes, these are means of grace when men in
trouble are fighting their unseen battles.
Globalization
○ process in which businesses begin operating
internationally.
○ the tendency towards international
investment, trade, IT, and the outsourcing of
manufacturing across borders.
○ the transmission of ideas, values, and
meaning across the world.
○ in some cases, the decline in the importance
of the nation state.
○ a worldwide movement toward economic,
financial, communications, and trade
integration.
○ is the spread of products, technology,
information, and jobs across national borders
and cultures. In economic terms, it describes
an interdependence of nations around the
globe fostered through free trade.
○ is the process by which people and goods
move easily across borders.
Mediated Communication
○ communication has now become “mediated.”
This suggests that there are other options by
which one can communicate such as:
● text messaging
● video calling/conferencing
● emailing
● chatting online
● posting on social media
THE CONNECTION OF GLOBALIZATION TO
COMMUNICATION
Global communication is directly affected by the
process of globalization. It helps to increase business
opportunities, remove cultural barriers and develop a
global village. Both globalization and global
communication have changed the environmental,
cultural, political and economic elements of the
world.
FACTORS/DRIVERS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Trade
○ is the buying and selling of goods and services
between different countries around the
world.
Imports
○ goods that are brought into a country.
Exports
○ goods that are sold to another
country.
2. Financial Flow
○ involve the movement of money around the
world.
○ global financial flows allow nations to secure
funding that is not available in the domestic
economy.
3. Technology, Transport, and Communication
○ Whether it’s economic or health related, for
the sake of improving the lives of many
people one step at a time, inventions and new
products and services in the area of
technology, transport and communication
have fueled the growth of globalization!
“Globalization is incredibly efficient but also so far
incredibly unjust.”
- Pascal Larry (Honorary President, Notre Europe
“Globalization creates economic policies where the
transnational lord over us, and the result is misery and
unemployment.” - Evo Morales
GENERAL EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Increased Business Opportunities
● Many companies today hire employees that
are located in other countries. Using
communication vehicles such as video calling
make it simple to converse with colleagues
across the globe, almost making it feel as if
they are in the same room.
2. Fewer Cultural Barriers
● Many people perceive culture to be the root
of communication challenges. When people
from two different cultures try to exchange
information, the way they speak, their body
language or their mannerisms can be
interpreted differently by the other person.
The way people approach problems and how
they participate in communities is all
influenced by culture.
● Globalization gives people varied
opportunities to learn how to deal effectively
with cultural barriers.
4 ADVANTAGES
1. Increases economic growth
● By increasing the international
exchange of goods, technological
advances, and information,
globalization increases economic
development for any country
participating in the global economy.
● An increase in economic growth
means better living standards, higher
incomes, more wealth in a country,
and, often, less poverty—in short, the
overall well-being of a country.
2. Production made more affordable
● A global market allows businesses
wider access to production
opportunities and consumers,
meaning that there are more goods
available at a wider range of price
points.
3. Promotes working together
● When different countries come
together to engage in trade and
investments in a global financial
market, they become interdependent
and often come to rely on one
another for certain goods and
services.
Global Interdependence
○ means that people and nations rely
on one another for goods and
services.
○ people around the world exchange
what they have or make for things
they do not have.
○ developed nations usually buy raw
materials and local products such as
certain food items from developing
nations.
○ developing nations buy things like
technology and medicine from
developed countries.
4. Brings opportunities to less
● Globalization allows companies to
move their production from high-cost
locations to lower-cost locations
abroad—this means bringing jobs,
information technology, and other
economic opportunities to countries
with fewer resources.
4 DISADVANTAGES
1. Unequal economic growth
● While globalization tends to increase
economic growth for many countries,
the growth isn’t equal—richer
countries often benefit more than
developing countries.
● Globalization can introduce
disproportionate growth both
between and within nations. These
effects must be carefully managed
economically and morally.

