Life in Madinah

First year of hijrat (624 AD)

1. Mosque of holy prophet
this was the first important thing that holy prophet did. The land for the mosque was bought from two
orphans and Holy prophet with his companions worked very hard to complete the construction of the
mosque. This mosque was known as "Mosque of holy prophet" or as masjid-e-nabawi.

The walls of mosque were made of unbaked bricks and the roof of mud and date palm leaves, trunks of
date palm trees were used as pillars.

large platform was made in the corner with thatched roof. This is known as Suffah. It became a training
center of Islamic education and also shelter for poor Muslims.

Importance
Muslims now had a place of worship in congregation

this mosque became center of education

mosque was also social community center where Muslims would gather

it was also a military center as all disscusion were made here

it also initially served as a court as the legal matters were also decided there

the mosque had house of holy prophet attached to it

2. Azan (call for prayers)

In order to call Muslims for offering congregational prayers Azan was introduced, as suggested by Hazrat
Umar. Hazrat Bilal was appointed as Muezzin.

3. Settlement of Muhajirin
Muslims in madinah were of two categories one who migrated from Makkah to madinah were known as
Muhajirin and second were Ansar who belonged to madinah and gave shelter to emigrants (muhajirins).

Holy prophet established brotherhood between these two groups, he told ansar that muhajirins are in
need of help and they should help them, ansars accepted and gave muhajirins place to live in their
houses and treated them as brothers.

Importance
it was to help the people who had migrated

it was an attempt to increase unity among muslims

it was to avoid growth in ecnomic class system in Islamic state

it was also to set an example for the leaders that how they should rule their people by binding then in
bond of brotherhood

it was also to convey the universal concept of brother hood

4. Treaty with Jews

There were three major tribes of Jews: Banu Qainaiqa, Banu nazir and Banu Quraiza.

Holy prophet realized that foundation of Islamic empire would be very weak without the support of all
people of madinah. Particularly Muslims had threat from Quraish. Then holy prophet called Muslims and
Jewish tribes for a consultation. He invited them to consider any system for safety of madinah. After
exchange of views agreement reached equal rights. It stated that the Muslims and Jews were allies and
would help each other and in case of attack on madinah both would defend it.

Importance
the holy prophet was able to prevent the rise of hostility between Muslims and Jews the way it had
been in Makkah between Muslims and quraish.

this set an example for Muslims that how they can set peace between non muslims under their rule

the treaty gave Muslims hope as both Muslims and Jews would defend madinah if any attack was done
on madinah

the status of holy prophet was raised quiet high as he was recognized as undispute leader by the
people of madinah

Second Year of Hijrat (625 AD)

1. Orders

i. Fasting
Fasting in the month of Ramadan was made obligatory on all adult Muslims in second year of hijrat.

Words of Quran: "O you who believe! Fasting is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those before
you so that you may (learn) self-resistance" (2:183)

ii. Zakat
The payment of zakat was also made obligatory on all rich Muslims, following words describe it "And
spend of yoursubstance in the cause of Allah,... do good: for Allah loveth those who do good." (2:195)

iii. Change of Qiblah

Qiblah is the direction where Muslims turns their faces while offering prayer. In Makkah Muslims used to
face Masjid Al-Aqsa and they did same in madinah for over 16 months. In2 A.H. while holy prophet was
leading Asr prayers he was ordered to face towards ka'abah, this became the religious center for
Muslims.

iv. Permission of Jihad

Jihad is struggle in the way of Allah or to express struggle against one's evil inclinations or exertion
for the sake of Islam and the Muslim Ummah.

Badar

2. Battle of Badar (causes and events)

In makkah holy prophet had only one enemy to deal with Quraish who eventually forced holy prophet to
migrate from makkah. But then in Madinah He had to face three enemies firstly Quraish, secondly Jews
who later started to break every treaty done with Muslims they began to intrigue and the third were
Hypocrites or the Munafiqin who had acceppted islam but worked against Muslims.

