Thermal Engineering Systems

Internal Combustion Engines

 Coverage / Objective
• Types of internal combustion engines
• Thermodynamic principles involved
• Components and purposes of each
• Operation of systems
– Four stroke engines
– Two stroke engines
 Classification of Heat Engines

Heat Engines

External Combustion Engines Internal Combustion Engines

Rotary Engines Reciprocating Engines

 Reciprocating Engines

2 – Stroke Engines 4 – Stroke Engines

S.I Engine C.I Engine S.I Engine C.I Engine

 S.I & C.I engines

• In 1867, Nikolaus August Otto, a German engineer, developed the four-

stroke "Otto" cycle.

• Spark Ignited (SI) engine works on Otto Cycle. S.I engines use Gasoline,
LPG and Alcohol based fuels. For initiating ignition these engines use Spark
Plug

• The Diesel Engine came about in 1892 by another German engineer,

Rudolph Diesel. The Diesel engine is designed heavier and more powerful
than gasoline engines and utilizes oil as fuel. Diesel engines are a
commonly used in heavy machinery, locomotives, ships, and automobiles

• Compression Ignition (CI) or Diesel Engines engine works on Diesel cycle.

CI engines uses Diesel , Bio-diesel and Bio based oils
 4-Stroke Engines

Main parts of the 4 - stroke engine

Can be classified into

1. Structural Components
2. Moving components

Four Strokes – 1. Suction Stroke 2. Compression Stroke

3. Expansion stroke 4. Exhaust stroke

• These four strokes require two revolutions of the crankshaft

 Structural Components

Cylinder Block
– Part of engine frame that contains cylinders in which piston moves
– Supports liners & head
 Structural Components

• Cylinder Head/Assembly
– Serves to admit, confine, and release fuel/air
– Cover to cylinder block
– Supports valve train

• Crankcase
– Engine frame section that houses the crankshaft

• Oil sump
– Reservoir for collecting and holding lube oil
 Moving Components

• Three Groups – according to motion

– Reciprocating only (pistons and valves)

– Reciprocation & rotary (connecting rods)

– Rotary only (crankshafts and camshafts)

 Moving Components

• Piston
– Acted on by combustion gases
– Lightweight but strong/durable
• Piston Rings
– Transfer heat from piston to cylinder
– Seal cylinder & distribute lube oil
• Piston Pin
– Pivot point connecting piston to
connecting rod
• Connecting Rod
– Connects piston & crankshaft
– reciprocating rotating motion
 Moving Components

• Crankshaft
– Combines work done by each piston
– Drives camshafts, generator, pumps, etc.
• Flywheel
– Absorbs and releases kinetic energy of piston strokes -> smoothes rotation of
crankshaft
 Moving Components

• Valves
– Intake: open to admit air to cylinder (with fuel
in Otto cycle)
– Exhaust: open to allow gases to be rejected
• Camshaft & Cams
– Used to time the addition of intake and
exhaust valves
– Operates valves via pushrods & rocker arms
 Engine Stroke

• Engine stroke
– A stroke is a single traverse of the cylinder by the piston (from TDC to BDC)
– 1 revolution of crankshaft = 2 strokes of piston
Otto Cycle (4- Stroke SI Engines)
 4-Stroke SI Engine

• The Intake Valve opens at a precise time to allow the air/fuel mixture to enter
the cylinder

• The Spark Plug ignites the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder, which creates an
explosion

• The Exhaust Valve opens at a precise time to allow the burned gases to
leave the cylinder

• The force of the explosion is transferred to the Piston

• The force from the piston is then transferred to the Crankshaft through the
connecting rod

• The piston travels up and down in a Reciprocation Motion

• The crankshaft converts the reciprocating motion of the piston, to the

Rotating Motion
 Otto Cycle 1
P

ignition
wo e x
rk pa
do ns
• 0–3 intake (fuel + air is pulled ne ion
by
into the cylinder by the 4 ga
comp s
work ressi 2
retreating piston) done on

exhaust
on ga
• 3–4 isentropic compression s
Patm 0
3
• 4–1 isochoric heating intake/exhaust
• 1–2 isentropic expansion
V1 V2 V
• 2 – 3 – 0 exhaust

V2 - maximum cylinder volume

⎛V ⎞
γ −1 V1 - minimum cylinder volume
T2
The efficiency: e = 1 − ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = 1−
⎝ V2 ⎠ T1 V2
- the compression ratio
V1

γ = 1+2/f - the adiabatic exponent

For typical numbers V1/V2 ~8 , γ ~ 7/5 → e = 0.56, (in reality, e = 0.2 – 0.3)
(even an “ideal” efficiency is smaller than the second law limit 1-T3/T1)
 Diesel Cycle (4-StrokeCI Engines)
• The Diesel engine differs from the gasoline engine in that the intake stroke only pulls in
air, not air and fuel. The fuel is injected into the cylinder at the end of the compression
stroke. The fuel burns immediately (without the use of a spark plug) because of the
high temperature of air in the cylinder.
i-a - Suction Stroke Diesel Cycle

a-b - Compression Stroke

b-c - Heat addition

c-d - Expansion i
d-a - Heat rejection

a-i - Exhaust Stroke

 2- Stroke Engines Main Parts
Spark Plug
Piston
Inlet Port
Exhaust Port

Transfer Port

Crank Case
Intake. The fuel/air mixture is first
drawn into the crankcase by the
vacuum created during the upward
stroke of the piston. The illustrated
engine features a poppet intake
valve, however many engines use a
rotary value incorporated into the
crankshaft
Compression. The upward stroke of
the piston compresses the fuel
mixture. (At the same time, intake
stroke is happening beneath the
piston).
Power. At the top of the stroke the spark
plug ignites the fuel mixture. The burning
fuel expands, driving the piston
downward, to complete the cycle

During the downward stroke the poppet

valve is forced closed by the increased
crankcase pressure. The fuel mixture is
then compressed in the crankcase
during the remainder of the stroke.
Transfer/Exhaust. Towards the end of
the stroke, the piston exposes the intake
port, allowing the compressed fuel/air
mixture in the crankcase to escape
around the piston into the main cylinder.
This expels the exhaust gasses out the
exhaust port, usually located on the
opposite side of the cylinder.
Unfortunately, some of the fresh fuel
mixture is usually expelled as well.
Four stroke engines
™ 2 revolutions of
crankshaft
™ Turning moment is not
uniform – heavier flywheel
™ Less power for same size
™ Lesser cooling &
lubrication requirements
™ More volumetric efficiency
™ Higher thermal efficiency
™ Higher initial cost
Two stroke engines
™ One revolution of crankshaft
™ Uniform turning moment -
lighter flywheel
™ More power for same size
™ Greater cooling & lubrication
requirements
™ Less
™ Low
™ Low
SI ENGINES CI ENGINES
™ Otto cycle ™ Diesel cycle
™ Gasoline/ or petrol ™ Diesel oil
™ Introduction of fuel – air ™ Fuel introduction – at
mixture at suction stroke compression stroke
™ Spark ignition ™ Self ignition
™ Compression ratio (6 to 11) ™ 12 to 22
™ High speed ™ Low speed
™ Low thermal efficiency ™ High thermal efficiency
™ Lighter ™ Heavier
Thank You
Heat Engines

Heat engine performs the conversion of

heat energy to mechanical work by
exploiting the temperature gradient between
a hot source and a cold sink.
Heat is transferred from the source, through
the working body of the engine, to the sink,
and in this process some of the heat is
converted into work.