2. Lack of local business
● The policies permitting globalization
tend to take advantage of companies
that have the resources and
infrastructure to operate their supply
chains or distribution in many
different countries, which can hedge
out small local businesses—for
instance, a local New York hamburger
joint may struggle to compete with
the prices of a multinational burger-
making corporation.
3. Exploitation of cheaper labor markets
● Globalization allows businesses to
increase jobs and economic
opportunities in developing countries,
where the cost of labor is often
cheaper. However, overall economic
growth in these countries may be
slow or stagnant.
4. Causes job displacement
● Globalization doesn’t result in an
increased number of jobs; rather, it
redistributes jobs by moving
production from high-cost countries
to lower-cost ones. This means that
high-cost countries often lose jobs
due to globalization, as production
goes overseas.
HOW TO COMMUNICATE GLOBALLY
1. Be considerate of cultural differences. When
communicating globally, its important for you
to understand that cultures and beliefs vary
across different nations.
2. Learn how your associates deal with things in
their countries. The best way to handle
cultural differences is to research beforehand
how different countries handle business
meetings or any other type of discourse.
3. Be aware of language barriers. English is
usually the medium of discourse but some
countries do not necessarily use this as their
primary language.
4. Go over any form of written correspondence
before you send it out to your contacts.
5. Always stay updated with developments in
communications and information technology.
“It is not the strongest or the most intelligent who
will survive, but those who can best manage change.”
- Leon C. Megginson
A lack of communication breeds assumptions of what
the other is thinking or feeling; and assumptions are,
more often than not, incorrect.
LESSON 5: Cultural and Global Issues affecting
Communication
CULTURAL BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
1. Cognitive constraints
● The way people look at the world
according to their own culture is
driven by cognitive constraints.
● For example, the power and
prevalence of U.S. culture since World
War II may have made people in the
United States think they're better
than other cultures. This might lead
people to become angry if somebody
questions this superiority.
● ex. People from different cultures
may view the world differently based
on their cultural background, which
can affect their perception and
interpretation of information.
2. Behavior constraints
● are the ways people behave from
different cultures that can affect
communication.
● ex. eye contact, personal space, and
gestures.
● In Eastern countries like China, Japan,
Taiwan and Korea, maintaining eye
contact during conversations is
considered disrespectful if people
 involved in the conversation are of
different positions. When women
make eye contact with men, it is
interpreted as showing power or
sexual interest.
3. Emotional Constraints
● different cultures regulate the display
of emotion.
GLOBAL ISSUES AFFECTING COMMUNICATION
1. The issue of face to face communication.
a. Nothing replaces [face-to-face
communication], and nothing
compares to it,” Rachel Berry, a
communications consultant based in
Boulder, Colo., agreed. “If you don’t
have any face-to-face communication,
the world’s cleverest
e-mail/intranet/newsletter is not
going to have ‘sticking power’
because employees won’t be able to
connect it to a leader they know and
trust.”
b. Face to face communication is not
always possible with headquarters
(offices) in multiple locations
c. Best way to communicate with clients
are via chat, e-mail and Skype texting
(i.e. camera turned off).
2. The issue on social networks.
● Employee communication is
fundamentally changing. Why? Due to
increased expectations, diversity and
globalization, growth of social media
and networking “Social media and
networking clearly open an
opportunity for (1) dialogue (2)
rapidly integrate employees into the
company culture and (3) create a
sense of community.
3. The issue of culturally competent workers.
● employees must be aware of
linguistic, cultural, religious and social
differences to build strong
communication channels with
colleagues and business contacts.
Neal Goodman, Ph.D., president of
Global Dynamics, Inc., a cross-cultural
training firm, said technology tends to
race ahead of social norms. He added
that it hides cultural differences
between employees.
● possible solution is to train all
employees, not just managers and
CEOs who travel overseas, to be
“culturally competent.”
Cultural competence means that you can interact
effectively and respectfully with those of different
cultural backgrounds. To improve communication,
avoidance of misunderstandings and build confidence,
it may also be useful for worldwide offices, teams and
individuals.

STRATEGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL
COMPETENCE:
● Be concise.
● Avoid jargon, slang, and localized expressions.
● Be respectful of cultural and religious
differences.
STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP CROSS-CULTURAL
COMPETENCE AMONG GLOBAL OFFICES, TEAMS AND
INDIVIDUALS:
● Practice openness by demonstrating
acceptance of difference and curiosity about
other cultures.
● Learn about culture and biases by reflecting
on your own values, beliefs, and assumptions
and how they affect your interactions.
● Actively listen to what others are saying, how
they are saying it and why they are saying it.
● Demonstrate humility through suspension of
judgment and the ability to learn.
● Show spirit of adventure by showing curiosity
and seeing opportunities in different
situations.
● Practice positive change or action by
demonstrating a successful interaction with
the identified culture.
IMPACT OF WIRELESS AND TECHNOLOGY
COMMUNICATION ON SOCIETY
● Changing the way people communicate, work,
learn, and socialize.
● Enabling new forms of political participation,
activism, and mobilization.
● Creating new opportunities and challenges for
economic development, education, health,
and security.
● In healthcare, medical assistance related to
information and treatments is easier to
distribute in remote areas.
● On aids of catastrophic events, it enables us
to know and view the catastrophic events
within a few minutes, rapid help is also sent
to the victims, loved ones of survivors are
easily contacted and vice versa, and early
information dissemination.
● On environmental protection, mobile phones
are being used to study the habits of the
species that are endangered.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPETENT GLOBAL
COMMUNICATOR
● Self-awareness
○ being aware of your own
communication behaviors and how
they affect others.
● Adaptability
○ being able to adjust your
communication style and strategies to
different situations.
● Empathy
○ being able to understand and share
the feelings and perspectives of
others.
● Cognitive Complexity
○ being able to analyze and interpret
multiple aspects of a communication
problem or situation.
● Ethics
○ being able to communicate in a
respectful, honest, and responsible
manner.
● Preparedness
○ being ready to communicate
effectively and appropriately in
various contexts.

● Clarity
○ being direct and clear with your
communications to avoid
misunderstanding.
● Conciseness
○ being brief and to the point with your
communications to avoid wasting
time or boring your audience.
“Our global society necessitates interactions and
relationships with people who are different from
oneself. By developing one's own cultural
competence, productivity and efficiency may increase
and in turn improve one's customer service skills.
Customers who feel valued and understood will
return for repeat business.”
LESSON 6: Communicating Ideas Effectively
“The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those
who cannot read and write, but those who cannot
learn, unlearn, and relearn.” - Alvin Toffler
20th Century
○ was a busy time for communication.
○ radio and television became a great source of
information in the early 1900s.
○ provide musical entertainment and deliver
news, sports, and weather to listeners.
○ telephone became mobile in 1981, but the
word mobile is used loosely here.
○ First versions of the mobile telephone were
not intended to be carried around on your
person like they are now. They were heavy
duty pieces of equipment that were usually
only found in cars and trains.
1973
○ cell phones facilitate instant and mobile
communication
○ Martin Cooper
■ inventor of the handheld cellular
mobile phone, holds a 1973
Motorola, placed the world’s first call
from a cell phone (to its rival AT&T).
Motorola’s cell phone was big,
weighed almost three pounds, and
could be used only for about thirty-
five minutes.
○ The computer was invented towards the
beginning of the 20th century, but the
features for communication were not created
until the mid to late 1900s.
○ Then, after the personal computer (PC) was
introduced in the 70s, computer systems
slowly became a common household tool,
especially for communication. The
combination of a PC and the Internet made
written communication fast, easy, and
convenient.
1989
○ the internet transforms global communication
○ Tim Berners-Lee
■ British engineer and computer
scientist
■ pioneered the World Wide Web,
which paved the way for today’s
internet communication.
○ The internet has given rise to new
developments including search engines and
social media.
○ in 2016, the United Nations passed a
resolution declaring access to the internet a
human right.
21ST CENTURY COMMUNICATION
● The rise of social media platforms
○ Social media is online communication
designed to create networks and
communities where information,
ideas, messages, photos, etc., can be
freely shared.
○ Facebook was the most popular social
media platform in 2019 with 2.3
billion users.
○ Youtube, Instagram, and WeChat
followed with over a billion users.
○ Tumblr and Tiktok came next with
over a half billion users.
● Mobile Application or Apps
○ most commonly referred to as an app,
is a type of application software
 designed to run on a mobile device,
such as a smartphone or tablet
computer.
6 Important Functions of a Mobile App
1. Apps for showing directions
○ the phone uses satellite networks and
displays the real location of the phone
on which the application is installed.
2. Apps for media sharing such as videos and
photos
○ there are applications used to share
images, like the popular Instagram.
3. News apps
○ these are apps mostly owned by
media companies.
4. Online shopping
○ these are apps facilitating the user to
shop online.
5. Entertainment: Radio and Games
○ iTune is an example which allows
users design a playlist, listen, and
share it with others.
6. Mobile banking
○ these are applications used to access
financial services via the mobile
phone.
Communication has ceased to be plainly linear or
strictly verbal or written with the advancement in
technology of the 21st century.
Information can be relayed through simple but
appealing and eye-catching infographics and data
visualization.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, an
infographic (or information graphic) is “a visual
representation of information or data”.
Infographic
○ is a collection of imagery, data visualizations
like pie charts and bar graphs, and minimal
text that gives an easy-to-understand
overview of a topic.
Data visualization
○ is the graphical representation of information
and data.
○ by using visual elements like charts, graphs,
and maps, data visualization tools provide an
accessible way to see and understand trends,
outliers, and patterns in data.
○ it provides an excellent way for employees or
business owners to present data to non-
technical audiences without confusion.
In visual representations of information that consist
of charts, maps, icons, progress bars, signs, posters,
diagrams and online visuals, ideas are transmitted
fast and with clarity.
Powerpoint presentation
○ serves as a visual representation of an
otherwise scripted delivery of a topic.
○ Fully-utilized as an outline, added to the text
containing only the salient points of the
subject matter are images, graphics, and
visuals that infographics likewise make use of.
PowerPoint
○ was developed by a former Berkeley Ph.D.
student known as Robert Gaskins.
○ his idea was to develop an easy-to-use
presentation program based on a series of
slides.
○ Gaskins joined a company named
‘Forethought’ and began working on
Powerpoint by hiring a developer named
Dennis Austin.
Both infographics and powerpoint presentations are
multimodal in the sense that communication relies on
the textual, aural, linguistic, spatial and visual
resources as modes to compose and relay messages.
In application, the presenter still maintains his or her
visual presence and facilitates his or her discussion
with his or her entire speech mechanism at work
while aided by the images and graphics in his or her
prepared infographics and powerpoint presentation.