Allah had already gave permission to muslims for jihad. When the holy prophet got news that Quraish
was advancing to madinah to attack, holy prophet called muslims to defend there were three hundred
and thirteen men with two horses and two camels. Both tribes met at Badr (a village eighty mile away
from Madinah). Quraish were in thousands and well equipped, they came with huge quantity of food.
On the side of muslim there was no water available. Battle began holy prophet prostrated to Allah and
asked for help, suddenly huge rainfall and Muslims collected water.

Allah granted victory to Muslims. seventy Quraish were killed and seventy were taken as prisoners.
Muslims lost only fourteen people.

Importance
this made Muslims base stronger

this showed that not only equipments are necessary to win but truth can

holy Quran describes this day as 'day of testing' in 8:41

Position of Muslims became stronger

strength of Quraish was broken

many unbelievers accepted Islam

Influence of Islam and holy prophet began outside of Madinah

As Quran describes it sign of Allah 3:13

Third year of Hijrat (624 AD)

Battle of Uhad
1. Battle of Uhad

After Muslims gain victory in battle of Badr, Islam gained strong base in Madinah and importance of city
began to rise. Quraish considered the rise in Muslims as threat to their political interests, they also
wanted to avenge their deaths.

Quraish attacked Muslims. Why did they attack? Because:

Uhad Jabal

Some of Quraish people had been killed in Battle of Badr, they wanted to avenge their deaths

They feared that might their economic and political status come to decline.

They did not want Muslims to get in majority

Finally fully armed force of three thousand men left Makkah for Madinah. Holy prophet and his
companions decided to meet enemies out of Madinah, three miles away from Madinah, Quraish they
camped at foot hills known as Uhad. Holy prophet advanced with one thousand companions. Abdullah
bin Ubbay with three hundred companions excused that holy prophet has turned down his decision of
fighting. Holy prophet left with seven hundred men. Later after the fight began when archers saw enemy
retreating they left their post for collecting the booty, Khalid bin Walid the head of enemies attacked
from behind and Muslims were in confusion. Enemies raised a cry that holy prophet was killed, Muslims
left the fight and then holy prophet called out companions to come back, now their support had
increased and were rallied.

Both parties were exhausted, soon each army prepared to leave and fight ended. Ladies went to give
water to wounded soldiers in battlefield.

Importance
Muslims realized that victory is not only their right.

Muslims realized they should not expect to win all battles

This battle showed that decision should be made when majority accepts certain decision, As done by
holy prophet, he wanted to fight inside Madinah but he agreed on what others agreed

This battle distinguished true believers from hypocrites

Fourth Year of Hijrat (627 AD)

Banu Nazir
Banu nazir tribe of Jews plotted to kill holy prophet. Holy prophet sent them massage to leave madinah
in ten days, they refused and shut them selves in fortresses. Holy prophet led and army against them and
laid siege to their forts. After siege of two weeks they surrendered and were exiled from Madinah.

Fifth Year of Hijrat (628 AD)

1. Battle of Trench
After battle of Uhad Muslims were able to regain their former position, Quraish were worried about
increasing power in Muslims was threat to their Political status.

Jewish tribe Banu Nazir kept plotting against Muslims they asked for help from Quraish and the agreed
to support them they also gain support of Ghatafan and some other tribes. With an army of ten
thousand men under the command of Abu Sufyan, the marched to Madinah. Holy prophet called
companions, Hazrat Salman Farsi (one of the companions) advised to dig a trench, three sides of
Madinah were safe because of population and oasis, the fourth side was unsafe it was syrian route. Holy
prophet agreed to dig a trench on the side it was open to attack. Banu Quraiza also broke treaty with
Muslims and turned against then, this battle is also called battle of Ahzab. The siege last for a month in
which Muslims need to face hunger, coldness and attacks by enemies. Allah is always there for believers,
one night a blast of cold wind came it blew enemies tents and their fire were extinguished. Sever sand
and rain beat in their faces, enemies withdrew in utter confusion. Muslims gained victory.