Multimodal text
○ is simply two or more communication
processes or modes.
○ When we communicate, we use different
processes or what are called modes.
○ means the strategic use of “two or more
communication modes” to make meaning, for
example, the use of image, gesture, music,
spoken language and written language.
○ can be paper such as books, comics, posters
○ can be digital - slide presentations, e-books,
blogs, e-posters, web pages, social media.
○ can be live - a performance of an event
○ can be transmedia - messages are conveyed
through a combination of media platforms.
e.g. book, comic, magazine, film, web series
and video game mediums all working as part
of the same story.
Creating is the development and/or production of
spoken, written or multimodal texts in print or digital
forms.
Print-based multimodal text
○ include comics, picture storybooks, graphic
novels; and posters, newspapers and
brochures.
Digital multimodal texts
○ include slide presentations, animation, book
trailers, digital storytelling, music videos, and
various web texts and social media; web
pages; digital stories; interactive stories;
animation; film.
Non-digital multimodal texts
○ posters; collages; zines; comic books; graphs.
The old definition of information graphics
(infographics) referred to the use of graphics in
newspapers and magazines.
TYPES OF INFOGRAPHICS
1. Statistical Infographics
○ these infographics are ideal for
presenting data from multiple
sources, survey results, or backing up
an argument with relevant data.
○ they put the focus on your data and
use charts, icons, images, and eye-
catching fonts to help you tell the
story behind your data.
2. Informational Infographics
○ these infographics are used to explain
a concept or process.
○ they are ideal for step-by-step guides
and tutorials.
○ they use illustrations, diagrams, and
text to explain complex ideas in a
simple and easy-to-understand way.
3. Timeline Infographics
○ these infographics are ideal for
showing historical development
through timelines, planning for an
event, or highlighting a sequence of
events
○ they use a linear format to show the
progression of events over time.
4. Process Infographics
○ these infographics are ideal for
explaining a process or procedure
step-by-step.
○ they use illustrations and text to guide
the viewer through each step of the
process.
5. Geographic Infographics
○ these infographics are ideal for
showing data related to geography or
location.
○ they use maps, charts, and other
visual elements to show data related
to specific locations.
6. Comparison Infographics
○ these infographics are ideal for
comparing two or more things side-
by-side.
○ they use charts, graphs, and other
visual elements to show the
similarities and differences between
two or more things.

7. Hierarchical Infographics
○ these infographics are ideal for
showing relationships between
different elements in a hierarchy.
○ they use diagrams and other visual
elements to show how different
elements relate to each other.
8. List Infographics
○ these infographics are ideal for
presenting information in a list
format.
○ they use bullet points, icons, and
other visual elements to make the
information easy to read and
understand.
9. Resume Infographics
○ these infographics are ideal for
presenting your professional
experience in a visually appealing
way.
○ they use charts, graphs, and other
visual elements to highlight your skills
and experience.
10. Animated
○ creates some motion or change to the
design as the reader watches, e.g. bar
chart growing, a color change, or an
animated character; completely
contained in an image file and thus,
can be posted on other sites or blogs;
make the design stand out as it is
moving.
BASIC GUIDELINES IN THE USE OF INFOGRAPHICS
1. Visual content is still supplementary but a
powerful aid in conveying important
messages.
2. Visuals are used to support text, convey
information, and direct action.
3. Visuals must be audience-appropriate.
4. Cultural awareness and gender-sensitivity are
considered on how the content of an
infographic is crafted.
THE POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
○ popularly referred to as a software package
designed to create electronic presentations
consisting of a series of separate pages or
slides.
○ it conveniently and effectively realizes a
presenter’s comprehensive discussion of a
topic.
○ can be used to emphasize salient points of a
presentation through visuals and images put
on slides.
○ its primary use is to serve as a multimodal
guide for the presenter to sustain the interest
of the audience with transitions, narrations
and recordings within the slide presentation.
○ on the part of the audience, it is an outline of
the discussed topic at hand.
Top 5 free tutorial sites for PPT
Envato Tuts+ , GCFGlobal , Class Central,
MyGreatLearning , 24Slides
LESSON 7: Communication for Various Purposes
“All the great speakers were bad speakers at first.”
- Ralph Waldo Emerson
SPEECH AND PUBLIC SPEAKING
Public Speaking
○ also called oratory or oration.
○ has traditionally meant the act of speaking
face to face to a live audience.
○ it includes any form of speaking to an
audience, including pre-recorded speech
delivered over great distances by means of
technology.
● It's a presentation that is given live before an
audience. Public speeches can cover a wide
variety of different topics. The goal of the
speech may be to educate, entertain, or
influence the listeners. Often, visual aids in
the form of an electronic slideshow are used
 to supplement the speech. This makes it more
interesting to the listeners.
TYPES OF SPEECHES ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
1. Expository Speech / Informative Speech
○ it describes facts, truths, and
principles.
○ it is a type of speech that is intended
to educate the audience about a
particular subject.
○ it presents information to explain a
subject, an idea or a concept through
visual aids.
○ is a newcomer in the world of public
speaking theorizing and instruction,
which began thousands of years ago
with the ancient Greeks.
○ Goal: is to teach an audience
something using objective and factual
information.
○ Main purpose: is to provide
information regarding a specific topic
that the audience knows nothing
about. These speeches require facts
and figures that support the idea of
the speech. These facts and figures
are collected from reliable sources to
enhance the credibility of the topic.
2. Persuasive Speech
○ It convinces and encourages listeners.
○ is a speech that is given with the
intention of convincing the audience
to believe or do something.
○ this could be virtually anything -
voting, organ donation, recycling, and
so on.
○ A successful persuasive speech
effectively convinces the audience to
your point of view, providing you
come across as trustworthy and
knowledgeable about the topic you’re
discussing.
3. Entertainment
○ it provides fun and laughter
○ the speaker provides pleasure and
enjoyment that make the audience
laugh or identify with anecdotal
information.
○ the after-dinner speech is a typical
example of an entertaining speech.
○ ex. excuses for any occasion, jokes for
all, things you wouldn’t know without
the movies
ACCORDING TO DELIVERY
1. Reading from a Manuscript
● It is when a speaker writes down
everything they plan to say to their
listeners, then bring their manuscripts
to the podium and read them to the
audience.
Manuscript speeches can be dangerous
because they:
- Reduce eye contact with the audience
- Can be boring if simply read (w/o
emotion)
- Can cause the speaker to be more
involved with the words than the
message.
To succeed in a manuscript speech, the
speaker should:
- Type in CAPS and triple space
- Practice delivery aloud
- Use markings to indicate where
emphasis and emotion should be
2. Memorized Speech
● Best for accepting awards, introducing
speakers, and making
announcements.
● is simply a speech which you
memorize what you wish to speak
about and do not use any notes.
Memorized speeches can be impressive, but
require a certain amount of skill and
preparation:
- Takes a lot of time to memorize
- Requires a degree of acting ability
 - Risk of forgetting speech is high
without help
- Speaker will struggle with changes
and can be distracted from the
message
Memorized speeches should only be delivered
when necessary and/or when the speaker is
comfortable with their skill and the situation.
3. Impromptu Speech
● little to no preparation
● is a speech and debate consolation
event that involves a five to eight
minute speech with a
characteristically short preparation
time of one to three minutes.
● the speeches tend to follow basic
speech of topics, both humorous and
profound.
An impromptu speech:
- is the most difficult form of public
speaking assignment.
- it’s a type of speech that will not give
you enough time to prepare.
- but even with little to no preparation,
you are still expected to deliver a
great speech.
- a badly delivered speech is
inexcusable even though you didn’t
have any time to prepare.
4. Extemporaneous Speech
● it is researched and planned.
● it is neither read nor memorized, so it
is never delivered exactly the same
way.
● most speakers rely on notes of some
sort, using index cards or technology
because extemporaneous speeches
are not read or memorized, the
extemporaneous speaker needs to
stay in the moment and be able to
“think on their feet” which allows for
a high level of spontaneity, leading to
a natural, conversational style.
● the word extemporaneous means
“without planning” and is considered
as a synonym for the word
impromptu. However, an
extemporaneous speech is actually a
well-prepared speech that relies on
research, clear organization, and
practiced delivery.
● Because they are composed almost
entirely in the moment,
extemporaneous speeches have a
higher level of spontaneity. However,
because they require extensive
research and preparation, they tend
to have significantly more depth, and
therefore are generally the preferred
method for speech delivery.
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE SPEECH DELIVERY
1. Articulation
● producing clear and distinct sounds
● Articulateness in pronouncing the
words and speaking with clear diction
that effectively transmits the Message
of the Speaker.
2. Modulation
● adequate volume
● it refers to the capability to adjust or
manipulate the resonance and timbre
of the vocal tone.
3. Facial Expressions, gestures and movements