Importance
it was the last battle between Muslims and Quraish which resulted into the complete destruction of
Quraish as they were never able to recover from this defeat.

it exposed the Jewish tribe of Banu Quraiza which had openly joined Quraish

battle proved to be in favor of Muslims

the confidence of Muslims was regained as they saw the devine support given to them in form of storm

many tribes saw growing power of Islam they either accepted Islam or offered alliance with the Muslims
Quran contain number of references about this battle

2. Banu Quraiza
Banu Quraiza was a Jewish tribe, in violation of agreement signed with holy prophet, had helped the
enemies of Islam in battle of Ahzab. Holy prophet therefore advanced against their fortresses and
surrounded them. the siege continued for about a month after which Banu Quraiza surrender.

Sixth year of Hijrat

1. Treaty of Hudaibiya
Bait-e-Rizwan

Holy prophet had a dream that he had entered a sacred Mosque at Makkah. Therefore, he decided to go
Makkah to perform Umrah. Holy prophet with fourteen hundred unarmed companions set out for
Makkah. Quraish did not allowed them to enter Makkah. Holy prophet therefore stopped at Makkah and
sent his companion to Quraish to tell them that we are unarmed and we want to perform Ummrah. The
companion didn't return then another was sent, when he also didn't came back holy prophet sent Hazrat
Usman. Hazrat Usman also didn't came back rumor spread that he is killed. Then holy prophet collected
all of his followers under the oasis of Rizwan. He took from them oath that they would lay down their
lives in the name of Allah. This oath is known as Bait-e-Rizwan.

Quraish were disturbed when they heard of this they decided to sign a treaty (Treaty of Hudaibiya) with
Muslims. It had following terms:

Muslims would return to Madinah that year

They would be permitted to come for pilgrimage next year but would stay only for three days in Makkah

if Quraish from Makkah would join Muslim without permission of their guardians they would be sent
back, but if Muslims from Madinah went to Makkah will not be sent back

there would be no fighting for ten years

many of Muslims including Hazrat Usman were not happy with terms because the terms were very harsh
and against the interests of Muslims.

Importance
peace was established between Makkah and Madinah. the Holy prophet sent a letter out of Arabia so
Islam was Propagated

Quran called this victory, Muslims got chance to visit Makkah, it led to conquest of Makkah, Chance to
perform Umrah

Seventh year of Hijrat (630 AD)

1. Massage of Islam to Kings and Emperors
Now holy prophet decided to sent invitation to neighboring kings and emperors.

Among those to whom the holy prophet sent his letter were:

Heracuils, the roman Emperor: He had read out later sent by holy prophet. Later sent to Abu Sufyan who
was enemy of holy prophet, he was greatly impressed. He didn't accepted but sent a polite letter to holy
prophet.

Chosroes, Emperor of Persia: He insulted holy prophets messenger and tore the letter into pieces. When
holy prophet heard that he said his kingdom would soon be broken, and that happened. His own son
killed him and ascended the throne but after sometime drank poison and died.

Negus, Emperor of Abyssinia: He was impressed and embraced the Islam and sent some presents to holy
prophet

Cyrus, Ruler of Egypt: He treated holy prophets messenger with a great honor and sent some presents
these include Hazrat Maria whom holy prophet later married and a horse name Duldul. He did not
embraced Islam.

The Rulers of Bahrain and Oman: Both of them embraced Islam.

2. Khyber expedition
Banu nazir and Jewish tribe after being exiled from Madinah kept plotting againts muslims they were
supported by Ghatafan tribe and Hypocrites of Madinah.

When they came to know about Muslims terms with Quraish they thought Muslims had got weak, they
began to prepare to attack on Muslims. When Jews saw Muslims army under the command of Holy
prophet at Khyber, Jews shut themselves in their seven well-guarded fortresses. Jews then from their
fortresses showered arrows over Muslims, Holy prophet commanded to attack. Muslims captured all
fortresses without any difficulty, but fight continued for twenty days when they reach fort Qamus which
was strongest fort. Seeing Muslims army under the command of Hazrat Ali and Mahrab Jews warrior
came out of the fort to fight Hazrat Ali killed him in first attack and then Jews got to surrender and
Muslims captured the fort.

3.Relations between the Prophet and the Jews

After holy prophet came to Madinah he made agreements with Jews to defend their city. Instead of
defending it they created a campaign of slander against Islam and its followers. They also contacted
Quraish of Makkah against Muslims. They did not help Muslims in the battle of badr as sign in treaty,
after the battle Ka'ab the leader of the Jews and propagated against Muslims. He even tried to murder
holy prophet. Banu Qunaiqa (one of the three tribes of Jews) were the first to break the treaty and
fought with Muslims between the periods of Battle of Badr and Battle of Uhad. Siege was enforced
against Banu Qunaiqa as a result they were expulsed from Madinah. Ka'ab was executed in third year of
Hijrat because of his attempts against Makkah and Madinah.

In fourth year of Hijrat Banu Nazir tribe planned to murder holy prophet, holy prophet sent them
message to leave Madinah within ten day but they refused and shut them in their fortresses after the
siege of two weeks they surrendered.

The third tribe of Jews Banu Quraiza supported Quraish in Battle of Ditch. After battle they were told to
leave city but by their refuse Prophet sieged their settlements, then they surrendered and agreed on
Jewish old law of the Old Testament. Their men were slain, women sold as captives and their land was
divided among Muslims. In 5th A.H. the fortresses at khyber were besieged and captured by the
Muslims, Jews were allowed to remain there by the contributing a share of their produce with Muslim
Government. Still many Jews attempted to murder prophet but fortunately he was saved.

Performance of Umrah
According to treaty of Hudaibiya, Muslims can perform Umrah next year. So holy prophet told his
companions to not take any arms with them and they were allowed to enter Makkah. After three days in
Makkah the left for Madinah.

Eighth Year of Hijrat ( 631 AH)

1. Battle of Mutah
The holy prophet sent and message with a letter to Roman Emperor who was Christian. Messenger was
killed at Mutah, place in Syria. Holy prophet sent and army of three thousand Muslims. One by one
different leaders were sent to due to deaths. Muslims army under command of Khalid bin Walid
defeated enemy.

2. Conquest of Makkah
After the treaty of Hudaibiya Khuza tribe joined Muslims, while Banu Bakr became ally of Quraish. One
of the terms of the treaty were that neither party would fight an ally of other party. Quraish along Banu
Bakr killed men of Banu Khuza. Deputation of Banu Khuza asked for the help from holy prophet. Holy
prophet sent message to Quraish offering them three alternatives:

To pay blood money for the men of Banu Khuza.

To dissolve their alliance with Banu Bakr.

To declare that treaty of Hudaibiya stood dissolved.

Quraish chose third options. Muslims had no other option other than to fight. Holy prophet declared
order of jihad.

Holy prophet with and army of ten thousand reach Makkah on 10th of Ramazan. Holy prophet divided
his army in four groups and gave them instructions that don't attack unless they were attacked. Unit
under the command of Khalid bin walid was attacked by Banu Bakr and also by some of hostile Quraish.

Before entering Makkah holy prophet announced a general pardon that people who laid down their
arms would be safe and that anyone who closed the door of his house will be safe. Entry of holy
prophet's army in Makkah was very peaceful. Holy prophet preformed Tawaf, after that Prophet ordered
destruction of idols placed in Ka'abah by non-believers. When holy prophet came out of Ka'abah there
was huge crowd of Quraish including holy prophets bitterest enemies.