(appropriateness and proper timing)
● Facial expressions should change with
the content of the Speech.
● Gestures should emphasize only
certain points.
● Movement should allow the Speaker
to carry the Speech around, forward,
and to the Audience, metaphorically
speaking. It should also direct the
Audience to follow the Speaker and
keep them hanging on to his/her
every word.
4. Stage Presence
● naturalness, composure, and
confidence
 ● The opposite of stage presence is
stage fright, which is considered by
many as the topmost fear in the world
of public speaking! But instead of
trying to get rid of stage fright (which
cannot be done anyway), all that
energy that is making one feel shaky
and nervous should be used to make
the Speaker become an interesting,
enthusiastic speaker capable of being
heard and able to move about on
stage.
5. Rapport with the audience
● attentiveness to reactions
● One should know how to deliver the
message to the audience and connect
with them at a deeper level.
6. Silence
● room for pauses
● Indicate a change in tone or topic -
pausing between two different parts
of your talk can tell the audience
something new is starting. You can
also do this after an introduction or
before a conclusion to help the
audience understand the progression
through your speech.
10 COMMANDMENTS OF ORAL COMMUNICATION
1. Believe in what you say.
2. Believe in the people to whom you speak.
3. Live what you say.
4. Know when you say it.
5. Know why you say it.
6. Know how you say it.
7. Have fun saying it.
8. Show it as you say it.
9. Say it so people can own it.
10. Say it so people will do it.
GUIDELINES ON WRITING A SPEECH
1. Know your audience.
● Your speech should be tailored to
your audience, both in terms of ideas
and language.
2. Define the purpose.
● What are you trying to accomplish
with your speech? Educate, inspire,
entertain, argue a point? Your goals
will dictate the tone and structure,
and result in dramatically different
speeches.
3. Outline your speech’s structure.
● What are the main ideas for each
section? Flesh out the main ideas in
your outline. Don’t worry about
finding the perfect words. Just let
your creativity flow.
4. Edit and polish what you have written.
● Give yourself the time you need to
practice your material and work
through multiple drafts. Don’t expect
to nail everything on the first try.
5. Practice, practice, practice.
● MLK’s “I have a Dream” speech wasn’t
written in a day. Give yourself enough
time to practice your material and
work through multiple drafts.
ELEMENTS FOR A GOOD DELIVERY
1. Volume
2. Pitch
3. Rate
4. Pauses
5. Vocal variety
6. Pronunciation
7. Articulation
8. Movement
9. Gestures
10. Eye contact
“Courage isn’t having the strength to go on - it is going
on when you don’t have strength.”
- Napoleon Bonaparte
LESSON 8: Communication for Work Purposes
Communication - the human connection - is the key to
personal and career success. - Paul J. Meyer
Workplace communication
 ○ is the process of exchanging information,
either verbally or nonverbally, it is important
in any social environment, including the
academic and corporate environments.
○ In any organizational structure,
communication is the force that maintains its
operations from the top up to the middle and
bottom level.
● The evolution of communication is best
described as the process of transmitting ideas
and thoughts through the years for human
survival.
● In charting one’s journey in this evolution,
education, science and technology, business
and trade, and media have all contributed to
how an individual copes with social needs and
demands through human connection.
Human connection is indispensable whether in the
confines of home, school, or the workplace.
In Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, social
belonging is crucial to self-actualization.
● In the 21st century, this is becoming more
pronounced as personal success is equated
with career growth and advancement which is
reliant on one’s level of social belonging.
● In the professional context or in the
workplace, harmonious relations with co-
workers can be consequential and crucial to
both the individual and the collective
productivity and efficiency in the workplace.
Workplace Dynamics
○ means the way people interact when they
work together.
○ refers to the way people interact, engage, and
collaborate. This includes their behavior,
assumptions, and entire understanding of the
workplace environment.
Workplace Dynamics
1. Diversity in the workplace
a. multigenerational workplace -
employee classification composed of
Baby boomers, Generation X,
Generation Y, Millennials, and
Generation Z or Post-millennials
Silent Generations / Traditionalists
○ born in 1945 or and before.
○ characteristics: respect for
authority, hard work, rule
followers
Baby Boomers
○ born between 1945 and
1964.
○ characteristics: optimistic,
workaholics, loyal, deep
experience
Generation X
○ born between 1965 and
1976.
○ characteristics: task oriented,
focused on work-life balance,
risk takers
Millennials
○ born between 1977 and 1995.
○ characteristics: goal-focused,
multitasker, tech savvy
Generation Z
○ born in 1996 and after.
○ characteristics: creative,
entrepreneurial, tech
dependent, self-reliant
 b. Organizational culture (Quintanilla &
Wahl, 2011) - the way an organization
operates, the attitudes the employees
have, and the overall tone and
approach to any given operation –
Assimilating into the enduring
organizational culture facilitates
easier communication with the
higher-ups, middle management
leaders, and fellow workers.
c. Multiplicity of Identities – differences
in gender, ethnicity, language, beliefs
and other attributes. Mutual respect
for the perceived or real differences in
the attributes of the people in the
organization is a virtue to practice at
all times.
2. Co-worker relationship
● Time spent at work is greater that
time spent at home for many in the
active employment workforce.
● It is urgent then from the moment of
hiring to immediate designation to a
particular post to establish pleasant
relations with fellow workers.
● Informal networking within the
workplace creates better
opportunities to attain the long-term
communication goals of the
organization.
3. Shared leadership
○ is when each employee within an
organization takes ownership and
responsibility for the part they play.
In effect, shared leadership enables
each employee to shoulder their
work without the oversight from a
command-and-control style manage.
● The distribution of leadership
responsibilities within a team can
influence the functionality of its
members.
● Positions cease to exist where there
are no team members to work on
assigned tasks by the team leaders.
● Leadership is not simply taking
command of the ship but of sailing
the course with the rest in the ship.
● The definition of task relationship
roles in the workplace requires
communication in order for these
roles to be carried out efficiently.
4. Team building
● Where shared leadership is nurtured,
team building is not far behind.
● Formal and informal gatherings help
build a strong team.
Team roles surface where task roles,
relationship roles, and self-centered roles had
to be periodically monitored, assessed, and
evaluated for a check on functional roles.
Task roles
○ roles that help the team carry out
tasks and get the work done.
○ ex:
- initiator
- information seeker
- information giver
- opinion giver
- procedural developer
- summarizer-evaluator
- opinion seeker
- coordinator
Initiator
○ contribute ideas and
suggestions for resolving
problems within the group.
○ They listen closely to what
other team members say and
use the information they
gather to propose alternative
solutions.

Coordinators
○ brings people and information
together to help them
collaborate on common goals.
○ they recognize their
teammates’ strengths and
know how they can
complement those of others
to create productive results.
Relationship roles
○ roles that strengthen or
maintain team relationships.
○ ex:
- supporter
- gatekeeper
- harmonizer
Gatekeeper
○ focuses on encouraging
communication between
group members.
○ They make an effort to
include everyone, particularly
quieter members of the
group.
○ believes everyone has
something to contribute and
they help their team by
facilitating a unified approach
to reaching goals.
Self-centered roles
○ roles that interfere with the
team’s ability to complete
tasks.
○ ex:
- blocker
- attacker
- dominator
- clown
Blocker
○ tends to have a negative
impact on the entire team,
weighing everybody down
and standing in the way of
productivity.
Dominator
○ is someone who tries to
control the group/team and
dominate the group’s
discussion and decision-
making processes.
WAYS OF MAKING WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION
EFFECTIVE
1. Build an atmosphere of trust.
● To do things consistent with what
claims is a “key pillar for building trust
in the workplace and, ultimately, for
an organization’s success.
● When there is a disconnect between a
leader’s words and actions,
employees are less likely to become
engaged and committed to the
organization.
2. Handle conflicts professionally.
● To prevent a small argument from
turning into a big fight, management
must be open and create a pleasant
place to make employees see and feel
that they can express their frustration
in a safe place and neutral land.
3. Engage in face to face conversation
whenever possible.
● Due to tremendous advances in
technology, communication in the
workplace has taken advantage of
blogs, instant messaging, and even
social media sites. Email has become
the default method of business
communication worldwide. But email
is often misinterpreted due to a lack
of nonverbal cues. So it's helpful for
managers to get off their desks, visit
employees, and chat face-to-face
whenever possible.