Holy prophet asked them what treatment they could except at his hands. They cried out:

"You are our noble brother"

On this, the Holy prophet said, "there shall be no reproach against you this day, go, you are free!"

Importance

It opened a new era in Islam

It settled struggle for supremacy in Arabia

Prophet Muhammad's position was elevated to a paramount position.

Many people came in crowds to embrace Islam

Holy prophet stayed for fifteen days in which many tribes came to embrace Islam

3.Siege to Taif
After their defeat at Hunain, Some of enemies took refuge at Taif. The Holy Prophet deputed a small
army which defeated them and captured many of them. There after Holy Prophet proceeded with his
army and laid seige to the fortresses in which they had taken refuge. The seige continued for twenty days
after which it lifted. In 9 A.H., whole taif embraced Islam.

Ninth Year of Hijrat (632 AD)

1. Tabuk Expedition
In 9th A.H. Holy Prophet recived information that the Roman Emperor had organised a huge army which
the Emperor himself was comanding and had arravied near the frontier. Holy Prophet ordered for
preprations to be made to meet his challange.

Problems were:

At that time famine in Hejaz

Scarcity of water in Madinah and surrounding areas

Intense Heat

It was the time of ripening of fruits and plucking of dates

Arms and equipments for fighting the large army of Roman Emperor was not available

For these reasons this is called Expedition of Straitness.

Holy Prophet made an appeal for donations. On which Hazrat Usaman gave one thousand gold dinars
and three hundred camels laden with grains. Hazrat Umar gave half of his cash, household and cattle and
Hazrat Abu Bakr donated everything that he had, Other Arabs made excuses to not to accompanying the
Muslim army.

Holy Prophet with army of thirty thousand men and encamped at Tabuk. The strength of army
demoralised the Romans who dispersed without any fighting. Holy Prophet remain at Tabuk for twenty
days in which number of tribes came to embrace Islam. Tabuk Expedition was last military expedition in
which Holy Prophet personally took part.

2. Reasons why the Holy Prophet had to fight against the Quraish
In 2nd year of Hijrat Muslims were given permission to fight (Jihad) by Allah. Holy Prophet thought
necessary to fight with Quraish in Battle of Badr if Muslims had not fought them in self-defence, the
small number of Muslims would have been killed and Islam would have been wiped out from the earth
forever. Quraish were the great ememies of Islam and it was necessary to put them down in order to
spread Islam.

Tenth Year of Hijrat (633 AD)

1. Year of Deputations
10th year of Hijrat is called Year of Deputations because numerous tribes of Arabia came to Holy Prophet
to join Allahs faith.

2. Farewell Pilgrimage
This was the most important event of 10th year of Hijrat. Holy prophet sent his messengers to all parts of
Arabia to inform Muslims that holy prophet had invited them to accompany him to perform Pilgrimage.
Holy prophet left Madinah on the 25th of Ziqad, 10 A.H., in the company of one hundred fourteen
thousand of his followers; all his wives accompanied him.

3. Sermon of The Holy Prophet

holy prophet gave his last sermon on Plain of Arfat on Jabal-e-Rehmat. His last sermon highlighted the
rights of womens status and how to treat them, he explained it to people.

Holy Prophet also covered and explained Reforms about social and economic living life style.

Holy prophet said that we are Adams generation , he gave message to establish brotherhood and he said
that don't make differences between yourself of cast, color or status. By this message womens were
given their rights and brotherhood was established. Holy prophet said this may be my last message and
Hajj because I have completed my mission of spreading Islam and Allahs messages.

Eleventh year of Hijrat (634 AD)

1. Illness and Death
By the eleventh year of Hijrat, paith prevailed all over Arabia and peace was established. In the month of
Safar, the Holy Prophet became ill then later he shifted to the apartment of Hazrat Aisha. After the
illness of thirteen days, he breathed his last on 12th of Rabi-ul-Awwal. His age at the time of death was
63 years. He was buried in the apartment of Hazrat

Aisha.