4. Respect cultural differences.
● Business enterprises must create a
working environment that respects
food choices, religious practices,
ethnicities, generational differences,
working styles, communication styles,
disabilities, etc. of their staff.
Organizing seminars and workshops
on cultural sensitivities can help
companies significantly in this regard.
It requires whole-hearted commitment and strong
collaboration of management and employees to make
it a part of their business culture.
“Communication is a skill that you can learn. It’s like
riding a bicycle or typing. If you’re willing to work at it,
you can rapidly improve the quality of every part of
your life.” - Brian Tracy
“Your ability to communicate with others will account
for 85% of your success in your business and in your
life.” - Brian Tracy

5. Give good feedback.

● Feedback, when done with good
intentions, can help improve the
quality of an employee's work and
can even help increase the
productivity and profitability of the
business. Employee feedback should
be task-oriented, clear, and to the
point.

6. Keep personal information to yourself.

● Feedback, when done with good
intentions, can help improve the
quality of an employee's work and
can even help increase the
productivity and profitability of the
business. Employee feedback should
be task- oriented, clear, and to the
point.

7. Avoid passing on rumors and talking about

controversial issues.
● Gossip gives employees a negative
image of you. It also destroys
employee relationships and defeats
the purpose of communication in the
workplace. Remember that credibility
is trustworthy and can never be
equated with rumor.

Achieving effective workplace communication is

something that does not happen overnight.